Harmful Algal Blooms and Eutrophication: Nutrient Sources, Composition, and Consequences
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A Comparison of Global Estimates of Marine Primary Production from Ocean Color
ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 53 (2006) 741–770 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color Mary-Elena Carra,Ã, Marjorie A.M. Friedrichsb,bb, Marjorie Schmeltza, Maki Noguchi Aitac, David Antoined, Kevin R. Arrigoe, Ichio Asanumaf, Olivier Aumontg, Richard Barberh, Michael Behrenfeldi, Robert Bidigarej, Erik T. Buitenhuisk, Janet Campbelll, Aurea Ciottim, Heidi Dierssenn, Mark Dowello, John Dunnep, Wayne Esaiasq, Bernard Gentilid, Watson Greggq, Steve Groomr, Nicolas Hoepffnero, Joji Ishizakas, Takahiko Kamedat, Corinne Le Que´re´k,u, Steven Lohrenzv, John Marraw, Fre´de´ric Me´lino, Keith Moorex, Andre´Moreld, Tasha E. Reddye, John Ryany, Michele Scardiz, Tim Smythr, Kevin Turpieq, Gavin Tilstoner, Kirk Watersaa, Yasuhiro Yamanakac aJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91101-8099, USA bCenter for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Crittenton Hall, 768 West 52nd Street, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA cEcosystem Change Research Program, Frontier Research Center for Global Change, 3173-25,Showa-machi, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan dLaboratoire d’Oce´anographie de Villefranche, 06238, Villefranche sur Mer, France eDepartment of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2215, USA fTokyo University of Information Sciences 1200-1, Yato, Wakaba, Chiba 265-8501, Japan gLaboratoire d’Oce´anographie Dynamique et de Climatologie, Univ Paris 06, MNHN, IRD,CNRS, Paris F-75252 05, France hDuke University -
Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States
Pfego-/6^7fV SDMS DocID 463450 ^7'7/ Biological Services Program \ ^ FWS/OBS-79/31 DECEMBER 1979 Superfund Records Center ClassificaHioFF^^^ V\Aetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States KPHODtKtD BY NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFOR/V^ATION SERVICE U.S. IKPARTMEN TOF COMMERCt SPRINGMflO, VA. 22161 Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI) C # The Biological Services Program was established within the U.S. Fish . and Wildlife Service to supply scientific information and methodologies on key environmental issues which have an impact on fish and wildlife resources and their supporting ecosystems. The mission of the Program is as follows: 1. To strengthen the Fish and Wildlife Service in its role as a primary source of Information on natural fish and wildlife resources, par ticularly with respect to environmental impact assessment. 2. To gather, analyze, and present information that will aid decision makers in the identification and resolution of problems asso ciated with major land and water use changes. 3. To provide better ecological information and evaluation for Department of the Interior development programs, such as those relating to energy development. Information developed by the Biological Services Program is intended for use in the planning and decisionmaking process, to prevent or minimize the impact of development on fish and wildlife. Biological Services research activities and technical assistance services are based on an analysis of the issues, the decisionmakers involved and their information neeids, and an evaluation of the state^f-the-art to Identify information gaps and determine priorities. This Is a strategy to assure that the products produced and disseminated will be timely and useful. -
A New Type of Plankton Food Web Functioning in Coastal Waters Revealed by Coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse Metho
A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis Marouan Meddeb, Nathalie Niquil, Boutheina Grami, Kaouther Mejri, Matilda Haraldsson, Aurélie Chaalali, Olivier Pringault, Asma Sakka Hlaili To cite this version: Marouan Meddeb, Nathalie Niquil, Boutheina Grami, Kaouther Mejri, Matilda Haraldsson, et al.. A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis. Ecological Indicators, Elsevier, 2019, 104, pp.67-85. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.077. hal-02146355 HAL Id: hal-02146355 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02146355 Submitted on 3 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling 2 Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis 3 4 5 Marouan Meddeba,b*, Nathalie Niquilc, Boutheïna Gramia,d, Kaouther Mejria,b, Matilda 6 Haraldssonc, Aurélie Chaalalic,e,f, Olivier Pringaultg, Asma Sakka Hlailia,b 7 8 aUniversité de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Laboratoire de phytoplanctonologie 9 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisie. -
Effects of Eutrophication on Stream Ecosystems
