Renaissance and Reformation, 1350
Planning Guide
UNIT PACING CHART Unit 2 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Unit 2 Day 1 Unit Opener Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Time Notebook, Opener, Opener, Opener, Opener, Opener, Opener, Opener, Unit Assessment Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Day 2 Section 1, Section 1, Section 2, Geography Section 1, Section 1, Section 1, Social Section 2 Section 3 & History, Section 2 Section 2 Social History, Section 2 History Section 2 Day 3 Section 2, Social Section 3, Social Section 3, Section 2, Section 2, Section 3 History, Social History, Social Section 3 Analyzing Section 3, History Section 3, History Primary Visual Visual Sources Summary Summary Day 4 Section 4, Chapter Section 4, Chapter Section 4, Section 3, Section 3, Visual Assessment Visual Assessment Visual Social Visual Summary Summary Summary History Summary
Day 5 Chapter Chapter Chapter Section 4, Chapter Assessment Assessment Assessment Visual Assessment Summary Day 6 Chapter Assessment
Le Grand Salon de l’Enlightenment Students lose a point every time they interrupt, Students will reenact an Enlightenment salon make an irrelevant comment, attack someone in 18th-century France by role playing a phi- personally, or monopolize the conversation. losophe. Have students write a summary of After the discussion, have students evaluate it the philosophe’s contributions, locate primary and answer the following questions in writing. source evidence that support the philosophe’s • What would you have liked to discuss, contributions, and write three questions to Deborah McDevitt but weren’t able to speak up on? stimulate class discussion. Then arrange stu- Belmont High dents in a circle; have them ask and answer • What could you have done to improve School your performance? Belmont, questions in character. Massachusetts Students earn a possible 3 points each time • Do you have any lingering questions? they contribute relevant information and • How could the graded discussion be analysis (including asking a new question). improved?
158A
3394A-395_UO3_888966.indd94A-395_UO3_888966.indd 394A394A 110/27/080/27/08 11:47:5211:47:52 AMAM
Modern Times Introducing
Author Note
Dear World History Teacher, You may want to use the following information at the beginning of each chapter as a lesson launcher to help students focus on what they will be studying. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, a new force entered the world scene—a revived Europe. The Early Modern World was marked in Europe by an explosion of scientific knowledge. At the same time, Europeans engaged in a period of state building, which led to the creation of independent monarchies in west- ern and central Europe and framed the basis for a new European state system. The rise of Early Modern Europe had an immediate as well as a long-term impact on the rest of the world. The first stage began with the voyages of exploration that led Europeans into new areas of the world. European expansion was by no means universally beneficial to those involved. The subjugation of the Americas by the Spanish and the Portuguese led to the destruction of sophisticated civilizations, which had heretofore been isolated from the rest of the world. The expansion of the African slave trade brought untold hardship to mil- lions of victims and reduced the population in certain areas of Africa. Nevertheless, most of Africa still remained outside European control. European influence was not yet very important in other parts of the world. Two great new Islamic empires, the Ottomans in Turkey and the S. afavids in Persia, arose in the Middle East, while a third—the Mogul Empire—unified the subcontinent of India for the first time in nearly two thousand years. Least affected by the European expansion were the societies of East Asia—China and Japan. In fact China remained, in the eyes of many, the most sophisticated civilization in the world. Its achievements were imitated by its neighbors and admired by philosophers in Europe.
Senior Author
158B
3394A-395_UO3_888966.indd94A-395_UO3_888966.indd 394B394B 110/27/080/27/08 11:48:1811:48:18 AMAM
Modern Times Introducing
Focus Why It Matters The Early Point out that the political and social revolutions that occurred Modern during this period had a profound effect on the world and continue World 1350–1815 to influence our lives today. Have students leaf through the unit, Why It Matters viewing the illustrations and read- ing heads and captions. Ask: In The modern world began during this period. Asian empires and European countries what ways are our lives today expanded their influence through explora- influenced by the Italian Renais- tion, which led to colonialism, trade, and sance, the Reformation, the conflict. By the eighteenth century, political opening of European trade and social revolutions resulted in new routes, and the various political democratic nations. revolutions that took place? CHAPTER 5 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (Briefly discuss these events, and 1350–1600 lead students to recognize modern CHAPTER 6 THE AGE OF EXPLORATION ramifications: humanism, individual 1500–1800 ability, art treasures; proliferation of CHAPTER 7 CRISIS AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE religious denominations; founda- 1550–1715 tion for global trade; introduction of CHAPTER 8 THE MUSLIM EMPIRES the idea of government by the 1450–1800 people.) CHAPTER 9 THE EAST ASIAN WORLD 1400–1800
Unit Launch CHAPTER 10 REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT Activity 1550–1800 CHAPTER 11 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON Explain that in this unit students 1789–1815 will learn about the emergence of powerful European nation-states and the creation of large empires in Asia. Discuss how both wealth The. Blue Mosque dominates the skyline of old and military power contribute to Istanbul, which is located strategically on the the rise of powerful nations. OL peninsula where Europe and Asia meet.
0394_0395_U03_UO_879981.indd 394 Team Teaching Activity 8/22/08 8:41:43 AM 0394_0395_U03_UO_879981.indd 395 8/22/08 8:41:51 AM
Literature The period covered in this unit The Canterbury Tales, to understand late medi- gave rise to famous and influential pieces of eval life in England; one of Shakespeare’s his- literature, whose themes reflect the culture, tories or tragedies, to understand perceptions values, and political concerns of their periods. of English politics and the monarchy; A Tale These works also transcend their cultures and of Two Cities, to understand the French Revo- convey universal themes. Work with an English lution; Les Misérables, to understand social teacher in your school to coordinate the study problems of eighteenth-century France; and of a major piece of literature from this period. Frankenstein, to understand concerns about the Consider one of the following possibilities: Enlightenment.
