Tesis Doctoral Año 2020

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Tesis Doctoral Año 2020 TESIS DOCTORAL AÑO 2020 SPIDER-MAN: UNA APROXIMACIÓN HISTÓRICO- FILOSÓFICA A LA FIGURA DEL HÉROE FRANCISCO J. FANDOS MARÍ PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN FILOSOFÍA DIRECTOR: JESÚS M. DÍAZ ÁLVAREZ Quien con monstruos lucha cuide de no convertirse a su vez en monstruo. Cuando miras largo tiempo a un abismo, también éste mira dentro de ti. (Friedrich Nietzsche, Más allá del bien y del mal) Francisco J. Fandos Marí – UNED – TESIS DOCTORAL ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS 8 IN MEMORIAM 9 RESUMEN 10 SPIDER-MAN: UNA APROXIMACIÓN HISTÓRICO-FILOSÓFICA A LA FIGURA DEL HÉROE 11 INTRODUCCIÓN 12 1. Motivos para una tesis arácnida 12 2. El porqué de ser un héroe 14 3. Pensar como idealista, actuar como realista: la utopía necesaria 16 4. Siempre lenguaraz 17 5. Estructura de la tesis 18 SECCIÓN I: APROXIMACIÓN HISTÓRICA 22 INTRODUCCIÓN: EL COMIENZO DE UNA GRAN AVENTURA 23 1ª PARTE: EL CÓMIC 24 1. Breves apuntes de los inicios del cómic 26 2. El Comic-book 39 2.1. El Comic-book: manipulador de conciencias 43 2.1.1. La seducción de los inocentes 45 2.2. El Comic-book de superhéroes 55 2.2.1. La Edad de Oro (Golden Age) 58 2.2.2. La Edad de Plata (Silver Age) 61 2.2.3. La Edad de Bronce (Bronze Age) 63 2.2.4. La Edad Moderna (Modern Age) 68 2.3. De Timely a Marvel 71 2.3.1. Timely Comics 71 2.3.2. Atlas Comics 73 2.3.3. Marvel Comics 76 SPIDER-MAN: Una aproximación histórico-filosófica a la figura del héroe 4 Francisco J. Fandos Marí – UNED – TESIS DOCTORAL 2ª PARTE: EL NACIMIENTO DE UN ICONO: SPIDER-MAN 82 1. Introducción: Lanzando telarañas 82 2. Perfil biográfico 84 2.1. La génesis del héroe. Contexto e influencias 84 2.2. El tímido joven del Instituto Midtown 87 2.3. El brillante estudiante de la Universidad Empire State 90 2.4. Las tribulaciones de un superhéroe casado 92 2.5. Spider-Man y sus villanos: papel del antagonista 94 2.5.1. J.J.Jameson: el sempiterno antagonista del héroe 95 2.5.2. El Camaleón: el primer villano 97 2.5.3. El Duende Verde: un padre en busca de un hijo 98 2.5.4. Otto Octavius-Doc. Ock: el científico loco 99 2.5.5. El Buitre: veteranía frente a juventud 100 2.5.6. El Hombre de arena: un pobre diablo 101 2.5.7. Kraven: el cazador tras su presa 102 2.5.8. Kingpin: el rey de la mafia 104 2.5.9. El Lagarto: Dr. Jeckyl y Mr. Hyde 105 2.5.10. El Simbionte: enemigo extraterrestre 106 2.6. Spider-Man y sus mujeres: un difícil equilibrio 108 2.6.1. La Tía May: una brújula moral 109 2.6.2. Gwen Stacy: un trágico amor 111 2.6.3. Mary Jane Watson: la vecina de al lado 112 2.6.4. Jean Dewolff: amor en secreto 114 2.7. Spider-Man y sus aliados: los incondicionales 115 2.7.1. Joe Robertson: la ecuanimidad como estandarte 116 2.7.2. Capitán Stacy: un segundo padre 117 2.7.3. Tony Stark: un mentor por necesidad 118 SPIDER-MAN: Una aproximación histórico-filosófica a la figura del héroe 5 Francisco J. Fandos Marí – UNED – TESIS DOCTORAL 3. Perfil psicológico 120 3.1. Un héroe solitario buscando su lugar: solo ante el peligro 120 3.2. El humor como terapia 124 3.2.1. La “suerte” Parker 125 3.2.2. El sarcasmo arácnido 128 3.3. Una máscara tras la que ocultarse 132 3.3.1. ¿Quién es quién?: Problemas de identidad 137 APÉNDICES 140 1. Spider-Man y Marvel en España 140 1.1. Años 60-70: Editorial Manhattan y Ediciones Vértice 140 1.2. Años 80-90: Editorial Bruguera y Cómics Forum 142 1.3. Años 2000: El desembarco de Panini 145 2. El héroe de los mil trazos 146 2.1. Los artistas 149 2.1.1. Steve Ditko: el origen 149 2.1.2. John Romita (Sr.): el modelo a seguir 151 2.1.3. Todd McFarlane: el revulsivo 152 2.2. Peter Parker y Spider-Man sobre el papel 154 2.2.1. Peter Parker de Steve Ditko 155 2.2.2. Peter Parker de John Romita (Sr.) 156 2.2.3. Peter Parker de Todd McFarlane 157 2.2.4. Spider-Man de Steve Ditko 158 2.2.5. Spider-Man de John Romita (Sr.) 159 2.2.6. Spider-Man de Todd McFarlane 160 CONCLUSIÓN: UN ALTO EN EL CAMINO 161 SPIDER-MAN: Una aproximación histórico-filosófica a la figura del héroe 6 Francisco J. Fandos Marí – UNED – TESIS DOCTORAL SECCIÓN II: APROXIMACIÓN FILOSÓFICA 162 INTRODUCCIÓN: EL ARMAZÓN FILOSÓFICO DEL HÉROE 163 1ª PARTE: SPIDER-MAN: LA ÉTICA DEL SUPERHÉROE 164 1. Introducción: cualidades heroicas, cualidades arácnidas 164 2. El viaje del (super)héroe: una moderna tragedia ¿griega? 167 2.1. ¿Un Spider-Man campbelliano? 