DOCSLIB.ORG

Unit 10 Ecosystem :Basic Concepts '

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unit 10 Ecosystem :Basic Concepts ' I UNIT 10 ECOSYSTEM :BASIC CONCEPTS ' Structure 10.1 Introduction Objectives 10.2 Ecology 10.3 Ecosystem and its Structure 10.3.1 The Biotic Component 10.3.2 The Abiotic Component 10.4 Functions of an Ecosystem 10.4.1 Food-Chain nnd Food-Web 10.4.2 Trophic Levels 10.4.3 Energy, Sources of Energy andEnergy How 10.4.4 Biogeochemical Cycles 10.5 The Concept of Habitat and Ecological Niche 10.6 The Concept of Homeostasis 10.7 Types of Ecosystems 10.8 Summary 10.9 Key Words 10.10 Further Readings 10.1 1 Answers to SAQs 10.1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this unit is to make clear some of the basic concepts in ecology. After defining what is ecology, we will also outline the fundamental structure of an ecosystem. We will study how each ecosystem has an abiotic (non-living) and a biotic (living) component and how there is a continuous interaction among these two components. In each ecosystem there are producer organisms and consumer organisms. Producers generate food with the help of solar energy while all the consumers are directly or hldirectly dependent on these producers, for food. There are different kinds of food-chains and we will outline some examples in this unit. Energy passes along the food-chain in each ecosystem - it is a one-way traffic. We will, however, note that the various minerals continuously circulate between the abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. These are the so called biogeochemical cycles. We will then try to follow the concept of ecological niche and also the concept of homeostasis. Objectives I After studying this unit, you should be able to describe the components of an ecosystem, elaborate upon the biotic and abiotic components and the interaction between them, explain the food-chains, food-web and energy flow in an ecosystem, outline various biogeochernical cycles, and explain the concept of ecological niche as well as the concept of homeostasis. 10.2 ECOLOGY Ever since the time of Greek philosophers, there is considerable written material that is definitely ecological. Man must have been using his ecological knowledge since time immemorial. This must have been important for his survival in the wild environment. Even today many tribal people all over the world are using this ecological knowledge and living happily in the wilderness. With the tremendous increase in population, every one including you, must understand ecology more thoroughly. This is essential for our survival and well being. The word ecology was recently coined by a Gerrnan biologist Emst Haeckel, in 18.69. This word has a Greek root oikos meaning 'house'. Thus, an ecologist actually.studiesthe organisms 'at home'. For the sake of definition we will call ecology as the study of relationship of organisms to their environment or surrounding. It really inclu&sThe study of the structure and function of nature. Right here you must note that human being is also another organism and study of his environment is equally part of ecology. Broadly speaking, ecology can be subdivided into two major branches (1) autecology, and (2) synecology. When you are studying one organism and its relationship with the surrounding environment, you are doing autecological study. Study of groups of organisms which are associated together as a unit is the realm of synecology. For example, you are interested in a particular snake and you want to find out where it lives, what it eats, how many eggs does it lay, etc., you are pursuing autecology. On the other hand, if you are interested in a particular river, the kind of terrain it is flowing through, the kinds of fishes and other animals as well as plants that are found in the river, the inter-relationshipof plants-animals and physicochemical factors of water, etc., then the objective is synecological. Both these aspects are important but the synecological studies give total picture of the situation. Of course, much efforts and time are also required to complete synecological work. The autecological approach is relatively straightforward but by no means easy or simple. Study of ecology is becoming more and more important as we are modifying the environmpt surrounding us. Here, the word environment is used broadly to denote everything that surrounds us -that is it includes other living organisms as well as non-living things. This and subsequent units will give you sufficient idea about the basics of ecology and its usefulness in day to day planning for economic development. 