158
3394A-395_UO3_888966.indd94A-395_UO3_888966.indd 394394 110/27/080/27/08 11:48:5311:48:53 AMAM
Modern Times Introducing
Teach
S Skill Practice Constructing a Time Line Create a time line to chart the major people and events in this unit. As you teach each chapter, encourage students to suggest entries for the time line. Students can make their own copies of the time line, perhaps in journal form on successive pages, and add to it as they proceed through the unit. They can use the information to help them prepare for the chapter assessments. OL
Reading a Time Line Direct attention to the time lines that appear on each chapter opener. Point out that the periods covered in these time lines overlap. As stu- dents study each chapter, make sure they understand where indi- vidual events fall and what else was happening at the time. BL
Teaching Tip Read aloud a sentence from the text that has a challenging vocabu- lary word. Model for stu- dents how to use context to determine the meaning of
159 the word. Demonstrate how to use the other words in the sentence as well as the sur- 0394_0395_U03_UO_879981.indd 394 8/22/08 8:41:43 AM 0394_0395_U03_UO_879981.indd 395 More About the Photo 8/22/08 8:41:51 AM rounding sentences to determine the meaning of Visual Literacy The mosque pictured here overshadow the architecture at Mecca. After it an unknown word. was built by Sultan Ahmet I between 1609 was built, a seventh minaret was added to the and 1617 and is regarded as one of the finest mosque at Mecca. The Blue Mosque received examples of Ottoman architecture. It is the only its name because of the blue ceramic tiles mosque in İstanbul that has six minarets, or featuring traditional Ottoman floral designs prayer towers. Mosques traditionally have four, that decorate its interior. It also features strik- and at the time, only the mosque at Mecca had ing stained glass windows, vaulted domes and six. The grand scale of the Blue Mosque cre- semi-domes painted with arabesque designs, ated a scandal, offending devout Muslims who and an attached courtyard equal in size to the believed it showed disrespect in attempting to mosque itself. 159
3394A-395_UO3_888966.indd94A-395_UO3_888966.indd 395395 110/27/080/27/08 11:49:2011:49:20 AMAM
Modern Times Planning Guide
Key to Ability Levels Key to Teaching Resources BL Below Level AL Above Level Print Material Transparency OL On Level ELL English Language Learners CD-ROM or DVD
Levels Chapter Section Section Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 3 4 Assess FOCUS
BL OL AL ELL Daily Focus Skills Transparencies 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 TEACH BL OL ELL Reading Skills Activity, URB p. 19 OL AL Historical Analysis Skills Activity, URB p. 20 BL OL AL ELL Differentiated Instruction Activity, URB p. 21 OL ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 23 BL OL AL ELL Content Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 25 BL OL AL ELL Academic Vocabulary Activity, URB p. 27 BL OL AL ELL Skills Reinforcement Activity, URB p. 29 OL AL Critical Thinking Skills Activity, URB p. 30 OL AL History and Geography Activity, URB p. 31 OL AL ELL Mapping History Activity, URB p. 33 BL OL AL Historical Significance Activity, URB p. 34 BL OL AL ELL Cooperative Learning Activity, URB p. 35 OL AL ELL History Simulation Activity, URB p. 37 BL OL AL ELL Time Line Activity, URB p. 39 OL AL Linking Past and Present Activity, URB p. 40 BL OL AL People in World History Activity, URB p. 41 p. 42 BL OL AL ELL Primary Source Reading, URB p. 43 OL AL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 48 BL OL AL ELL World Art and Music Activity, URB p. 45 BL OL ELL Guided Reading Activities, URB* p. 50 p. 51 p. 52 p. 53 BL OL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* p. 34 p. 37 p. 40 p. 43 Differentiated Instruction for BL OL AL ELL p. 17 ✓✓✓✓p. 17 the World History Classroom Note: Please refer to the Unit Resource Book: The Early Modern World for this * Also available in Spanish chapter’s URB materials.
160A
3396A-396D_C12_INT_888966.indd96A-396D_C12_INT_888966.indd 396A396A 110/27/080/27/08 11:54:2211:54:22 AMAM
Modern Times Planning Guide
Plus • Interactive Lesson Planner • Differentiated Lesson Plans • Interactive Teacher Edition • Printable reports of daily All-In-One Planner and Resource Center • Fully editable blackline masters assignments • Section Spotlight Videos Launch • Standards Tracking System
Levels Chapter Section Section Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 3 4 Assess TEACH (continued) BL OL AL ELL StudentWorks™ Plus ✓✓✓✓✓✓ Chapter Transparencies, OL AL p. 9 Strategies, and Activities Map Overlay Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL p. 13 p. 13 Strategies, and Activities Then and Now Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL p. 23 p. 23 p. 23 Strategies, and Activities Building Academic Vocabulary ✓✓✓✓✓✓ Reading Strategies and Activities p. 14 p. 68 for the Social Studies Classroom Teacher Writer’s Guidebook p. 54 p. 12 Resources Strategies for Success ✓✓✓✓✓✓ Outline Map Resource Book ✓✓✓✓✓✓ PresentationPlus! ✓✓✓✓✓✓ with MindJogger CheckPoint ASSESS BL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests* p. 49 p. 50 p. 51 p. 52 p. 53 BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 5 ✓✓✓✓p. 5 BL OL AL ELL Standardized Test Practice Workbook p. 9 ✓✓✓✓p. 9 BL OL AL ELL ExamView® Assessment Suite 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 Ch. 5 CLOSE BL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 47 p. 47 BL OL ELL Reading and Study Skills Foldables™ p. 54 ✓✓✓✓p. 54 Cause and Effect Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL ✓✓✓✓✓✓ Strategies, and Activities Unit Time Line Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL ✓✓✓✓✓✓ Strategies, and Activities
✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter
160B
3396A-396D_C12_INT_888966.indd96A-396D_C12_INT_888966.indd 396B396B 110/27/080/27/08 11:54:5111:54:51 AMAM
Modern Times
Integrating Technology
Using StudentWorks™ Plus Online Teach With Technology
What is StudentWorks™ Plus Online? StudentWorks™ Plus Online is a powerful learning and teaching tool that offers the entire textbook online in an interactive, searchable format. It provides links to student workbooks, audio recordings of the textbook, audio summaries in Spanish, In Motion animations, and links to Section Spotlight Videos. How can StudentWorks™ Plus Online help my students and me? StudentWorks™ Plus Online helps students learn and master the material in the textbook. Students can go to a specific chapter and read the text, listen to audio of the text, and type and print their answers on workbook pages. While reading about a topic, students can quickly search the entire text and the glossary for a key term. You can project StudentWorks™ Plus Online during a classroom lecture and launch Section Spotlight Videos directly.
Visit glencoe.com and enter a code to go directly to StudentWorks™ Plus Online.
)JTUPSZ 0/-*/& You can easily launch a wide range of digital products Visit glencoe.com and enter code from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill GWHMT0050c5T for Chapter 5 resources. Social Studies widget. Student Teacher Parent Media Library • Section Audio ●●● • Spanish Audio Summaries ●●● • Section Spotlight Videos ●●● Glencoe World History: Modern Times Online Learning Center (Web Site) • StudentWorks™ Plus Online ●●● • Multilingual Glossary ●●● • Study-to-Go ●●● • Chapter Overviews ●●● • Self-Check Quizzes ●●● • Student Web Activities ●●● • ePuzzles and Games ●●● • Vocabulary eFlashcards ●●● • In Motion Animations ●●● • Study Central™ ●●● • Web Activity Lesson Plans ● • Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ● • Beyond the Textbook ●●●
160C
3396A-396D_C12_INT_888966.indd96A-396D_C12_INT_888966.indd 396C396C 110/27/080/27/08 11:55:1711:55:17 AMAM
Modern Times Additional Chapter Resources
• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps The following videotape programs are available from students increase their reading rate and fluency while Glencoe as supplements to this chapter: maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages are similar to those found on state and national • Miraculous Canals of Venice (ISBN 1-56-501840-0) assessments. • Michelangelo (ISBN 1-56-501425-1) • Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find classroom concentrates on six essential reading skills that help resources to accompany many of these videos, check the fol- students better comprehend what they read. The book lowing home pages: includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written A&E Television: www.aetv.com at increasing levels of difficulty. The History Channel: www.historychannel.com • Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies content for both ELLs and native speakers of English. www.jamestowneducation.com Reading List Generator CD-ROM
Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to create a customized reading list for your students. Index to National Geographic Magazine: • Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading The following articles relate to this chapter: level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest. • “Meltdown: The Alps Under Pressure,” by Erla Zwingle, • The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ February 2006 (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections. A brief summary of each selection is included. • “Italy’s Po River,” by Erla Zwingle, May 2005 • • “Italy’s Endangered Art,” by Erla Zwingle, August 1999 Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter: National Geographic Society Products To order the fol- For students at a Grade 8 reading level: lowing, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728: • The Renaissance, by Jane Shuter • National Geographic Atlas of the World (Book) For students at a Grade 9 reading level: • What Makes a Raphael a Raphael?, by Richard Muhlberger The Renaissance (CD-ROM) • For students at a Grade 10 reading level: • The Renaissance (PicturePack) • Michelangelo, by Diane Stanley Access National Geographic’s new, dynamic MapMachine For students at a Grade 11 reading level: Web site and other geography resources at: • Leonardo da Vinci, by Richard McLanathan www.nationalgeographic.com For students at a Grade 12 reading level: www.nationalgeographic.com/maps • Geoffrey Chaucer, by Harold Bloom
160D
3396A-396D_C12_INT_888966.indd96A-396D_C12_INT_888966.indd 396D396D 110/27/080/27/08 11:55:4111:55:41 AMAM
Modern Times Introducing
Focus Renaissance and MAKING CONNECTIONS Reformation 1350 –1600
