BASIC REPORT

“Knowing The ”

By :

Name : Hesti Apriwiyani

NIM : 140210101107

Group : 4

STUDY PROGRAM OF MATHEMATIC EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER

2015 I. TITLE Knowing The Ecosystem II. PURPOSE Knowing the components of the ecosystem and its position in the ecosystem. III. BASIC TEORY

The branch of biology that developed from natural history is called . Ecology is the study of inter actions that take place between organisms and their environment (national geographic, 2004: 36).

Mangrove ecosystem has ecological and economic function is very useful. Ecologically, mangrove ecosystem serves as spawning (spawning grounds) and the enlargement area (nursery grounds) various marine organisms such as fish, shrimp, scallops and others. In addition mangrove litter (in the form of leaves and twigs) that fell in the waters after the process will be a source of feed in the aquatic environment. Nontji (1993) states that the mangrove ecosystem as well, a for berbaga species of birds, reptiles, mammals and type of organic melainnya, so that mangrove forests provide biological diversity (biodiversity) and germplasm of high and serves as a life support system( Wantasen, Adnan S, 2013 : 205). An ecosystem is a system in that it occur in the interrelationship between organisms with other organism, as well as environmental conditions (biology lecturer team, 2014: 26).

The word ecosystem proposed by A.G. Tansley in 1935, and consists of two words and the eco system. The word eco show environment, and said the system shows a complex system of coordination units. A system consists of a number of sub-systems that the interconnections between one part and another, as well as limited by the boundaries clear. A system is composed of various components that interact and depend to one another to construct a unity. An ecosystem is made up of components biotic and abiotic components somewhere and interact to form a unity regular (Sudarmadji, 2004 : 13).

An ecosystem is essentially energy processing system and each component involved together for a long time. The limits are determined by an environment. Therefore, in the form of how a life can be sustainable for regional environmental conditions. Populations of plants and animals in a system is to represent various objects through the system functions. Simply put all either aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem is composed of three basic components, namely producers (autotrop), consumers (heterotrophic), and abiotic components.

1. Producers ()

Consists of all green plants and some bacteria, which can make the process of . Green plants use sunlight to perform photosynthesis and bacteria by process using chemical energy to transform simple inorganic molecules such as carbon dioxide and water taken from the environment to form complex organic molecules, such as glucose and other nutrients molecule indispensable living organisms.

2. Consumers (heterotrophic)

A group of organisms that can not make up their own food, but is very dependent on the manufacturer. Organisms that feed manufacturers such as herbivorous animals, it is called primary consumers. Other animals that are or primary eaters called secondary consumers.

3. Abiotic components

Composed of a wide variety of non-living matter, such as: sunlight, moisture, soil, water, wind, various nutrients contained in the soil as a result of demolition material derived from plants and animals.

Ecosystems have an information network communication flow physical and chemical connecting all parts and to control and regulate the overall system(Sudarmadji, 2004 : 16). There are important functional processes in the energy intake and nutrients into the ecosystem, ie photosynthesis and decomposition.

1. Photosynthesis

Ecosystem functioning is based on energy fixation and production of organic compounds through photosynthesis activity autotrop. Energy enters as visible light and stored in plants during photosynthesis. From this process of biochemical changes that include a series of heat released into the environment.

2. Decomposition

Decomposition is the process of renovation and a reverse process of photosynthesis. Reduction decomposition process as the organic material into inorganic compounds. The decomposition process is a complex of a number of processes, including fragmentation, mixing, changes in physical structure, decomposition, concentration and enzyme activity undertaken by various organisms(Sudarmadji, 2004 : 17-18).

In general there are two kinds of ecosystems, ie natural ecosystem and artificial ecosystem. Natural ecosystems can be divided further into aquatic ecosystems (aquatic) and terrestrial ecosystems (terrestrial).

1. Aquatic Ecosystems

Swimming is one example of aquatic ecosystems. This ecosystem there that are moving and are quiet. The components that make up an ecosystem can be differentiated as follows:

a. Manufacturers are composed of a variety of organisms that can make up their own food through photosynthesis.

b. Consumer consists of a variety of organisms ranging from the microscopic to the macroscopic. c. creature composed of various bacteria and fungi aquatic scattered across the bottom of the pool and some other zone phytoplankton and macrophyte plants.

d. Abiotic components are composed of water, soil, air, sunlight and various organic and inorganic compounds.