10.3 ECOSYSTEM AND ITS STRUCTURE To study ecology, one has to take a s&er unit ipd this unit is called as ecosystem. Ecosystem is a basic unit of ecology. For example, Grassland ecosystem, Forest ecdsystem River ecosystem, Lake ecosystem. Ecosystem is defined as structural and functional unit of ecology. This means, each such system has a defdte structure and each smcture associated with an ecosystem has a definite role to play in the functioning of an ecosystem. Each ecosystem is made up of living organisms and their surrounding non-living components. These two parts of an ecosystem are therefore, called as living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components. These two parts do not stand-3iisolation, however, the biotic component requires abiotic components. Actually, many minerals are continuously moving from abiotic world to biotic world and again back to abiotic world. Living organisms are also continuously modifying their surrounding non-living environment, and as we shall see later, help the process of ecological succession. Interdependence of organisms (within themselves) and on abiotic world can be studied by carefully observing the plants and animals around your place. Look, for example, how nodules on the roots of legumes harbor bacteria which 'fix' nitrogen for the plant. See how the type soil and moisture content decide what kindof vegetation can grow in a particular area. Ecosystem is thus, essentially a biotic community in continuous interaction with its physical environment. It is a dynamic entity. Taking a large, aslronautical view, the entire biosphere can be seen as a gigantic single ecosystem. We will actually see later that some materials like water, carbon dioxide, etc., are circulated globally. By biosphere we mean that portion of the earth and its atmosphere which supports life. All the different ecosystems that we mentioned earlier are then parts of the biosphere. Later, we will be analysing some of these ecosystems in details to have a look at their abiotic and biotic components. Let us fast study some basics about these two components. 10.3.1 The Biotic Component The biotic component is, of course, all the living organisms present in an ecosystem. Some of these organisms are large while some are tiny. Considerable number of organisms are so 'midute that these cannot be seen with a naked eye. So bacteria, fungi, small algae and plants, shrubs and trees, insects and birds, all are parts of the biotic component. Man is also a part of this vastassemblage of organism He is the only organism, however, who can modify vast areas of his environment within very short time. Apart from the strength of his Ecosystem :Basic Concepts muscles, he alone can make tools and machines and use them Biotic component is further subdivided into two broad groups on the basis of their trophic (nutritional) status. These groups are : 1) Autotrophic organisms which, as their name implies, are 'self nourishing' organism~, In short, these organisms can produce their own food. These organisms are generally, ' chlorophyll possessing plants, though of course, other pigments are also useful. Thus, all green plants mainly are autotrophs and since they use solar energy they are also called as photoautotrophs. Some bacteria can survive on the energy generated through chemical reactions alone and are known as chemoautotrophs. 2) Heterotrophic organisms which, as their name indicates, are 'other-nourishing'. This means they depend on others for nourishment as they cannot prepare their own food. You can also call autotrophic organisms as producers because they produce food. Similarly, heterotrophs can also be identified as consumers as they consume food generated by the producers. Once again all plants are producers and all animals (and other organisms that do not manufacture their own food) are consumers. Sometimes the consumers are grouped into two - (a) macro-consumers, and (b) micro-consumers. The former includes all animals while the latter category includes bacteria and fungi that decompose organic matter produced by living organisms as well as remains of dead organisms. To introduce yet anotber terminology, we can call the organisms that feed directly on plants as herbivores, while those that feed on animal flesh as carnivores. What is important to note is that the biotic component of an ecosystem always consists of producers and consumers or autotrophs and heterotrophs. Each ecosystem will, of course, be different. Each will have its own producers and consumers. No two ecosystems will ever be absolutely similar as far as their biotic component is concerned. Each has'a unique composition. For example, a pond will have algae and other aquatic plants as producers whilei grassland has various grasses and shrubs as producers. 10.3.2 Abiotic Component The abiotic component of an ecosystem is everything else other than the living organisms.'~( is an assemblage of organic and inorganic substances present in an ecosystem. The various : climatic factors that affect the ecosystem functioning are also included in the abiotic component. Once again you will note that each ecosystem is unique in possessing a set of different abiotic factors. Substances like water, arbo on dioxide, phosphates, carbonates, nitrates, etc. and elements like carbon, nitrogen gas, sulphur, phosphorus, etc, are found in the ecosystems.These are called as inorganic substances.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (2012)
    FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard Marine and Coastal Spatial Data Subcommittee Federal Geographic Data Committee June, 2012 Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, June 2012 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Application ............................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Relationship to Previous FGDC Standards .............................................................. 4 1.6 Development Procedures ......................................................................................... 5 1.7 Guiding Principles ................................................................................................... 7 1.7.1 Build a Scientifically Sound Ecological Classification .................................... 7 1.7.2 Meet the Needs of a Wide Range of Users ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Keystone Exam Biology Item and Scoring Sampler
    Pennsylvania Keystone Exams Biology Item and Scoring Sampler 2019 Pennsylvania Department of Education Bureau of Curriculum, Assessment and Instruction—September 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS INFORMATION ABOUT BIOLOGY Introduction . 1 About the Keystone Exams . 1 Alignment . 1 Depth of Knowledge . 2 Exam Format . 2 Item and Scoring Sampler Format . 3 Biology Exam Directions . 4 General Description of Scoring Guidelines for Biology . 5 BIOLOGY MODULE 1 Multiple-Choice Questions . 6 Constructed-Response Item . 22 Item-Specific Scoring Guideline . 24 Constructed-Response Item . 34 Item-Specific Scoring Guideline . 36 Biology Module 1—Summary Data . .46 BIOLOGY MODULE 2 Multiple-Choice Questions . .48 Constructed-Response Item . 66 Item-Specific Scoring Guideline . 68 Constructed-Response Item . 82 Item-Specific Scoring Guideline . 84 Biology Module 2—Summary Data . .100 Pennsylvania Keystone Biology Item and Scoring Sampler—September 2019 ii INFORMATION ABOUT BIOLOGY INTRODUCTION The Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) provides districts and schools with tools to assist in delivering focused instructional programs aligned to the Pennsylvania Core Standards. These tools include the standards, Assessment Anchor documents, Keystone Exams Test Definition, Classroom Diagnostic Tool, Standards Aligned System, and content-based item and scoring samplers. This 2019 Biology Item and Scoring Sampler is a useful tool for Pennsylvania educators in preparing students for the Keystone Exams. This Item and Scoring Sampler contains released operational multiple-choice and constructed-response items that have appeared on previously administered Keystone Exams. These items will not appear on any future Keystone Exams. Released items provide an idea of the types of items that have appeared on operational exams and that will appear on future operational Keystone Exams.
    [Show full text]
  • Cbd Convention on Biological Diversity
    CBD Distr. CONVENTION ON GENERAL BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ENGLISH ONLY ADDIS ABABA PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY INTRODUCTION The Annex to this document contains the Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, as adopted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 6 to 8 May 2003. The Addis Ababa workshop synthesized the outcomes of the three previous workshops on the issue of sustainable use, integrating different views and regional differences, and developing a set of practical principles and operational guidelines for the sustainable use of biological diversity. The resulting Guidelines are still considered to be in draft format until adoption by the seventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties. /… For reaso ns of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies Annex Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity I. BACKGROUND A. Explanation of the mandate 1. In recent decades, biodiversity components have been used in a way leading to loss of species, degradation of habitats and erosion of genetic diversity, thus jeopardizing present and future livelihoods. Sustainable use of components of biodiversity, one of the three objectives of the Convention, is a key to achieving the broader goal of sustainable development and is a cross-cutting issue relevant to all biological resources. It entails the application of methods and processes in the utilization of biodiversity to maintain its potential to meet current and future human needs and aspirations and to prevent its long-term decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecosystem Services
