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Infectivity of Housefly, Musca Domestica
b r a z i l i a n j o u r n a l o f m i c r o b i o l o g y 4 7 (2 0 1 6) 807–816 ht tp://www.bjmicrobiol.com.br/ Environmental Microbiology Infectivity of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to different entomopathogenic fungi ∗ Muzammil Farooq, Shoaib Freed Bahauddin Zakariya University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Insect Microbiology and Biotechnology, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The housefly Musca domestica is a worldwide insect pest that acts as a vector for many Received 26 February 2014 pathogenic diseases in both people and animals. The present study was conducted to eval- Accepted 4 March 2016 uate the virulence of different local isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Available online 4 July 2016 Isaria fumosorosea on M. domestica using two bioassay techniques: (1) adult immersion and Associate Editor: Carlos Pelleschi (2) a bait method applied to both larvae and adults. The results showed evidence of a broad Taborda range of responses by both stages (larvae and adults) to the tested isolates of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea. These responses were concentration-dependent, with mor- Keywords: tality percentages ranging from 53.00% to 96.00%. Because it resulted in lower LC50 values and a shorter lethal time, B. bassiana (Bb-01) proved to be the most virulent isolate against Entomopathogenic fungi Fecundity both housefly larvae and adults. -
A Systematic Review of Human Pathogens Carried by the Housefly
Khamesipour et al. BMC Public Health (2018) 18:1049 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5934-3 REVIEWARTICLE Open Access A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.) Faham Khamesipour1,2* , Kamran Bagheri Lankarani1, Behnam Honarvar1 and Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti3,4 Abstract Background: The synanthropic house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), is a mechanical vector of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites), some of which cause serious diseases in humans and domestic animals. In the present study, a systematic review was done on the types and prevalence of human pathogens carried by the house fly. Methods: Major health-related electronic databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched (Last update 31/11/2017) for relevant literature on pathogens that have been isolated from the house fly. Results: Of the 1718 titles produced by bibliographic search, 99 were included in the review. Among the titles included, 69, 15, 3, 4, 1 and 7 described bacterial, fungi, bacteria+fungi, parasites, parasite+bacteria, and viral pathogens, respectively. Most of the house flies were captured in/around human habitation and animal farms. Pathogens were frequently isolated from body surfaces of the flies. Over 130 pathogens, predominantly bacteria (including some serious and life-threatening species) were identified from the house flies. Numerous publications also reported antimicrobial resistant bacteria and fungi isolated from house flies. Conclusions: This review showed that house flies carry a large number of pathogens which can cause serious infections in humans and animals. More studies are needed to identify new pathogens carried by the house fly. -
June 2019 ETBA Newsletter
East Texas Beekeepers Association June 6, 2019 June Report by Dick Counts Beekeepers should be periodically checking their hives for capped honey. You do not want to run out of space for your bees to store honey during the flow. If your super has eight frames of honey, add another super. It is time to start thinking about extracting. Soon, I will be setting up my extraction equipment in preparation for club extraction days. ETBA members are invited to use my equipment to extract their honey if they do not own or have access to another extractor. Extraction days can get pretty busy, so we have a few rules to make the process work smoothly. First you must be an ETBA member. Secondly, you must make an appointment and also tell me how many supers you will be bringing to extract. Please arrive about 15 minutes before your appointment time. My yard has limited space for parking so we try to not to have a large number of members arriving at the same time. Be aware that there will be a lot of bees flying all through the yard, so do not bring pets or unattended children. Bring a clean, dry wide-mouth container with a lid to collect your honey from the extractor. A food grade five gallon bucket works well. You can figure on two supers per bucket. You will fill your individual honey jars at home. Finally, get the bees off your supers before you arrive. Also have something to cover them or my bees will find them. -
Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals
Jelle Atema Richard R. Fay Arthur N. Popper William N. Tavolga Editors Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo JELLE ATEMA, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA Richard R. Fay, Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois 60626, USA ARTHUR N. POPPER, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA WILLIAM N. TAVOLGA, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida 33577, USA The cover Illustration is a reproduction of Figure 13.3, p. 343 of this volume Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sensory biology of aquatic animals. Papers based on presentations given at an International Conference on the Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals held, June 24-28, 1985, at the Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Fla. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Aquatic animals—Physiology—Congresses. 2. Senses and Sensation—Congresses. I. Atema, Jelle. II. International Conference on the Sensory Biology - . of Aquatic Animals (1985 : Sarasota, Fla.) QL120.S46 1987 591.92 87-9632 © 1988 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. x —• All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York 10010, U.S.A.), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of Information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, Computer Software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. -
Common Housefly
Facts about… The Common Housefly CLASS: Hexapoda ORDER: Diptera GENUS: Musca FAMILY: Calypterate Muscoidea SPECIES: Domesticus In the order Diptera, there are more than eighty-five thousand different species, some seventeen thousand of them in North America alone. Many types of flies (fruit fly, grass fly, horsefly, blow fly, stable fly, etc.) are annoy- ing… but the common housefly (Musca domesticus) – because of its eating habits, breeding habits and ability to exist under almost any conditions – is one of our most dangerous insects. Some little known facts about the com- mon housefly follow below: • The common housefly is a perfect host for many types of bacteria… proven carriers of such germs as gangrene, Typhoid, leprosy, tuberculosis, amoebic dysentery, bubonic plague, and listeria, just to name a few. • The common housefly has no mouth. Instead, it has an eating tube through which it vomits a drop of fluid from its stomach and deposits it on its intended meal. This fluid is then sucked up along with the nutrients it has dissolved, leaving behind untold numbers of germs. • A fly may travel as far as thirteen miles from its birthplace. • The common housefly has a maximum flying speed of five miles per hour… even though its wings beat 20 thousand times per minute. • The fly has four thousand separate lenses in each eye – eight thousand in all – providing wide angle vision which is in fact omnidirectional. • The female fly may lay as many as 21 batches of offspring, each containing up to 130 eggs. • The larvae [maggots] normally hatch in about two days. -
Perception, Perfusion & Posture
Perception, Perfusion & Posture Billy L Luu Ph.D. Thesis University of New South Wales 2010 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: LUU First name: BILLY Other name/s: LIANG Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: MEDICAL SCIENCES Faculty: MEDICINE Title: PERCEPTION, PERFUSION & POSTURE Upright posture is a fundamental and critical human behaviour that places unique demands on the brain for motor and cardiovascular control. This thesis examines broad aspects of sensorimotor and cardiovascular function to examine their interdependence, with particular emphasis on the physiological processes operating during standing. How we perceive the forces our muscles exert was investigated by contralateral weight matching in the upper limb. The muscles on one side were weakened to about half their strength by fatigue and by paralysis with curare. In two subjects with dense large-diameter neuropathy, fatigue made lifted objects feel twice as heavy but in normal subjects it made objects feel lighter. Complete paralysis and recovery to half strength also made lifted objects feel lighter. Taken together, these results show that although a signal within the brain is available, this is not how muscle force is normally perceived. Instead, we use a signal that is largely peripheral reafference, which includes a dominant contribution from muscle spindles. Unlike perception of force when lifting weights, it is shown that we perceive only about 15% of the force applied by the legs to balance the body when standing. A series of experiments show that half of the force is provided by passive mechanics and most of the active muscle force is produced by a sub- cortical motor drive that does not give rise to a sense of muscular force through central efference copy or reafference. -
Zootechnologies
