The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applied in the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in the Iron Lady Movie

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THE ANALYSIS OF POST-FEMINISM THEORY APPLIED IN THE LANGUAGE USED BY MARGARET THATCHER IN THE IRON LADY MOVIE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Agustina Rante Allo

Student Number: 111214148

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

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Not all of us can do great things. But we can do small things with great love. (Mother Teresa)

So do not fear, for I am with you; do not be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you; I will uphold you with my righteous right hand. (Isaiah 41:10)

With the Lord of the World for the World of the

Lord. (Constitution of the Congregation of JMJ)

Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam (St. Ignatius OF Loyola)

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of other people’s work, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, March 10th, 2016

The Writer

Agustina Rante Allo

111214148

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Agustina Rante Allo NIM : 111214148 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

THE ANALYSIS OF POST-FEMINISM THEORY APPLIED IN THE LANGUAGE USED BY MARGARET THATCHER IN THE IRON LADY MOVIE

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat sebenarnya Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 10 Maret 2016 Yang menyatakan:

Agustina Rante Allo

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ABSTRACT

Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.

This undergraduate research analyses the post-feminism theory applies in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. Therefore, there are two problems discussed in this research. The first one is how Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with other gender. The second one is about the reactions of people around to her political decisions. This research is a qualitative and document analysis research. The data source of which was the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie’s transcript. The researcher used check-list as the instrument of the data gathering technique to analyse and categorize the language used by Margaret Thatcher to answer the problems formulation. Based on the analysis, there are two findings that can be used to answer the problems formulation. The first finding describes the four Post-feminist Characteristics found in Margaret’s languages used in The Iron Lady movie. Those characteristics are; General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism, Female Identity Crisis, Focus on the Individual, and Revival of Traditional Femininities. The second finding reveals the people reactions on Margaret’s political decisions. There were two types of people reactions founded. The first reaction is internal reactions that emerged from the closest people around her; her family and the members of her party. The second reaction is external reactions that emerged from her oppositional party and wide public rebellion. Both of the reactions; internal and external appears in words and actions of the people, which are publish through mass media; newspaper, TV, radio. The researcher also provides some suggestions for English lecturers and future researchers. The lecturers in English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) can use this movie to teach in Movie Interpretation class. While for the future researchers, they can analyse some other aspects of this movie which have never been discussed.

Keywords: The Iron Lady Movie, Margaret Thatcher, Post-feminism, People Reaction.

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini menganalisa penerapan teori postfeminis dalam bahasa yang digunakan Margaret Thatcher dalam film The Iron Lady. Oleh karena itu, ada dua umusan permasalahan pokok yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Permasalahan pokok yang pertama tentang bagaimana Margaret dalam film The Iron Lady menerapkan teori posfeminis melalui caranya berinteraksi dengan kaum pria. Permasalahan pokok yang kedua tentang reaksi dari orang-orang terhadap kebijakan politik dari Margaret. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan analisis dokumen. Sumber utama penelitian ini adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh Margaret Thatcher dalam film The Iron Lady. Peneliti menggunakan check-list sebagai instrumen penelitian dan mengkategorikan bahasa yang digunakan Margaret untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan. Berdasarkan analisa tersebut, ada dua temuan yang dapat digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan. Penemuan pertama menjelaskan keempat karakter posfeminis yang diterapkan dalam bahasa yang digunakan Margaret dalam film The Iron Lady. Keempat karakterikstik itu adalah; penolakan umum terhadap feminisme gelombang kedua, krisis identitas ke-wanitaan, fokus pada kesenangan pribadi, dan membangkitkan kembali tradisi kewanitaan awal. Penemuan kedua mengungkapkan tentang reaksi orang-orang terhadap kebijakan politik Margaret. penulis menemukan ada dua jenis reaksi yang muncul terhadap kebijakan politik Margaret. Reaksi pertama adalah reaksi intern yang muncul dari orang terdekat Margaret sendiri; keluarga dan partainya. Reaksi kedua adalah reaksi ekstern yang muncul dari partai oposisi dan dari masyarakat pemberontak. Kedua jenis reaksi tersebut; baik intern maupun yang ekstern, muncul dalam bentuk kata-kata dan aksi, baik yang positif maupun negatif dan di publikasikan lewat media massa; Koran, Televisi, dan Radio. Penulis juga mempersiapkan beberapa saran untuk para dosen dan para peneliti selanjutnya. Untuk para dosen yang mengajar di Pendidkian Bahasa Inggris dapat menggunakan film ini dalam mengajar kelas Movie Interpretation. Sedangkan bagi peneliti selanjutnya, dapat menggunakan film ini untuk membahas topic-topik lain yang kiranya belum pernah didiskusikan sebelumnya

Kata Kunci: The Iron Lady Movie, Margaret Thatcher, Post-feminism, People Reaction.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to deliver my greatest gratitude to the Almighty God and Lord Jesus Christ. I thank Him for being with me in all my ways of life. I present this thesis to my beloved Congregation of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph. To all my fellow nuns of Jakarta Province, to my fellow nuns of Trimargo Convent, and especially to my provincial Sr. Vinsensia Siunta, JMJ and provincial councils, Sr. Francinetty Manua, JMJ and Sr. Yulita Dammen, JMJ. I present this thesis also to the Rev. Mathias Wolff, SJ, the founder of my congregation, for only by his continuously prayer in the presence of God that I can finish this thesis well. Foremost, I would like to express my special gratitude to my thesis advisor, Christina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd., who has become a great supporter as I struggle to finish this thesis. I am very blessed for her encouragement, support, guidance, ideas, suggestions, her times, and patience that becomes great helps in completing this thesis. I also express my most gratitude to all my lecturers in PBI who guide and help me during my study, especially to my academic advisor, Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed. My gratitude is also for my mother and my loving departed father, my brother, my younger brother, and both of their family, because of their prayer and support I can finish this thesis well. My most special thanks also goes for my entire classmates, class C 2011; especially for Cici, Helmy, Ria, Desca, Sr. Mikaela, KYM, and all of those who I cannot mention their name one by one. I am so blessed to be in this class with all of you. I stay young and strong because of you all.

Agustina Rante Allo

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i

APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ...... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... vi

ABSTRACT ...... vii

ABSTRAK ...... viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x

LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background...... 1

B. Research Questions ...... 5

C. Research Objectives ...... 5

D. Research Benefits ...... 6

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E. Definition of Terms ...... 7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Theoretical Description ...... 10

1. Post-feminism Theory ...... 10

2. Post-feminist Characteristics ...... 14

a. General Rejection on Second Wave Feminism ...... 14

b. Female Identity Crisis ...... 15

c. Focus on the Individual ...... 15

d. Revival of Traditional Femininity ...... 16

3. Social Reactions Theory ...... 16

4. Language and Gender Theory ...... 18

5. The Explanation of the Subject ...... 20

B. Theoretical Framework ...... 21

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Method ...... 22

B. Research Setting ...... 23

C. Data Source ...... 23

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ...... 24

E. Data Analysis Technique ...... 25

F. Research Procedures ...... 27

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Postfeminist Characteristics in Margaret Thatcher’s Language ...... 30

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1. Focus on the Individual ...... 31

2. Revival of Traditional Femininities...... 34

3. General Rejection on Second Wave Feminism ...... 37

a. Margaret’s Personal Life ...... 38

b. Margaret’s Political Life ...... 39

4. Female Identity Crisis...... 41

B. People Reactions on Margaret Thatcher’s Political Decisions ...... 41

1. Internal Reactions...... 42

2. External Reactions ...... 45

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusions ...... 48

B. Recommendations ...... 51

REFERENCES ...... 53

APPENDICES ...... 56

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 3.1 ...... 26

Table 3.2 ...... 27

Table 4.1 ...... 30

Table 4.2 ...... 42

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices Page

The Iron Lady Movie’s synopsis ...... 56

Appendix A Post-feminist Characteristics in Margaret’s Language ...... 63

Appendix B Types of People Reactions on Margaret’s Decisions ...... 85

Appendix C Motivation Words that Affects Margaret’s Decisions ...... 102

Appendix D Underestimated Words on Margaret’s Background ...... 104

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is divided into six sections. The first section is the research background. This section explains the descriptions of the research and the reason for the topic chosen. The second is the research questions, this section presents the formulation of questions discussed or analyzed in the research. The third is the research limitation that explains the focus and the limit scope to discuss in the research. The fourth is the research objectives. This section will cover the goal of the research. The fifth is the research benefits. It discusses the advantages of this research. The sixth is the definition of terms which contains the important key terms mentioned in this research to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.

A. Research Background

Movies are made to be watched and listened. Movies appeal to human’s visual and aural senses. Like any art forms, movies are also meant to be felt and understood, to appeal to human emotions and minds.

Movies are open to the world for being interpreted. By watching movies, people can have the better understanding of how to deal with life. They

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2 can also think critically about other’s personality and analyze the ideology of each character in a particular action.

Movies are also considered as the representative of human life in reality. Through movies, people can learn the different representation of human’s characters, emotions, struggles, feelings, and philosophy of life.

Movies can drive people to be critical about their aspect of life and how to live their life. Also, through movies, people will not only see the representation of one’s character but also will see what life is and how it works from different perspectives. Even in religious aspects, movies are also playing its role. In prayer, human creativity combines with divine creativity through imagination. The same thing happens when people use film as a prayer (J. Pungent, SJ & M. Williams, SJ, 2004). By the time people watch a movie, they are not only entertained, but they are also being formed (Y. Iswarahadi, SJ in rohani, 2012). In other words, movie is a way for people to see their own world through the story and the characters which are represented in it.

Since movies are rich in valuable lessons of life, many researchers work on the analysis of movies from all aspects of life. This research is going to analyze ideology revealed in Margaret Thatcher character’s through the language used in The Iron Lady movie.

In this research, researcher is going to analyze the language used by Margaret Thatcher’s character in The Iron Lady movie because the researcher wanted to investigate the explicit and implicit content of that

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3 movie and focus on how the character of Margaret Thatcher in that movie used the language; spoken, body language, idea, and expression in order to interact with other gender, especially on her political decision. Also, the researcher used The Iron Lady movie because of the female actress of this movie is reflected the true story of The Iron Lady itself; Margaret Thatcher portrayed by Meryl Streep.

Margaret Thatcher (MT) is the first woman of Prime Minister who served in the United Kingdom and the longest-serving Prime Minister in the modern era of England. She is known as the Woman's of Baja or the

Woman’s of iron (Iron Lady) hooked up with a nickname given by the

USSR (Soviet) to her. In her policy Margaret Thatcher is always true to her views and cannot accept other people's opinions. She will perform with a firm decision despite many rumors against it. Based on Margaret

Thatcher real life background, the researcher wants to focus on post- feminism value in the way she thinks and leads the country as a Prime

Minister.

Language is considered as one of the most important elements of human society since the language is used to communicate and to express the human ideas. Aitchison (2003) states that humans can communicate in numerous ways, for instance; they can wink, wave, smile, and even tap someone on the shoulder which is also considered as the way of communication. Brown (2005) emphasizes on language as a system of arbitrary conventionalized vocal, written or gestural symbols that enable

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4 members to communicate intelligibly between one and another. Wibowo

(2001:3) adds that language is a system of symbols that are meaningful and articulate sound which are arbitrary and conventional. Schipper (2003) also states that language is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbol, whether it is spoken, written, or signed. Communication itself means a behavior that is directed at another member of the same species and may affect the recipient’s behavior and the initiator subsequent behavior.

Coates (1998), states that the most affecting social factor in the communication is gender. Gender is the biggest influence among all of the social factors of how people interact. In some areas, the society treats a certain behavior towards men and women. It is based on how culture interprets the biological differences in terms of sex, include expectation on how man and woman behave and speak. Through language used, people can show their status level in the society. Someone’s ideology of life can be represented through the language used. People can also judge one another personality through the language they used.

Feminism is the movement and ideology that attain women’s rights to create the world for women beyond social equality (Humm: 406).