    Marine Ecosystem Services Marine ecosystem services in Nordic marine waters and the Baltic Sea – possibilities for valuation Marine Ecosystem Services Marine ecosystem services in Nordic marine waters and the Baltic Sea – possibilities for valuation Berit Hasler, Heini Ahtiainen, Linus Hasselström, Anna‐Stiina Heiskanen, Åsa Soutukorva and Louise Martinsen TemaNord 2016:501 Marine Ecosystem Services Marine ecosystem services in Nordic marine waters and the Baltic Sea – possibilities for valuation Berit Hasler, Heini Ahtiainen, Linus Hasselström, Anna‐Stiina Heiskanen, Åsa Soutukorva and Louise Martinsen ISBN 978‐92‐893‐4444‐9 (PRINT) ISBN 978‐92‐893‐4445‐6 (PDF) ISBN 978‐92‐893‐4446‐3 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2016‐501 TemaNord 2016:501 ISSN 0908‐6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2016 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: ImageSelect Print: Rosendahls‐Schultz Grafisk Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom‐ mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/nordpub Nordic co‐operation Nordic co‐operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv‐ ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co‐operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im‐ portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co‐operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystems and Biodiversity
    Unit 2: Ecosystem An organism is always in the state of perfect balance with the environment. The environment literally means the surroundings. The environment refers to the things and conditions around the organisms which directly or indirectly influence the life and development of the organisms and their populations. “Ecosystem is a complex in which habitat, plants and animals are considered as one interesting unit, the materials and energy of one passing in and out of the others” – Woodbury. Organisms and environment are two non-separable factors. Organisms interact with each other and also with the physical conditions that are present in their habitats. ―The organisms and the physical features of the habitat form an ecological complex or more briefly an ecosystem.‖ (Clarke, 1954). The concept of ecosystem was first put forth by A.G. Tansley (1935). Ecosystem is the major ecological unit. It has both structure and functions. The structure is related to species diversity. The more complex is the structure the greater is the diversity of the species in the ecosystem. The functions of ecosystem are related to the flow of energy and cycling of materials through structural components of the ecosystem. According to Woodbury (1954), ecosystem is a complex in which habitat, plants and animals are considered as one interesting unit, the materials and energy of one passing in and out of the others. According to E.P. Odum, the ecosystem is the basic functional unit of organisms and their environment interacting with each other and with their own components. An ecosystem may be conceived and studied in the habitats of various sizes, e.g., one square metre of grassland, a pool, a large lake, a large tract of forest, balanced aquarium, a certain area of river and ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent History of Large-Scale Ecosystem Disturbances in North America Derived from the AVHRR Satellite Record
    Ecosystems (2005) 8: 808-824 DOI: 10.1007/~10021-005-0041-6 Recent History of Large-Scale Ecosystem Disturbances in North America Derived from the AVHRR Satellite Record Christopher potter,'" Pang-Ning d an,' Vipin ~umar,'Chris ~ucharik,~ Steven ~looster; Vanessa ~enovese,~Warren ohe en,^ and Sean ~eale~~ 'NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA;2~niversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415, USA; 3~niversityof Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; *~aliforniaState University Monterey Bay, Seaside 93955, California, USA; USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA Ecosystem structure and function are strongly af- over i9 years, areas potentially influenced by ma- fected by disturbance events, many of which in jor ecosystem disturbances (one FPAR-LO event North America are associated with seasonal tem- over the period 1982-2000) total to more than perature extremes, wildfires, and tropical storms. 766,000 km2.The periods of highest detection fre- This study was conducted to evaluate patterns in a quency were 1987-1989, 1995-1 997, and 1999. 19-year record of global satellite observations of Sub-continental regions of the Pacific Northwest, vegetation phenology from the advanced very high Alaska, and Central Canada had the highest pro- resolution radiometer (AVHRR) as a means to portion (>90%) of FPAR-LO pixels detected in characterize major ecosystem disturbance events forests, tundra shrublands, and wetland areas. The and regimes. The fraction absorbed of photosyn- Great Lakes region showed the highest proportion thetically active radiation (FPAR) by vegetation (39%) of FPAR-LO pixels detected in cropland canopies worldwide has been computed at a areas, whereas the western United States showed monthly time interval from 1982 to 2000 and the highest proportion f 16% ) of FPAR-LO pixels gridded at a spatial resolution of 8-krn globally.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Glossary (NOAA June 2006)
