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(Irpinia, Italy): New Stratigraphical, Structural and Petrological Constrains geosciences Article Geology of the Epicentral Area of the November 23, 1980 Earthquake (Irpinia, Italy): New Stratigraphical, Structural and Petrological Constrains Fabio Matano 1,* , Silvio Di Nocera 2, Sara Criniti 3 and Salvatore Critelli 3 1 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISMAR, 80133 Naples, Italy 2 Università Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 3 Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (S.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 May 2020; Accepted: 23 June 2020; Published: 25 June 2020 Abstract: The geology of the epicentral area of the 1980 earthquake (Irpinia-Lucania, Italy) is described with new stratigraphic, petrographic and structural data. Subsurface geological data have been collected during the studies for the excavation works of the Pavoncelli bis hydraulic tunnel, developing between Caposele and Conza della Campania in an area that was highly damaged during 1980 earthquake. Our approach includes geological, stratigraphic, structural studies, and petrological analyses of rock samples collected along the tunnel profile and in outcropping sections. Stratigraphic studies and detailed geological and structural mapping were carried out in about 200 km2 wide area. The main units cropping out have been studied and correlated in order to document the effects of tectonic changes during the orogenic evolution on the foreland basin systems and the sandstone detrital modes in this sector of the southern Apennines. The multi-disciplinary and updated datasets have allowed getting new insights on the tectono-stratigraphic evolution and stratigraphic architecture of the southern Apennines foreland basin system and on the structural and stratigraphic relations of Apennines tectonic units and timing of their kinematic evolution. They also allowed to better understand the relationships between internal and external basin units within the Apennine thrust belt and its tectonic evolution. Keywords: geological map; tunnel geology; sandstone petrology; foreland basin evolution; 1980 Irpinia-Basilicata earthquake; southern Apennines; Italy 1. Introduction The southern Apennines divide area between Sele river and Ofanto river valleys (southern Italy) represents a key sector for analyzing the paleogeographic conditions and the geodynamic evolution of the Apennine thrust belt. This area is located among the Irpinia, Cilento and Lucania sectors (Figure1) and is characterized by very high seismic hazard due to the recurrence of strong earthquakes in the last centuries [1–3]. Indeed, the 23rd November 1980 Irpinia-Lucania, earthquake (MS 6.9—Imax X MCS)[4–8] has been the most devastating seismic event occurred in southern Apennines in the 20th century in terms of loss of human life and destruction of cultural heritage (Figure2). The earthquake caused also severe structural damages to major civil engineering works throughout Irpinia sector, as for example to the Pavoncelli hydraulic tunnel located between Conza dam and Caposele springs, and relevant hydrogeological changes to several springs (i.e., Sanità spring at Caposele showed an abnormal, temporary increase in discharge from 4.35 to 7.32 m3/s in January 1981) [9–11]. Moreover, a strong ground deformation was caused by the seismic shakings between 30 and 74 cm in height, as resulting Geosciences 2020, 10, 247; doi:10.3390/geosciences10060247 www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2020, 10, 247 2 of 32 Geosciences 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 34 by topographic leveling carried out in 1981 near Sella di Conza area [5,7,9,10,12–15]. The Pavoncelli waterConza supply area [5 tunnel,7,9,10,12 was–15 built]. T inhe 1911Pavoncelli [16] and water runs supply just through tunnel the was epicentral built in area, 1911 sustaining [16] and run relevants just damagethrough the consisting epicentral of crushingarea, sustaining of sidewalls relevant and damage roof and consisting in vertical of crushing to transversal of sidewalls ruptures and of roof the designand in vertical section [to10 transversal]. ruptures of the design section [10]. The high level of occurred damage was due to both the ineineffectivenessffectiveness of the technical rules in force at that time for engineering works and buildings and the poor geological knowledge of the stricken territoryterritory regarding regarding to several to several aspects (seismology,aspects (seismology, stratigraphy, tectonics,stratigraphy, and geomorphology).tectonics, and Forgeomorphology). example, during For the example, 1980s–early during 1990s, the the1980s regional–early 19 geological90s, the regional framework geological of this area framework was based of onthis