Feminism’s ideology is fighting for the women to gain their opportunity to have a higher education and to do male’s jobs. They also get their maternity leave and equal payment in the workplace.

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Feminism itself has some varieties movements, e.g. Radical

Feminism, Liberal Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Socialist Feminism and

Post-feminism. Post-feminism has the different manifestation of feminism.

Post-feminism is often judged as anti-feminism movements because most of the characteristics of Post-feminism are about rejecting some concepts of feminism. The simplest idea of post-feminism represents pluralism or respect differences (Brooks, 1997). In post-feminism, there is more differences or gender gap between man and women because they are people.

B. Research Questions

Departing from the background, there are some questions formulated. The questions are as follows:

1. How does Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies post-

feminism theory through the way she interacts with another gender?

2. How are the reactions of people to her political decisions?

C. Research Objectives

In accordance with the statement of the questions, this thesis aims:

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1. To investigate how does Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie

applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with

another gender.

2. To investigate how are the reactions of people around to her political

decisions.

D. Research Benefits

This research aims to give benefits to English lecturers and future researchers to enrich their knowledge on Post-feminism. The purpose also might get some information about the proper roles and behavior of women in the society. In extras, the readers might learn how well a woman named

Margaret Thatcher is able to be equal with man in her political position.

For the English lecturers, this research is expected that the English lecturers can use it to develop interactive teaching-learning activities in

Movies Interpretation Class. In addition, the lecturers can increase the students’ interest and creativity in interpreting a movie. They can also help the students to make a comparison between the roles of women in

Margaret Thatcher era and women in today’s era.

For the future researchers, this research aims to give a meaningful contribution to other researchers who want to conduct further studies in the same field. The researcher also expects that this research can provide the researchers an additional reference on how to change the conservative mind of the society towards the feminist movement.

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E. Definition of Terms

Some specific terms will be used in this research. In order to make a better understanding and get the same idea from the research, this section will represent some definition of terms that are used in this research.

1. Post-feminism Theory

Brooks (1997), she states that post-feminism today is not about what comes after feminism, but it is about the conceptual shifts within feminism. In addition, Braithwaite (2004), states that post-feminism is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses.

2. Margaret Thatcher

Margaret is the first woman to hold the position as Prime Minister in the United Kingdom. During her three terms, she cut social welfare programs, reduced trade union power and privatized certain industries. She has served the United Kingdom as a Prime Minister for eleven and a half years, from May 4th, 1779 until her resignation on November 28th, 1990.

She died on April 8, 2013, at age 87.

3. The Iron Lady Movie

This movie is a surprising and intimate portrait of Margaret

Thatcher (Meryl Streep), the first and only female Prime Minister of the

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United Kingdom. One of the 20th century's most famous and influential women, Thatcher came from nowhere to smash through barriers of gender and class to be heard in a male dominated world. Much more than a biographical epic, the film is also the surprisingly intimate journey of a

"common" grocer's daughter whose social ambition and steel will -- along with the love of her husband and confidant, Denis (Jim Broadbent) — propelled her to unprecedented power. Combining fact, fiction and poetic flight of imagination – as well as flashbacks -- director Phyllida Lloyd creates a portrait that reveals the many faces of Thatcher: the hard-nosed conservative; the woman who demolished the barriers of gender and class in a male-dominated world; the spirited wife and mother who longed to change her country for the better.

This movie was made in London, 2008. The story began with the elderly former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher prepares breakfast for her husband Denis, as she has every morning of their married life. Denis is alive only in her imagination.

Once described in life as “always present, never there”, Denis is still present for Margaret. Is he a loving memory made flesh? A manifestation of her grief? Or perhaps her conscience, taking her to the task?

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Locked in the infuriating inaction of retirement and battling ill health, Margaret is ambushed by memories. Fragments of her private life and of her premiership crowd into her mind and she relives them in vivid detail. As she struggles to maintain her equilibrium, Denis teases and needles her. The struggle, the triumphs, the betrayals – in the end, what did she achieve? When all is said and done, was it worth it?

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is the

Theoretical Description which consists of two theories. Those theories are the theory of Post-feminism and theory of People Reaction. The second section is the Theoretical Framework which presents how the theories will be used in the research to answer the questions formulation.

A. Theoretical Description

This section consists of five theories, namely: the development of

Post-feminism Theory, Post-feminist Characteristics, Social Reaction

Theory, Language and Gender Theory, and the explanation of the subject;

The Iron Lady movie.

1. Post-feminism Theory

Feminism is a movement which is fighting for the rights of women so that women get out of injustice. Feminism is a political movement that reviews various aspects of life. Feminism itself has been through several stages of development. Recently, feminism is still as a hot issue to be discussed. The history of feminism is divided into three waves.

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The first wave of Feminism has been revealed in 1792 until 1960.

It has been known by the writer Wollstonecraft in The Vindication of the

Rights of Women. There is some feminism flows in this era. Some of them are; Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism, Anarchist Feminism, Marxist

Feminism, and Socialist Feminism. All of those flows are fighting for the development of the rational side of women. They are focused on individuals’ autonomy practice, but still do not eliminate discrimination against women (Sanders, 1999).

The second wave of Feminism was revealed in 1960-1980. It is marked by the publication of “The Feminine Mystique” (Freidan, 1997) and was followed by the establishment of National Organization for

Woman. This wave appears as a reaction to the dissatisfaction of women on various discriminations they experienced. They are fighting for the universalism. Feminism flows of this era are; Existential Feminism and

Gynocentrism Feminism.

The third wave of Feminism is revealed in 1980 up to nowadays.

This movement is well known as Post-feminism. It emerges as the result of varieties criticism of feminism universalism in the second wave. Pilcher

(2004), states that to comprehend post-feminism, it is a must to state that there is no agreement about how post-feminism can be described; the definition or terms is usually “essentially contradict” (Pilcher, 2004, p:

105). It means that there is a pro and against towards post-feminism. The pro-state that post-feminism is a different manifestation of feminism”,

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12 while the contra said that post-feminism is an anti-feminist movement

(Pilcher, 2004, p: 106).

Brooks (1977), argues that “it is not a question of depoliticizing feminism, but of marking the conceptual shift from the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ form of debates around the revivified and theorized concept of difference”. The conceptual shift means here is about accepting pluralism to shape equality than create equality. In addition, Brooks states that post- feminism represents feminism’s maturity, a development into a confident body of theory and politics, representing pluralism and difference.

Mills (1989), notes that the frame of post-feminism is useful to signify how feminism becomes rewritten, depoliticized and incorporated into media accounts of contemporary culture. Furthermore, Brooks states that feminism is not necessarily anti-feminist. Based on this border perspectives, Braithwaite stated that post-feminism are not simply reactions against or anti-feminism as cited in Brooks (1977: p. 27).

In addition, Gill (2007) states that post-feminism should be thought of as "a sensibility". Besides, post-feminism also should be acknowledged to be the cultural mood regarding gender that pervades Western countries in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century.

Post-feminism itself has some flows with their own uniqueness.

The first is Postmodern Feminism (known as Posmo). The idea of Posmo is antiabsolute and antiauthority. This flow found that ‘gender’ does not mean as significant identity or social structure automatically. Posmo

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Feminism illustrates that the differences between men and women need to be accepted and nurtured. More specifically, this flow rejects the authority.

The second flow is Multicultural Feminism. Multicultural feminism focused on the view that not all women are created or constructed equally in a country. They are different in all aspects of life; not only on races and ethnicities differences’, but also different from sexual identity, gender identity, age, religion, education level, occupation, and marital status. This flow is generally identifying as the social- intellectual movement that promoting the value of diversity as a principle key. Multicultural also emphasize that all cultural groups must be respected and treated equally.

The third flow is Global Feminism. Global Feminist claimed that the oppression of women can also be caused by an unfair system. The global feminist highlights the inequality between first world countries and third world countries which have a different system of government. Thus extending the global feminist agenda into a cross-country-women’s liberation and nation.

The fourth flow of post-feminism is Ecofeminism. This flow is a movement that seeks to create and preserve nature and the environment with based femininity. Baxter (2006), tried to arouse and knock the heart of feminist to pay more attention to their natural environment.

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Ecofeminism assumes that this natural phenomenon occurs because the act of masculine hegemonic and exploitative.

2. Post-feminist Characteristics

As an ideology of life, post-feminism also has some characteristics. This research found some characteristics of post-feminism from some writers. Here, the researcher chose feminist characteristics by

Faludi’s: backlash theory, Grant’s: advice manual and some addition from

Braithwaite Journal. There are four characteristics of post-feminism found. a. General Rejection on the Second Wave of Feminism

Braithwaite’s theory states that woman of this characteristics are grateful for the freedoms and equalities made possible by the feminist movement, but at the same time blame it for making them miserable with pressures and high expectations. Women feel forced to apply what feminism won for them; juggling a bona fide career and a family

(Braithwaite, 2004, p; 21-22). In addition, Grant asserts that woman who focuses her energy to shape her career has her time left over to improve her relationships, to support her man, and to raise her children. Besides,

Faludi (1992) in her book said that many contemporary women are supposedly angry that feminism has weighed them down with high expectations, specifically with balancing a career and home or family life.

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15 b. Female Identity Crisis

This characteristic states that women today are not familiar with the term womanhood, because ‘feminism did not prepare them for the roles as women’ (Friedan, 1997, p: 75). Feminism has promised her-

‘women’-a stronger sense of her own identity. Feminism also has given her little more than an identity crisis, the best-seller advice manual being a

Woman asserts. Grant asserted that contemporary women have a real course because feminism placing so much emphasis on career and taking not enough attention on marriage and motherhood. In addition, Grant explained that the dilemma of the contemporary woman is shown when she tries to decide whether she want to be a single career girl or to be a mother/housewife. It happens because the price she has had to pay in order to gain the whole world often feels like the loss of her very soul. c. Focus on the Individualism

The third character of post-feminism is focused on the individual for personal pleasure. These may include fashion, beauty, sexiness, fun, pleasure, and even include self-existence; “Look…! I am a woman, and I can do it better than men’s!”. This also signifies of indulgence that considers ‘a rebellion against the old regime of feminism’ and ‘lifestyle choices and personal consumer pleasures’ (Braithwaite, 2004, p: 23 and

24).

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16 d. Revival of Traditional Femininity

In this last but not least characteristics of post-feminism, post- feminism’s eagerness to participate in the revival of traditional femininity.

It can be shown through motherhood and domesticity-men, children, family, and life at home, which is not in the plot of feminism. This characteristic is also fighting for a normal family life as it should be. On one side a mother could have had a brilliant career outside the home, but on the other hand, she also became a brilliant mother and wife inside home as befits a traditional woman. Faludi (1992) mentioned that women had enough of the need for equality and they started claiming that they only wanted to be the guardians of motherhood and domesticity, the housekeepers of national politics (Faludi, 287). Besides, feminists failed women by promoting the Equal Rights Amendment, pushing for no-fault divorce laws, and ignoring motherhood. Women today are now realizing that this is considered as one of the alternative lifestyles.

3. Social Reactions Theory

Labeling is a definition when given to a person will become the identity of that person, and explain how the type of particular person. By labeling a person, people tend to see him as a whole personality and not the behavior one by one. Lemert (in Sunarto, 2004) states that labeling theory is the deviation caused by the labeling of society to someone who then tends to continue these deviations. The labeling theory inspired by

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17 symbolic interactionism perspective and has evolved in such a way to research and testing in various fields such as criminology, mental health, health, and education. Labeling theory has started by Lemert and symbolic interactionism of Herbert Mead (in Sunarto, 2004). Later, this theory develops by Becker in 1963. Initially, the Structural Theory deviant or deviation understood as behavior that exists and is a character as opposed to social norms. Devian is a form of behavior.

Mead (1934) states that people act together. They do what they do with an eye on what others have done, are doing now, and may do in the future. Furthermore, one tries to fit his own line of action into the actions of others, just as each of them likewise adjusts his own developing actions to what he sees and expects others to do.