2. Terrestrial Ecosystems

Tropical forests is one example of a terrestrial ecosystem. This forest can be distinguished on the difference steeper toward the sea level, ie there are plain forest, hill forest, montane forest, sub-alpine forest and alpine forest. Konponen components that make up the forest ecosystem:

a. Manufacturers consists of all organisms autotrof and is usually represented by a variety of plant species.

b. Consumers can be divided into mikrokonsumen and makrokonsumen. Makrokonsumen usually dominated by while mikrokonsumen usually as being decomposers.

c. Decomposers creature composed of various types of microorganisms contained in soil.

d. Abiotic components consisting of soil, water, air, sunlight and various organic and inorganic compounds in the form of humus.

3. Agro Ecosystems (ecosystem of Agriculture)

Agro ecosystems or agricultural ecosystems are artificial ecosystems and have dependence on energy and surrounding circumstances. Agro ecosystem also has a component manufacturer which is an integral part of the ecosystem.

When compared with natural ecosystems, then this artificial ecosystem has three key differences, such as paddy, tegal, columns, ponds. The third difference is as follows: a. Additional energy is supporting the solar energy input is controlled by humans, which consists of labor and animals, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water, vehicle / engine air motors.

b. Diversity of organisms is very minimized to maximize foodstuffs or other products.

c. Plants or animals that pursued as a result of artificial selection, not natural selection. So ekosistemagro is planned and managed by humans, and aims to convert as much as possible solar energy and other energy into edible products((Sudarmadji, 2004 : 19-22).

The nonliving environment:Abiotic factors

Examples ofabiotic factors include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.Ecology includes the study of featuresof the environment that are not livingbecause these features are part of anorganism’s life. For example, a complete study of the ecology of moleswould include an examination of thetypes of soil in which these animalsdig their tunnels. Similarly, a thorough investigation of the life cycle oftrout would need to include whetherthey need to lay their eggs on rocky orsandy stream bottoms. Abiotic factors have obvious effectson living things and often determinewhich species survive in a particularenvironment. For example, extendedlack of rainfall can cause drought (national geographic, 2004 : 37).

Biotic Factors

It consists of the living parts of the environment, including the association of a lot of interrelated populations that belong to

ABIOTIC BIOTIC different species COMPONENTS COMPONENTS inhabiting a common Primary Sunlight producers environment. The Temperature Herbivores populations are those Precipitation Carnivores Water or moisture Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) etc. etc. of the animal , the plant community and the microbial community. The biotic community is divided into autotrophs, saprotrophs and heterotrophs.

(Regents of the University of Michigan, 2008 :online)

Ecologists assign species to trophiclevels based on their main source of nutrition and energy. Thetrophic level that ultimately supports all others consists of autotrophs, also called the primary producers of the ecosystem. Most autotrophs are photosynthetic organisms that uselight energy to synthesize sugars and other organic compounds,which they then use as fuel for cellular respiration and as building material for growth. Plants, algae, and photosynthetic prokaryotes are the biosphere’s main autotrophs, although chemosynthetic prokaryotes are the primary producers in ecosystems such as deep sea hydrothermal vents and places deep under the ground or ice Organisms in trophic levels above the primary producers are heterotrophs, which depend directly or indirectly on the outputs of primary producers for their source of energy. Herbivores, which eat plants and other primary producers, areprimary consumers. Carnivores that eat herbivores aresecondary consumers, and carnivores that eat other carnivores are tertiary consumers. Another group of heterotrophs is the detritivores, or decomposers, terms we use synonymously in this text to refer to consumers that get their energy from . Detritusis nonliving organic material, such as the remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and wood. Many detritivores are in turn eaten by secondary and tertiary consumers. Two important groups of detritivores are prokaryotes and fung (campbell, 2011 : 1220). All of these categories occur in any ecosystem. They represent different trophic levels, from the Greek wordtrophos, which means “feeder.” Organisms from each , feeding on one another, make up a series called a (figure 28.8). The length and complexity of food chains vary greatly. In real life, it is rather rare for a given kind of organism to feed only on one other type of organism. Usually, each organism feeds on two or more kinds and in turn is eaten by several other kinds of organisms. When diagrammed, the relationship appears as a series of branching lines, rather than a straight line; it is called a (figure 28.9) (raven & jhonson, 2001 :578-579).

