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The World's Most Polluted Places

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The World's Most Polluted Places A Roadmap for closing Waste Dumpsites The World’s most Polluted Places With the support from: ISWA The International Solid Waste Association, is a global, independent and non-profit making association, working in the public interest to promote and develop sustain- able waste management. ISWA’s objective is the worldwide exchange of information and experience on waste management. The association promotes the adoption of acceptable systems of ISWA professional waste management through technological development and improve- ment of practices for the protection of human life, health and the environment as well as the conservation of materials and energy as the conservation of materials and energy resources. ISWA’s vision is an Earth where no waste exists. Waste should be reused and reduced to a minimum, then collected, recycled and treated properly. Residual matter should be disposed of in a safely engineered way, ensuring a clean and healthy environment. All people on Earth should have the right to enjoy an environment with clean air, earth, seas and soils. To be able to achieve this, we need to work together. 3 Fig. 1: Waste Atlas / Summarized information of the 50 biggest active dumpsites 4 Fig. 1: Waste Atlas / Summarized information of the 50 biggest active dumpsites 5 Foreword Waste is about people. Our lives, the air ers, informal collectors and scavengers, we breathe, the water we drink, the food are dealt with in detail. We offer guidance we grow and eat, the resources we cut on how to finance change, a daunting down or out of the ground, the clean- prospect in many places. liness of our environs and especially the cities we live in, are all impacted by This report gives us hope that the inter- poor waste management. No clearer national community will move forward on example of a badly run city or town is its recommendations to close the world’s shown by how poor is its waste manage- most polluting sites. We owe it to the ment system. When waste is burning in people living in or near them, but we owe it open dumps, spreading dioxins over the to our children and their children too. landscape, black smoke billowing into We thank the authors, I (David) thank the the air, then you know that place is badly Board of ISWA for approving the project, administered. When animals and children Antonis for leading it and the Norwegian are living in waste dumps, you know you Solid Waste Association Avfall Norge, are in a situation where probably corrup- for their generous donation, which we tion is rife, the city has few financial hope, will be an encouragement for other resources, and the politicians have not countries to get involved in this critical got their priorities right: protecting the matter immediately. health and well-being of us, citizens living there. Because as this report, and the 2015 Global David Newman Waste Management Outlook (by UNEP and ISWA President ISWA) make clear, doing the right thing is 09.2012/09.2016 cheaper than allowing bad practice to continue over time. Yet even to well inten- Antonis Mavropolous tioned local administrators and ministers, ISWA President it seems that doing the right thing is too 09.2016 expensive, an insurmountable barrier of political, social and economic opposition to overcome to make change happen. Change can happen, and happily it happens more than we imagine. This report sets out how we can move from dramatically polluting sites to better, cleaner practices. Much of the report focuses on governance because good governance is key to getting the rest right. And the relationships with private enterprise, merchants, transport- 7 Antonis Mavropoulos Luís Marinheiro Peter Cohen James Law Derek Greedy Ana Loureiro Sifis Plimakis Timothy Bouldry 8 Team This report has been prepared as a part of James Law ISWA’s Scientific and Technical Committee Vice-Chair of ISWA’s Landfill Working Work-Program 2015-2016. Group, SCS Engineers (Author and advisor on technical issues). More about James at The report is a collective work that was his profile: realized by the following team: www.linkedin.com/in/law-james-93076329 Antonis Mavropoulos Ana Loureiro ISWA STC Chair, CEO of D-Waste (Coordi- Member of ISWA’s Working Group on nator and Lead Author). More about Antonis Communication and Social Issues (Commu- at his website: nication advisor). More about Ana at her http://wastelessfuture.com profile: https://pt.linkedin.com/in/ana-loureiro-29266414 Peter Cohen Social Development Consultant for the The great photos of Timothy Bouldry Inter-American Development Bank and the have substantially advanced this report. World Bank (Author and advisor on social Timothy is a photographer and activist that issues). More about Peter at his profile: has