Labeling theory states that the more often and more people who label to a particular person or group, the person or the group will resemble and even be transformed into a label that is given to him or her. This reaction arises because someone labeled felt caged in label given to him (Hikmat, 2008).

Labeling is one of the most reasons for someone to do secondary deviation. Someone who labeled tends to perform other actions which also include actions primary irregularities, especially in defending themselves from granting that label. Someone who labeled is trying to eliminate the label granted, but eventually they are likely to commit

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18 irregularities the others because it cannot maintain the attitude of the label given (Martine, 2008).

Labeling theory stresses the idea that deviance is a relative term.

Under this perspective, people become deviant not because of the act itself, but how people react to that act. As part of this theory, there are two types of deviance. Primary deviance refers to episodes of deviant behavior that many people participate in. Secondary deviance is when someone makes something out of that deviant behavior, which creates a negative social label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity. People call this negative label a stigma.

4. Language and Gender Theory

Eckert and Mc.Gonell-Ginet (2003, p: 13), gender is the process of categorizing characteristics based on social interpretation of biological similarities and differences. This categorization is the social decision

(Fausto & Sterling, 1998) to label one is a woman and the other one is a man. The labeling then focuses on what society expects somebody to perform (Butler, 1990) based on their sex. Gender is defined broader as the social constructions of the characteristics, responsibilities, and roles for women and men, boys, and girls (World Health Organization [WHO],

2012).

Language is one of the systems of communication in speech and writing used by people in a particular country or area. Language is

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19 people’s identity that differentiates one with other. The language style used by someone can show which social group someone belongs to. There are many sociolinguists have made some research about the influence of gender and language in society, such as; Lakoff (1975), Spender (1980),

Coates (1998), and Cameron (2003). Wood (1997) also explains that the research about gender and communication have been done by many researchers for decades. The research that is done by Jhonson (1997) shows that men and women actually have different assumptions in communication. He states that both men and women live in two different worlds that became great evidence why both of them have the different form of communication in the society.

The differences between men and women are also found in the form of discrimination in society. Women are always expected to talk like a lady. Women need to talk politely, gracefully, and courteously. If they do not do that, they will be considered as unfeminine-women. However, when women talk gracefully and courteously they will also be judged as a weak person. On the contrary, it is normal for men to angry and acts aggressively. Besides, men have never been criticized when they talk rudely. People in the society accept it as a common thing and it is men’s nature act like that.

Even in the politics, the difference in the way men and women talking do not bring any benefit for women in the politics life. Women language or feminine language is considered too passive in politics field.

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Larner (2009, p.5) states that it can be seen that although women work in politics field, they are still considered to be unimportant just because of the way they use language.

5. The Explanation of the Subject; The Iron Lady Movie

The Iron Lady movie is a biographical movie. This movie tells the life of a woman named is Margaret Thatcher who fought very hard to reach her position in parliament. In order to achieve her goals, Margaret got various challenges and obstacles, one of which is gender discrimination.

In the very beginning, the struggle of Margaret Thatcher was not well received by the public of her Country. People’s rejections occur because, at that time, people still think that women’s duty in the ‘kitchen.’

However, Margaret Thatcher is a strong woman, due to all her hard work and struggle; she finally managed to sit on the benches of parliament.

After she becomes a prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher still must confront all forms of reaction emanated both from society and other

Member of Parliament against all her wisdom and political decisions.

This is a very inspiring movie. In addition, this movie can also be a lesson to continue to fight and work hard for the sake of the country. By watching this movie, someone’s nationality is considering increasingly and triggers to provide the best for the nation and homeland. In addition,

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21 women are expected to increasingly have the confidence to perform, fought and have good competition with men in the political field.

B. Theoretical Framework

This research provides some theories to support the analysis and to answer the two questions presented in the questions formulation in the first chapter. They are; theory of Post-feminism and Post-feminist

Characteristics, Social Reaction Theory, and Language and Gender

Theory.

The first is the theory of Post-feminism and Post-feminist

Characteristics. Those theories are used to answer the first research questions, which is to identify how Margaret Thatcher is being presented in The Iron Lady movie. In addition, this theory will help the researcher to find out whether Margaret Thatcher represents any post-feminism ideology in the way she interacts with other genders or not. The theory of Post- feminist characteristics is used to find out what sort of character Margaret

Thatcher is.

The second is the theory of social reaction and theory of language and gender. In this research, the researcher uses the theory of social reaction to finding out the pro and contra-reactions on the political decisions’ of Margaret Thatcher during her political career. The theory of language and gender is used to find out whether Margaret Thatcher used the language based on her life’s ideology or based on her gender.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into six parts. The first part is research method. This section explains the type of research chosen. The second part is research setting. The third part is the data source. The fourth is instruments and data gathering techniques. This section describes kinds of instruments being used in this research. The fifth is data analyzing technique. The section describes how the findings are analyzed. The last part is research procedure that explains the steps of the research.

A. Research Method

This is a document analysis, since some of the researchers, such as

Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002, p. 442) define document analysis as a research method applied to written or visual material for the purpose of identifying specified characteristic of materials. Ripley and Flick (2007) state that, “analyzing conversation has a long tradition in the history of qualitative research.” The material was usually in the form of scripts, textbooks, advertisement, and any other types of document. The data of this research were found in The Iron Lady movie’s script that contained the conversation of the characters. The data were analyzed based on

Brook’s theory about post-feminism.

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B. Research Setting

The analysis of The Iron Lady movie was started from February

9th, 2015 in Yogyakarta until September 25th, 2015. The researcher spent half a year in analyzing the script in order to gain the answer for the research questions that found in the transcript.

C. Data Source

The data of this research is Margaret Thatcher’s language and behaviors that are presented in the English movie entitled The Iron Lady.

The sources were in the form of movie’s transcription. This movie is a surprising and intimate portrait of Margaret Thatcher (Meryl Streep), the first and only female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. One of the

20th century's most famous and influential women, Thatcher came from nowhere to smash through barriers of gender and class to be heard in a male dominated world. Much more than a biographical epic, the film is also the surprisingly intimate journey of a "common" grocer's daughter whose social ambition and steel will -- along with the love of her husband and confidant, Denis (Jim Broadbent) — propelled her to unprecedented power. Combining fact, fiction and poetic flight of imagination – as well as flashbacks -- director Phyllida Lloyd, produced by Damian Jones, and written by Abi Morgan.

This movie creates a portrait that reveals the many faces of

Thatcher: the hard-nosed conservative; the woman who demolished the

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24 barriers of gender and class in a male-dominated world; the spirited wife and mother who longed to change her country for the better.

The researcher chose this movie because of some criteria that the researcher needed to be analyzed. Some of those criteria are; the character has applies post-feminism theory in the way she interacts with other gender in the movie, the character also has social interaction with various social status, the character’s ideology of life, and the movie also represents social reaction.

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

In this research, there were two instruments used by the researcher.

Those instruments are human instrument and document. “The human instrument has the unique capability of summarizing data on the spot and feeding it back to an informant for clarification, correction, and amplification. Moreover, human instrument is the main instrument for gathering the data from the documents”. (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p.194).

The other instrument was the document. This instrument can help the researcher in doing the research; it can be similar to the sources’ books. The researcher made an observation on the script in order to accomplish the research questions. After gathering the data needed, the data would be presented in the analysis. Documents can be a personal document, such as diaries, files, or books (Ary, Jacobs, and Rasavieh,

2002). In this research, the researcher employed the script of The Iron

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Lady movie to collect the data from Margaret Thatcher’s language and actions. The movie’s transcript consisted of 96 pages and was taken from http://goodinaroom.com/wp-content/uploads/Iron-Lady-screenplay.pdf.

The script that was found and the dialogue in the movie transcript were not as much as the dialogue in the movie. That is why the researcher combined both the script and the movie’s subtitle when gathering the data needed.

However, most of the data were taken from the movie’s transcript.

The researcher selected the language of Margaret Thatcher that will be used to find out the answer of the first research question. However, for the answer of the second research question, the researcher selected all the reactions of people around to her political decision; both in the form of actions and words. Besides the used of human instrument and document, the researcher also used checklist and table in order to categorize the data needed.

E. Data Analysis Technique

The data collected in this research were analyzed to answer the questions formulation. The first research question in this research was to present the post-feminism’s ideology through Margaret Thatcher’s interaction with another gender. The language used and the action done by the character will be classified based on Braithwaite’s theory of post- feminist characteristics. Those characteristics are; General rejection to

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the second wave feminism, female identity crisis, focus on the

individual, and revival of traditional femininity.

The second research question was to present the factors that affect

the social reaction to the Margaret Thatcher’s political decisions. The

language used and the action done by the character will be analyzed

according to Howard Becker’s theory.

There were two tables made by the researcher to gain the data from

the movie’s transcript. The first table is used to analyze the post-feminist

characteristics represent in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The

Iron Lady movie. The second table is used to analyze the social reaction

by the people around to her political decisions.

Table 3.1 Post-feminism Characteristics Applies in Margaret’s Languages

Post-feminism Characteristics General Female Focus on Revival of Margaret’s Setting No Context Rejection of Identity the Traditional Language of Place Second Wave Crisis Individual Femininities Feminism Old Margaret How much is 1 Shop going out to buy  the milk? some milk Too much. 2 Much too  much butter. Old Margaret Milk’s gone Kitchen having breakfast 3  up. with her husband 4 49p a pint.  5 Eat your egg!  6 No no no no. Bedroom Old Margaret is  The grey! standing in front 7 Yes. of a wide  Definitely cupboard and the grey. Denis’ hand reaches across, wavering between jackets of brown tweed and grey twill TOTAL Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences

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Table 3.2 Types of People Reactions on Margaret’s Political Decisions.

Types of Reaction

Internal External Reaction N People Setting of Reaction Context o Reaction Place Wide Mass Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Media Action CAROL'S utter disappointment on seeing she Carol’s has lost response to MARGARET Kitchen. already. Margaret’s Flood 1 decisions to    CAROL: Street. Silly me! run for the 1974 leader of CAROL storms out of the the party kitchen.

DENIS You're 2 insufferable,   Margaret, do you know that? MARGARET Denis, you married someone who 3 is committed to Denis’ public service, you knew that. response to And it is my Kitchen. Margaret’s duty DENIS Flood decisions to Don't call it Street. 1974 run for the duty. It's ambition which leader of has got you this the party far. Ambition. And the rest of 4 us, me, the   children, we can all go to hell!

Don't worry about me, I'll be fine! TOTAL

In gathering the data needed, the researcher was supported by some

supporting instruments, such as electronic devices, that consisted of laptop

and speaker, also media player used to play the movie. The researcher

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28 listed the expressions needed and matched those expressions with the movie transcript.

F. Research Procedure

There were several steps the researcher did in order to finish this research. The first step was watching the movie for several times, and then finding the official transcript on the internet. The second step was the researcher make sure whether the movie’s transcript are similar with the movie’s subtitle or not, then the researcher collecting all the languages used by Margaret Thatcher in that movie. The third step was the researcher understanding the language used by Margaret Thatcher, understanding the four characteristics of post-feminism, and the researcher categorizing the language used by Margaret Thatcher into four post-feminist characteristics. After the categorization, the researcher has some discussions with some colleagues about the categorization part. The researcher also has some consultations with the thesis advisor. Besides, the researcher also has some discussion with the social media friends (Face

Book’s friends) in order to validate the data gathering. The discussion was done to gain the same perception of post-feminism characteristics that revealed in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie.

After the post-feminism characteristic’s categorization, the researcher would analyze the types of social reactions of the people around

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29 to her political decisions. In this analysis, in order to gain all the data needed, the researcher has done the same steps with the post-feminist categorizations.

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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the discussion of research that had been done

by the researcher. The analysis firstly focuses on how post-feminism

theory through the post-feminism characteristics applied in the language

used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. Secondly, the analysis

concentrates on the social reaction of Margaret Thatcher’s decisions.

