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BASIC BIOLOGY REPORT “Knowing the Ecosystem” by : Name

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BASIC BIOLOGY REPORT “Knowing the Ecosystem” by : Name BASIC BIOLOGY REPORT “Knowing The Ecosystem” By : Name : Hesti Apriwiyani NIM : 140210101107 Group : 4 STUDY PROGRAM OF MATHEMATIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER 2015 I. TITLE Knowing The Ecosystem II. PURPOSE Knowing the components of the ecosystem and its position in the ecosystem. III. BASIC TEORY The branch of biology that developed from natural history is called ecology. Ecology is the study of inter actions that take place between organisms and their environment (national geographic, 2004: 36). Mangrove ecosystem has ecological and economic function is very useful. Ecologically, mangrove ecosystem serves as spawning (spawning grounds) and the enlargement area (nursery grounds) various marine organisms such as fish, shrimp, scallops and others. In addition mangrove litter (in the form of leaves and twigs) that fell in the waters after the decomposition process will be a source of feed in the aquatic environment. Nontji (1993) states that the mangrove ecosystem as well, a habitat for berbaga species of birds, reptiles, mammals and type of organic melainnya, so that mangrove forests provide biological diversity (biodiversity) and germplasm of high and serves as a life support system( Wantasen, Adnan S, 2013 : 205). An ecosystem is a system in nature that it occur in the interrelationship between organisms with other organism, as well as environmental conditions (biology lecturer team, 2014: 26). The word ecosystem proposed by A.G. Tansley in 1935, and consists of two words and the eco system. The word eco show environment, and said the system shows a complex system of coordination units. A system consists of a number of sub-systems that the interconnections between one part and another, as well as limited by the boundaries clear. A system is composed of various components that interact and depend to one another to construct a unity. An ecosystem is made up of components biotic and abiotic components somewhere and interact to form a unity regular (Sudarmadji, 2004 : 13). An ecosystem is essentially energy processing system and each component involved together for a long time. The limits are determined by an environment. Therefore, in the form of how a life can be sustainable for regional environmental conditions. Populations of plants and animals in a system is to represent various objects through the system functions. Simply put all either aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem is composed of three basic components, namely producers (autotrop), consumers (heterotrophic), and abiotic components. 1. Producers (autotrophs) Consists of all green plants and some bacteria, which can make the process of photosynthesis. Green plants use sunlight to perform photosynthesis and bacteria by chemosynthesis process using chemical energy to transform simple inorganic molecules such as carbon dioxide and water taken from the environment to form complex organic molecules, such as glucose and other nutrients molecule indispensable living organisms. 2. Consumers (heterotrophic) A group of organisms that can not make up their own food, but is very dependent on the manufacturer. Organisms that feed manufacturers such as herbivorous animals, it is called primary consumers. Other animals that are carnivores or primary consumer eaters called secondary consumers. 3. Abiotic components Composed of a wide variety of non-living matter, such as: sunlight, moisture, soil, water, wind, various nutrients contained in the soil as a result of demolition material derived from plants and animals. Ecosystems have an information network communication flow physical and chemical connecting all parts and to control and regulate the overall system(Sudarmadji, 2004 : 16). There are important functional processes in the energy intake and nutrients into the ecosystem, ie photosynthesis and decomposition. 1. Photosynthesis Ecosystem functioning is based on energy fixation and production of organic compounds through photosynthesis activity autotrop. Energy enters ecosystems as visible light and stored in plants during photosynthesis. From this process of biochemical changes that include a series of heat released into the environment. 2. Decomposition Decomposition is the process of renovation and a reverse process of photosynthesis. Reduction decomposition process as the organic material into inorganic compounds. The decomposition process is a complex of a number of processes, including fragmentation, mixing, changes in physical structure, decomposition, concentration and enzyme activity undertaken by various organisms(Sudarmadji, 2004 : 17-18). In general there are two kinds of ecosystems, ie natural ecosystem and artificial ecosystem. Natural ecosystems can be divided further into aquatic ecosystems (aquatic) and terrestrial ecosystems (terrestrial). 