How was architecture Section 1 The Renaissance influenced by the Section 2 Ideas and Art of the Renaissance Renaissance? Section 3 The Protestant Reformation Discuss with students the power Section 4 The Spread of Protestantism of new ideas to bring about signif- icant and lasting changes to soci- ety. For example, students may mention ideas about democracy MAKING CONNECTIONS Chapter Audio or about technologies, such as the How was architecture influenced personal computer, mobile phones, and the Internet. Talk by the Renaissance? Tremendous advances in architecture took place during the Italian about how these new ideas affect Renaissance. Among the great masterpieces was the dome of St. daily life, including politics and Peter’s Basilica shown in the photo. Architect Donato Bramante began economics. Remind students that this project for Pope Julius II; however, Michelangelo completed the design of this structure. In this chapter you will learn about social, in many ways the Renaissance political, economic, and cultural effects of the Renaissance. served as the bridge between the • What are some other accomplishments for which Michelangelo Middle Ages and modern times. is famous? • Compare and contrast the design of the dome of St. Peter’s As students learn about the Basilica to that of more modern domes such as the U.S. Capitol. Renaissance, have them examine the chapter graphics and analyze how the ideas of the Renaissance influenced architecture and changed daily life—then and now. Teach c. 1350 1434 1517 Italian Cosimo de’ Medici Martin Luther The Big Ideas Renaissance takes control of presents his As students study the chapter, EUROPE begins Florence Ninety-five Theses remind them to consider the 1350 1500 section-based Big Ideas included in each section’s Guide to Reading. THE WORLD 1405 1518 Zheng He of China begins Spanish ship carries first The Essential Questions in the first voyage of exploration enslaved Africans to the Americas activities below tie in to the Big 160 Ideas and help students think about and understand important
chapter concepts. In addition, the 0396_0397_C12_CO_879981.indd 396 8/22/08 8:02:27 AM 0396_0397_C12_CO_879981.indd 397 8/22/08 8:02:51 AM Hands-On Chapter Projects with their culminating activities relate The Renaissance Ideas and Art of the Renaissance the content from each section to Discuss the meaning of the word renaissance. Explain that the Renaissance elevated the the Big Ideas. These activities Essential Question: Why did the Renaissance value of the individual. build on each other as students begin in the Italian city-states? (As trade cen- Essential Question: What characterizes progress through the chapter. ters, cities provided an environment in which Renaissance art, such as Michelangelo’s Section activities culminate in the ideas could be ex changed.) After students have David or da Vinci’s Mona Lisa? (It portrays the wrap-up activity on the Visual discussed the question, tell them that in beauty and individuality of human figures in a Summary page. Section 1, they will learn more about the realistic manner.) Tell students that in Section 2, growth of the Renaissance. OL they will learn how humanistic values affected Renaissance culture. OL
160
3396-397_C12_CO_888966.indd96-397_C12_CO_888966.indd 396396 99/23/08/23/08 112:31:252:31:25 PMPM
Modern Times Introducing
More About the Photo Visual Literacy The construc- tion of St. Peter’s Basilica began in 1506 and was completed in 1615. The photo shows the central inte- rior looking up at the great dome, which rises 394 feet (120 meters) from the floor. Although domes covered many structures in ancient Rome, the techniques used to build them had been forgotten during the Dark Ages. Renaissance architects and engineers had to rediscover methods and develop technologies to build them. Many architects contributed to the design of St. Peter’s, including Michelangelo, who served as chief architect from 1546 until his death in 1564. The dome symbolizes the heavens, as well as the power of God and the Church.
Dinah Zike’s Foldables
Renaissance & Dinah Zike’s Foldables are three- Reformation nice, Florence Italian States: Milan, Ve dimensional, interactive graphic Analyzing Analyze Germany how the Renaissance Switzerland organizers that help students Flanders 1534 1555 and Reformation England Italy practice basic writing skills, Peace of Augsburg affected various parts Henry VIII initiates of Europe. Record creation of Church divides Christianity your findings in a Layered-Look Book. review vocabulary terms, and of England in Germany Make sure you label each effect as identify main ideas. Instructions Renaissance or Reformation. 1600 for creating and using Foldables can be found in the Appendix at 1535 the end of this book and in the Francisco Pizarro (ISTORY /.,).% Visit glencoe.com conquers the Inca Empire Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study and enter code GWHMT0036c5 for Chapter 5 resources. Skills Foldables booklet.
0396_0397_C12_CO_879981.indd 396 8/22/08 8:02:27 AM 0396_0397_C12_CO_879981.indd 397 8/22/08 8:02:51 AM )JTUPSZ 0/-*/& The Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism Visit glencoe.com and Essential Question: What conditions encour- Essential Question: What led to the forma- enter code age the growth of revolutions? (Students may tion of different Protestant churches? GWHMT0050c5T for Chapter 5 say that discontent with present circumstances, (Students may say that Protestants disagreed resources, including a Chapter strong leaders, and good ideas can all lead to on doctrine and wanted to establish their own Overview, Study Central™, dramatic change.) After students have dis- religion.) After students have discussed the Study-to-Go, Student Web cussed the question, tell them that in this sec- question, explain that in Section 4 they will Activity, Self-Check Quiz, and tion, they will learn how Martin Luther’s examine the rise of Calvinism and Anglicanism, other materials. dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church altered and the Catholic Church’s response to the course of history. OL Protestantism. OL 161
3396-397_C12_CO_888966.indd96-397_C12_CO_888966.indd 397397 99/23/08/23/08 112:48:272:48:27 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 1 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The Renaissance
Beginning in Italy and spanning two centuries, the Bellringer GUIDE TO READING Renaissance emphasized secularism, awareness of ties to Daily Focus Transparency 5-1 The BIG Idea the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, and the ability of the ANSWERS UNIT 1. Niccolò Machiavelli 2. 1513 3. actual or appearance of good qualities and the ability to do evil if necessary 2 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 5 TRANSPARENCY 5-1 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Between individual. City-states became centers of political, economic, The Renaissance 1 Who was the author of this 2 When did he write these 3 What qualities did quotation? words? Machiavelli indicate were 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they needed by a prince? and social life. Machiavelli influenced political thought, and had entered a new age of human achievement. “Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a prince to honor his word and to be straightfor- Castiglione defined what made a perfect Renaissance noble. ward rather than crafty in his dealings; nonetheless experience shows that princes who have achieved great things have been those who Content Vocabulary The Renaissance affected everyone, from noble to peasant. have given their word lightly, who have known how to trick men with their cunning, and who, in (p. 162) (p. 164) the end have overcome those abiding by honest • urban society • mercenaries principles. . . .” Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513 • secular (p. 162) • dowry (p. 167) The Italian Renaissance Academic Vocabulary • instability (p. 162) • decline (p. 162) As the Renaissance began, three Italian city-states were the centers GUIDE TO READING of Italian political, economic, and social life. People, Places, and Events HISTORY & YOU Do you excel at more than one skill, for example, math and • Italian Renaissance • Cosimo de´ Medici art? Read to learn about the Renaissance belief in individual ability. Answers to Graphic: (p. 162) (p. 164) The Prince: how to acquire and keep political • Leonardo da Vinci • Lorenzo de´ Medici (p. 162) (p. 164) The word renaissance means “rebirth.” A number of people who power, attitude toward power based on under- (p. 163) (p. 164) • Milan • Rome lived in Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had wit- standing of human nature, political activity not (p. 163) restricted by moral principles, prince acts on behalf • Venice • Niccolò Machiavelli nessed a rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. To them, • Florence (p. 163) (p. 165) of the state this rebirth marked a new age. Historians later called this period • Francesco Sforza (p. 164) the Renaissance, or Italian Renaissance—a period of European history that began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. What are the most important characteristics of the Renaissance? Reading Strategy First, Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society. As the Categorizing Information As you Middle Ages progressed, powerful city-states became the centers read, use a web diagram like the one below to identify the major principles of Machiavelli’s work of Italian political, economic, and social life. Within this growing The Prince. urban society, a secular, or worldly, viewpoint emerged as increas- To generate student interest and ing wealth created new enjoyment of material things. provide a springboard for class Second, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disas- ters of the fourteenth century—the plague, political instability, discussion, access the Chapter 5, The Prince and a decline of Church power. Recovery went hand in hand with Section 1 video at glencoe.com or a rebirth of interest in ancient culture. Italian thinkers became on the video DVD. aware of their own Roman past—the remains of which were to be seen all around them. They also became intensely interested in the culture that had dominated the ancient Mediterranean world. This revival affected both politics and art. Third, a new view of human beings emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance emphasized individual ability. As Leon Bat- tista Alberti, a fifteenth-century Italian, said, “Men can do all things if they will.” A high regard for human worth and a realiza- tion of what individuals could achieve created a new social ideal. The well-rounded, universal person could achieve much in many areas. Leonardo da Vinci (VIHN•chee), for example, was a Resource Manager painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician.