A. Post-feminist Characteristics in Margaret Thatcher’s Language

Through the language used by Margaret in the The Iron Lady

movie, the researcher has found that Margaret was indeed applied post-

feminism theory in the way she interacts with others gender. The

researcher found that Margaret applied the post-feminism theory through

fourth characteristics of post-feminist; general rejection of second wave

feminism, female identity crisis, focuses on the individual, and revival of

traditional femininities. The table below will explain the founding.

Table 4.1. Number of Occurrences of Post-feminist Characteristics

Post-feminism Characteristics General Female Revival of Rejection of Focus on the Number of Identity Traditional Second Wave Individual Occurrences Crisis Femininities Feminism

21 Occurrences 3 Occurrences 36 Occurrences 23 Occurrences

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The researcher will explain the characteristics according to the occurrences’ frequencies.

1. Focus on the Individual

Through The Iron Lady movie, Margaret Thatcher showed that positive ambition can drive people to reach their destiny of life. Everybody knows that Margaret Thatcher was the grocer’s daughter only, but her ambition drives her to be the first female Prime Minister of the Great

United Kingdom for eleven and a half years. She won the election on May

4th, 1979 until her resignation on November 28th, 1990. According to

Braithwaite (2004), ambition, persistence, courage and firmness as a woman was one of the characteristics of post-feminist.

The characteristic was well known as focus on the individual characteristic. This characteristic was also emphasizing on lifestyle choices and personal consumer pleasures. These may include fashion, beauty, sexiness, fun, pleasure, and even include self-existence; “Look…!

I am a woman, and I can do it better than men’s!” (Braithwaite, 2004, p:

23 and 24). This characteristic was the very often occurred in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. There were 36 occurrences of focus on the individual that found by the researcher in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in that movie. It proved that Margaret applied post-feminism theory in the way she interacts with others gender.

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The bravery of Margaret Thatcher has seen since she was young. It clearly shown in the movie that when everybody in the family’s shop; her father and mother, her sister, and a shop man were hiding under the table because of the air raid on 1943, when her father Alfred Roberts asked somebody to cover the butter that still open on the table, Margaret spontaneously volunteer herself to go. “I’ll go,” she said, she did not afraid of her own self (App. A, p. 50, no. 10). She always braves to take the risk of every single action that she took, even when she has to lose her popularity because of her controversial decisions.

Scene : 1056 Time : 01:31:46,655 - 01:31:56,647

“Don’t they know if you take the tough decisions, yes people will hate you today but they’ll thank you for generations.”

The Iron Lady movie was not only showed Margaret’s bravery but also shown her ambition clearly. It can be seen when she wanted to run for the leader of Conservative Party. She considers that none of the men in her party has enough guts. Even though her husband reminds her how loyal the Prime Minister to her, but Margaret was unstoppable.

Scene : 386 Time : 00:38:58,731 - 00:39:06,681

“But he’s weak, and he’s weakened the party. One must know when to go”.

She considers other people cannot do everything as best as she could do. This assumption drives her far and further pursues her ambition

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33 to be able to prove to the world around her that she could. In addition,

Margaret proved her capability in the real action she did during her lifetime as a Prime Minister. She did her duty in totality. All that she seeks the most was the best thing for her lovingly country and her people. She wanted all people were happy with her party services.

Scene : 695 Time : 01:01:18,272 - 01:02:05,667

“Gentlemen, if we don’t cut spending we will be bankrupt. Yes the medicine is harsh but the patient requires it in order to live. Shall we withhold the medicine? No! we are not wrong. We didn’t seek election and win in order to manage the decline of a great nation. The people of this country chose us because they believe we can restore the health of the British economy and we will do just that! Barring a failure of nerve”. Margaret’s bravery and ambition were equipped with her unwavering firmness. She holds the basic principle of her party tightly.

Her decisions were unshakeable. This can be seen in some of her controversial decisions. One of them is when the Falkland War happened in 1982. One of her most trusted man, namely Geoffrey Howe asked her to think twice about the cost of sending 28,000 men and a hundred ships twelve thousand miles, almost to Argentina. He said that it will be absolutely crippling. However, Margaret over unpredictable answer,

Scene : 795 Time : 01:10:24,614 - 01:10:28,173

“I don't think we should be worrying about money at this point, Geoffrey”.

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In the same time, without any doubt, Margaret publicly announced that;

Scene : 799 Time : 01:10:37,744 - 01:10:47,294

“The government has now decided that the large task force will sail, as soon as all preparation are complete”.

That quotation proved that Margaret Thatcher applied post- feminism theory through the focus on the individual characteristic of the theory of Braithwaite (2004). Margaret never stops at the one point of achievement. She is a woman that always focuses on the goal of her life.

2. Revival of Traditional Femininities

The Iron Lady movie begins with the elderly Margaret in a department store near to her house buying some milk. In the next scene, she was having breakfast while having a warm conversation with her husband Denis. It seems that they live in a real life. In fact, Denis is alive in her imagination only. However, in her elderly time, Margaret looks like ordinary women in general. The greatness of a Prime Minister that admired by the people in the entire of the world disappeared in her simplicity of life. She took care of her family with love. She did housework like every wife or mothers do.

Those attitudes shown by the elderly Margaret were known as one of the post-feminist characteristics. The characteristic was namely revival of traditional femininities. There were some aspects of the revival of

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35 traditional femininities. Those aspects are motherhood and domesticity- men, children, family, and life at home, which is not in the plot of feminism (Faludi, 1992, p.287). This characteristic was also fighting for a normal family life as it should be. On one side a mother could have a brilliant career outside the home, but on the other hand, she can also become a brilliant mother and wife inside the home. Those aspects were applied in Margaret language used in The Iron Lady movie.

Almost the entire time of her elderly life was spent in fantasy. She lived as an ordinary woman who went to the store to buy her own need.

Doing everything for her husband, even to choose what clothes fit her husband. The warm family’s conversation between Margaret and her daughter were also proved her traditional femininities character. It can be seen on the scene when her daughter Carol came to visit Margaret. One of her house assistances told Carol that Margaret went out herself to buy some milk. Carol told Margaret that if she needs something, she could ask one of her assistance for help. However, Margaret told that she did not for the knackers yet, she can still do many things by herself.

Scene : 131 Time : 00:14:06,485 - 00:14:36,272

“If I can’t go out to buy a milk then what is the world coming to. Really Carol, please don’t fush about it. You’ve always been like this, fuss fuss fuss. You must find something better to do with your time. It’s most unattractive in a woman. When I was your age the last thing I wanted to do was fuss around my mother”.

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Through this language, Margaret looks happy to live as a traditional woman; wife and mother. She actually can just ask one of her family assistances to buy some milk for her, but she was happy to do it herself. Besides, Margaret was also shown through The Iron Lady movie that her status as Prime Minister cannot be an obstacle for her to be a good wife. This can be seen in the most touching words she said to Reece and

Airey when they wanted Margaret to change some of her appearances.

They asked Margaret to let her hat go and also the pearls wear in her neck.

Scene : 462 Time : 00:43:51,226 - 00:44:09,203

“Gentlemen, I am in your hands. I may be persuaded to surrender the hat. But the pearls were a gift from my husband on the birth of our twins and they are absolutely non-negotiable”.

Through this language, Margaret proved to everybody that for her, the family was as important as the political career. Her motherly attitude did not appear in her family only but also shown in her political decision.

She felt that she was not only a mother of her own children; Carol and

Mark, but she was also a mother of every Britain’s citizens. This was proved by her action to Falkland. She did not care about the thousands of miles distance from the mainland of Britain. She did not care also about how many citizens were there in Falkland, even General Haig told her about the insignificant of Falkland both politically and economically. Her cabinet also asked her to think of the peace negotiation.

Scene : 809 Time : 01:11:20,874 - 01:11:49,056

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“1941, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour. Did America go cap in hand and ask Tojo for a peaceful negotiation of terms? Did she turn her back on her own citizens there because the islands were thousands of miles from mainland United States? No, no, no! We will stand on principle or we shall not stand at all”.

Another most touching scene about her relationship between the citizens of Britain was shown when she has to encourage the families of the armies sent to Falkland. She wrote a handwriting letter for all the families of the armies.

Scene : 867 Time : 01:15:37,249 - 01:15:50,356

“As the only Prime Minister in the history of our country who is also a mother with a son of my own, I can imagine your agony, and your grief”.

At the end of The Iron Lady movie, Margaret in her imagination conversation’s with her husband said that all she wanted in her life was to make a difference in the world and to make her family happy. Margaret was a real and great Prime Minister and also a real and great mother.

3. General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism

The general rejection of second wave feminism is also well known as the critique on the second wave ‘old-fashion’ feminism. Based on the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie, Margaret showed that she was applied post-feminist figure. The second wave of feminism movement is fighting for gender equality between men and

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38 women in all aspects of life. The second wave of feminism movement assumes everything that can be done by men can also be done by women.

While in post-feminism, particularly the general rejection of the second wave of post-feminism characteristic still admit that as human beings people can have different gender; men and women, but they can still work together without having forgotten or even abandon the original identity of each gender (Faludi, 1992 & Braithwaite, 2004, p; 21-22). This kind of characteristic was applied by Margaret through the language used in The

Iron Lady movie. There were two aspects of life that she applied the post- feminist characteristics in the way she used the language.

a. Margaret’s Personal Life

General rejection of the second wave feminism was applied in

Margaret Thatcher’s language on the dialog between young Margaret and her husband; Denis:

Scene : 268 Time : 00:26:09,246 - 00:26:24,140

“I love you so much but...I will never be one of those women Denis - who stays silent and pretty on the arm of her husband. Or remote and alone in the kitchen doing the washing up for that matter. No – one’s life must matter, Denis. Beyond the cooking and the cleaning and the children, one’s life must mean more than that – I cannot die washing up a teacup”.

This dialogue happened in the Town Hall between young Margaret and young Denis when Denis proposed Margaret. As an ordinary woman,

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Margaret was happy with the proposal of her lover Denis. She told Denis her feeling. However, with a firm (she didn’t impose her will) she made a deal with her husband so that she could pursue her goal: not only to be a wife who stays at home and spends all her time in taking care of her children and husband.

Another occurrence when she accompanies her daughter Carol in her driving practice. Margaret showed that even though she was a career woman, but still she can have quality time with her family especially her children. She proved that her career did not stop her from being a good mother, and vice versa that her status as a wife and mother did not hinder her career. She could work together with her husband and children in the household.

b. Margaret’s Political Life

General rejections on the second wave feminism were applied also in Margaret Thatcher’s language on her political life.

Scene : 313 Time : 00:33:59,534 - 00:34:13,105

“If the right honorable gentleman could perhaps attend more closely to WHAT I am saying, rather than HOW I am saying it, he may receive a valuable education in spite of h imself”.

Through this language, Margaret wanted the audience to understand that even though she was among the men, she is still a woman

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40 with the way of speaking as all women do in general. It was better to pay attention only on the WHAT rather than on HOW she delivered her speech. Margaret was always highly aware of her femininity. Although she worked together with men, it does not mean that she becomes the same as men.

On the other occasions, Margaret has also shown her proud of being the woman among men.

Scene : 434 Time : 00:42:03,388 - 00:42:30,088

“It’s all very well to talk about changing my voice, Mr. Reece, but for some of my colleagues to imagine me as their leader would be like imagining, I don’t know, being led into battle by their chambermaid. It’s my background and my sex. No matter how I’ve tried, and I have tried, to fit in, I will never be truly one of them”.

This conversation occurred when she and her colleagues discussed the prospect or possibility to become the leader of the party. Her colleagues gave advice on attributes or clothing worn by Margaret. All those attributes need to be changed. They also needed to change the tone and intensity of Margaret’s voice because a high female voice was considered as not charismatic voice. Margaret tried to attend voice practices, but she still realizes that no matter how hard she tried to change her voice tone, she certainly could not change her sex and femininity background.