IV. METHODS IV.1 Tools and Materials 1. Tool  Rope  Peg  Plastic bag  Stationary 2. Materials  Terrestrial ecosystem (the area around the campus) IV.2 Procedure

Determining the terrestrial ecosystem that will be observed

Finding the observation area by making quadrant 2x2 m2

Inventorying the biotic and abiotic components in the quadrant Drawing a diagram that depict the relation among components V. RESULT OF OBSERVATION of ecosystem and energy cycle in it

Type of ecosystem

8 6 Biotic component ( 14 ( 14 x100% =57,14%) x100%= 42,85%) Name of Amoun Percent Name of Amount Percenta componen t of age compon of ge t compo ent compon nent ent Grasshoppe 2 2 Dry Leave ∞ - 19 x10 r

0%= 10,52% Ant ∞ - Branches ∞ -

Grass A 6 6 Gravel ∞ - 19 x10

0%= 31,57% Grass B 2 2 Soil ∞ - 19 x10

0%= 10,52% Grass C 2 2 Brick 3 3 19 x10 3 x100

0%= % = 10,52% 100% Spiny 1 1 Fruit Fall ∞ - 19 x10 Amaranth

(Piper 0%= Aduncum) 5,26%

Clover Leaf ∞ - (Semanggi) Trivoluatus 6 6 19 x10

0%= 1,67% Total 19 100% Total 3 100%

VI. DISCUSSION

An ecosystem is a natural system in which in it a mutual relationship between the components of biotic, abiotic components biotic components such as temperature, wind speed, humidity, soil, water (environmental conditions). Ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components.

The food chain is an event eat and be eaten between living things in a certain order. In the food chain there are living beings who act as producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Food nets is a collection of interconnected food chains. Survival of the organism requires energy from organic materials that are eaten. Energy containing organic material and chemical elements transfer from one organism to another takes place through the interaction of eating and being eaten. Events eat and be eaten between organisms in an ecosystem trophic structure forming stratified.

1. Components Biotic

Biotic is a living creature. Biotic environment of a living thing is all living things, both of their own species or from different species that live in the same place. Thus, in one place, every living thing is the environment for other living beings. Biotic components consist of various types of microorganisms, fungi, algae, mosses, ferns, higher plants, invertebrates and vertebrates and humans.

2. Abiotic components Abiotic is not living or non-living components. Abiotic components of the physical and chemical components of a living creatures. Contoj abiotic components include temperature, light, water, humidity, air, mineral salts, and soil.

a) Temperature

Temperature or temperature is the degree of heat energy. The main source of heat energy is solar radiation. the temperature in the abiotic components of air, soil, water. Temperature is required by every living creature, with regard to the chemical reactions that occur in living bodies.

b) Light

Light is one of the energy that comes from solar radiation. sunlight is composed of several kinds of wavelengths. Type the wavelength, light intensity, and duration of irradiation of sunlight with certain wavelengths for photosynthesis.

c) Water

Water is composed of H2O molecules. Water can be solid, liquid and gas. In nature, the water can be gaseous form of water vapor. In life, water is needed by living things because most of their body contains water.

d) Humidity

Humidity is one of the abiotic components in the air and soil. Humidity in the air means the moisture content in the air, while moisture in the soil means the water content in the soil. Moisture is needed by mkhluk life so that his body does not dry quickly due to evaporation. Moisture is needed every living creature is different.

e) Air

Air consists of various gases are nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.93%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other gases. Nitrogen is use to living beings to form proteins. Oxygen used for breathing creatures. Carbon dioxide used separately plant photosynthesis.

f) The salts

The salts include nitrogen ions. Phosphates, sulfur, calcium and sodium. The composition of certain mineral salts determining the nature of soil and water.

g) Land

Soil is the result of weathering caused by climate or moss, and the decay of organic material. Have the nature of the soil, the texture and content of certain mineral salts.