162
Reading Critical0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 398 Differentiated Writing Skill 8/22/08 8:06:02 AM 0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 399 9/22/08 2:21:50 PM R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Questioning, p. 164 • Compare/Contrast • Visual/Spatial, p. 167 • Expository Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 163 • Summarizing, p. 165 pp. 164, 166 p. 163 • Read. Pri. Sources, • Making Inferences, Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 166 p. 164 • English Learner Act., Additional Resources • Skills Reinforc. Act., URB URB p. 23 • Writer’s Guidebook, p. 29 Additional Resources Additional Resources • People in World Hist. p. 54 • Guid. Read. Act., URB • Hist. Analysis Skills Act., Act., URB p. 41 p. 50 URB p. 20 • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking • Hist. & Geo. Act., URB Guide, p. 34 p. 31 • Section Quiz, p. 49
3398-403_C12_S01_888966.indd98-403_C12_S01_888966.indd 398398 99/23/08/23/08 112:55:232:55:23 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 1
RENAISSANCE ITALY, 1500 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
Milan Mantua Teach Venice Po R. Ferrara S Genoa Florence Pisa Urbino A
T d
i r b ia Leonardo da Vinci, as e S Skill Practice t r ic R S Plato, talks to Aristotle. Corsica . ea Using Geography Skills Ask: Rome Raphael portrayed himself Tyrrhenian Sea Naples as the Greek painter Apelles. What advantage did Venice gain by its location? (It could trade by land or sea.) OL For additional practice on this skill, see the Skills Handbook.
W Writing Support Expository Writing Have three teams of students each The School of Athens by Raphael portrays Renaissance figures as famous Greeks. study one major city-state: Venice, 1. Explaining What does the School of Athens Florence, or Milan. Ask teams to show about how the Italians viewed the ancient investigate their city-state’s gov- Greeks? 2. Interpreting Who did Raphael intend to be the ernment, economy, architecture, Michelangelo as the central focus of the painting? How can you tell? and art. Have each group summa- philosopher Heraclitus. See StudentWorks™ Plus rize its findings. OL or glencoe.com.
Answers: Of course, not all parts of Italian society The Italian States 1. By portraying leading Italians were directly affected by these three gen- eral characteristics of the Italian Renais- During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed as Greeks, it shows the high sance. The wealthy upper classes, who to develop a centralized monarchical regard Renaissance artists made up a small percentage of the total state. The lack of a single strong ruler held for ancient Greece. made it possible for a number of city- population, more actively embraced the Plato (da Vinci) and Aristotle; new ideas and activities. Indirectly, how- states in northern and central Italy to W 2. ever, the Italian Renaissance did have some remain independent. Three of them— students should note that impact on ordinary people. Especially in Milan, Venice, and Florence—expanded Raphael laid out the scene to the cities, many of the intellectual and and played crucial roles in Italian draw the eye toward these artistic achievements of the period were politics. highly visible and difficult to ignore. The The Italian city-states prospered from a central figures. churches, wealthy homes, and public flourishing trade that had expanded in the buildings were decorated with art that Middle Ages. Italian merchants also prof- celebrated religious and secular themes, ited from the Crusades. High demand for the human body, and an appreciation of Middle Eastern goods enabled them to set classical antiquity. up new trading centers in eastern ports. Differentiated
CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 163 Instruction
0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 398 8/22/08 8:06:02 AM 0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 399 Leveled Activities 9/22/08 2:21:50 PM
BL Guided Reading Activity, OL Skills Reinforcement AL People in World History ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 50 Activity, URB p. 29 Activity, URB p. 41 URB p. 23
Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class
Guided Reading Activity 5-1 ✎ Skills Reinforcement Activity 5 History f World Activi English Learner Activity 5 People in ty 5 Profile 1 The Renaissance Summarizing Information Renaissance and Reformation C DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1. The ability to summarize information is a part of note taking. Summarizing allows you Johannes Gutenberg ( . 1397–1468) to record and remember the most important ideas and facts from your reading. When you ★ A. PRE-READING ACTIVITY: IMPROVING READING COMPREHENSION summarize, you record main ideas in your own words. He who first shortened the labour of copyists by device of in use well into 1. Why was the term renaissance used to refer to the time between 1350 and 1550? Movable Types was disbanding hired armies, and cashier- the 1900s. Directions: Before reading “The Italian Renaissance” on pages 162–163, answer the following DIRECTIONS: Read the following excerpt from your textbook, page 162. Then answer the ing most Kings and Senates, and creating a whole new In 1446 questions. democratic world: he had invented the art of printing. Gutenberg questions that follow in the space provided. 1. The title of this chapter is Renaissance and Reformation. What do these terms mean? What entered a part- From Sartor Resartus (1834) by Thomas Carlyle changes do you think will occur during this period? What type of reformation have you 2. What are the three most important characteristics of the Italian Renaissance? The word renaissance means rebirth. instability, and a decline of Church power. nership with a been part of? A number of people who lived in Italy Recovery went hand in hand with a rebirth The Gutenberg Bible, set and printed in man named 5 5 between 1350 and 1550 believed that they of interest in ancient culture. Italian 1455, is perhaps the most famous book in Johannes Fust. 5 had witnessed a rebirth of the ancient thinkers became aware of their own Roman history. It is the product of the first success- Fust, a goldsmith, 3. Which three city-states played crucial roles in Italian politics? Greek and Roman worlds. To them, this past—the remains of which were to be ful attempt to use movable type and the lent money to rebirth marked a new age. Historians later seen all around them. They also became printing press in an efficient way. These Gutenberg to help him pursue his printing called this period the Renaissance, or Italian intensely interested in the culture that had CHAPTER developments made it possible to print work. When the partnership failed after five CHAPTER 4. How did the location of Milan help to make it rich and powerful? Renaissance—a period of European history dominated the ancient Mediterranean books and other materials quickly. During years—Gutenberg was apparently unable to CHAPTER