been photographing, exploring and https://br.linkedin.com/in/peter-cohen-b4168015 educating people about dumpsites and the people who live in them, for several years. Derek Greedy Timothy is also the focal point for ISWA’s Member of ISWA’s Landfill Working Group, Scholarship Program. His work is available waste management consultant (Author and at his website: advisor on governance issues). More about www.timothybouldry.com Derek at his profile: https://uk.linkedin.com/in/derek-greedy-03593213 Sifis Plimakis Research fellow at the National Centre for Public Performance - Rutgers Univer- sity (Author and advisor on financial and economic issues). More about Sifis at his profile: https://gr.linkedin.com/in/sifis-plimakis-65578745 Luís Marinheiro Chair of ISWA’s Landfill Working Group, waste management consultant (Author and advisor on technical issues). More about Luis at his profile: https://pt.linkedin.com/in/luís-marinheiro-42007b17 9 Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge: The valuable work that has been done by ISWA’s Landfill Working Group. This work The great input and inspiration received has set the scene for the current report. by the Global Waste Management Outlook report. Special thanks to the GWMO edito- The contribution made by Jeroen Ijgosse, rial team: Michele Lambertini and Paula Guerra in the field of the Social Aspects of Waste Professor David C Wilson (Editor-in-Chief) Management. Dr. Prasad Modak The great support and help received by Professor Mona Iyer ISWA’s General Secretariat members Kata Tisza and Paul Stegmann. Dr. Ljiljana Rodic This report has also been made possible Professor Costas Velis thanks to the generous financial support Dr. Otto Simonett of the Norwegian Solid Waste Association, Avfall Norge - www.avfallnorge.no Ainhoa Carpintero 11 List of figures and tables 4 Figure 1: Waste Atlas / Summarized information of the 50 biggest active dumpsites 27 Figure 2: Dumpsites as a global challenge 30 Figure 3: Integrated sustainable waste management framework from GWMO 40 Figure 4: The social dimensions of waste management 53 Figure 5: Steps required for working with informal recyclers 58 Figure 6: Waste governance conceptual model and elements 67 Figure 7: Policy roadmap towards integrated waste management of the government of the Republic of Sierra Leone 68 Figure 8: Scale economies in landfill operational cost 81 Figure 9: The structure of a PPP project 82 Figure 10: A potential structure of financial instruments 85 Figure 11: Summary of eligibility criteria 89 Figure 12: Cost recovery conceptual model 118 Figure 13: Prescriptive cover section profile 118 Figure 14: ET cover section profile 119 Figure 15: Upgrading liner section profile 34 Table 1: Closing the dumpsites and SDGs 46 Table 2: Actors categorization and possible impacts 95 Table 3: Iimmediate improvements for dumpsites 112 Table 4: Alternative financial instruments 116 Table 5: Alternative cost recovery options 12 Contents 15 Key-messages 18 Introduction Scope of work Next steps ISWA’s Scholarship Programme 24 Alarming signals 28 What it means to close a dumpsite 32 Dumpsites and the Sustainable Development Goals 38 It’s about People, not Waste The Social Dimensions of Solid Waste Social Management of Dumpsite Closure Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Engagement Communication and Awareness Raising Strategies Informal Recyclers 57 Governance is the key for change A public interest issue The systemic shift required Elements of the systemic shift Developing human resources and waste management departments Transition period: the case of Bo City, Sierra Leone The importance of regionalization 71 Financial and economic problems: Yes we can! A note on International Aid Tools and their efficiency Negative economic impacts by dumpsites Barriers for closing a dumpsite Alternative schemes for financing a dumpsite closure & system upgrade Alternative institutional forms Eligibility criteria Benefits from dumpsite closures and system upgrade Cost recovery and tariffs Suggestions for the International Aid tools 92 Technical challenges: there is a solution for every problem The need for immediate improvements Long-term solutions Closure Plan Cover System Cover Design Types Key Issues & Tips for Successful Managing Technical Challenges Guidance on Applying Closure Solutions Site allocation for a new Sanitary Landfill Basic steps of construction & operation of a new facility 112 Annex 1: Alternative financial instruments 116 Annex 2: Alternative cost recovery options 118 Annex 3: Cover Design Types 120 Annex 4: Site allocation criteria 13 Acronyms BANANA: Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anyone EA: Environmental Analysis GAHP: Global Alliance on Health and Pollution GHGs: Green House Gases GWMO: Global Waste Management Outlook IHME: Institute for Health Metrics
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