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Patterns of Technology Adoption at San Josã© Llanga: Lessons In Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Sustaining Agropastoralism on the Bolivian Altiplano: The Case of San José Llanga 2001 Chapter 07: Patterns of Technology Adoption at San José Llanga: Lessons in Agricultural Change Lisa Markowitz Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program Corinne Valdivia University of Missouri Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/sustaining_agropastoralism Recommended Citation Markowitz, Lisa and Valdivia, Corinne, "Chapter 07: Patterns of Technology Adoption at San José Llanga: Lessons in Agricultural Change" (2001). Sustaining Agropastoralism on the Bolivian Altiplano: The Case of San José Llanga. 4. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/sustaining_agropastoralism/4 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sustaining Agropastoralism on the Bolivian Altiplano: The Case of San José Llanga by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Patterns of technology adoption at San José Llanga: Lessons in agricultural change Chapter 7 Patterns of technology adoption at San José Llanga: Lessons in agricultural change Patrones de adopción tecnológica en San José Llanga: Lecciones sobre el cambio agrícola by Lisa Markowitz and Corinne Valdivia Summary supporting technologies. Between 1965 and 1975 a sheep production and marketing program was Technological development programs on the Alti- introduced to improve wool exports—Utah State plano were introduced with the hopes of increas- University was an important collaborator. Our study ing productivity and supply of commodities for of the long-term outcome of this effort, involving domestic and international markets. The develop- 80 households in seven communities, revealed ment paradigm has been based on the promotion that improved sheep have been an important com- of “modernisation,” which pervades aid efforts ponent of production systems even though wool throughout the world. This paradigm is founded on markets are no longer attractive. Adoption patterns the belief that technologies developed elsewhere for improved sheep indicated that community lo- could be diffused in developing countries. This cation (in the plains) and training through exten- chapter presents the economic and social events sion programs were positive factors increasing the that influenced the fate of key technological inno- likelihood that improved sheep would be adopted. vations at San José Llanga (SJL), including char- An effort to improve food supply was intro- acteristics of households and resources that in- duction of new potato varieties suitable for urban fluenced technology adoption. Attention is also consumption during the mid-1960s. Traditionally given to how technologies have influenced the only “bitter” varieties adapted to the Altiplano en- sustainability (e.g., household reproduction) of the vironment were grown by peasant households. Tra- system. ditional growing methods included use of sheep Three spheres of technological change were manure as fertiliser and tillage with human labour analysed that spanned 30 years: Sheep, pota- or animal draft power. The new technological pack- toes and dairy. Interdisciplinary approaches in age included use of chemical fertiliser and trac- social sciences were used to study technical tors for tillage. A cooperative was formed at SJL change. These have a greater emphasis on an- and a tractor was purchased on credit by the com- thropology, sociology and economics to under- munity. The cooperative eventually disintegrated, stand paradigm shifts in technology diffusion. but producers continued to plant these new potato Methods used to collect data included informal varieties—they remained common through 1995. and formal interviews of sampled households. Emphasis on introduced potato varieties was di- Analyses for sheep involved SJL and other minished with the drought of 1982-3. Despite a neighbouring communities while analyses for decline in emphasis on production of improved dairy and potatoes focused solely on SJL. potatoes, the ancillary technologies of chemical Several development programs were intro- fertilisers and tractor tillage remained widespread duced on the central Altiplano starting in the mid- at SJL in the 1990s. 1950’s. One of the first efforts was creation of the Dairy is the latest technological change, and Patacamaya Experiment Station with support of this has boomed on the central Altiplano. A se- the Institute for Inter-American Affairs, a US tech- cure market with infrastructure, price supports, nical assistance program. This station focused on extension programs and credit were factors ex- improvement and management of sheep. Interna- plaining how two-thirds of households at SJL be- tional cooperation in the 1950s and 1960s promoted came involved in this activity between 1989 and production of improved sheep with an extension 1995. A drought also motivated producers to seek emphasis on distribution of Corriedale rams and income via smallholder dairying. A study of fac- Sustaining Agropastoralism on the Bolivian Altiplano: The Case of San José Llanga 239 Markowitz and Valdivia tors that explain the probability of adoption of market awareness and an opportunistic capacity dairy husbandry using a logistic regression analy- to respond to change in communities like SJL. sis revealed that increased access to alfalfa fields and level of wealth (e.g., income) had sig- Resumen nificant and positive effects. The blending of new and traditional tech- En el Altiplano, se han llevado a cabo muchos nologies has led to diversification and oppor- proyectos de cambio tecnológico con el objeto tunism rather than specialisation predicted in de incrementar la producción y la oferta para los the “Modernisation Paradigm.” By incorporat- mercados doméstico e internacional. El ing new technologies in varying proportions, paradigma de desarrollo tecnológico ha estado producers guaranteed their household con- basado en la “modernización” —concepto sumption requirements and gained advantage prevaleciente en las agencias de desarrollo en el from markets when possible. Rather than mundo—que fomenta el incremento de la specialisation, diversification seemed to be the especialización como base de la eficiencia strategy for persistence and growth in this re- económica y por lo tanto del crecimiento. Este gion characterised by erratic economic and cli- capítulo presenta los eventos históricos, matic features. económicos, y sociales que fueron claves en la We found that the impacts of technological introducción de tecnologías en San José Llanga. changes were not merely neutral or positive. Se estudian las características de las unidades Increase in the use of tractors has resulted in económicas familiares y sus recursos con an increased labour demand for weeding and relación a la adopción de nuevas tecnologías. El herding sheep, both female activities. The prob- papel de género también es discutido, al mismo ability of adopting dairy was affected by income tiempo que la influencia de todos estos cambios and quality of resources available to house- tecnológicos en la sustentabilidad del sistema holds; therefore, wealthier producers have been de producción. able to initially capture most of the benefits of En este capítulo se estudian tres esferas de this technology. For improved potato produc- cambio tecnológico que abarcan 30 años de la tion, chemical fertilisers and herbicides were historia de San José. Los cambios en las esferas required to obtain profitable yields. Therefore de producción de papa, del ganado ovino, y del wealthier households with cash were also able vacuno. Los métodos utilizados para la to invest in this technology and reap initial ben- recolección de información de los estudios que efits. Chemical fertilisers, by replacing manure, sustenta este capítulo incluyen encuestas may have led to soil management problems. formales, entrevistas formales e informales, y la Benefits of technology adoption, overall, have revisión de material histórico relacionado a los accrued more to wealthier groups. More labour eventos que motivaron estos cambios. En el burdens have been placed on females. caso del estudio de las tecnologías de ovino The community of SJL has provided a use- introducidas en los sesenta, se hizo una encuesta ful case study of technology transfer. The com- de 80 productores en 7 comunidades de la zona munity has successfully integrated improved del altiplano. En el estudio de la ganadería lechera sheep and potatoes into the traditional produc- el análisis se informa de dos encuestas, una de tion system, although emphasis on innovations 45 productores jóvenes de la comunidad, y una waxes and wanes with market opportunities. segunda encuesta para el estudio de género y Overall, technology adoption has been a dy- ganadería con selección de 45 familias al azar namic and somewhat episodic process. The que representan toda la población de la trend towards modernisation may be gradually comunidad. Para el estudio de la papa se contó undermining the ability of the community to con los estudios de tesis sobre cambio grow their own food, possibly due, in part, to tecnológico en la producción de la papa, y sobre unintended consequences of technology pack- los costos de las tecnologías de papa. El análisis ages and increasing monetisation. de cambio tecnológico se hace a partir de un A critical lesson is that change is the rule, enfoque interdisciplinario en ciencias
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