Departments in Charge of Managing land, or 3,443,000 ㎡ in core area of the world International Protected Areas of Jeju Special Self- heritage properties is being bought back starting Governing Province and their workload from 2007 until 2016. As of the end of 2014, 266 parcels or 2,746,000 ㎡ has been bought. Tour Department in Charge facilities for world heritage properties have been World maintained, including creating the tour conditions Main Businesses Environment Heritage - for visitors to the nature reserve of Seongsan Conservation Mt. Halla Ilchungbong Peak. Bureau Research Starting from 2014, the project for improving the Institute - Scientific research environment of heritage villages, the project for Biosphere ○ ◎ utilizing brand of biosphere reserve, the project to and Monitoring - Enhancement of hold a trail competition for Global Geoparks, and the ○ ◎ brand business for Geoparks are going on for two biodiversity years. A local consultative body has been set up for - Increase in income for local resident ○ ◎ supporting eco-tourism villages utilizing biosphere making use of the reserves. Unlike other tourist spots, these villages brand of biodiversity have been developing eco-tourism programs, - Periodic review of ◎ building the eco-tourism infrastructure and trying Reserve biosphere reserve out sharing economy through establishing the - International cooperative. cooperation for ◎ biosphere reserve 2. The Administrative System for Managing - Establishment and management of International Protected Areas of Jeju Island ◎ ○ facilities in biosphere reserve Two departments in charge of managing Scientific research ◎ international protected areas in Jeju are the and monitoring Environment Conservation Bureau and the World 12 - Management Heritage and Mr. Halla Research Institute . Roles of of world heritage ◎ each department are as follows: World properties First, the Environment Asset Conservation Heritage - Cooperation with Division in the Environment Conservation Bureau is Properties local residents around ◎ responsible for conserving the natural environment, world heritage sites inland wetlands, designating and managing - International ecosystems reserves, protecting and managing cooperation for world ◎ heritage properties wildlife, and managing the biodiversity conservation. - Scientific research Second, the World Heritage Policy Division in the ◎ and monitoring World Natural Heritage and Mt. Halla Research - Promotion of Global Institute is responsible for integrated conservation, Global ◎ Geoparks management and utilization of biosphere reserve, Geoparks - International world natural heritage, global Geoparks, and exchange for Global ◎ conserving, managing and utilizing world natural Geoparks heritage. Management and Third, the Natural Heritage Division in the World preservation of ◎ Natural Heritage and Mt. Halla Research Institute is Ramsar wetlands in charge of protecting and managing Manjanggul Wetlands - International cave, Bijarim forest and Seongsan Ilchulbong peak. exchange for ◎ Fourth, the Biosphere Geoparks Research Division wetlands in the World Natural Heritage and Mt. Halla Research Institute is in charge of scientific research ※ ◎ main business, ○ related business on world natural heritage and research on ways to 12. Regulations of Implementation for the Ordinance of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province on the Establishment of Administrative Structure (January 22, 2015. Regulation No. 437)
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3. Problems with the Administrative Systems for and development of Geoparks should be drawn up International Protected Areas in six months. Seventh, it was recommended to join the 1) Recommendations from International Monitoring international network of Geoparks and interact with Bodies for International Protected Areas other Geoparks located in other continents. International organizations in charge of international protected areas have issued several 2) Conflicts with Local Residents over Overlapping recommendations based on their continuous Protected Areas evaluations and monitoring and for the newly There are problems when international protected designated ones as follows. areas overlap each other. Here are some recommendations from UNESCO First, there are conflicts with local residents over for the biosphere preserves. regulations related to designated protected areas. First of all, in 2002 when the biosphere preserves Overlapping areas with different designation titles were newly designated, they suggested that the have different assessment frequency and criteria, preserves be expanded to cover the entire island which causes difficulties for the comprehensive and afterward. Second, more efforts should be made effective management of the same areas. There are in the areas of research and monitoring, especially multiple organizations and different laws regulating focusing more on the society and economy. Third, the designated areas. Many problems are happening during the evaluation in 2013, they recommended including conflicts with local residents over the that more explanation on species, habitats and the limited exchange of information and restriction on directions