SECTION that began in Italy and spread to the rest of world. This revival affected both politics the centuries since then, the spread of repay the loan when Fust demanded it— 2. As you read, list the three most important characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. Europe. What are the most important char- and art. books around the world—and the ideas Gutenberg was forced to surrender his acteristics of the Renaissance? Third, a new view of human beings they carry—has altered human life in pro- printing equipment and supplies to Fust. 5. What activities in Florence did the Dominican preacher Savonarola seek to regulate? First, Renaissance Italy was largely an emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance found ways. In developing this method of Fust and his son-in-law continued printing. urban society. As the Middle Ages pro- emphasized individual ability. As Leon printing, Johannes Gutenberg secured his Gutenberg found patronage under a 5-1 gressed, powerful city-states became the Battista Alberti, a fifteenth-century Italian, place in history. wealthy man in Mainz, thus enabling him 6. Which two European countries made Italy their battleground for 30 years? centers of Italian political, economic, and said, “Men can do all things if they will.” A Johannes Gutenberg was born to an aris- to continue to print. Apparently, he gave up social life. Within this growing urban society, high regard for human worth and a realiza- tocratic family in Mainz, Germany, in about printing in 1465, perhaps due to failing eye- Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. a secular, or worldly, viewpoint emerged as tion of what individuals could achieve cre- 1397. Mainz was a center for goldsmiths, sight. When he died in 1468, at nearly 70 7. Why did the army of Charles I of Spain sack the city of Rome in 1527? increasing wealth created new enjoyment of ated a new social ideal. The well-rounded, and Gutenberg may have been trained in years old, he was not a wealthy man. He ★ B. WORD BUILDING ACTIVITY: MATCHING SYNONYMS material things. universal person could achieve much in goldsmithing as a young man. When he was probably never knew, though he may have Second, the Renaissance was an age many areas. Leonardo da Vinci, for example, about 40, Gutenberg began his experiments dreamed, how his work would affect the Directions: Match the meaning of the words in the numbered column with their synonyms in the of recovery from the disasters of the was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, with printing. He combined movable type, world in the centuries to come. Today, lettered column. Remember that synonyms are words that have similar meanings. 8. What has been the impact of Niccolo Machiavelli’s book The Prince? fourteenth century—the plague, political and mathematician. type molds, oil-based inks, and a special Mainz honors its most famous son through printing press to create a workable printing the Gutenberg Museum and Johannes 1. goal a. attack 1. What are the main ideas of these paragraphs? 9. From Machiavelli’s point of view, what attitude should a prince have toward power? system. Many of these ideas existed, but Gutenberg University. His original work- 2. criticize b. convince Gutenberg improved, refined, and, most shop has been restored and preserved. important, combined them. The basic Fittingly, printing is an important industry 3. characteristic c. custom method of printing he developed remained in the hometown of Johannes Gutenberg. 4. culture d. purpose 10. What did Castiglione say were the three characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble? 5. independent e. match 163 REVIEWING THE PROFILE 2. Write a brief summary of two or three sentences to help you remember the important 6. imitate f. stress Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. details of these paragraphs. 7. persuade g. self-governing Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 11. How did Italian families have their children declared adults? 1. In what trade was Gutenberg trained? Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 8. emphasize h. trait 2. Critical Thinking Making Inferences. How might Gutenberg’s early training have helped him develop his method of printing? 3. Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions. Write a paragraph in which you assess the impact and influence of Gutenberg’s work. (continued) 50 29 41 23
3398-403_C12_S01_888966.indd98-403_C12_S01_888966.indd 399399 99/23/08/23/08 112:55:392:55:39 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 1 There, they obtained silks, sugar, and of cloth. Increased competition from Eng- spices, which were sent back to Europe. lish and Flemish cloth makers drove down Milan was one of the richest city-states profits. During this time a Dominican in Italy. It was located in the north, at the preacher named Girolamo Savonarola R Reading Strategy crossroads of the main trade routes from began condemning the corruption and Questioning Ask: How did the Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes. excesses of the Medici family. Citizens, tired Visconti and Sforza rulers affect In the fourteenth century, members of the of Medici rule and frustrated by economic Visconti family established themselves as events, turned to Savonarola. So many peo- the development of Milan? (They dukes of Milan. They extended their power ple followed him that the Medici family created a tax system that generated over all of Lombardy. turned Florence over to his followers. a huge income for the government.) The last Visconti ruler of Milan died in Eventually people tired of Savonarola’s OL 1447. Francesco Sforza (SFAWRT•sah) strict regulations on gambling, horserac- R then conquered the city and became its ing, swearing, painting, music, and books. duke. Sforza led a band of mercenaries— Savonarola also attacked the corruption of C1 Critical Thinking soldiers who fought for the highest bidder. the Church, which angered the pope. In The Visconti and Sforza rulers built a 1498, Savonarola was accused of heresy Comparing and Contrasting strong centralized state. By creating an and sentenced to death. The Medici family Ask: How were the governments efficient tax system, they generated enor- returned to power. mous revenues for the government. of Venice and Florence similar? The Italian Wars (Both were run by groups of wealthy Venice was another major northern Ital- ian city-state. As a link between Asia and merchants who profited from their The growth of powerful monarchical Western Europe, the city drew traders from states in the rest of Europe eventually led control of the government.) OL all over the world. Officially Venice was a to trouble for the Italian states. Attracted republic with an elected leader called a by the riches of Italy, the French king doge. In reality, a small group of wealthy Charles VIII led an army of 30,000 men merchant-aristocrats ran the government into Italy in 1494. He occupied the king- C2 Critical Thinking of Venice for their benefit. Venice’s trade dom of Naples in southern Italy. Northern empire was tremendously profitable and Making Inferences Ask: Why Italian states turned for help to the Span- made Venice an international power. ish, who gladly agreed to send soldiers to did Italian city-states need help The republic of Florence dominated the Italy. For the next 30 years, the French and from Spain? (They were not strong region of Tuscany. During the fourteenth the Spanish battled in Italy as they fought enough or unified enough to fight C1 century, a small but wealthy group of mer- to dominate the country. chants established control of the Florentine off invaders from France.) OL A decisive turning point in their war government. They waged a series of suc- came in 1527. On May 5, thousands of cessful wars against their neighbors and troops belonging to the Spanish king C2 established Florence as a major city-state. Charles I, along with mercenaries from dif- ✓ Reading Check In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici (MEH•duh• ferent countries, arrived at the city of chee) took control of the city. The wealthy Rome. They had not been paid for months. Answer: Italy’s riches Medici family ran the government from When they yelled, “Money! Money!” their behind the scenes. Using their wealth and leader responded, “If you have ever personal influence, Cosimo, and later dreamed of pillaging a town and laying Lorenzo de’ Medici, his grandson, domi- hold of its treasures, here now is one, the nated the city when Florence was the cul- richest of them all, queen of the world.” tural center of Italy. The next day the invading forces smashed As the city-states grew wealthier, the the gates and pushed into the city. The power of the Church began to decline troops went berserk in a frenzy of blood- slightly. Some church doctrines, like the shed and looting. The terrible sack of Rome sinfulness of usury, were openly ignored. in 1527 by the armies of Charles I ended Many Italian leaders borrowed and loaned the Italian wars and left the Spanish a money without fear of reprisal. dominant force in Italy. During the late 1400s, Florence experi- enced an economic decline. Most of its ✓ Reading Check Explaining What attracted the Differentiated economy was based on the manufacturing French king Charles VIII to Italy?