the area geological was based surveys on the madegeological mainly surveys during made 1960s–1970s mainly during for the 1960s old geological–1970s forsheets the old at geological 1:100,000 scalesheets [17 at, 181:100] that,000 were scale summarized [17,18] that in were the Bonardi summarized et al. [ 19in] the geological Bonardi map. et al. A [ great19] geological improvement map. for A thegreat regional improvement geology for framework the regional was geology done during framework late 1910s–2010s was done during within late the 1910s national–2010s CARG within (nuova the CARtografianational CARG Geologica) (nuova CARtografia project for theGeologica) new geological project for map the of new Italy geolo at 1:50,000gical map scale of Italy [20,21 at], 1:50 whose,000 resultsscale [20 were,21], summarizedwhose results in were the Bonardi summarized et al. [in22 the] geological Bonardi map.et al. [22] geological map. In recent years years,, new relevant data have been collected in the study area, thanks to the geological study and and investigations investigations for for the the project project for for the the works works of the of thePavoncelli Pavoncelli-bis-bis hydraulic hydraulic tunnel tunnel that was that wasdesigned designed for replacing for replacing the old the Pavoncelli old Pavoncelli tunnel, tunnel, which which was strongly was strongly damaged damaged during during the 1980 the 1980earthquake. earthquake. The main aim of the paper is further analyzing the relationships between internal and external basin units of southern Apennine orogenic belt and constrain its paleogeographic and tectonic evolution. Indeed, the multi multi-disciplinary-disciplinary updated datasets have allowed getting new insights on the tectono-stratigraphictectono-stratigraphic evolutionevolution and and stratigraphic stratigraphi architecturec architecture of theof southernthe southern Apennines Apennines foreland foreland basin systembasin system and on and the on structural the structural and stratigraphic and stratigraphic relations relations of Apennines of Apennines tectonic tectonic units and units timing and oftiming their kinematicof their kinematic evolution. evolution. Figure 1. GeologicalGeological sketch sketch-map-map of of the the Southern Apennines (modified (modified afte afterr [ 2233]) and study area location (inlet).(inlet). Legend: 11.. Quaternary Quaternary and and Pliocene deposits;deposits; 22.. Miocene deposits;deposits; 3.3. LigurideLiguride Complex; 44.. Apennine Apennine carbonate carbonate platform platform units; units;5. Molise-Lagonegro 5. Molise-Lagonegro basin units; basin6. Apulianunits; 6. carbonateApulian platformcarbonate units; platform7. Volcanoes; units; 7. 8Volcanoes;. orogenic front; 8. orogenic9. study front; area; 910. .study Historical area; earthquake 10. Historical epicenters earthquake [1,2]; 11epicenter. 1980 earthquakes [1,2]; 11. 1980 epicenter earthquake [1,2]; 12 epicenter. Trace of [ geological1,2]; 12. Trace sketch of section.geological sketch section in Figure 12b. Geosciences 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 34 Geosciences 2020, 10, 247 3 of 32 Figure 2. Geological map of the study area [17,18,20,21] and seismic effects of 1980 earthquake. Legend: Q, Quaternary deposits; P, pyroclastic and volcanic deposits; AR, Ariano unit (Pliocene); AL, Altavilla Figure 2. Geological map of the study area [17,18,20,21] and seismic effects of 1980 earthquake. unit (Late Miocene); M, flysch units (Middle-Late Miocene); SI, Sicilide and Liguride units; MA, Monte Legend: Q, Quaternary deposits; P, pyroclastic and volcanic deposits; AR, Ariano unit (Pliocene); AL, Croce unit; TP, Apennine carbonate platform units; FR, Frigento unit (Lagonegro basin); FO, Fortore Altavilla unit (Late Miocene); M, flysch units (Middle-Late Miocene); SI, Sicilide and Liguride units; unit (Lagonegro basin); DA, Daunia unit. Isoseismal lines by Postpischl et al. [24]; earthquake faults MA, Monte Croce unit; TP, Apennine carbonate platform units; FR, Frigento unit (Lagonegro basin); by [6,7,12,14]. FO, Fortore unit (Lagonegro basin); DA, Daunia unit. Isoseismal lines by Postpischl et al. [24]; 2. Geologicalearthquake Setting faults by [6,7,12,14]. 2. GeologicalThe southern Setting Italy thrust belt preserves key geodynamic signatures from the Pangaea breakup to the Tethys opening and its closure during the growth of the mountain chains. These paleogeographic domainsThe includesouthern the Italy inner thrust domain belt preserves (i.e., Paleozoic key geodynamic continental-crust signatures sections), from the the Pangaea oceanic breakup realm (theto the Flysch Tethys Basin opening domain), and and its the closure external during domains the includinggrowth of foreland the mountain successions chains.
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