for the research and development should action due to the overlapping designation. be necessary so that clear differences could be Second, there are problems of inconveniences shown in the past and the present. Fourth, it was to local residents and their resistance to accept recommended that women divers be financially policies. International protected areas are where assisted. The followings are recommendations by local residents live and they do their economic IUCN concerning the world natural heritage sites. activities. Enforcing regulations of protected areas First, all of the privately-owned land within causes inconveniences to local people. Although the designated zone should be purchased in a the authorities come up with policies to meet the short period of time. Second, a comprehensive increasing needs of the residents' land use, they management plan should be developed to sometimes fail to get positive responses from effectively deal with the visitors and any local residents. That is why we can see problems commercial activities within the designated areas. where residents within the protected areas often Third, a series of strict measures should be taken make a request to withdraw the designation of the to prevent further damage to the subsurface protected areas13. environment by farming activities in the buffer zone 3) Negative Effects on the Natural Environment of Geomunoreum Lava Tube System. Fourth, more As areas have become well-known, the number considerations and attentions should be put into of travelers have been increasing, which has a the management of the volcanic characteristics and bad external influence on local flora and fauna. values of biodiversity in Jeju. Fifth, other significant Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has four lava tube systems or volcanic features should be international protected areas; biosphere preserve, further added to the list of heritages Suggestions world natural heritages, global Geoparks, and regarding Geoparks by UNESCO are as follows. Ramsar wetlands. Jeju is a famous tourist First, the division in charge of Geoparks should be destination with more than ten million visitors a expanded and a long-term development plan for the year and it is true that this is having a potentially local communities should be established. Second, adverse effect on the protected areas. Therefore the participation of local residents' groups should the international community is worried about the be encouraged since their involvement is critical. probability that uncontrolled exposure of animal and Third, Geopark centers are necessary to become plant resources to the human activities might bring a focal point for Geoparks and tourist information extinction14. centers or visitor centers should be set up. Fourth, 4) Problems with the Administrative Management activities to promote the whole concept of Geoparks There are problems within the Jeju provincial in a consistent way should be done rather than government system, identified based on work report promoting them separately. Fifth, educational by officials and researchers in the Environmental values of geological heritage should be promoted Conservation Bureau (the Environmental Asset through visitor education activities and programs. Conservation Division) and the World Heritage and Sixth, a comprehensive plan for the management Mt. Halla Research Institute in 2014 and 2015.
13.Korea Environment Institute (2012), “Sustainable Use and Management of Protected Areas: Approaches based on Ecological, Economical and Social Specifics of Regions” 14. 2012 World Conservation Congress Resolution (WCC-2012-Res-052) : Establishment of an integrated management system for UNESCO protected areas
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First, the biosphere preserves with massive area and as the biosphere preserve. Second, measures biodiversity are not properly managed and utilized. should be taken to guarantee economic activities of Most of the attention has been paid to the world woman divers, protect areas for farmers, and help natural heritages and global geoparks. Activities them secure a basic level of income. Third involves to raise awareness have taken place for the world enhancing publicity. It is necessary to pursue active natural heritages, while scientific research is limited and consistent publicity activities. Fourth, we to Mt. Halla, and joint projects with local residents need to tackle the ironic problem arising from the are limited to the geoparks, which needs to be designation of international protected areas to local fixed. Second, as for the Ramsar wetlands, they are animals and plants. As Jeju becomes more famous only managed under the Wetlands Management with the designation, more tourists visit Jeju and Act, but managerial activities involving other enjoy the nature of Jeju, but this has been doing international protected areas can be hardly found. harm to the natural assets of Jeju, which has to be Other than designating and running the Ramsar addressed with more attention. Wetland Villages, the general plan for managing 2) Ways to Improve the Administrative System wetlands is dependent on the plan from the Ministry As for ways to