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Wild Cherry Prunus Avium

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Wild Cherry Prunus Avium Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use Wild cherry Prunus avium Karen Russell Horticulture Research International, East Malling, West Malling, EUFORGEN Kent, United Kingdom These Technical Guidelines are intended to assist those who cherish the valuable wild cherry genepool and its inheritance, through conserving valuable seed sources or use in practical forestry. The focus is on conserving the genetic diversity of the species at the European scale. The recommendations provided in this module should be regarded as a commonly agreed basis to be complemented and further developed in local, national or regional conditions. The Guidelines are based on the available knowledge of the species and on widely accepted methods for the conservation of forest genetic resources. Biology and ecology Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) belongs to the family Rosaceae and it is a diploid with a chro- mosome number of 2n=2x=16. The domesticated form culti- vated for fruit is known as sweet cherry. Wild cherry can hybridize with the various other cherry species, espe- cially where their natural ranges overlap. It is a fast growing tree, with strong apical growth and most of its lateral branches are arranged in annual whorls. The crown is broadly conical and the trunk usually straight. The bark is shiny with large lenticels and peels horizontally. It is one of the first trees to flower in the spring and produces masses of white blossom. It matures at around 60-80 years, when trees are typically 20-25 m in height with trunks of 50-70 cm in diam- eter. Exceptional trees can reach up to 35 m in height with trunks over 120 cm in diameter. Wild Prunusild cherryPrunus aviumWild cherry Prunusavium aviumWild cherryPrunus aviumPrunWild cherryPru cherry usually lives between 70- out-competed later by Distribution 100 years. other hardwood species. Wild cherry is insect pollinat- Vegetative regeneration ed. It is also self-incompatible, from both stumps and The natural range of wild cherry controlled by a multi-allelic roots after coppicing is includes western Eurasia and the locus S, with gametophytic strong. It is frequently northern extremity of Africa. The expression. Flowering and found growing as a latitude of its distribution ranges seed production starts from minor component of from about 30°- 61° N and it is about four years of age oak, ash and beech thought to have originated in the under optimal condi- woodlands. Caucasus and the surrounding tions. Its edible fruits area. Its distribution is typically are small and red or very scattered and extended nat- black. The seeds are ural populations are rare. It is disseminated by birds, essentially a lowland species especially pigeons, thrush- with a maximum altitude of es, starlings and jays, and by about 1900 m reported in small mammals. Seed dormancy France. Archaeological and sub- is usually for one winter but can fossil evidence indicates it is last two. The germination rate of native to North West and Central stored seed is improved when a Europe. combination of warm and cold stratification is applied. Cherry also frequently regenerates by root suckers forming dense clon- al clumps of trees. Wild cherry favours deep, light, silty soils that are fertile with a good water supply. It can tolerate a wide range of soil pH (5.5-8.5) but prefers slightly acidic conditions. It does not grow well on exposed sites or on sites prone to waterlogging. It is very winter hardy, but flowers can be damaged by spring frosts. Wild cherry is a light demand- ing, relatively short-lived species and is frequently found on wood- land edges and glades. It is essentially a pioneer species, and quickly colonises clearings by seeds and suckering, forming secondary woodland, but is often unusnus aviumWild cherry Prunusavium aviumWild cherryPrunus aviumPrunusWild cherryPrunus aviumWild Importance and use Genetic knowledge high levels of genetic variation. In natural populations, clonal clus- tering resulting from vegetative Wild cherry is the most important The genetics of sweet cherry has suckering has been found to European timber species in the been studied more extensively contribute significantly to lower- family Rosaceae. Its straight, fine than wild cherry and since this is ing the genetic variability within grained, easy working timber the domesticated form of the populations. Chloroplast DNA with pinkish brown heartwood same species, this information studies have shown differences and paler sapwood is highly can also be applied to wild cher- between Central European and sought after for cabinet making, ry. In sweet cherry, over a dozen South East European prove- furniture, panelling, decorative monogenic and dygenic charac- nances, suggesting different joinery and turnery. The colour ters have been reported, and colonisation routes following the of the timber and freedom from several of these and some quan- glacial period. defects such as heart rot and titative traits have been geneti- Several European countries green stain, greatly