Zootechnologies A Media History of Swarm Research SEBASTIAN VEHLKEN Amsterdam University Press Zootechnologies The book series RECURSIONS: THEORIES OF MEDIA, MATERIALITY, AND CULTURAL TECHNIQUES provides a platform for cuttingedge research in the field of media culture studies with a particular focus on the cultural impact of media technology and the materialities of communication. The series aims to be an internationally significant and exciting opening into emerging ideas in media theory ranging from media materialism and hardware-oriented studies to ecology, the post-human, the study of cultural techniques, and recent contributions to media archaeology. The series revolves around key themes: – The material underpinning of media theory – New advances in media archaeology and media philosophy – Studies in cultural techniques These themes resonate with some of the most interesting debates in international media studies, where non-representational thought, the technicity of knowledge formations and new materialities expressed through biological and technological developments are changing the vocabularies of cultural theory. The series is also interested in the mediatic conditions of such theoretical ideas and developing them as media theory. Editorial Board – Jussi Parikka (University of Southampton) – Anna Tuschling (Ruhr-Universität Bochum) – Geoffrey Winthrop-Young (University of British Columbia) Zootechnologies A Media History of Swarm Research Sebastian Vehlken Translated by Valentine A. Pakis Amsterdam University Press This publication is funded by MECS Institute for Advanced Study on Media Cultures of Computer Simulation, Leuphana University Lüneburg (German Research Foundation Project KFOR 1927). Already published as: Zootechnologien. Eine Mediengeschichte der Schwarmforschung, Sebastian Vehlken. Copyright 2012, Diaphanes, Zürich-Berlin. Cover design: Suzan Beijer Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 620 6 e-isbn 978 90 4853 742 6 doi 10.5117/9789462986206 nur 670 © S. -
Mass Production of Insects for Food and Feed
08/05/2018 Mass production of insects for food and feed Rui Costa 7th May 2018 Poznan, Poland 1 08/05/2018 Mass production of insects for food and feed Motivation to use insects as food and feed Edible insects as food and feed Food safety and nutrition issues Regulation issues Cultivation issues Rui Costa May 2018 Motivation to use insects as food and feed FAO prediction: 9.1 bilion people by 2050 (7.6 today) 2 billion people already eat it Cost of animal protein/EU high import of protein Sustainable alternative Can combat malnutrition Economical and social factors Rui Costa May 2018 2 08/05/2018 Food conversion Paoletti and Dreon (2005) Rui Costa May 2018 Production of greenhouse gases Rui Costa May 2018 3 08/05/2018 Insects can be used to transform food waste Image: Source: Enterra Feed Corporation Rui Costa May 2018 Current wide use of insects Commercial products • food: honey, propolis, royal jelly • others: silk, wax (cosmetics, candles), dye (Cochineal) Ecological roles • pollination, food for animals, waste decomposition, and biological control. Rui Costa May 2018 4 08/05/2018 We already eat insects in other food products! FDA - Food Defect Action Levels Rui Costa May 2018 Edible insects 5 08/05/2018 Examples of consumption by human (entomophagy) • The primate with the most diverse entomophagy • Most feel repulsion • In Japan insects are eaten as part of the traditional diet • Croatia the cheese maggot (Piophila casei L.) is regarded as a delicacy • Sugar-rich crops of Zygaena moths (Italy) Rui Costa May 2018 Figures • More than -
Molecular Diversity and Evolution of Antimicrobial Peptides in Musca Domestica
diversity Article Molecular Diversity and Evolution of Antimicrobial Peptides in Musca domestica Sudong Qi 1,2, Bin Gao 1 and Shunyi Zhu 1,* 1 Group of Peptide Biology and Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (S.Q.); [email protected] (B.G.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-64807112 Abstract: As a worldwide sanitary insect pest, the housefly Musca domestica can carry and transmit more than 100 human pathogens without suffering any illness itself, indicative of the high effi- ciency of its innate immune system. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the effectors of the innate immune system of multicellular organisms and establish the first line of defense to protect hosts from microbial infection. To explore the molecular diversity of the M. domestica AMPs and related evolutionary basis, we conducted a systematic survey of its full AMP components based on a combi- nation of computational approaches. These components include the cysteine-containing peptides (MdDefensins, MdEppins, MdMuslins, MdSVWCs and MdCrustins), the linear α-helical peptides (MdCecropins) and the specific amino acid-rich peptides (MdDomesticins, MdDiptericins, MdEdins and MdAttacins). On this basis, we identified multiple genetic mechanisms that could have shaped the molecular and structural diversity of the M. domestica AMPs, including: (1) Gene duplication; (2) Exon duplication via shuffling; (3) Protein terminal variations; (4) Evolution of disulfide bridges via compensation. Our results not only enlarge the insect AMP family members, but also offer a basic platform for further studying the roles of such molecular diversity in contributing to the high Citation: Qi, S.; Gao, B.; Zhu, S. -
The Scope of Neuroethology
THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1984) 7, 367-412 Printed in the United States of America The scope of neuroethology Graham Hoyle Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oreg. 97403 Abstract: Neuroethology, an interdisciplinary subdivision of neuroscience, has emerged in recent years. Since 1976 there has been a regular session under this heading at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. In 1980 two introductory texts in English were published on the subject (Ewert 1980; Guthrie 1980), and a third (Camhi 1984) was published recently. There is widespread interest in neural mechanisms underlying behavior, but they encompass such a vast array of often unrelated topics that proponents do not share common goals. This article describes the emergence of ethology as a discipline, pointing out that its practitioners were successful because they confined their research to stereotyped, complex, nonlearned, innate behavioral acts. A limited number of profoundly significant principles emerged. Each of these is redefined. The major concepts of earlier ethology were embodied in a simple hydraulic model used by Konrad Lorenz in 1949 (Lorenz 1950). It is pointed out that this model implies the existence of common neurophysiological mechanisms and neuronal circuitry. This model has now been made obsolete by neurophysiological progress, but with appropriate ~nodificationsan updated version may still be useful in focusing attention on possible principles. The initial aim of neuroethology should be to examine the neurophysiological events in a variety of behaviors, exhibited by diverse animals from different phyla, which meet the criteria of innate behavioral acts. The behaviors should be sufficiently complex to interest ethologists, yet they should be addressable with neurophysiological methods down to the cellular level. -
A Guide to Biology, Dispersal, and Management of the House Fly and Related Flies for Farmers, Municipalities, and Public Health Offi Cials 3
The Fly Management Handbook A Guide to Biology, Dispersal, Connecticut and Management of the House Agricultural Fly and Related Flies for Experiment Farmers, Municipalities, and Station, Public Health Offi cials New Haven Bulletin 1013 KIRBY C. STAFFORD III, PH.D. Vice Director, State Entomologist May 2008 The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT 06504 GENERAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are given to Joyce Meader, Connecticut Cooperative Extension Service, Dr. Bruce Sherman, Connecticut Department of Agriculture, Patricia M. Beckenhaupt, Director of Health of the Northeast District Department of Health, and Dr. Louis A. Magnarelli, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES), for reviewing the handbook. Their comments and suggestions were sincerely appreciated. I extend a particular thank you to James Rock (emeritus), Connecticut Cooperative Extension Service, for his considerable input and support. Thanks are also extended to Rose Bonito (CAES) for scanning illustrations and pictures and Vickie Bomba-Lewandoski (CAES) for publication and printing assistance. Much of the material on cluster flies is from a CAES fact sheet by Gale E. Ridge (available on the CAES website, www.ct.gov/caes). Thank you, Gale. Several portions on poultry IPM are based on Special Circular 338, Poultry Pest Management for Pennsylvania and the Northeast (1986), by Kirby C. Stafford III and Clarence A. Collison. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FOR FIGURES Most sources for the pictures and illustrations are noted in the figure captions. Requests for use of photographs and illustrations by the author or CAES may be directed to the author. Permission to use any other material must be obtained from the original source. The historical 1916 illustration of the unsanitary conditions in the introduction is from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Image Library (8264); the stable fly and green-bottle fly in Figure 6 and 8, respectively, are from United States Department of Agriculture Farmer’s Bulletin 1408. -
Ecosystem Services Provided by the Little Things That Run the World
Chapter 13 Ecosystem Services Provided by the Little Things That Run the World Olga Maria Correia Chitas Ameixa,Chitas Ameixa, António Onofre Soares,Onofre Soares, Amadeu M.V.M. SoaresM.V.M. Soares and andAna AnaI. Lillebø I. Lillebø Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74847 Abstract Highest extinction risk and consequently biodiversity loss are predicted to occur in inver- tebrates, specifically insects, and these declines are expected to cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Although this knowledge is intrinsically present in more traditional communities, in more urban environments, mapping ecosystem ser - vices can be an important tool to raise people’s awareness on the importance of pre - serving insect diversity. After an extensive revision of the available literature, we used a rule-based approach to assess the provisioning, regulating and maintenance, and cul - tural services delivered by insects. We followed the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and identified several potential indicators that may help underpin the mapping and valuation of the services delivered by insects. From our search, we extracted a total of 73 indicators, divided as 17 Provisional indicators, 27 Regulation and Maintenance indicators, and 29 Cultural indicators. We concluded that insects are providers of services in the three major ‘Sections’ of ecosystem services defined by CICES. Despite the lack of recognition of provisioning and cultural services, the indicators provided may help to raise awareness on the importance of the little things the run the world, in order to preserve traditional and technological uses of insects and their services.