improve the administrative system, of Environment. In addition, the environmental first, we can establish a "Jeju International Protected department and the maritime department are Area Management Committee (tentative)" with separately managing coastal wetlands including private and public sectors working together so that the Hado-ri migratory birds habitat, which is not we can overcome pressure to develop international suitable to the conditions of Jeju. Third, since protected areas with enhanced status for the the ordinance regulating the management of management of international protected areas. It biosphere reserves has been incorporated into the is necessary to have an organization with public UNESCO-listed heritage management ordinance, and private parties (civic groups) working together several provisions including establishment of the in order to make decisions, considering an entity biosphere reserve management committee and the in charge of managing and operating protected management center for the biosphere reserve, and areas, capacity building and income increase for utilization of the logo of biosphere reserves have not residents within protected areas, expertise of been reflected into the UNESCO-listed heritages public organizations, pressure to develop protected management ordinance. Fourth, even though areas and requirement made by the international operational objectives have been set according to organizations related to international protected the goals for designating protected areas, Jeju has areas to secure civic participation15. Thus, "Jeju not secured enough experts in each area. Fifth, top International Protected Area Management senior officials who are responsible for managing Committee (tentative)" should be made up of the protected areas lack expertise and only a public those from both public and private sectors. sector takes managerial duties, there has not been Second, it is necessary to expand the department synergy effects from collaborative management in charge of managing Geoparks and to build an between the public and private sectors. information center, which is also for implementing what UNESCO has recommended. Third, the Ⅳ. Alternatives to Administrative administration should make an effort to create a new department to exchange with international Structures for Integrated Management networks. Exchange with international networks of International Protected Areas is very important in that we can get information for management sake, be prepared for continuous We have identified four major issues to be evaluation and get continuous recognition. addressed in relation to the administrative Fourth, in order to deal with an issue of relative management structures; First, a lack of knowledge lack of management in the biosphere reserve, ways and interest administrative managers; Second, should be explored to raise awareness, conduct systematic problems within the administrative scientific research and do joint projects with system itself; Third, problems in consistently residents. Fifth, a more active administrative system assessing the protected areas; Fourth, conflicts and attention is required for Ramsar wetlands. with local residents. We have tried to find ways to Wetlands in Jeju are dependent on the national law address these four issues. for management. A plan should be set up to help 1) Issues Administrative Managers Should Pay various research on wetlands and manage them in Attention to a differentiated way best suitable to Jeju. Sixth, we There are more issues that administrative managers need to secure experts in international protected should pay attention to. First, measures should be areas and provide continuous education. Experts sought after for the entire island to be designated should not only be in Jeju Provincial Government but
15. Lee Soojae (2014), Study on Establishing an Integrated Management System for UNESCO Protected Areas in Jeju, Korean Environment Institute
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also Provincial Council, Jeju Development Institute, starting from the designation in terms of the a think-tank of Jeju, and the World Heritage and administrative system and propose ways for better Mt. Halla Research Institute. Education should be management. provided continuously in Jeju so that experts can be Focusing on recommendations from international produced. organizations in charge of international protected 3) Ways to Respond to Continuous Evaluations areas and findings from Jeju Special Self-Governing In order to respond to continuous evaluations, it Province, analysis of the problems and alternative is necessary to set up an "International Protected measures have been proposed. Area Management Team (tentative)" within the As for alternative measures, first, administrative administrative structure of Jeju Special Self- officials have to have more knowledge and Governing Province. This is an alternative way interests. Expanding the biosphere reserve further for an integrated management so that long-term to the whole island, more attention to woman policies for conservation, such as expansion of divers and farmers, enhanced efforts for promotion international protected area, long-term