176 3. Un gran poder conlleva una gran responsabilidad 182 4. Una lectura kantiana del sentido del deber 192 5. Superhéroe o justiciero 201 APENDICE: Civil War: Libertad Vs. Seguridad 213 2ª PARTE: SPIDER-MAN: DESMONTANDO AL HÉROE 221 1. Introducción: ¿Qué clase de héroe es Spider-Man? 221 2. Algunos posibles modelos de heroicidad arácnida 229 2.1. El Spider-Man de Steve Ditko y el objetivismo de Ayn Rand 229 2.2. Spider-Man: Un héroe quijotesco, un héroe auténtico (Ortega) 243 2.3. Spider-Man: Un héroe modélico (Scheler) 251 2.4. Spider-Man: Un héroe desubicado (Sidney Hook) 258 2.5. Spider-Man: Una tarea inacabada (Savater) 265 2.6. Spider-Man: Un héroe representativo (Carlyle y Emerson) 272 CONCLUSIÓN: Spider-Man: El ecléctico héroe kantiano 279 APÉNDICE: El niño que coleccionaba Spider-Man 285 EPÍLOGO: REFLEXIONES FINALES 288 1. Superhéroe Vs. Héroe ordinario 289 2. Héroes en tiempos de crisis 298 ANEXOS 304 1. El Comic Code 304 2. Algunos personajes del cómic nacidos en el siglo XX 307 3. Crédito de las ilustraciones 311 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 317 SPIDER-MAN: Una aproximación histórico-filosófica a la figura del héroe 7 Francisco J. Fandos Marí – UNED – TESIS DOCTORAL AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, quiero agradecer al profesor Jesús M. Díaz su interés y disposición a participar en esta “aventura arácnida”. Gracias por apuntarse sin vacilación desde el primer momento, por las sugerencias, aclaraciones y, naturalmente, por creer en este proyecto. También quiero agradecer el apoyo de mi familia que, inculcándome el valor de la perseverancia, me ha alentado siempre a no cejar en el empeño de cumplir mis metas. Gracias igualmente a la comprensión de mi gente que, en muchas ocasiones, se ha visto relegada a un segundo plano en favor de Spider-Man y, pese a ello, ha seguido animándome a continuar y culminar esta tarea. Finalmente, gracias a todos los creadores de historietas que, con su imaginación, han inspirado a un niño grande a seguir soñando en un mundo mejor plagado de héroes. SPIDER-MAN: Una aproximación histórico-filosófica a la figura del héroe 8 Francisco J. Fandos Marí – UNED – TESIS DOCTORAL IN MEMORIAM Las circunstancias han querido que, en el transcurso de la redacción de este trabajo, hayan fallecido en el mismo año, 2018, los “padres” de Spider-Man. Steve Ditko, en el mes de junio; Stan Lee, en noviembre. La aportación de ambos al mundo del cómic (siendo más reconocido y más reconocible Stan Lee) ha sido innegable. A lo largo de los años, muchos han sido los jóvenes y adultos que han podido disfrutar de las creaciones de estos talentosos genios. Spider-Man fue uno de los personajes que concibieron ambos; el más conocido y destacado y, con el tiempo, el personaje emblemático de la denominada “Casa de las ideas”: la editorial Marvel. El carácter taciturno de Ditko (similiar al Peter Parker original previo a la adquisición de sus poderes) impidió que el gran público tuviera un mayor contacto con uno de los “padres de la criatura”, dejando el protagonismo verborreico (como el mismo Spider-Man) a Lee. Este trabajo debe, en parte, a estos dos gigantes de la industria del cómic su razón de ser. El haber imaginado un mundo en el que un adolescente pueda llegar a convertirse en todo un superhéroe con el que sentirse identificado, es un noble legado para la posteridad. Los héroes devienen inmortales gracias, entre otros, a Ditko y Lee. Su contribución a la cultura popular estadounidense en particular pero, ¿por qué no?, también a la cultura del entretenimiento a nivel mundial, está fuera de toda duda. Si los superhéroes pueden ser inspiradores, si Spider-Man lo es, se debe, en cierta medida, a que también lo fueron sus creadores. No puede haber mejor homenaje a estas celebridades que el reconocimiento por su trabajo y el convencimiento de que sus aportaciones al mundo del cómic y, particularmente, al personaje de Spider-Man, perdurarán, como un moderno Aquiles, a lo largo del tiempo. Peter Parker y Spider- Man son la encarnación de Ditko y Lee, respectivamente. Una relación simbiótica con sus tira y aflojas pero fructífera, que posibilitó, en la ya lejana década de los sesenta, que muchos niños pudieran disfrutar con las aventuras de un deslenguado superhéroe. Un superhéroe con una profunda convicción moral que aprendería por sí mismo e inspiraría a muchas generaciones que un gran poder conlleva una gran responsabilidad. Desde aquí un respetuoso reconocimiento a su labor. SPIDER-MAN: Una aproximación histórico-filosófica a la figura del héroe 9 Francisco J. Fandos Marí – UNED – TESIS DOCTORAL RESUMEN El trabajo que se presenta a continuación aborda la idea de la heroicidad a partir de una figura de ficción: el superhéroe Spider-Man.
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