1. Aquatic Ecosystems Swimming is one example of aquatic ecosystems. This ecosystem there that are moving and are quiet. The components that make up an ecosystem can be differentiated as follows: a. Manufacturers are composed of a variety of organisms that can make up their own food through photosynthesis. b. Consumer consists of a variety of organisms ranging from the microscopic to the macroscopic. c. Decomposers creature composed of various bacteria and fungi aquatic scattered across the bottom of the pool and some other zone phytoplankton and macrophyte plants. d. Abiotic components are composed of water, soil, air, sunlight and various organic and inorganic compounds. 2. Terrestrial Ecosystems Tropical forests is one example of a terrestrial ecosystem. This forest can be distinguished on the difference steeper toward the sea level, ie there are plain forest, hill forest, montane forest, sub-alpine forest and alpine forest. Konponen components that make up the forest ecosystem: a. Manufacturers consists of all organisms autotrof and is usually represented by a variety of plant species. b. Consumers can be divided into mikrokonsumen and makrokonsumen. Makrokonsumen usually dominated by herbivores while mikrokonsumen usually as being decomposers. c. Decomposers creature composed of various types of microorganisms contained in soil. d. Abiotic components consisting of soil, water, air, sunlight and various organic and inorganic compounds in the form of humus. 3. Agro Ecosystems (ecosystem of Agriculture) Agro ecosystems or agricultural ecosystems are artificial ecosystems and have dependence on energy and surrounding circumstances. Agro ecosystem also has a component manufacturer which is an integral part of the ecosystem. When compared with natural ecosystems, then this artificial ecosystem has three key differences, such as paddy, tegal, columns, ponds. The third difference is as follows: a. Additional energy is supporting the solar energy input is controlled by humans, which consists of labor and animals, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water, vehicle / engine air motors. b. Diversity of organisms is very minimized to maximize foodstuffs or other products. c. Plants or animals that pursued as a result of artificial selection, not natural selection. So ekosistemagro is planned and managed by humans, and aims to convert as much as possible solar energy and other energy into edible products((Sudarmadji, 2004 : 19-22). The nonliving environment:Abiotic factors Examples ofabiotic factors include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.Ecology includes the study of featuresof the environment that are not livingbecause these features are part of anorganism’s life. For example, a complete study of the ecology of moleswould include an examination of thetypes of soil in which these animalsdig their tunnels. Similarly, a thorough investigation of the life cycle oftrout would need to include whetherthey need to lay their eggs on rocky orsandy stream bottoms. Abiotic factors have obvious effectson living things and often determinewhich species survive in a particularenvironment. For example, extendedlack of rainfall can cause drought (national geographic, 2004 : 37). Biotic Factors It consists of the living parts of the environment, including the association of a lot of interrelated populations that belong to ABIOTIC BIOTIC different species COMPONENTS COMPONENTS inhabiting a common Primary Sunlight producers environment. The Temperature Herbivores populations are those Precipitation Carnivores Water or moisture Omnivores Soil or water chemistry Detritivores (e.g., P, NH4+) etc. etc. of the animal community, the plant community and the microbial community. The biotic community is divided into autotrophs, saprotrophs and heterotrophs. (Regents of the University of Michigan, 2008 :online) Ecologists assign species to trophiclevels based on their main source of nutrition and energy. Thetrophic level that ultimately supports all others consists of autotrophs, also called the primary producers of the ecosystem. Most autotrophs are photosynthetic organisms that uselight energy to synthesize sugars and other organic compounds,which they then use as fuel for cellular respiration and as building material for growth. Plants, algae, and photosynthetic prokaryotes are the biosphere’s main autotrophs, although chemosynthetic prokaryotes are the primary producers in ecosystems such as deep sea hydrothermal vents and places deep under the ground or ice Organisms in trophic levels above the primary producers are heterotrophs, which depend directly or indirectly on the outputs of primary producers for their source of energy. Herbivores, which eat plants
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