monitoring, and protection of plants and animals can be main scientific research, and restrictions on action within targets for their interests. Secondly, inherent international protected areas, can be pursued. For problems with the administrative system have to composition of a management team, it is essential be addressed. For that, we have proposed what we to include experts from private sector as well as call "Jeju International Protected Area Management public officials specializing in the environment. Committee (tentative)" with private and public 4) Ways to Address Conflicts with Local Residents parties working together. Also we brought up the Any policy would face difficulties without necessity of a management division of Geoparks. acceptance of local residents. Therefore, for International exchanges should be further policies related to international protected areas, promoted, so a division in charge should be created. conflicts with local residents should be taken care Ways to raise awareness on biosphere reserves, of well. Conflicts with residents should come to a conduct scientific research, and do joint projects peaceful and satisfactory settlement. First, with with local residents should be explored. For Ramsar the brand of international protected areas, ways wetlands, Jeju province and provincial council to contribute to boosting local economy should should work together to create a Jeju-style model be explored. Examples include bay salt of Shinan, for management. Experts in the administrative part black food from Jeju international protected areas, should be secured. Third, for continuously evaluation Crested Ibis Rice of Upo, Changnyeong, bananas on international protected areas, attention should be from La Palma, Spain, U Ecotourism of Yakushima, paid to an integrated management in a systematical Japan, and Darien, Panama16. It is necessary to way. For that, we have proposed establishing an think about strategies to increase income for local "International Protected Area Management Team residents and protect international protected areas (tentative)". Fourth, in order to deal with issues at the same time by such ways as making use of arising from conflicts with local residents, we should the logo of biosphere reserves. Second, for the have interest in the participation from the private administrative management to address conflicts sector and profit distribution through a sharing with local residents, benefits from the international economy. protected areas need to be distributed as one aspect of sharing economy. Third, programs of resolving conflicts with local residents should be put in place continuously to deal with this issue. One way can be for Jeju Tourism Organization to be in charge of those programs, financed by the Jeju Tourism Promotion Fund. In this way, complaints of residents from strict regulations within the international protected areas such as restrictions on action should be addressed so that residents can be part of management efforts through their increased income. This way we can manage both tourism resources and environmental resources.
Ⅴ. Conclusion
The aim of this study was to analyze the management of international protected areas
16. 40th Anniversary Symposium of UNESCO MAB 40 (2011) - “Achievements and the Future of MAB”
51 WEIS (World Environment and Island Studies)
References
Kim, Bo-Hyun (2012), “Enhancing Management System of the Protected Areas in Korea,” University of Seoul, Department of Landscape Architecture Graduate School, Dissertation for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Youngsan River Regional Environmental Management Office (2012. 5), “Study on Basic Plans to Preserve Wetlands Protected Areas in Jeju (Dongbaekdongsan Wetland)” 40th Anniversary Symposium of the UNESCO MAB (2011) - “Achievements and the Future of MAB” Lee, Soojae(2014), Study on Establishing an Integrated Management System for UNESCO Protected Areas in Jeju, Korea Environment Institute Jeju Green Environment Center (2013), “Study on Data for Establishing D/B on Inland Wetlands in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province,” Jeju Special Self-Governing Province (2012), “World Natural Heritage Re-inscription and Periodic Report,” Jeju Special Self-Governing Province (2005.3), “Management Plan for Jeju Biosphere Reserves,” Jeju Special Self-Governing Province (2012), “Periodic Review for Jeju Island Biosphere Reserve,” Jeju Special Self-Governing Province (2014), “Jeju Island Global Geopark Progress Report, 2010-2014” Ministry of Environment (2007), “Study on Making Objective Criteria for Designating Ecosystem Protected Areas,” conducted by Korea Environment Institute Korea Environment Institute (2012), “Sustainable Use and Management of Protected Areas: Approaches based on Ecological, Economical and Social Specifics of Regions”
www.geopark.jeju.go.kr www.wnhcenter.jeju.go.kr/index.php/main?sso=ok www.jibr.jeju.go.kr/index.php/main?sso=ok https://www.koreageoparks.kr/front/geopark/ world/condition/condition01.htm
Receiving Date : February 16, 2015 Reviewing Dates : February 23 & March 3, 2015 Reporting Date of Article Appearance : March 5, 2015
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