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41 c. Female Identity Crisis

This characteristic is the characteristic of a woman who has the dilemma when she tries to decide whether she wants to be a full career woman and become the breadwinner of her family or to be a good mother/housewife (Friedan, 1997, p: 75). As a true post-feminist figure,

Margaret has a strong character. The characteristic of post-feminist characteristics, namely Female Identity Crisis is the fewest appear in the language used by Margaret. The researcher has found only tree occurrences of this characteristic in the language used by Margaret in The

Iron Lady movie.

Scene : 1045 Time : 01:31:12,851 - 01:31:19,226

“All those years of taking the tough decisions, does any of it matter now?”

This language has occurred when Margaret decided to offer her resignation after eleven and a half years as a Prime Minister. However, this language did not strongly proved that Margaret live-out the female identity crisis’ characteristic. For the researcher herself, she thinks that this kind of language is about a deep reflection after a great and gentle decision on her resignation.

B. People Reactions on Margaret Thatcher’s Political Decisions

There were some factors that affected people reaction. Based on

“The Iron Lady” movie, the researcher has found two general factors that can cause people reactions. Those factors were namely the doer of

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reactions and how were the reactions performed. The researcher has

decided to analyze two general groups of the doer; internal and external.

The internal reactions were divided into two types of doer; family and the

members of Margaret’s party, so do with the external reactions; opposition

party and wide rebellion. The two types of people reactions appeared in

several occurrences that were found by the researcher.

Table 4.2. Number of Occurrences of People Reactions

Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction

Number of Wide Mass Media Opposition Occurrences Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action 6 21 40 15 19 3 9 Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences occurrences Occurrences

1. Internal Reactions

The Iron Lady movie is a biographical movie of Margaret

Thatcher, the first female Prime Minister of Britain. In this movie, most of

the life stories of Margaret were shown. It told great stories of Margaret as

a great Prime Minister who worshiped and admired throughout the world,

but it also told the stories of her suffering; have been rejected and hated by

many people, even the closest people to her.

Through The Iron Lady movie, people could see the relationship

between Margaret and her family; husband and children. The elderly

Margaret lives alone with her house assistance and her husband in her

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43 imagination. Some people may ask; did she have children? And some may answer; today, people may not live with their children in their elderly life.

However, after watching this movie the researcher found some facts why the great Margaret has to live alone in her elderly. Even though her daughter Carol coming by to visit her, but still she lives in loneliness.

People could see in the scene when Carol and Mark were still kids and Margaret has to leave them at the Parliament House for the first time.

The scene clearly showed how hard the little Carol and Mark ran after their mother’s car to stop Margaret not to go and leave them. However,

Margaret still has to go.

Another scene also showed the less harmonious of Margaret and

Carol relationships. The scene told that Margaret has accompanied her adult Carol in her driving practice. People could see how happy Carol was with her mother. However, after the short and great togetherness, when

Carol asked her mother to take her for the test drive, Margaret answers it by telling her decision to run for the leader of the party. At that moment, people could see Carol’s reaction. She utters disappointment on seeing that she has lost her mother already. “Silly me!” Carol said and leaves the kitchen with the storms in her heart (Scene: 378, Time: 00:38:30,053 -

00:38:31,834).

Another reaction from her family on Margaret’s decision to run for the leader of the party has come from her husband, Denis. Denis told

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Margaret that she was an insufferable person. Even though Denis tried to stop her, but Margaret was unstoppable for the sake of duty.

Scene : 402 Time : 00:39;58,392-00:40:13,248

“Don't call it duty. It's ambition which has got you this far. Ambition. And the rest of us, me, the children, we can all go to hell! Don't worry about me, I'll be fine!”

Margaret has also reaped the negative reactions from several members of parliament and members of her party. One of the very nasty reactions from the very closest partner in the parliament is Howe’s reaction. After several differences point of view between Margaret and

Howe, finally, in 1990 Howe gave his letter of resignation in front of the cabinet.

Scene : 966 Time : 01:24:54,560 - 01:25:34,743

My letter of resignation. Our differences, I'm afraid, cannot be reconciled.

In his letter of resignation, Howe sadly said his deep regret on his useless loyalty so far.

Scene : 966 Time : 01:24:54,560 - 01:25:34,743

“I have done what I believe to be right for my party and my country. The time has come for others to consider their own response to the tragic conflict of loyalties with which I have myself wrestled for perhaps too long”.

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Some of this reaction from her closest people around her shown how suffer Margaret was. She could greatly win in maintaining the dignity of the nation, but at the same time, she could not maintain the unity of the closest people to her.

2. External Reactions

The reactions of people in The Iron Lady movie not only came from the closest people around Margaret, but the reactions also came from the outside of her party and even from the wide public. The reactions happened in both words and actions of people either in the soft form or even in the harm form.

The softest reaction from the wide public to Margaret’s decisions came from the oppositional parties which represented by Michael Foot in the form of general speech and publish on mass media in 1980.

Scene : 645 Time : 00:58:35,748 - 00:59:16,387

“Can the Right Honourable Lady deny, that having brought about the highest level of unemployment since 1934- The biggest fall in total output in steel and coal production in one year since 1931. And the biggest collapse in industrial production since 1921. Can she also accept that her free market economics designed to create a growing middle class ensures that the rich get richer and the poor are irrelevant!”

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Another reaction from the external side of her personal life which was containing both words and action happened in 1980. The reactions were done in order to reject Margaret’s monetarist policies and the tight budget. There were hundreds of people down the street to the demonstration in front of the parliament office. Even some of the protesters beat the car of Margaret when Margaret was passing by the demonstrators.

Scene : 655 Time : 00:59:16,422 - 00:59:27,302

PROTESTORS: Out... Out... Out...Maggie... Maggie... Maggie. Out...out... out.! One of the protesters is shouting out these words.

PROTESTOR 1: You're supposed to be a mother! You're not a mother, you're a monster! You're a monster!

The very harmful reaction happened when her party’s conference was held at Grand Hotel in Brighton, 1984. Fortunately, no one died in this incident. Margaret and Denis were also saved. However, this incident resulted in big materials losses.

Based on all the reactions of people above, both internal reactions and external reactions people could understand the reasons why Margaret

Thatcher generally known as “Iron Lady”. Some of the reasons that affected on Margaret decisions were not only because her political ambition but also because of her father Alfred Robert ideology. According to the theory of social reactions by Becker (1963), Margaret has shown as a primary deviance through

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47 her actions and policies. Primary deviance is an episode of deviant behavior that many people participate in. Margaret Thatcher became a ‘different woman’ at that time because it was already forming in her family background, especially by her father.

In the very beginning of The Iron lady movie clearly told that

Margaret was different from the others girl in her period of life. She did not like to help her mother in the kitchen. She also did not like the activities and the way of dressing by other girls in her town. Instead of fussing for dressing up like others girls, Margaret prefers to listen to her father’s speech as mayor of Grantham. Margaret greatly admired her father. One of her father’s quotations that deeply inherent to Margaret is;

“Never run with the crowds, Margaret. Go your own way”

These words drive Margaret in her unshakeable decisions. She was really an unwavering leader. She was a true “The Iron Lady”. However, the instrumental song of Ave Maria at the end of this movie is illustrated that Margaret was a suffering mother and leader. She was a mother that was fighting and suffering at the same time. She was glorious but abandoned also.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter consists of two parts which are the conclusions of the research and the recommendations. The conclusion is the summary of the finding in chapter four. The recommendation will present some recommendations for the future researchers as well for the English lecturers.

A. Conclusions

This research analyzed on Margaret Thatcher’s language used in

The Iron Lady movie. There were two problems formulated in this research. The first problem is how Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with another gender. Post-feminism was one of the interesting issues to be discussed. There were four post-feminist characteristics which help the researcher to know whether Margaret applies post-feminism theory in the language used in The Iron Lady movie or not. Those characteristics were;

General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism, Female Identity Crisis,

Focus on the Individual, and Revival of Traditional Femininities.

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During the analyzed process, the researcher enjoyed every invention related to the post-feminist ideology. The very interesting topic on post-feminism is not about gender equality anymore but it is about how to work together in the gender diversity. This was the sense that exactly applied in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in the movie. After the data analyzes, the researcher found that Margaret Thatcher represented the four of post-feminism characteristics in the way she interacts with others gender.

Based on the four types of post-feminist characteristics, the researcher found that characteristic of “Focus on the Individual” was the very often applied in the languages used by Margaret Thatcher. It was because of the personal characteristics of Margaret Thatcher; she has a very big political ambition, bravery, and high self-confidence. Those aspects shaped her personality into unshakeable person both in heart and mind.

The second characteristic that strongly applied in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie is the “Revival of

Traditional Femininities.” This is about motherhood. Besides her political ambition, Margaret also is a family lover. She is a life keeper that which is the basic characteristic of every woman, mother, and wife. As a great leader of the great United Kingdom, she still lives out her traditional femininities.

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The third strong characteristics that applied in Margaret’ languages is “General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism.” This characteristic is emphasizing on togetherness in the gender diversity. At the first, many people underestimated Margaret’s capability as a woman to be on the members of parliament. However, Margaret has proved that she could work together with another gender for almost twelve years. She proved it through the post-feminist characteristic according to the post feminism theory.

The last post-feminist characteristic that applied in the language used by Margaret in The Iron Lady movie is the “Female Identity Crisis.”

The researcher just found less than five occurrences of this characteristic in the languages used by Margaret Thatcher. It is mean that Margaret as a post-feminist figure is never feeling doubt in every action of her political policies. She knows exactly why, when, and where she has to go.

The second problem formulation is about the reactions of people to

Margaret’s political decisions. There were two general types of people reactions found in the languages used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron

Lady movie. The types were namely internal reactions and external reactions. Internal reactions were consisting of two doers of reaction; from her family and her party members, while external reactions were also consisting of two doers of reactions; her oppositional party and wide public rebellion. Most of the reactions of the people were in the form of soft reactions which are done in words only both in personal and public,

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51 such as newspaper, television, or radio. Some others reactions are done in the form of action, such as public demonstration without any victims. The very harmful reaction is done in the form of bombing. It is done by the doers of external reactions from her oppositional party. This reaction has resulted from high material losses.

B. Recommendations

The researcher’s first recommendation is for the future researchers who want to conduct similar research concerning the post-feminism language. The Iron Lady movie is an interesting movie about the struggling of a woman in order to realize her dream of life. The researcher expectation is that the future researcher could find other characteristics of post-feminism through The Iron Lady movie.

The second recommendation is for the future researchers that are willing to conduct research using The Iron Lady movie as the main subject. This movie is a rich of meanings movie. Future researchers could also conduct research on gender language, sociolinguistics, or even could also conduct motivation changing on young Margaret Thatcher and the elderly Margaret.

The third recommendation is for both lecturers and students of

English Language Education. They should realize that movie can be a good media to be discussed and analyzed. Even the researcher strongly

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52 recommended the English education’s students to use an English movie in order to improve their vocabulary masters.

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APPENDICES

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Synopsis for The Iron Lady Movie

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Synopsis for The Iron Lady Movie

A frail and elderly Margaret Thatcher is at breakfast with her husband

Denis. The small change of married life comprises their sporadic conversation.

We glimpse the house staff and perhaps assume Thatcher is still at the height of her powers if no longer actually in office but their attitude doesn't seem to correspond; they are not disrespectful, but neither are they deferential and we seem to be in some kind of superior retirement home. Thatcher peeps through the door but cannot make sense of what is happening outside and nor can we. From the window we see with her the comings and goings of security staff, presumably

Thatcher's personal protection team. It is only in a reverse shot when a woman finally comes to the Thatcher’s door and inquires if everything is alright that we see no-one is at the table where Denis was sitting only a split-second earlier.