EFFECTS OF EUTROPHICATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS Lei Zheng, PhD and Michael J. Paul, PhD Tetra Tech, Inc. Abstract This paper describes the effects of nutrient enrichment on the structure and function of stream ecosystems. It starts with the currently well documented direct effects of nutrient enrichment on algal biomass and the resulting impacts on stream chemistry. The paper continues with an explanation of the less well documented indirect ecological effects of nutrient enrichment on stream structure and function, including effects of excess growth on physical habitat, and alterations to aquatic life community structure from the microbial assemblage to fish and mammals. The paper also dicusses effects on the ecosystem level including changes to productivity, respiration, decomposition, carbon and other geochemical cycles. The paper ends by discussing the significance of these direct and indirect effects of nutrient enrichment on designated uses - especially recreational, aquatic life, and drinking water. 2 1. Introduction 1.1 Stream processes Streams are all flowing natural waters, regardless of size. To understand the processes that influence the pattern and character of streams and reduce natural variation of different streams, several stream classification systems (including ecoregional, fluvial geomorphological, and stream order classification) have been adopted by state and national programs. Ecoregional classification is based on geology, soils, geomorphology, dominant land uses, and natural vegetation (Omernik 1987). Fluvial geomorphological classification explains stream and slope processes through the application of physical principles. Rosgen (1994) classified stream channels in the United States into seven major stream types based on morphological characteristics, including entrenchment, gradient, width/depth ratio, and sinuosity in various land forms. -
Grade 3 Unit 2 Overview Open Ocean Habitats Introduction
G3 U2 OVR GRADE 3 UNIT 2 OVERVIEW Open Ocean Habitats Introduction The open ocean has always played a vital role in the culture, subsistence, and economic well-being of Hawai‘i’s inhabitants. The Hawaiian Islands lie in the Pacifi c Ocean, a body of water covering more than one-third of the Earth’s surface. In the following four lessons, students learn about open ocean habitats, from the ocean’s lighter surface to the darker bottom fl oor thousands of feet below the surface. Although organisms are scarce in the deep sea, there is a large diversity of organisms in addition to bottom fi sh such as polycheate worms, crustaceans, and bivalve mollusks. They come to realize that few things in the open ocean have adapted to cope with the increased pressure from the weight of the water column at that depth, in complete darkness and frigid temperatures. Students fi nd out, through instruction, presentations, and website research, that the vast open ocean is divided into zones. The pelagic zone consists of the open ocean habitat that begins at the edge of the continental shelf and extends from the surface to the ocean bottom. This zone is further sub-divided into the photic (sunlight) and disphotic (twilight) zones where most ocean organisms live. Below these two sub-zones is the aphotic (darkness) zone. In this unit, students learn about each of the ocean zones, and identify and note animals living in each zone. They also research and keep records of the evolutionary physical features and functions that animals they study have acquired to survive in harsh open ocean habitats. -
Leachate Quantities After Closure of a Landfill
Leachate Quantities after Closure of a Landfill Ali Khatami, Ph.D., P.E., The leachate quantities for SCS Engineers the period of 2010 through 2014 were obtained and Criteria for the solid waste analyzed. The data clearly landfills (40 CFR Part 258 shows a downward trend of or the Subtitle D Federal) leachate quantities following have been around for over 30 closure, as would be years and many municipal expected. Leachate collected solid waste (MSW) landfills from the landfill during have been constructed 2010 was reported on a with lining systems in monthly basis when leachate accordance with the Subtitle quantities after closure were D requirements. However, still high and needed to be very few Subtitle D landfills removed from the facility have been entirely closed for disposal every month. with final covers that include However, leachate quantities a geomembrane barrier layer. rapidly decreased and The significance of the final Glades County Landfill after closing. monthly shipment of leachate covers with geomembrane was no longer necessary; is that percolation of rain Since the landfill was closed in one single construction event, rain water instead, leachate was removed when water into the landfill essentially the storage tank reached a point that stops following completion of the percolation was essentially eliminated almost instantaneously considering the leachate had to be removed and final cover. Assuming the final cover quantities reported. Therefore, the the 20-year time frame the landfill was system remains intact, leachate that data did not have monthly values, but continues to be generated after closure open. It is important to note that the maximum thickness of waste in the clusters of several-months data. -
Phytoplankton As Key Mediators of the Biological Carbon Pump: Their Responses to a Changing Climate