From the data, biotic component that we had found are Grasshopper, ants, grasses A, grasses B, grasses C, Spiny Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi), Trivoluatus. And abiotic component that we had found in plot are dry leaves, branches, gravel, brick, fruit fall, and soil. Amount of biotic and abiotic component can see on the result of observation. And the percentage of biotic component is bigger than percentage of abiotic component. The percentage of biotic component is 57,14 % and the percentage of abiotic component is 42,85 %.

The detail of biotic percentage are Grasshopper is 10,52%, grasses A is 31,57%, grasses B is 10,52%, grasses C is 10,52%, Spiny Amaranth is 5,26% , Trivoluatus 1,67%. And the detail of abiotic component are Brick 100%. Biotic and abiotic component has important role in ecosystem. Each component has important role and interrelated in ecosystem. Biotic component depend on abiotic component, and biotic component depend on other biotic component. For example, plant can grow well because there is water and enough nutrient. Plant can produce food because there is sunlight and carbon dioxide. Insect depend their life in flower. They take nectar from flower. Animal that take food from plant called , and animal that get their food from other animal (prey) is called . Grass A, grass B, grass C, Spiny Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi) and Trivoluatus in ecosystem has role as a producer for other organism and placing trophic level I. Producers take energy from sun. Sun is the ultimate source of the energy for life. Producers, in this case Grass A, grass B, grass C, Spiny Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi) and Trivoluatus use the sun’s energy to manufacture food in a process called photosynthesis. An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy rich compounds is called . If there is producer, so it must be consumers too. The component that has role as consumer are grasshopper and ants. Consumers are incapable of producing their own food. They obtain nutrients by eating other organisms. An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms is called heterotroph. Heterotrophs include organisms that feed only on producers, organisms that feed only on other heterotrophs, and organisms that feed on both autotrophs and heterotrophs. Heterotrophs display a variety of feeding relationships. A heterotroph that feeds only on plants is an herbivore. In this case, herbivores include grasshopper and ants that placing trophic level II. Some heterotrophs eat other heterotrophs. Animals that kill and eat only other animals are carnivores. And heterotroph that feed on both autotrophs and heterotrophs is called omnivores. Some heterotrophs, called , do not kill for food. Instead, scavengers eat animals that have already died. Scavengers, such as black vultures, feed on dead animals and garbage. In ecosystem there is too, it has role to break down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be more easily absorbed. The organism that has function as decomposer are many bacteria, and most fungi carry out this essential process of nutrient recycling. But we can’t find this organism in our observation. The relationship between grasses with ants is . Where ant ants will protect homes that are underneath. On the other hand the ants will outline the dried leaves and twigs that will become compost for plants. But the ants will suck glucose on dry leaves and twigs. Less inequality such an outbreak can be caused by agents of the spread, both biotic and abiotic factors are less involved. Moreover, it also depends on the breeding of each species itself. If specias has flowers, it will spread rapidly because it has a greater opportunity to produce a new individual. It is seen from the percentage of each of the components of abiotic or biotic. Abiotic component that we found are branches, gravel, brick, fruit fall, and soil. Soil is place for organism life. Type of soil cause organism that live on there are different. Soil is made from erosion or weathering of rock. Rain, wind, temperature, etc. are several factors that has role in soil making. For plants, soil has important role for : 1) Media for plant stick. 2) Water storage place for plants 3) Place for oxygen storage And for other organism as place for doing activities, as resident for living organism, gardening, construct a building, and many others. In this observation, we found branches, fruit fall, gravel, brick and dry leaves too. It is included on abiotic component and will decomposed by decomposer, and its element will back to soil, so the soil will be prosperous. Branches and dried leaves belong to the abiotic components as an inanimate object. Although basically derived from living organisms, but they have been separated from the title. This is in addition because they've been separated from the parent plant, they are just a collection of cells that can not be grown again. Eventually they will be destroyed by itself. In this case, the dependence between biotic and abiotic components visible. Time remaining plants will decompose and break down into simpler matter. Later this simple matter will return to the soil and improve soil fertility. Automatically, if the fertility of the soil increases the plants around them will thrive. This plant thrives invite other animals that help pollinate plants in the end.

