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View Foreoptic Lens ABSTRACT JUDICE, TAYLOR J., M.S. DECEMBER 2019 GEOLOGY DETECTING COLOR-PRODUCING PIGMENTS IN THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON BY REMOTE SENSING (131 pp.) Thesis Advisor: Joseph D. Ortiz The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) is a coastal marine estuary which encompasses over 250 km of the eastern Florida coastline. While providing refuge for diverse groups of marine and bird life, this sanctuary also generates an estimated $7.6 billion annually to Florida’s economy through fisheries, tourism, and other industries. Over the last several decades, various types of harmful algal blooms, such as that caused by Brown Tide species Aureoumbra lagunensis, have become more frequent across the region due to eutrophication of estuary waters from fertilizer and septic runoff, as well as from increased major storm events. Emerging satellite-based remote sensing techniques, such as the varimax-rotated, principal component analysis (VPCA) method, decomposes the integrated spectral signature from optically complex water into independent component spectra, which are identified with a library of known spectral constituents. Coupling in- situ cells counts, water-quality monitoring systems, and hyperspectral spectroradiometer reflectance measurements from June 29-30, 2018 for validation, this research addresses whether the VPCA technique applied to the Sentinel-3A Ocean Land Colour Imager (OLCI) imagery can detect A. lagunensis constituents in optically complex waters. Following the component validation, we conclude this investigation by discerning the detection limit of Brown Tide VPCA constituents with respect to the spatial frequency of Chlorophyll-a and Ochrophyta concentrations. Next, we produced a time-series of 10 images for the IRL from August 1, 2017, to November 21, 2018, to determine how constituents of Brown Tide related spectra vary with seasonal fluctuations in these water- quality parameters. This study has shown the detection limits of Brown Tide constituents using the VPCA spectral decomposition method to be less than 80 μg/L of Chlorophyll-a. Furthermore, our time-series observations of VPCA spatial variability suggests a primary potential source of nutrient pollution causing A. lagunensis growth to be centered within the Banana River region of the IRL. In conclusion, our findings indicate the VPCA satellite technique to be a transferable method for characterizing optically complex waters with harmful algal blooms. DETECTING COLOR-PRODUCING PIGMENTS IN THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON BY REMOTE SENSING A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Taylor Joseph Judice December 2019 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Thesis written by Taylor Joseph Judice B.S., Louisiana State University, USA, 2015 M.S., Kent State University, USA, 2019 Approved by ___________________________________ , Advisor, Master Thesis Committee Dr. Joseph D. Ortiz ___________________________________ , Chair, Department of Computer Science Dr. Daniel K. Holm ___________________________________ , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Dr. James L. Blank TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... XIV DEDICATION.............................................................................................................. XVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... XVII INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Objectives .................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Research Plan/Methods ............................................................................................. 7 1.3.1 Field Sampling ................................................................................................ 7 1.3.2 Remote Sensing ............................................................................................... 8 1.3.3 VPCA Spectral Decomposition ..................................................................... 10 1.4 Initial Landsat-8 and Field Results .......................................................................... 12 1.5 Discussion and Future Work ................................................................................... 15 1.6 References ............................................................................................................... 18 1.7 Figures ..................................................................................................................... 24 1.8 Tables ...................................................................................................................... 32 FIELD-VALIDATED DETECTION OF AUREOUMBRA LAGUNENSIS BLOOM IN INDIAN RIVER LAGOON, FLORIDA USING v SENTINEL-3A OLCI AND GROUND-BASED HYPERSPECTRAL SPECTRORADIOMETERS ............................................................................. 35 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 35 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 36 2.3 Methods ................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.1 Field Data ...................................................................................................... 40 2.3.2 Lab Data ........................................................................................................ 42 2.3.3 Remote Sensing Image Analysis and VPCA Spectral Decomposition ......... 44 2.3.4 Validation and Spectral Identification........................................................... 46 2.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 VPCA Spectral Identifications ...................................................................... 47 2.4.2 Field Validation ............................................................................................. 49 2.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 50 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 54 2.7 References ............................................................................................................... 56 2.8 Figures ..................................................................................................................... 62 2.9 Table ........................................................................................................................ 67 VARIABILITY OF THE BROWN TIDE IN THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON FROM 2017 TO 2019 BASED ON SENTINEL-3A OLCI VPCA SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION ..................................................................... 68 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 68 vi 3.2 Methods ................................................................................................................... 74 3.3 Results ..................................................................................................................... 76 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 78 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 79 3.6 References ............................................................................................................... 83 3.7 Figure ...................................................................................................................... 90 3.8 Tables .................................................................................................................... 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 103 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: True color image of the (a) nine locations of Kilroy water monitoring instruments along the east coast of Southern Florida in the Indian River Lagoon, (b) zoomed-in images of the five Kilroy systems in the northern portion of the IRL ...... 24 Figure 1.2: VPCA component loadings from in field ASD hyperspectral reflectance measurements after standardizing and computing forward stepwise linear regression with the spectral library. ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 1.3: Component loadings from Landsat-8 swath 016/040 of the IRL after standardizing and computing a forward stepwise linear regression with the spectral library. ....................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 1.4: Results of cell count analysis,
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