influence the cally mapped. Protein and DNA have established full and half-sib- value. As there are insufficient techniques have been developed ling progeny trials, and clonal supplies of wild cherry to meet to identify the incompatibility S trials to determine the heri- demand in Europe, black cherry alleles in cherry, and to deter- tability of important silvi- (P. serotina) is imported from mine S alleles of new acces- cultural traits, and to North America. sions, design seed orchards select trees for use in Wild cherry is used exten- and to study genet- improvement program- sively in Europe for the afforesta- ic variation in mes and clonal produc- tion of agricultural land and it is sweet and wild tion. High heritability also valued for wildlife and cherry. The S locus values (0.56-0.83) have amenity plantings. Many Euro- is highly polymor- been found for height pean countries have gene con- phic with 12 alleles increment, diameter, servation and/or breeding pro- reported in sweet branch angle and sen- grammes for wild cherry. cherry. Additional S sitivity to Cherry Leaf alleles are being identi- Spot (Blumeriella jaapii). fied in wild cherry acces- European-wide prove- sions and in total, some nance studies have not 25-30 alleles may be been established. The found. existence of different There is very little ecotypes has been known about the population reported for sweet cherry but not structure and gene flow of wild proven for wild cherry. Clones cherry. Several isoenzyme, have been commercialised from microsatellite and chloroplast improvement programmes in DNA studies have been or are France and Great Britain. being used to study genetic vari- ation in clonal collections, seed stands, seed lots and natural populations of wild cherry. The analyses of collections reveal sd cherry Prunusavium aviumWild cherryPrunus aviumPrunusWild cherryPrunus aviumWild cherry aPrun Threats to Guidelines for genetic propagated onto healthy root- genetic diversity conservation and use stocks. The use of dwarf root- stocks enables more intensive On a European scale, wild cherry The objective of genetic conser- plantings of about 3 m rows with is not an endangered species. vation is to ensure the continued 5 m gaps, and also encourages However, due to its generally survival and adaptability of the precocious seed production. scattered and rare occurrence, species. Where sufficiently large Other rootstocks will require the genetic diversity of popula- populations are available, in situ wider spacing of 5 m x 5 m or tions can be considered to be conservation efforts should more and may require thinning under threat from a number of focus on identifying core popula- in later years. The seed orchard factors, including: tions of more than 20 distinct should be designed to ensure 1) the felling and destruction of individuals. The natural regener- that a good mixture of clones is habitat; ation of cherry trees should be a achieved. However, if the 2) transfer of seed from areas management priority. To avoid incompatibility alleles are known with different ecological con- inbreeding depression, these for each clone, they can be ditions/ from dubious origins core populations should ideally arranged to avoid planting (jam factories); be linked by establishing new incompatible genotypes next to 3) collection of seed from a plantings using trees from other each other. During the establish- small number of seed sources such as seed orchards ment years, full control of stands; or breeding populations with weeds, pests and diseases 4) phenotypic selection for similar ecological conditions. should be undertaken and prun- homogenous stands; Trees occurring at the extreme ing carried out to encourage a 5) hybridization with sweet margins of the distribution range broad, open crown for fruiting. cherry; should also be conserved. How- Seed should be collected 6) pests and diseases; and ever, as cherry grows in very throughout the orchard and 7) low natural regeneration and scattered populations with rela- supplied as a mixture to nurs- competition with other tively few individuals, the most eries and growers. Regional species. effective conservation strategies seed orchards can form the are likely to be ex situ seed basis of a Multiple Population More general threats include orchards and clonal banks. Breeding System. Ideally, in deforestation, pollution and cli- Ex situ grafted clonal seed MPBS, a mate change. orchards should consist of at least 30 different genotypes from the same ecogeo- graphic region. These should be established in locations favourable for growth and seed pro- duction, and should be well protected from vermin, and isolated from sweet cherry and other cherry species to avoid hybridization. Ten or so replicates per clone should be PrunusWild cherryPrunus aviumWild cherry Prunusavium aviumWild cherryPrunus avium PrWild ch Distribution range of wild cherry breeding population is subdivid- clone should be planted. The could also be important in pro- ed into subpopulations which rootstock used determines the moting its planting and manage- are then grown over a wide spacing required, and the plant- ment.
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