The Number Of Members Of Abiotic

Brick Soil Gravel Dry Leaf Branch Fruit Fall

2020202020

3

Brick Soil Gravel Dry Leaf Branch Fruit Fall

The most dominating abiotic members namely, soil, gravel, fallen leaves, branches, and fruit fall. This happens because these organs will be broken down into the ground again by some bacteria that exist, but in practical activity of bacteria is not found.

The Number Of Members Of Biotic

Grass A Grass B Grass C Spiny Amaranth Clover Leaf (Semanggi) Trivoluatus Ant Grasshopper

Biotic members that dominates the ecosystem leaf clover (clover) and ant, this happens because the clover leaf is very beneficial to all kinds of organisms, especially consumers as a source of food for consumers. While ants because ants are dominated ecosystems consumer organism that requires energy from the life of the ecosystem. In biotic component there are some component that has been explained before. Each component will make a relation and interaction, because each component is dependence each other. One component will need others component. In this case, a component will absorb the energy from others component. This interaction will make a chain that called a food chain. Each organism in a food chain represents p ro d a feeding step, or trophic level, in u cen ( the passage of energy and materials.

The first trophic level is all plant deco consumer I that can produce consumers is an m po (herbivores ser ) organism that feed son plants, such as a grasshopper. A second order consumers is an organism that feeds on a first order heterotroph. A food con sum er con sum er chain represents only one possible III II (carnivores (carnivores route for the transfer of matter and ) ) energy through an ecosystem. Food chain that occur in this observation can be drawn as in this scheme:

If some of the trophic level is decrease, or lose it will influence the others trophic. Because it is related each other. If we losing the consumer I, the producer will increase because there is no organism that will eat it, and consumer II will decrease because there is no food for eating. The ecosystem will disturb because of this. And ecosystem equilibrium will be disturbed too. If ecosystem is disturbed, it will cause some problems. Like caterpillar phenomenon in probolinggo. It is happen because the predator of caterpillar like bird is decrease, so it makes the growth of caterpillar become increase. This phenomenon is one of existence of inequilibrium ecosystem.

VII. CLOSING VII.1 Conclusion Ecosystem is a system in nature that it occur in the interrelationship between organisms with other organism, as well as environmental conditions. The component of ecosystem is divided into 2 that are abiotic and biotic component. Biotic and abiotic component has important role in ecosystem. Each biotic component will make a relation and interaction. One component will need others component. In this case, a component will absorb the energy from others component. This interaction will make a chain that called a food chain. Each organism in a food chain represents a feeding step, or trophic level, in the passage of energy and materials. If some of the trophic level is decrease, or lose it will influence the others trophic. The ecosystem will disturb because of this. And ecosystem equilibrium will be disturbed too. If ecosystem is disturbed, it will cause some problems. In the ecosystem, plants as producers (trophic I) and animals as consumers (trophic II, III, IV and so on). VII.2 Suggestion

When, observe the plot in ecosystem observation, observe each component (abiotic and biotic) carefully, in order to get best and accurate result, and always pay attention the explanation of the practical assistant when doing a practical work.

References

Biology lecturer team. 2014. Basic of Biology Student Lab Manual. Jember : University of Jember. Campbell, NeilA., Reece, Jane B. 2011. Biology Ninth Edition. USA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. National Geographic. 2004. Biology The Dynamics Of Life. United States of America : The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Raven, Jonhson. 2001. Biology Sixth Edition. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sudarmadji. 2004. . Jember : University of Jember. Wantasen, Adnan S. 2013. Water Quality And Conditions As The Basis Substrates Mangrove Growth Factor In Support Activities Coastal Village Beach Basaan I, Minahasa Southest District. Scientific Journals Platax. Volume 1 : 204 – 209.

Attachment

File Of Practicum

Biotic

Grasshopper Clover Leaf (Semanggi)

Trivoluatus Grass A

Grass B Grass C

Spiny Amaranth Ant (Piper Aduncum)

Abiotic

Brick Gravel

Fruit Fall Dry Leaves

Branche Soil