Instruction 164 SECTION 1 The Renaissance
Name Date Class
★ HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 5 0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 400 Analyzing Information 9/22/08 2:21:57 PM 0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 401 9/22/08 2:22:00 PM Venice, Queen of the Adriatic
“Desponsamus te, mare” (We wed thee, O Christian pilgrims boarded Venetian ships sea) exclaimed the Doge of Venice, standing to sail to the Holy Land. Venetian trade at the bow of the state gallery and hurling a routes began and ended in Venice—the cen- consecrated gold ring into the Adriatic Sea. ter of the wealthiest trading network in In Renaissance Venice, this symbolic mar- Europe. A medieval monk complained that riage of the city to the sea was performed St. Mark’s Square “seems perpetually filled each year in a splendid water festival that with Turks, Libyans, and Parthians,” evi-
included choirs, trumpets, banners, and a dence of Venice’s cosmopolitan character 5 flotilla of gondolas. How did Venice become Queen of the Adriatic—the com- mercial center of the world at that time? Objective: Understand the role of trade in the Venetian Differentiated Instruction Strategies The city of Venice reached its commercial Sun-grit city, thou hast been and political power and glory as a trading Ocean’s child, and then his queen; CHAPTER center during the 1300s and 1400s. The Now is come a darker day, French ambassador Philippe de Comines in And thou soon must be his prey. 1495 called Venice’s Grand Canal the —Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Lines written city-state. “handsomest avenue . . . in the whole amongst the Euganean Hills,” 1818 BL Have pairs illustrate assigned world.” Venetian merchants crowded the canals with their gondolas filled with all manner of goods. “There were so many boats it seemed as if all the gardens of the world must be there,” Focus: Learn about Venetian trading patterns. paragraphs. Combine their images for a remarked a merchant from Milan when he saw the maze of market boats loaded with produce from the main- land. Far more valuable goods than vegetables, however, were traded on the Venetian canals. Teach: Have students read the passage. pictorial summary. Venice was the hub of commercial activity for the whole Mediterranean. Fleets of merchant ships set out from the northern Adriatic, in the heart of Europe, to move large quantities of diverse products throughout the Assess: Have students show trade routes and AL Have students research commerce in Mediterranean and Black Seas. Sailors loaded tons of precious East Indian spices onto their ships in Alexandria Venice is located on 120 islands in the Adriatic Sea, separated from Italy’s mainland by a lagoon. A system Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, to be sold in places as far away as of canals branch off the Grand Canal, clearly visible in England. Some fleets loaded furs, silks, this 1500 engraving by Jacopo Dei Barberi. A large present-day Venice and write a and dyes from Black Sea ports; others products on a map. complex of shipyards once dominated the eastern tip of carried wool and leather from Spain; the city. There, shipwrights constructed the merchant and still others transported enslaved ships that sailed from Venice to all major ports in the people, gold, and ivory from Africa. Mediterranean. 31 Close: Have students sketch one of the sights that description of the modern city. History and Geography would have greeted Venetians, according to ELL Display photographs of Venice and Activity, URB p. 31 the passage. discuss its unique geographic features before students begin reading. 164
3398-403_C12_S01_888966.indd98-403_C12_S01_888966.indd 400400 99/23/08/23/08 112:55:502:55:50 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 1 Machiavelli on Power principles. Machiavelli rejected this popu- lar approach. He believed that morality Machiavelli’s The Prince has pro- had little to do with politics. foundly influenced political leaders. From Machiavelli’s point of view, a prince’s attitude toward power must be R Reading Strategy HISTORY & YOU Do you believe that morality has a place in politics? Read to learn about Machiavelli’s based on an understanding of human Summarizing Ask: How did views on political power. nature, which he believed was basically Machiavelli view human nature? self-centered. Political activity, therefore, R should not be restricted by moral princi- (He held a negative view. He felt No one gave better expression to the Ital- ples. A prince acts on behalf of the state. that self-interest outweighed ians’ love affair with political power than According to Machiavelli, for the state’s morality.) OL Niccolò Machiavelli (ma•kee•uh• sake, a leader must do good when possible VEH•lee). His book The Prince is one of the but evil when necessary. most influential works on political power Machiavelli abandoned morality as the in the Western world. basis for analyzing political activity and The Prince Machiavelli’s central thesis in argued that the ends justify the means. His The idea that “the end concerns how to acquire—and keep— views have had a profound influence on political power. In the Middle Ages, many political leaders who followed. justifies the means” comes writers on political power had stressed the from The Prince. Machiavelli ✓ moral side of a prince’s activity—how a Reading Check Identifying What was writes, “one is obliged to ruler ought to behave based on Christian Machiavelli’s central thesis in The Prince? look to the results of an action, and not to the means by which it was achieved….” Patronage of the Medici Family
✓ Reading Check Under the rule of the wealthy Medici family, Florence became the cultural Answer: Political activity is not center of Europe. Their patronage supported many artists, including Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Michelangelo. bound by moral principles. Piero de’ Medici hired Benozzo Gozzoli in 1459 to paint frescoes in the chapel at the Medici Palace. Frescoes on three walls depict the biblical stories about the processions of the three Magi to Bethlehem. The wall with the youngest king (shown here) is the most lavish. The artist included portraits of Piero and his father, Cosimo, as well as a self-portrait. The young king is a portrait of Piero’s son Lorenzo, who was then only ten years old, but Answers: would come to be known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. 1. They used their wealth to support artists, helping Florence become the cultural center of Europe. 2. Possible response: to flatter them so that they would continue their patronage
1. Explaining How did the Medici influence the Renaissance in Florence? 2. Making Inferences Why do you think Gozzoli included portraits of several mem- bers of the Medici family in his fresco depicting a biblical scene? Hands-On Chapter Project Step 1
0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 400 9/22/08 2:21:57 PM 0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.inddCreating 401 a Mural Directions: Write the Big Idea on the9/22/08 the 2:22:00 content PM and design of their mural. Small groups of students will create a mural board. Distribute the materials that students Encourage students to choose colors and depicting important ideas and figures of will need for their murals. Tell them that the symbols that reflect the spirit of the age. the Renaissance and Reformation. first panel will introduce the characteristics Summarizing: Have students share what of the Renaissance and important ideas they learned about the Big Idea after com- Step 1: Organizing the First Panel associated with it through a combination of pleting their first panel. OL Essential Question: How did the Renais- text and images. Have students use the sance and Reformation change European facts in the textbook to help them develop (Chapter Project is continued in Section 2.) ideas and institutions?