Thatcher shops for milk at a convenience store. She seems bewildered by the price, talking about it to no-one in particular, and neither staff nor fellow customers seem to recognize her; to them she seems to be just another irritating old woman. One is impatient to the point of rudeness at being held up by her fumbling for the change to pay for the pint that is her only purchase. The scene has an air of unreality as if a dream sequence.

Back at the house, overheard snatches of conversation make it clear that the staff are dismayed that Thatcher had escaped their oversight to make this impromptu excursion into the real world outside unescorted and thereby confirm that it wasn't a flight of fancy on her part. Still a symbolic if clearly diminished

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57 figure, looking after her seems to be no more than a necessary nuisance to those around her.

Thatcher as a girl in Grantham experiences a Second World War air-raid.

She takes a not-inconsiderable risk as exploding bombs shake the house to leave the relative safety of the cupboard under the stairs but only to prevent some produce from spoilage by putting it away rather than to protect it from the raid as such. Later we see her as the focus of unkind remarks by her classmates from their point of view on the other side of the road. She seems isolated from them socially.

In a large hall, now a young woman Thatcher is flirted with by Denis as a young man. They discuss marriage and his support for her apparent political ambition is made clear by him. He soon proposes. We later see them at the theatre together, talking and joking. At a meeting, she is patronized and condescended to by the local Tory party grandees who clearly don't take her application to be the candidate for parliament very seriously but she is unabashed. As a grocer's daughter, she points out, she knows the cost of living and how to budget and will thus appeal to the housewives in the electorate. Compared unfavorably with another, military gentleman candidate she avers that she also faced danger during the war.

In parliament as a young Tory minister she rounds on the opposition politicians who have failed to offer her the respect she feels she deserves by lecturing them on their failure to attend to the content of her words rather than the

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58 manner in which they were delivered but her raised voice is gratingly strident and high-pitched.

We witness a cabinet meeting with Prime Minister Edward Heath.

Thatcher is quietly competent in her contributions but clearly a junior member of the government, seated as she is at the very far end of the cabinet table and having to lean forward to be seen by Heath who seems at first hardly to recall who she is.

In a private meeting, two unnamed advisers counsel Thatcher to consider standing for the leadership of the Tory party; she is incredulous. She is next seen in a voice-coaching session. Advised to deepen her delivery and inject authority, she calls 'Denis!' loudly, in a notably lower timbre, and he visibly jumps in his chair although on the far side of the large room. The advisers smile in satisfaction.

It is winter 1979. We see news headlines and archive footage about strike action. Leicester Square in central London is piled high with rubbish bags and

Thatcher witnesses people stopping in cars to throw theirs on the pile on the pavement in front of her as she walks by while those around express concern at the smell.

Her daughter Carol visits the elderly Thatcher and they discuss starting to sort through Denis's clothes and shoes so they can be sent to a charity shop. The task seems overwhelming to Thatcher both physically in terms of volume of material but also emotionally. She tries to speak to son Mark but cannot reach him by telephone.

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Thatcher speaks with one of the advisors in the Palace of Westminster underground car park as he is already in his car leaving. He drives away towards the exit ramp and Thatcher turns to walk to her own car but almost immediately there is an explosion and we cut to the car in flames outside; newspaper headlines tell us it was AireyNeave, victim of a car bomb.

Pinafore and standing at the kitchen stove Thatcher yet incongruously speaks of state matters and the need to attend to them. Denis complains of her absences from family life and testily shouting that she shouldn't worry about them

(her family) storms off.

After much industrial unrest the miners are now on strike. A beleaguered

Thatcher is driven away in her limousine through protesters holding placards bearing anti-Tory slogans as some hammer on the car's roof and windows, shouting angrily at her, faces contorted with rage and hatred.

The elderly Thatcher watches a DVD of Carol and son Mark as children playing on the beach.

After Argentina invades the Falkland Isles Thatcher has summoned the military top brass, determined to find whether it is possible to recover the islands.

The consensus being that it is, if only barely, but is perhaps also inadvisable,

Thatcher makes it clear that it must be done. Political speeches to parliament and scenes of preparation and the sailing of the task force follow. In a council of war she is given news of the Argentine ship the General Belgrano maneuvering in the vicinity of the Task Force. Advised that it is a threat, she gives the order to sink it.

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The elderly Thatcher speaks to a doctor. She comments acidly on his modern phraseology, comparing it unfavorably with the plainer and more meaningful language of her prime. He asks her about symptoms of dementia, including hallucination. Having by now witnessed numerous scenes where she has plainly imagined the dead Denis, we note her vague discomfiture as she says no, but her mental faculties seem acute enough; Thatcher is apparently now aware that she is imagining him. We begin to doubt that she has either Alzheimer's or any other form of dementia.

Cabinet members openly worry about their political careers because the government is so unpopular. Thatcher upbraids them for their lack of principle.

Apparently on her way to a public appearance, Thatcher requires the aid of a seamstress to mend her clothing. She thanks Crawfie by name. We see her moments later as part of a cabinet group portrait, the cabinet members now smiling around her.

The elderly Thatcher is hosting a dinner that includes former political colleagues. At the head of the table, she seems prime ministerial and asked to comment on Islamic extremism is forthright in her advocacy of resistance to it but seems for a moment to forget she is no longer premier as she speaks of what we must now do. There is a slightly embarrassed silence. Carol tells her plainly that she is no longer prime minister.

We are at the Tory party conference in Brighton. It is very late, the early hours of the morning, and Thatcher continues to work in her hotel suite on

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61 important papers as Denis retires next door to bed. There is a sudden explosion apparently centered on the bedroom and the rooms of the suite disintegrate.

Thatcher is distraught with concern, shouting for Denis who it seems must have died but he soon re-appears, unhurt and spirit unshaken, ruined shoes in hand (he had apparently been putting them outside the door to be cleaned and thus avoided the blast).

The elderly Thatcher now always talks to Denis in the full knowledge that she is imagining him and he answers in kind, challenging her to make him disappear. She switches on all manner of domestic appliances, radio, television and hi fi to drown him out. When we return to where he was sat he has gone.

Stalking the corridors of power Thatcher now seems isolated, glanced at menacingly by former trusted political friends and murmuring darkly about plots against her. The end of her political reign seems at hand.

Suffering insomnia, Thatcher begins the herculean task of sorting through

Denis's belongings. By morning it is done, to Carol's amazement when she arrives later.

In the final scene of the film, Denis pads down the hallway barefoot, the last pair of shoes now in his hand, stopping at the far end to put them on and although Thatcher now begs him to stay, walks away telling her she will be all right.

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Director : Phyllida Lloyd

Studio : Alliance Films

Producer(s) : Damian Jones

Screenplay : Abi Morgan

Portrayed by : Meryl Streep

Official Site : http://weinsteinco.com/sites/iron-lady/

Posting by : BigJobMan, 2 years ago

Taken from : http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1007029/synopsis

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Appendix A

Postfeminism Characteristics Applies in Margaret’s Languages

Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism Old Margaret 00:01:41,242 2 going out to 1 How much is the milk? - Shop  buy some 00:01:42,802 milks 00:02:35,418 Too much. Much too 6 2 -  much butter. 00:02:39,108 00:02:46,889 7 3 Milk’s gone up. - Old Margaret 

00:02:49,080 having Kitchen 00:02:46,889 8 breakfast with 4 49p a pint. - her husband 

00:02:49,080 00:03:14,834 12 5 Eat your egg! - 

00:03:16,427 00:04:34,318 23 Old Margaret 6 No no no no. The grey! - are standing in 

00:04:37,082 front of a wide cupboard and Bedroom 00:04:48,936 25 Denis’ hand 7 Yes. Definitely the grey. - reaches across, 

00:04:51,611 wavering between

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism jackets of brown tweed and grey twill 00:05:46,102 Old Margaret Wear your scarf! 38 8 - asks Denis to  There’s a chill out there. 00:05:50,831 Drawing wear scarf Silly man. 00:07:32,688 56 Room because the 9 He hasn’t got his scarf - weather is cold 

on. 00:07:38,344 outside. Young Margaret with her father, mother, and her sister are Her 00:08:23,017 hiding under 59 Family’s 10 I’ll go. - the table  shop. 00:08:23,842 because of air 1943 raid. And her father asking for someone to cover the butter Young Her 00:09:30,825 Margaret got a I’ve got a place at 76 Family’s 11 - telegram from  Oxford. shop. 00:09:33,098 Oxford 1943 University 12 I didn’t know that you 00:11:54,695 100 Drawing Her daughter 

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism were dropping by today, - Room Carol came to dear. 00:11:59,711 visit her (Old 00:12:11,165 Margaret) Of course. We’re having 105 13 -  halibut. 00:12:16,526 We must release a 00:13:03,440 117 Old Margaret 14 statement, offering our - and Carol were  condolences. 00:13:08,311 Drawing watching 00:13:10,870 Room We must never, ever, 119 bombing news 15 -  ever give in to terrorist. on TV 00:13:15,154 00:13:54,667 126 16 There was no milk. - 

00:13:56,147 00:13:59,367 I’m not for the knackers 128 Carol asks Old 17 -  yet. Margaret not 00:14:01,558 to go out If I can’t go out to buy a herself. If she milk then what is the needs world coming to. Really Bedroom something, she Carol, please don’t fush can asks one about it. You’ve always 00:14:06,485 131 of house 18 been like this, fuss fuss -  assistance to fuss. You must find 00:14:36,272 help her something better to do with your time. It’s most unattractive in a woman. When I was your age the

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism last thing I wanted to do was fuss around my mother. 00:16:33,177 Oh, yes, to his core. And 164 19 -  Mayor of Grantham. 00:16:38,088 00:16:41,823 166 20 Yes. - 

00:16:42,720 Young 00:16:42,755 Dining Oh, yes. It was a family 167 Margaret 21 - Room.  business. attends Drinks 00:16:49,210 1950 Party 00:16:52,343 That and a degree from 169 22 -  Oxford. 00:16:54,655 00:17:01,569 170 23 Whisky - 

00:17:03,288 What I do think is that a Young man should be Margaret encouraged to stand on expressed her his own two feet. Yes 00:17:11,082 point of view we help people of course 171 Dining 24 - among the we help people. But for Room 00:17:32,080 party members those that can do, they about how to must just get up and do. eradicate And if something’s poverty wrong, they shouldn’t

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism just whine about it, they should get in there and DO something about it, change things. Can serve very well for 00:17:35,354 177 25 the people of Dartford - 

too. 00:17:38,191 I know much more than those who have never lived on a limited 00:17:38,959 income. Just like a man 179 26 -  or woman in the street, 00:17:49,827 when I’m short one week, I have to make economies the next. A man might call it 00:17:53,124 fiscal responsibility, a - 183 27  woman might call it 00:17:58,907 good housekeeping. Can you do the clasp, I 00:20:57,152 217 Carol helps 28 can’t quite… - Old Margaret 

Thank you. 00:21:02,517 with her shoes Dressing 00:21:45,627 and have some What does Mark think 227 Room 29 - discussion  about it? (Margaret 00:21:48,200 about seeing ’s house) Yes. Tell him to come 00:21:53,718 229 Margaret’s 30 up. I want to talk to him - Doctor on the 

about it. 00:21:57,293 next day.

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would you Carol 00:22:12,478 darling? You look exhausted, dear. You really must try 00:23:00,612 237 32 to get some sleep. - 

Taxis’ll be few and far 00:23:19,362 between at this hour… 00:23:27,719 Good night, dear. 241 33 - 

00:23:29,694 Denis told Margaret that as a grocer’s daughter, the only way for 00:25:16,257 258 Town her to be in the 34 And proud of being. -   Hall. 1950 parliament is 00:25:18,866 by being a moderately successful businessman like Denis. I love you so much 00:26:09,246 Denis Propose 268 Town 35 but…. I will never be - Margaret and  Hall. 1950 one of those women 00:26:24,140 Margaret.