    NOAAFISHERIES Glossary Revised Edition, June 2006 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NOAA FISHERIESISHERIES Glossary NOAA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NMFS-F/SPO-69 OCTOBER 2005 REVISED EDITION, JUNE 2006 K. Blackhart, D. G. Stanton, and A. M. Shimada Offi ce of Science and Technology National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 An on-line version of this glossary is available at: http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st4/documents/F_Glossary.pdf Cover Photo of Yellowfi n Tuna by William L. High, NMFS This revised and updated edition has a correction to the Bmsy determination of Minimum Stock Size Threshold on page 29. Contents A 1 B 3 C 5 D 9 E 11 F 14 G 19 H 21 I 22 J 24 K 24 L 24 M 26 N 30 O 33 P 35 Q 39 R 39 S 43 T 53 U 57 V 58 W 59 X – Y 60 Z 60 OAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA N Fisheries Service) is dedicated to the stewardship of the Nation’s living marine resources and their habitat. As a leading voice for the economic benefi ts that can be derived from sustainable use and conservation of our Nation’s living marine resources, NOAA scientists and resource managers work to ensure the continued productivity and abundance of these resources and a bright future for the people dependent upon them. To meet these goals and better serve its constituents and the general public, NOAA strives to develop and maintain effective communications and educational resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology Worksheets
    » Ecology Worksheets Principles of Ecology ● Lesson : The Science of Ecology ● Lesson : Flow of Energy ● Lesson : Recycling Matter The Science of Ecology True or False Name___________________ Class_______ Date_____ Write true if the statement is true and false if the statement is false. ______ 1. Ecology is usually considered to be a branch of biology. ______ 2. The environment of an organism includes only nonliving physical factors. ______ 3. The biosphere extends from sea level to about 11,000 meters above sea level. ______ 4. An important ecological issue is the rapid growth of the human population. ______ 5. A community is the biotic component of an ecosystem. ______ 6. An ecosystem is always closed in terms of energy. ______ 7. An ecosystem depends on continuous inputs of matter from outside the system. ______ 8. Organisms that depend on different food sources have different niches. ______ 9. Mammals that live in very cold habitats must have insulation to help them stay warm. ______ 10. Different species cannot occupy the same niche in the same geographic area for very long. ______ 11. Field studies refer to the collection of data in a field, meadow, or other open area. ______ 12. Ecologists use inferential statistics to describe the data they collect. Critical Reading Name___________________ Class_______ Date_____ Read this passage from the lesson and answer the questions that follow. Ecosystem An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all the living organisms in an area functioning together with all the nonliving physical factors of the environment. The concept of an ecosystem can apply to units of different sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Equation Modelling Reveals That Nutrients and Physicochemistry Act Additively on the Dynamics of a Microcosm-Based Biotic Community
    biology Article Structural Equation Modelling Reveals That Nutrients and Physicochemistry Act Additively on the Dynamics of a Microcosm-Based Biotic Community 1, , 1 2 1, David A. Russo * y , Andrew Ferguson , Andrew P. Beckerman and Jagroop Pandhal * 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; andrew.ferguson@sheffield.ac.uk 2 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; a.beckerman@sheffield.ac.uk * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.A.R.); j.pandhal@sheffield.ac.uk (J.P.) Current address: Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, y Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. Received: 23 August 2019; Accepted: 8 November 2019; Published: 14 November 2019 Abstract: Anthropogenic eutrophication has caused widespread environmental problems in freshwater lakes, reducing biodiversity and disrupting the classic pelagic food chain. Increasing our understanding of the exact role of nutrients and physicochemical variables on microbial dynamics, and subsequent microalgal and cyanobacterial blooms, has involved numerous studies ranging from replicate microcosm-based studies through to temporal studies of real lake data. In a previous experimental microcosm study, we utilised metaproteomics to investigate the functional changes of a microalgal-bacterial community under oligotrophic and eutrophic nutrient levels. Here, we analyse the time series data from this experiment with a combination of typically used univariate analyses and a more modern multivariate approach, structural equation modelling. Our aim was to test, using these modern methods, whether physicochemical variables and nutrient dynamics acted additively, synergistically, or antagonistically on the specific biotic community used in the microcosms.