165
3398-403_C12_S01_888966.indd98-403_C12_S01_888966.indd 401401 99/23/08/23/08 112:56:032:56:03 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 1 Renaissance Society Nobles, or aristocrats, were expected to fulfill certain ideals. The characteristics of Changes in the social classes occurred a perfect Renaissance noble were expressed The Book of the Courtier, during the Renaissance. in written by Bal- C Critical Thinking dassare Castiglione (kahs•teel•YOH• HISTORY & YOU Should your parents choose your Comparing and Contrasting future spouse? Read to learn about the marriage cus- nay), an Italian, in 1528. First, a noble was toms during the Renaissance. born, not made. He must have character, Ask: How do the characteristics grace, and talent. Second, the noble had to of a noble compare to the ideal be a warrior, but also needed a classical of a successful American busi- In the Middle Ages, society was divided education and interest in the arts. Third, into three social classes: the clergy, the nobil- nessperson or politician? the noble had to follow a certain standard ity, and the peasants and townspeople. of conduct. What was the purpose of these (Answers will vary; students may Although this social order continued into the C standards? consider a code of conduct most Renaissance, some changes became evident. PRIMARY SOURCE important for public officials.) OL The Nobility “[T]he aim of the perfect Courtier is so to win Although many European nobles faced . . . the favor and mind of the prince whom he R Reading Strategy declining incomes prior to the Renaissance, serves that he may be able to tell him . . . the truth many had retained their lands and titles. R about everything he needs to know . . . and that Reading Primary Sources when he sees the mind of his prince inclined to a By 1500, nobles, old and new, again domi- Ask: Would a Machiavellian wrong action, he may dare to oppose him . . . so nated society. Making up only 2 to 3 per- as to dissuade him of every evil intent and bring prince want a follower of cent of the population in most countries, him to the path of virtue.” Castiglione in his court? (No. nobles held important political posts and — Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, Castiglione’s ideas about virtue served as advisers to the king. 1528 seem incompatible with Machiavelli’s philosophy.) AL
Gutenberg’s Press Answers: In 1455, Johannes Gutenberg produced the 1. wine press, goldsmiths’ first printed book, a Bible, in Germany. His print- Gutenberg’s press, stamp, artists’ ink, and paper ing press brought together several existing tech- located in the Gutenberg nologies. The press was adapted from a wine Museum in Mainz, Germany. 2. Possible response: The press. The type was adapted from the stamp Renaissance brought goldsmiths used to mark their finished products. renewed interest in learning The ink was based on artists’ ink. One innovation was the use of paper instead of the parchment or and culture. Because the vellum typical of handwritten manuscripts. printing press could produce The rise in literacy during the Renaissance books so quickly, it helped created a growing audience for books. To satisfy the demand, more books were produced in the spread ideas faster and more first 50 years of printing than in the entire history widely than ever before. of the world up to 1450. The printing press greatly accelerated the spread of ideas.
1. Finding the Main Idea What technol- ogies did Gutenberg bring together in his printing press? 2. Analyzing How did the printing press Additional contribute to the Renaissance? Support
0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 402 Activity: Collaborative Learning 9/22/08 2:22:05 PM 0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 403 9/22/08 2:22:12 PM The Collaborative Learning Creating a Time Line Tell students that illustrated, annotated time line of impor- activity allows students with dif- printing has a long history dating from the tant developments. Have groups display ferent levels of academic skills to 2nd century. The Chinese were the first to their time lines. Ask: Have later advances work together. As you form use ink and paper to transfer images from had the same impact as Gutenberg’s groups, consider the needed skills carved pillars. Soon, they had devised a printing press? Explain. (Students might and choose students accordingly. way to engrave wood blocks. Later, they say that although later advances increased invented movable type. Have students the ease of communicating, Gutenberg’s research the history of printing from the press set society on a revolutionary path to time of the Chinese to the present. Ask literacy.) OL them to work in small groups to create an 166
3398-403_C12_S01_888966.indd98-403_C12_S01_888966.indd 402402 99/23/08/23/08 112:56:112:56:11 PMPM
Modern Times The aim of the perfect noble was to serve his prince in CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 1 an effective and honest way. Nobles would adhere to Cas- tiglione’s principles for hundreds of years while they con- tinued to dominate European social and political life. D Differentiated Vocabulary Instruction Peasants and Townspeople 1. Explain the significance of: Italian In the Renaissance, peasants still constituted 85 to 90 Renaissance, urban society, secular, Visual/Spatial Have students percent of the total European population. Serfdom contin- instability, decline, Leonardo da Vinci, analyze the information about ued to decrease with the decline of the manorial system. Milan, Venice, Florence, Francesco Sforza, Europe’s urban population and mercenaries, Cosimo de’ Medici, Lorenzo By 1500, especially in western Europe, more and more represent it in a labeled pyramid. peasants became legally free. de’ Medici, Rome, Niccolò Machiavelli, dowry. Townspeople made up the rest of this social class. At the The graph should include various top of urban society were the patricians. With their wealth levels of urban society and the D Main Ideas from trade, industry, and banking, they dominated their roles each group played in the communities. Below them were the burghers—the shop- 2. Explain why the Italian city-states were so keepers, artisans, guild masters, and guild members. prosperous. economy. BL Below the burghers were the workers, who earned pitiful 3. Summarize Machiavelli’s view of human wages, and the unemployed. Both of the latter groups nature. ✓ Reading Check lived miserable lives and made up perhaps 30 or 40 percent 4. Contrast the social structure of the Middle Answer: A noble needed a clas- of the urban population. Ages and the Renaissance. During the late 1300s and the 1400s, urban poverty sical education and an interest Middle Ages Renaissance increased dramatically throughout Europe. One rich mer- in the arts. chant, who had little sympathy for the poor, wrote: Nobility Peasants
PRIMARY SOURCE Townspeople “Those that are lazy in a way that does harm to the city, and who Assess can offer no just reason for their condition, should either be forced to Critical Thinking work or expelled from the city. The city would thus rid itself of that 5. The BIG Idea Evaluating Why has most harmful part of the poorest class.” Leonardo da Vinci been viewed as a model —fifteenth-century Florence merchant Renaissance man? (ISTORY /.,).% 6. Making Inferences What would families of Renaissance Italy consider to be a good Study Central provides summa- Family and Marriage marriage for their child? ries, interactive games, and online 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the image on The family bond was a source of great security. Parents graphic organizers to help stu- page 165. What feeling do you get from carefully arranged marriages to strengthen business or this painting? What details in the painting dents review content. family ties. Often they worked out the details when their create this feeling? children were only two or three years old. The marriage contract included a dowry, a sum of money that the wife’s Writing About History family gave to the husband upon marriage. Close 8. Expository Writing Read a few passages The father-husband was the center of the Italian family. from The Prince. Write a brief essay Summarizing Ask: What cir- He managed all finances (his wife had no share in his explaining why you agree or do not agree cumstances helped create the wealth) and made the decisions that determined his chil- with Machiavelli’s theory of politics. dren’s lives. The mother’s chief role was to supervise the Renaissance? (Prosperous city- household. A father had absolute authority over his chil- states gave rise to a merchant class dren until he died or formally freed them. In Renaissance Italy, children did not become adults at a certain age. that patronized the arts. Lively Instead, they became adults when their fathers went before trade led to an exchange of ideas. a judge to free them. Adulthood age varied from the The printing press made books early teens to the late twenties. (ISTORY /.,).% more accessible.) OL For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History— ✓Reading Check Contrasting How was the Renaissance noble Modern Times, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central™. different from the medieval knight? SECTION REVIEW
167
0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 402 9/22/08 2:22:05 PM 0398_0403_C12_S01_879981.indd 403 Answers 9/22/08 2:22:12 PM
1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are of conduct. Peasants—Middle Ages: part 6. one that joined their family to a family of found in the section and the Glossary. of manorial system; Renaissance: more wealth and power 2. flourishing trade; profit from the Crusades peasants were legally free. Townspeople— 7. Possible response: a feeling of grandeur 3. People are self-centered by nature. For the Middle Ages: merchants and artisans; because of the ornate garments on king sake of the state, rulers should act without Renaissance: patricians, shopkeepers, arti- and horses, and the expansive view moral restrictions. sans, guild masters, workers. 8. Answers should be based on supporting 4. Nobility—Middle Ages: primarily con- 5. His wide range of talents—as painter, sculp- details and logical conclusions. cerned with military skill; Renaissance: tor, inventor, architect, and mathemati- classical education, arts, warrior, standard cian—exemplified the Renaissance view of human ability.