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism Denis – who stays silent Margaret asks and pretty in the arm of Denis’ her husband. Or remote understanding and alone in the kitchen on her doing the washing up for ideology. that matter. No – one’s life must matter, Denis. Beyond the cooking and the cleaning and the 00:26:26,583 children, one’s life must 273 36 -  mean more than that – I 00:26:48,780 cannot die washing up a tea cup. I mean it Denis, say you understand. The right honorable Margaret serve gentleman knows that on Secretary we have no choice but to Of State For close the schools! Education, in House of front of the 00:33:05,031 Common Because his union 306 members of 37 - Chamber.  paymasters have called a parliament she 00:33:36,988 1974 strike deliberately to decided to

cripple our economy. close some of Teachers cannot teach the schools when there is no heating, because those no lighting in their schools are

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism classrooms. And I ask considers the honorable unfit. gentleman, whose fault is that? The Opposition Benches, rocking in If the right honorable their seats, gentleman could perhaps House of laughing, and attend more closely to 00:33:59,534 Common sniggering to WHAT I am saying, 313 38 - Chamber. Margaret  rather than HOW I am 00:34:13,105 1974 because of the saying it, he may receive way she a valuable education in delivered her spite of himself. speech with the voice that increasingly shrill. Prime Minister, with the Cabinet Miners’ leader calling meeting today for the army to 00:35:47,947 336 Cabinet discussing 39 mutiny in support of the - Room. about  

strikes, this seems the 00:35:57,971 1974 possibility for wrong time for dialogue with conciliation. the miners. I’ve decided. I’m going 00:38:14,822 375 Kitchen. Suddenly 40   to run. - 1974 Margaret told

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism 00:38:18,257 Denis and Carol that she I’m going to run for 00:38:21,471 377 is going to run 41 Leader of the Party. -   for the leader 00:38:24,528 of the party What I’m saying is that someone must force the 00:38:44,918 383 42 point, say the unsayable. - 

None of these men have 00:38:54,193 the guts. But he’s weak, and he’s 00:38:58,731 weakened the party. One 386 43 -  must know when to go. 00:39:06,681 You’re shaking. And do you need a rest? Denis and Carol are not We both know that it’s Kitchen. agree with her highly unlikely that I 1974 decision to run would ever be elected for the leader leader, I’ll never be of the party. 00:39:21,081 elected leader. But I will 393 44 -   run. I will run. Just to 00:39:21,081 nip at their heels and make them reaffirm the principles on which the Conservative Party must stand. There’s so much to do.

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service, you knew that. 00:39:57,098 And it is my duty - It’s all very well to talk about changing my voice, Mr. Reece, but for Margaret, some of my colleagues Reece, and to imagine me as their Airey are leader would be like watching imagining, I don’t know, 00:42:03,388 434 Reece’s Margaret’s 46 being led into battle by - Office. interview on 

their chambermaid. It’s 00:42:30,088 1975 Television. my background and my They gave fit sex. No matter how I’ve back on tried, and I have tried, to Margaret’s fit in, I will never be Interview. truly one of them.

Prime minister?! Oh no. Reece and oh no no no. in Britain? Airey certainly There will be no female 00:42:56,654 Reece’s sure on Prime Minister here, not 449 47 - Office. Margaret’s  in my lifetime. No. and I 00:43:22,211 1975 possibility to told Airey, I don’t be Prime expect to win the Minister leadership, but I am

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism going to run. Just to shake up the party Margaret agree to leave her Gentlemen, I am in your hat and even hands. I may be her hand bag, persuaded to surrender but she reduce the hat. But the pearls 00:43:51,226 462 to remove her 48 were a gift - pearls 

from my husband on the 00:44:09,203 necklace birth of our twins and because it was they are absolutely her husband’s non-negotiable. gift on their twins born day. Really. 01:00:12,544 How much is a pack of 674 49 -  Lurpak? Margaret 01:00:16,106 refused the Butter, Francis. perception said Forty two pence. Anchor Drawing that the butter is forty pence. Room. government 01:00:16,141 Flora Margarine, still the 675 1980 are out of 50 -  cheapest, is thirty eight touch with the 01:00:37,118 pence. I can assure you I country. am not out of touch. What – did you say? 51 Don’t try to hide your 01:00:38,288 683 She angry with 

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism opinions. Goodness me, - those who do I’d much rather you 01:00:57,517 not speak out were honest and their opinion straightforward about openly but them – instead of then speak up continuously and to the mass damagingly leaking media. them to the press. Well? Gentlemen, if we don’t cut spending we will be bankrupt. Yes the medicine is harsh but the patient requires it in order to live. Shall we withhold the medicine? No! we are not wrong. We didn’t seek election 01:01:18,272 Drawing and win in order to 695 52 - Room.   manage the decline of a 01:02:05,667 1980 great nation. The people of this country chose us because they believe we can restore the health of the British economy and we will do just that! Barring a failure of nerve.

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism Anything else? Thank you. You saved the day once again, Crawfie, you’re an angel. There must be closures 01:02:59,522 of uneconomic coal 717 53 -  mines; we seek only an 01:03:06,747 efficient industry. There are those who 01:03:23,798 Margaret has would say hold back, 720 54 - Corridor. decided to  there are those to make 01:03:29,592 House of close some of us retreat… Commons the But we shall never give  . 1981 uneconomical in to them. We shall coal mines. never waver, not for a 01:03:29,627 722 55 second, in our -

determination to see this 01:03:42,735 country prosper once again. Gentlemen, the Margaret asks Argentinian Junta – her ministers which is a fascist gang – Study. and military 01:09:03,039 has invaded our 775 Downing men about the 56 -  sovereign territory. This Street. Argentinian’s 01:09:32,841 cannot be tolerated. May 1982 invaded to the I make plain my Britain negotiating position. I sovereign

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism will not negotiate with territory. criminals or thugs. The Falkland islands belong to Britain, and I want them back. Gentlemen, I need you to tell me today if that is possible. I don’t think we should 01:10:24,614 795 One of 57 worrying about money - Margaret’s 

at this point, Geoffrey. 01:10:28,173 cabinet members: Geoffrey Howe said that Study. The government has the cost of Downing now decided that the sending 28.000 01:10:37,744 Street. large task force will sail, 799 men and 58 - 1982  as soon as all hundred ships 01:10:47,294 preparation are for about complete. twelve thousands miles is crippling 1941, when Japan Margaret have attacked Pearl Harbour. 01:11:20,874 809 Drawing a hard 59 Did America go cap in - Room. discussion  

hand and ask Tojo for a 01:11:49,056 1982 with General peaceful negotiation of Haig about

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism terms? Did she turn her Margaret’s back on her own citizens propose to go there because the islands to the war. were thousands of miles General Haig from mainland United asks her to States? No, no, no! We think again will stand on principle or before go to we shall not stand at all. war, because With all due respect sir, the land is I have done battle every thousands single day of my life, miles away and many men have with a little underestimated me 01:11:53,692 817 citizens and 60 before. This lot seem - insignificant 

bound to do the same 01:12:14,165 politically and but they will rue the day. economically.

Now, shall I be mother?

The peace plan? There Margaret will be no appeasement. refuse on This is a war. A war peace plan they started and by God, 01:15:03,875 Downing 859 proposed by 61 we will finish. Shall I - Street.  President tell you what I’m going 01:15:31,191 1982 Reagan and to write to every single President of one of these families, Peru these heartbroken

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism families? I am going to tell them that no Britain soldier will die in vain for the Falklands. As the only Prime Margaret Minister in the history of wrote letter to our country who is also 01:15:37,249 867 Downing the Falkland’s 62 a mother with a son of - Street. families who  

my own, I can imagine 01:15:50,356 1982 lost those your agony, and your family in the grief. Falkland war. We congratulate the men Victory and women of the armed 01:16:59,593 Downing 880 celebration 63 Forces for their skill, - Street. after the bravery and loyalty to 01:17:08,848 1982 Falkland war. this country. We were faced with an act of unprovoked aggression and we responded as we have House of Margaret is responded in times past: Commons fighting with 01:17:09,718 with unity, strength and 882 Chamber Michael Foot 64 -   courage, sure in the Parliamen from the 01:18:08,817 knowledge that though t. Labour much is sacrificed, in the 1982 Benches. end, right will prevail over wrong.

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism And I put it to the Honorable Member opposite that this is not a day for him to carp, find fault, demand inquiries – they will happen I can assure him of that for we have nothing to hide – no, this is a day to put difference aside, hold one’s head high and take pride in being British. 01:19:24,688 I don’t agree in any 900 Margaret 65 - House of  measure! refuse to be a 01:19:28,251 Commons members of 01:19:31,877 Stairway. I don’t think the country 902 European 66 - 1990  is ready for it yet. Union 01:19:34,113 Discussing House of Our policies maybe about the tax 01:19:50,936 909 Commons 67 unpopular, but they are that asks  - 01:19:55,006 . the right policies. everyone to 1990 pay the same Nonsense. Arrant Discussing House of nonsense. This is a 01:20:10,078 about the tax Commons 68 simple proposition. In - 915 that asks  . order to live in this 01:22:03,658 everyone to 1990 country, you must pay pay the same

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism for the privilege – something, anything! If you pay nothing, you care nothing. What do you care where you throw your rubbish? your council estate is a mess, your town, graffiti, what do you care? It’s not your problem, it’s somebody else’s problem - - it’s the government’s problem! YOUR problem is, some of you, is that you haven’t got the courage for this fight. You haven’t had to fight hard for anything. It’s all been given to you – and you feel guilty about it! Well, may I say, on behalf of all those who HAVE had to fight their way up, (and who don’t feel guilty about it) we resent those slackers who take, take, take, and

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(SILENCE) And I see the same thing, the same cowardice in our fight within the European Union, to retain British sovereignty of Britain, the integrity of the pound! Some of you want to make concessions. I hear some of you agree with the latest French proposals. Well, why don’t you get on a boat to Calais? Why don’t you put on a beret, and pay 85% of your income to the French government!

Right. What can we realistically hope to achieve by the end of session, Lord President? And why have we not

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism made more progress to date? What is that? Is that a timetable? I haven’t seen that. May I see it? This is ridiculous. There are two “T’s” in “committee”!

This is shameful. Shameful! I can even rely on you for a simple timetable! Are you unwell? Yes you are unwell. Give me the pencil, give it to me! 01:22:23,618 952 69 -

If this is the best you can 01:23:19,599 do I had better send you to hospital, and I shall do your job as well as my own and everyone else’s. Gentlemen.

As the Lord President has come to cabinet unprepared, I am obliged to close this meeting.

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Good morning! Margaret Watching 01:28:54,465 Downing evening news I am the Prime Minister. 1025 70 - Street. about formal 

01:28:56,366 1990 announce of Howe’s resignation. I offer my resignation 01:29:31,930 1035 Study. Margaret’s 71 after eleven and a half - Downing Resignation 

extraordinary years.. 01:29:37,846 Street time Margaret’s expression in Proud to have left Corridor. 01:29:38,819 front of all the Britain in a much better 1037 Downing 72 - staff before  state than when we took Street. 01:29:44,446 she leave office. 1990 Downing Street All those years of taking 01:31:12,851 1045 Denis 73 the tough decisions, does -  responded on any of it matter now? 01:31:19,226 Margaret’s 01:31:25,864 Bedroom. 1050 doubt about all 74 These inept placatory. - Chester  her action 01:31:30,626 Square during her 01:31:30,661 1051 serve as Prime 75 Vacillators! Poll takers. -  Minister. 01:31:34,562

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Postfeminism Characteristics Setting of General Female Focus on the Revival of No Margaret’s Language Time Scene Context Place Rejection of Identity Individual Traditional Second Wave Crisis Femininities Feminism 01:31:34,597 So busy taking the pulse 1052 76 -  of the public! 01:31:37,513 Don’t they know if you take the tough decisions, 01:31:46,655 1056 77 yes people will hate you - 

today but they’ll thank 01:31:56,647 you for generations. Margaret over All I wanted was to 01:32:19,288 1059 the reasons for 78 make difference in the - all her busy  Bedroom. world. 01:32:23,153 which is Chester All I wanted was for my consider as Square children to grow up well popularity and be happy – happier seekers by 01:32:33,622 than I was certainly. Denis 79 - 1061  And I wanted you to be 01:33:08,638 happy of course. Were you happy, Denis? Tell me the truth. 21 3 36 26 TOTAL Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences

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Appendix B

Types of People Reactions on Margaret’s decisions

Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action

CAROL'S utter 00:38:30,053 378 Carol’s disappointment - on seeing she 00:38:31,834 response has lost on MARGARET Kitchen. already. Margaret’s Flood 1 decisions    CAROL: Street. Silly me! to run for 1974 the leader CAROL storms out of the of the kitchen. party

DENIS 00:39:52,188 400 Denis’ You're - response 2 insufferable,   Margaret, do 00:39:49,868 Kitchen. on you know that? Flood Margaret’s MARGARET Denis, you Street. decisions married 1974 to run for 3 someone who is committed to the leader public service, of the you knew that.