sustainability Review Phytoplankton as Key Mediators of the Biological Carbon Pump: Their Responses to a Changing Climate Samarpita Basu * ID and Katherine R. M. Mackey Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 January 2018; Accepted: 12 March 2018; Published: 19 March 2018 Abstract: The world’s oceans are a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The biological carbon pump plays a vital role in the net transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere to the oceans and then to the sediments, subsequently maintaining atmospheric CO2 at significantly lower levels than would be the case if it did not exist. The efficiency of the biological pump is a function of phytoplankton physiology and community structure, which are in turn governed by the physical and chemical conditions of the ocean. However, only a few studies have focused on the importance of phytoplankton community structure to the biological pump. Because global change is expected to influence carbon and nutrient availability, temperature and light (via stratification), an improved understanding of how phytoplankton community size structure will respond in the future is required to gain insight into the biological pump and the ability of the ocean to act as a long-term sink for atmospheric CO2. This review article aims to explore the potential impacts of predicted changes in global temperature and the carbonate system on phytoplankton cell size, species and elemental composition, so as to shed light on the ability of the biological pump to sequester carbon in the future ocean. -
Moe Pond Limnology and Fisii Population Biology: an Ecosystem Approach
MOE POND LIMNOLOGY AND FISII POPULATION BIOLOGY: AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH C. Mead McCoy, C. P.Madenjian, J. V. Adall1s, W. N. I-Iannan, D. M. Warner, M. F. Albright, and L. P. Sohacki BIOLOGICAL FIELD STArrION COOPERSTOWN, NEW YORK Occasional Paper No. 33 January 2000 STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE AT ONEONTA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to the members of my graduate committee: Willard Harman, Leonard Sohacki and Bruce Dayton for their comments in the preparation of this manuscript; and for the patience and understanding they exhibited w~lile I was their student. ·1 want to also thank Matthew Albright for his skills in quantitative analyses of total phosphorous and nitrite/nitrate-N conducted on water samples collected from Moe Pond during this study. I thank David Ramsey for his friendship and assistance in discussing chlorophyll a methodology. To all the SUNY Oneonta BFS interns who lent-a-hand during the Moe Pond field work of 1994 and 1995, I thank you for your efforts and trust that the spine wounds suffered were not in vain. To all those at USGS Great Lakes Science Center who supported my efforts through encouragement and facilities - Jerrine Nichols, Douglas Wilcox, Bruce Manny, James Hickey and Nancy Milton, I thank all of you. Also to Donald Schloesser, with whom I share an office, I would like to thank you for your many helpful suggestions concerning the estimation of primary production in aquatic systems. In particular, I wish to express my appreciation to Charles Madenjian and Jean Adams for their combined quantitative prowess, insight and direction in data analyses and their friendship. -
Harmful Algae 91 (2020) 101587
Harmful Algae 91 (2020) 101587 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Harmful Algae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal Review Progress and promise of omics for predicting the impacts of climate change T on harmful algal blooms Gwenn M.M. Hennona,c,*, Sonya T. Dyhrmana,b,* a Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States c College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Climate change is predicted to increase the severity and prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). In the past Genomics twenty years, omics techniques such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have trans- Transcriptomics formed that data landscape of many fields including the study of HABs. Advances in technology have facilitated Proteomics the creation of many publicly available omics datasets that are complementary and shed new light on the Metabolomics mechanisms of HAB formation and toxin production. Genomics have been used to reveal differences in toxicity Climate change and nutritional requirements, while transcriptomics and proteomics have been used to explore HAB species Phytoplankton Harmful algae responses to environmental stressors, and metabolomics can reveal mechanisms of allelopathy and toxicity. In Cyanobacteria this review, we explore how omics data may be leveraged to improve predictions of how climate change will impact HAB dynamics. We also highlight important gaps in our knowledge of HAB prediction, which include swimming behaviors, microbial interactions and evolution that can be addressed by future studies with omics tools. Lastly, we discuss approaches to incorporate current omics datasets into predictive numerical models that may enhance HAB prediction in a changing world. -
Microscale Ecology Regulates Particulate Organic Matter Turnover in Model Marine Microbial Communities
ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05159-8 OPEN Microscale ecology regulates particulate organic matter turnover in model marine microbial communities Tim N. Enke1,2, Gabriel E. Leventhal 1, Matthew Metzger1, José T. Saavedra1 & Otto X. Cordero1 The degradation of particulate organic matter in the ocean is a central process in the global carbon cycle, the mode and tempo of which is determined by the bacterial communities that 1234567890():,; assemble on particle surfaces. Here, we find that the capacity of communities to degrade particles is highly dependent on community composition using a collection of marine bacteria cultured from different stages of succession on chitin microparticles. Different particle degrading taxa display characteristic particle half-lives that differ by ~170 h, comparable to the residence time of particles in the ocean’s mixed layer. Particle half-lives are in general longer in multispecies communities, where the growth of obligate cross-feeders hinders the ability of degraders to colonize and consume particles in a dose dependent manner. Our results suggest that the microscale community ecology of bacteria on particle surfaces can impact the rates of carbon turnover in the ocean. 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 2 Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to O.X.C. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2018) 9:2743 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05159-8 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05159-8 earning how the composition of ecological communities the North Pacific gyre20. -
Guidance for Leachate Recirculation at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
Guidance for Leachate Recirculation at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Waste/Solid Waste #5.08 • June 2009 Introduction leachate generation, and thus, potential groundwater quality impacts. This Guidance has been developed to meet three goals: Of the waste in landfills at Minnesota Contents MSWLFs in 2006, approximately 77 1. Provide municipal solid waste percent went to facilities that currently Introduction ............... 1 landfill (MSWLF) owners with the have active gas collection systems History ....................... 1 minimum standards to implement Benefits ..................... 2 (Burnsville, Clay, Crow Wing, East Goals......................... 2 leachate recirculation as a tool in Central, Elk River, Pine Bend, and Spruce Design ....................... 3 managing leachate on-site and Ridge). Also in 2006, 43 percent of the Operation .................. 4 minimizing the long-term impact of waste stream went to facilities that Landfill gas the disposed waste to human health recirculate their leachate (Crow Wing, East management ............. 5 and the environment. Monitoring ................. 5 Central, Elk River, Lyon, Morrison, and Physical monitoring 2. Encourage the control of greenhouse Spruce Ridge). parameters ................ 6 Leachate monitoring gas (GHG) emissions at MSWLFs. parameters ................ 6 3. Encourage the production of energy Gas monitoring parameters ................ 7 from landfill gas as an alternative Reporting................... 8 renewable energy source. Closure...................... 9 Long-term care.......... 9 It is the intention of the Minnesota Contact information ... 9 Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) to approve leachate recirculation through permit reissuance or major permit modification at MSWLFs that meet the minimum guidelines outlined herein. This guidance supersedes any previous policy or guidance on leachate recirculation. Current MSWLF design and operation does not promote the degradation of History disposed organic wastes within a In 2006, almost 1.5 million tons of waste reasonable timeframe. -
Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun
OCEANOGRAPHY – Vol.II - Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, France. Keywords: Algae, allochthonous nutrient, aphotic zone, autochthonous nutrient, Auxotrophs, bacteria, bacterioplankton, benthos, carbon dioxide, carnivory, chelator, chemoautotrophs, ciliates, coastal eutrophication, coccolithophores, convection, crustaceans, cyanobacteria, detritus, diatoms, dinoflagellates, disphotic zone, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), ecosystem, eukaryotes, euphotic zone, eutrophic, excretion, exoenzymes, exudation, fecal pellet, femtoplankton, fish, fish lavae, flagellates, food web, foraminifers, fungi, harmful algal blooms (HABs), herbivorous food web, herbivory, heterotrophs, holoplankton, ichthyoplankton, irradiance, labile, large planktonic microphages, lysis, macroplankton, marine snow, megaplankton, meroplankton, mesoplankton, metazoan, metazooplankton, microbial food web, microbial loop, microheterotrophs, microplankton, mixotrophs, mollusks, multivorous food web, mutualism, mycoplankton, nanoplankton, nekton, net community production (NCP), neuston, new production, nutrient limitation, nutrient (macro-, micro-, inorganic, organic), oligotrophic, omnivory, osmotrophs, particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic matter (POM), pelagic, phagocytosis, phagotrophs, photoautotorphs, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, phytoplankton bloom, picoplankton, plankton,