    [Show full text]
  • Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies: Environmental Studies Deals with Every Issue Thataffects an Organism
    1 Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies: Environmental studies deals with every issue thataffects an organism. It is essentially a multidisciplinary approach that brings about an appreciation of our natural world and human impacts on its integrity. It is an applied science as its seeks practical answers to making human civilization sustainable on the earth’s finite resources. Its components include biology, geology, chemistry, physics, engineering, sociology, health, anthropology, economics, statistics, computers and philosophy. `The industrial development and intensive agriculture that provides the goods for our increasingly consumer oriented society uses up large amounts of natural resources such as water, minerals, petroleum products, wood, etc. Nonrenewable resources, such as minerals and oil are those which will be exhausted in the future if we continue to extract these without a thought for subsequent generations. Renewable resources, such as timber and water, are those which can be used but can be regenerated by natural processes such as re-growth or rainfall. But these too will be depleted if we continue to use them faster than nature can replace them. For example, if the removal of timber and firewood from a forest is faster than the re-growth and regeneration of trees, it cannot replenish the supply. And loss of forest covers not only depletes the forest of its resources, such as timber and other non-wood products, but affects our water resources because an intact natural forest acts like a sponge which holds water and releases it slowly. Deforestation leads to floods in the monsoon and dry rivers once the rains are over.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment Pollution
    Assign Print Assessment Print with Answers Assessment Pollution INSTRUCTIONS Check your understanding with this practice assessment. 1) Which of the following activities would be least harmful to an ocean environment? o A) A fisherman catching food for his family. o B) Oil is spilled into the water from a tanker ship. o C) Coral reef is removed and sold as souvenirs. o D) Trash is washed from beaches into the water. o Explanation:The answer is A. As long as enough fish are left to reproduce this resource is renewable and removing some would not affect the ocean environment. 2) What does it mean to reuse? o A) use something again o B) use less of something o C) save electricity o D) conserve water o Explanation:The correct answer is A. It is correct because by reusing items it cuts down on excess waste. 3) Which of the following might be a biotic factor in a stream ecosystem? o A) rocks o B) water o C) sunlight o D) pollution o Explanation:The correct answer is D. It is correct because human waste, which is a biotic factor, can cause pollution. 4) Humans have changed the Earth in ways that hurt themselves and other organisms by ________. o A) hunting o B) recycling o C) gardening o D) polluting the air, water, and land o Explanation:The correct answer is D. Human industrialization has polluted air, water, and land. 5) Energy conservation will result in ______. o A) more air pollution. o B) fewer available sources of energy. o C) more acid rain.
    [Show full text]
  • BASIC BIOLOGY REPORT “Knowing the Ecosystem” by : Name
    BASIC BIOLOGY REPORT “Knowing The Ecosystem” By : Name : Hesti Apriwiyani NIM : 140210101107 Group : 4 STUDY PROGRAM OF MATHEMATIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER 2015 I. TITLE Knowing The Ecosystem II. PURPOSE Knowing the components of the ecosystem and its position in the ecosystem. III. BASIC TEORY The branch of biology that developed from natural history is called ecology. Ecology is the study of inter actions that take place between organisms and their environment (national geographic, 2004: 36). Mangrove ecosystem has ecological and economic function is very useful. Ecologically, mangrove ecosystem serves as spawning (spawning grounds) and the enlargement area (nursery grounds) various marine organisms such as fish, shrimp, scallops and others. In addition mangrove litter (in the form of leaves and twigs) that fell in the waters after the decomposition process will be a source of feed in the aquatic environment. Nontji (1993) states that the mangrove ecosystem as well, a habitat for berbaga species of birds, reptiles, mammals and type of organic melainnya, so that mangrove forests provide biological diversity (biodiversity) and germplasm of high and serves as a life support system( Wantasen, Adnan S, 2013 : 205). An ecosystem is a system in nature that it occur in the interrelationship between organisms with other organism, as well as environmental conditions (biology lecturer team, 2014: 26). The word ecosystem proposed by A.G. Tansley in 1935, and consists of two words and the eco system. The word eco show environment, and said the system shows a complex system of coordination units.
    [Show full text]