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action And it is my party duty DENIS 00:39:58,392 402 Don't call it - duty. It's ambition which 00:40:13,248 has got you this far. Ambition. 4 And the rest of    us, me, the children, we can all go to hell!

Don't worry about me, I'll be fine! FOOT 00:58:35,748 645 Can the Right - Honourable Lady deny, that 00:59:16,387 having brought House of The leader about the highest level of Commons of Labor 5 unemployment    Chambers Outrage on since 1934- 1980 speech. The biggest fall in total output in steel and coal production in one year since

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action 1931. And the biggest collapse in industrial production since 1921.

Can she also accept that her free market economics designed to create a growing middle class ensures that the rich get richer and the poor are irrelevant! PROTESTORS: 00:59:16,422 655 Out... Out... - Out... 6 Maggie... 00:59:27,302 People     On the Maggie... protest on Maggie. Street. Out...out... out free London. PROTESTOR market 1: 1981 strategy 7 You're supposed     to be a mother! You're not a mother, you're a

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action monster! You're a monster! PYM: 01:00:58,038 688 8 Well, people -   can't pay their mortgages. 01:01:00,327 The GILMOUR: 01:01:00,362 689 members The - of her 9 manufacturing   industry is 01:01:02,669 cabinet practically on discussing its knees. PYM : 01:01:02,704 690 Drawing about the Honest, hard- - Room. closures of working, decent people are 01:01:06,169 1980 some of 10 losing their   the miners homes. It's terribly because of shameful. free

GILMOUR: 01:01:07,461 692 market The point is, - strategy 11 Prime Minister,   that we must 01:01:10,015 moderate the pace. (ARCHIVE Downing Miners 12 FOOTAGE):    Street. protest’s Rioting in

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action Brixton, 1980 on the burning cars, governmen huge civil unrest t police of (ARCHIVE Laborer’s FOOTAGE): 13 Protest marches, Block     `People's March for Jobs', `No pit closures" (ARCHIVE FOOTAGE): Violent clashes 14 between    protesting miners and police. MINER'S WIFE (V.O.): The miners are 15 being starved    back to work, the need is desperate! NEWS Several READER (V.O.): London. bombs are 16 A car bomb has    1984 exploded exploded outside Harrods on the day department

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action store, killing six Conservati people and ve Party injuring 71. NEWS Conferenc READER 2 e. (V.O.): Eleven soldiers died today when two bombs were 17 detonated    during military parades in Hyde Park and Regent’s Park. Seven horses also died in the blasts. NEWS READER 3 18 (V.O.):   The IRA have claimed responsibility. MARGARET peering out, a Victory of sea of union Downing Falkland 19 jacks and Street.      bunting. Cheers, war the street lined 1982 celebration as the car pulls into Downing

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action Street-

The blur of noise, cheering, jostling banners THEN the shroud of black uniforms suddenly encasing the car, blocking out the light- A CACOPHONY of CHEERS, APPLAUSE, just audible far 20 off, as      MARGARET steps out into the street, the CAMERA follows her out peering up. Newspaper Ballroom. Headlines: PROFITS, White 21 PROFITS,   House. PROFITS! BOOMING 1981 BUSINESS!

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action MAGGIE'S MILLIONAIRE S! GEOFFREY 01:19:28,286 901 HOWE: - But Prime Margaret 22 Minister the 01:19:31,842   question of the House Of and European single Commons Geoffrey currency will come up. stairway. discuss on GEOFFREY 01:19:34,148 903 1990 European HOWE: - 23 Union   But we cannot 01:19:36,774 bury our heads in the sand... NEWS Margaret JOURNALIST (V.O.): and her A lot of cabinet Conservative House of MP's and discussing Commons 24 Ministers are about   saying that there Hallway. must be a equally tax 1990 change in that treatment style of management. for every That Mrs citizens Thatcher must

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action listen more, and on occasion, give in.

PYM (O.S.): 01:19:44,713 907 The point is, - Prime Minister, I don't think we 01:19:50,902 25 can sell the idea   of a tax that asks everyone to pay the same.

MINISTER 1 01:19:55,041 910 (V.O.): - Prime Minister I just don't think 01:20:01,495 we can ask the 26 poorest of the   poor to pay the same amount of tax as a multi- millionaire.

MINISTER 2: 01:20:05,107 914 Because - people... on the 27 whole...think 01:20:10,043   that the tax is manifestly unfair.

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action (ARCHIVE 01:24:12,194 964 FOOTAGE) A - HUGE MACABRE 01:24:15,930 PAPIER- MACHE THATCHER HEAD, grimacing with People one eyeball Downing Protest on blinded and the other detached Street. high tax by 28 and hanging     London. the bloody on a cheek. 1990 governmen

t ANGRY CROWD(chanti ng) Can't pay, won't pay! Can't pay,won't pay! Can't pay, won't pay! ANGRY Downing People PROTESTORS Street. protest on 29 slapping the     glass as they London. high tax pass, the sense 1990 for every of the car being

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action attacked. The citizens smear of smashed egg against the window screen.

PROTESTORS: Out... Out... Out... (ARCHIVE FOOTAGE): Relentless images of violence over this. Mass riots. PROTESTORS charging POLICE Trafalgar LINES. Square. 30 POLICE on     HORSEBACK London. trying to force 1990 the PROTESTORS back. One of them - a GIRL - caught out, goes down with her placard, and is trampled

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action beneath the horses' hooves, horribly. RIOTERS with blood streaming down their faces.

Banners – DEATH TO MAGGIE. OFF WITH HER HEAD. PROTESTORS: Maggie... Maggie... Maggie. Out...out... out!!!.

With a 31 WHOOSH of     flames the north side of Piccadilly Circus goes up in flames. Smoke and blood and fire everywhere.

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action

GEOFFREY: 01:24:54,560 966

- One of her My letter of 01:25:34,743 very loyal resignation. members; Our differences, Geoffrey I'm afraid, cannot be Howe reconciled. resign

Downing from the I have done what I believe Street. cabinet 32 to be right for    Office. because of my party and my country. The 1990 the time has come difference for others to consider their point of own response to view the tragic conflict of between loyalties with Margaret which I have myself wrestled and Howe for perhaps too long. HESELTINE 01:25:52,369 978 Downing One of her 33 ON TV:     - Street. ministers;

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action I'm here to 01:26:11,324 1990 Heseltine announce my put his decision to put my name name as forward as Margaret’s leader of the Conservative rival as a party. I have leader of nothing but admiration for Conservati our Prime ve Party Minister, Margaret Thatcher, but I believe our party and our country need a new leader. MINISTER 1: 01:27:49,093 1008 We will never - 34 win another   election led by 01:27:53,169 Dining that woman. 01:27:53,204 1009 Room. MINISTER 2: 35 We need a - Chester   leader who Square listens. 01:27:54,929 MINISTER 3: 01:27:54,964 1010 36 This isn't about   - her, it's about

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action the party. 01:27:56,971 01:27:57,006 1011 MINISTER 4: - 37   One must know 01:27:58,927 when to go. MINISTER 1: 01:27:58,962 1012 The question is, - 38 how does 01:28:01,359   anyone put it to her? The signal MINISTER 2 : 01:28:02,600 1013 If you were to of her - stand, I of ministers course would 01:28:12,831 Drawing vote for you that they Room. 39 Prime Minister- do not   - of course Chester would vote for want her to Square you Prime lead the Minister but I don't think you party can win. anymore Minister 3: 01:28:10,123 1015 The loyalty of - 40 my colleagues 01:28:12,831   cannot be counted upon. 41 Speaker (v.o.): House of Margaret  Order! Order!

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action Northern Voice Commons sits alone (v.o.): on the This is a naked 42 strategy of front    closing some bench, coal mines and then selling off while a Irish Voice stream of (v.o.): This is the voices woman who's from the 43 watched ten    men on hunger past came strike starve through. themselves to death and never flinched! Male Voice 44 (v.o.):   Cynical Falklands war Minister (v.o.): More 45 homeowners,   more shareholders, more savings - Bedroom. Denis’ 46 Popularity   seekers Chester reacts on

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Types of Reaction

Internal Reaction External Reaction N People Time Scene Setting Context Wide o Reaction Mass Media Opposition Family Party Words Actions Rebellion Party Action Square Margaret’s hesitation on all her actions for years. 6 21 40 15 19 3 9 TOTAL Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences occurrences Occurrences

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Appendix C

Motivation Words that Affect Margaret’s Political Action and Decision.

When the N The Person Who give Types of Words/Language Time words/language o the word/language was given 1 We on this island are strong. Alfred Roberts Grantham 1943 We're self-reliant. (Margaret’s Father) Sometimes we're plain bloody minded. But we also believe in helping each other. And I don't mean by state hand- outs... 2 Never run with the crowd, 00:09:15,753 Alfred Roberts Margaret. - Go your own way. 00:09:19,323

3 Don't let me down Margaret. ‘’

4 We on this island are strong. ‘’ Town Hall.1949 We're self-reliant. Napoleon called us a nation of shopkeepers. 5 He meant it as an insult but to me it's a compliment. That's why he couldn't beat us, and that's why Hitler can't beat us.

We Conservatives believe in giving people the freedom and opportunity to fulfil their own potential,especially the young. There's no good in pretending we're all equal, we're not all the same, never have been, never will be. We should encourage our children to aspire to achieve more than we have, for our children today will be the leaders of tomorrow. 6 Respectfully, Margaret, I Airey Neave Reece’s Office. disagree. If you want to change London. this party, lead it. If you want 1975 To change the country, lead it. What we're talking about here today is surface. What's crucial is that you hold your course, and

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When the N The Person Who give Types of Words/Language Time words/language o the word/language was given stay true to who you are. Never be anything other than yourself.

7 Give `em hell! “ Backstage. You look magnificent. Next stop Conference Prime Minister. Hall.Brighton.1979

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Appendix D

Underestimated Words on Margaret’s Background and Gender

When the The Person Who Give No Types of Words/Languages Words/Languages was The Words/Languages given 1 Margaret, do you want to come to the Pretty young woman 1 Grantham. Street. 1943 pictures?

2 She can't come, she's got to study. Pretty young woman 1 Miss Hoity Toity!

3 So was your father a political Portly Host Dining man, too, Miss Roberts? Room.Dartford.1949. When she attends And a grocer as well! Cabinet’s Dinner 4 And did you help, err, in the...shop? Hostess ‘’

5 A very good starting point for the Grey Suited Man ‘’ political life, I'm sure.

6 I'm not sure a home economics Male Guest ‘’ lesson is quite what the Dartford constituents need. They see industry being nationalized, the unions on the up, the pound on the slide...whoever can sort that lot out - he's my man. 7 So, Margaret, how would you have Michael Dining Room. Chester dealt with this if you'd been Prime Square.London Minister? 8 Methinks the Right Honourable lady Shadow Minister House of Commons doth screech to much. If she wants us to Chamber.1974 take her seriously she must learn to calm down!