167
3398-403_C12_S01_888966.indd98-403_C12_S01_888966.indd 403403 99/23/08/23/08 112:56:212:56:21 PMPM
Modern Times Focus The Renaissance Man Introducing Social History Renaissance Italy valued individual human achievement and excellence in many Explain that a “Renaissance man” fields. The “Renaissance man” was well-rounded, developing his full potential was someone who was accom- intellectually, artistically, and physically. Leon Battista Alberti, accomplished artist, poet, plished in a variety of intellectual architect, mathematician, writer, and horseman, captured the Renaissance ideal. This ideal became the foundation for education in Europe and the Americas. Since the and artistic fields. At the time, it Renaissance, the standard high school curriculum included Greek and Latin, literature, was believed that people had a history, mathematics, sciences, and physical education. The greatest examples of limitless capacity for personal Renaissance men are Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Leonardo’s knowledge of development. Ask: What kinds of geometry led him to use linear perspective—a skills are highly valued in a per- revolutionary technique son today? (Students may suggest giving The Last Supper realistic depth. musical, physical, literary, artistic, and technical abilities.) Teach
W Writing Support W Personal Writing Another phrase used to describe someone Pen and ink drawing of a who has skills in many areas is giant catapult “Jack of all trades.” A figure of speech states: “Jack of all trades, master of none.” This implies that a person who studies many fields does not gain a mastery over any particular area. Have students write an essay explaining whether they agree with the statement. LEONARDO DA VINCI Students should discuss whether The genius of Leonardo da Vinci exemplified the notion of a they think today’s level of special- Renaissance man. Although he thought of himself as an artist, he was ization makes the concept of the a gifted scientist, mathematician, architect, engineer, botanist, anato- “Renaissance Man” obsolete. AL mist, artist, musician, and inventor. He revolutionized scientific beliefs by dissecting animals and discovering the function of the heart. Many The first casual of his engineering designs—for helicopters, tanks, submarines, and portrait, the Mona Lisa crossbows—were centuries ahead of their time. The Mona Lisa and revolutionized art. The Last Supper are considered the most innovative paintings of the Italian Renaissance. Whether in his volumes of notebooks or in his art, Additional Leonardo was always experimenting with new techniques and ideas.
Support 168
0404_0405_C12_SH_879981.indd 404 Background 9/22/08 2:23:08 PM 0404_0405_C12_SH_879981.indd 405 9/22/08 2:23:14 PM
The Mona Lisa Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona million people every year at the Louvre in Mona Lisa concealed in his coat. Perugia Lisa is considered by many to be the world’s Paris, France, today the painting is kept in a was an Italian patriot who believed that the most famous painting. For its time, the climate-controlled casing made of bullet- famous artwork should be on display in realism of the Mona Lisa was revolutionary. proof glass. But it wasn’t always so safe. On Italy, not in France. Perugia eluded suspi- Leonardo’s scientific studies and observa- August 21, 1911, the Mona Lisa was stolen cion for two years until he was discovered in tions led him to an understanding of per- by a museum employee named Vincenzo 1913 trying to sell the painting to a gallery spective, depth, and scale that had yet to Perugia. After removing the painting from in Florence. Hailed for his patriotism in Italy, be translated into art. Viewed by nearly six the wall, Perugia fled the building with the Perugia served only a few months in jail.
168
4404-405_C12_SH_888966.indd04-405_C12_SH_888966.indd 404404 99/23/08/23/08 112:59:222:59:22 PMPM
Modern Times A famous rivalry existed between Michelangelo and Leonardo. It is said that Michelangelo mocked Leo- nardo for a failed attempt at an equestrian sculpture.
Completed in 1512, Michelangelo’s God Creates Adam shows humans interacting with God. Michelangelo’s frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were cleaned C Critical Thinking and restored in the 1980s and 1990s. Making Inferences Ask: Why do you think so much C Renaissance artwork focused on religious themes? (While the Engraving from c.1577 Renaissance brought a shift in based on Michelangelo’s design for the exterior of focus in art from religious to secular St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome themes, the Catholic Church was still a major patron of the arts.) OL Assess/Close Have students answer the Analyz- Michelangelo’s David stood ing Visuals questions and share in the main plaza of Florence for almost 400 years as a their responses with a partner. OL symbol of the city.
MICHELANGELO Answers: 1. Both Leonardo and Michel- One of the greatest artists of all time, Michelangelo Buonarroti angelo were highly skilled in excelled as a painter, sculptor, poet, architect, and literary scholar. a variety of fields. ANALYZING VISUALS Like Leonardo, Michelangelo was best known for his artistic achieve- 2. Answers will vary, but ments. He carved powerful human figures that evoke classical Greek 1. Describing What do students should consider forms and have inspired people for centuries. Michelangelo’s sculp- the images suggest tures of David and the Pietà remain masterpieces of marble sculp- about Leonardo’s and individuals, both male and ture. Michelangelo not only painted the famous frescoes in the Michelangelo’s talents? female, who excel in more Sistine Chapel but also designed the complex scaffold used to reach 2. Applying Name some the high ceilings. A brilliant architect, he designed the dome of St. modern-day Renaissance than one field of endeavor. Peter’s Basilica in Rome and other structures. men or women.
169
0404_0405_C12_SH_879981.indd 404 9/22/08 2:23:08 PM 0404_0405_C12_SH_879981.indd 405 Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection9/22/08 2:23:14 PM
Science At the time of the Renaissance, philosophy,” and the term science was used without structured methods? (observa- what we know today as modern science as a synonym for knowledge or study. Over tion, experimentation, trial and error) Ask: had not yet developed. Fields of natural the years, the study of natural philosophy How might the study of the sciences have science, such as physics, astronomy, chem- became more in depth with the establish- affected the work of artists? (Anatomy istry, and biology, were considered part of ment of the scientific method and the led to more lifelike paintings and sculptures. the field of philosophy because, like the rest emergence of structured experimentation, Physics led to inventions and architectural of philosophy, they attempted to describe and the individual branches of the mod- designs.) OL and explain nature. In fact, up until the ern sciences developed. Ask: How do you 1840s these studies were known as “natural think people like da Vinci studied science
169
4404-405_C12_SH_888966.indd04-405_C12_SH_888966.indd 405405 99/23/08/23/08 112:59:312:59:31 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 2 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
During the Renaissance, humanism revived interest in the Bellringer GUIDE TO READING literary works of ancient Greece and Rome and in classical Daily Focus Transparency 5-2 The BIG Idea Latin. While many scholars used classical Latin, writers such ANSWERS UNIT 1. has dignity and worth 2. seek fulfillment 3. Humanists believed that liberal studies enabled individuals to reach their 2 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS full potential. Chapter 5 TRANSPARENCY 5-2 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ideas, Beliefs, and Values as Dante and Chaucer made literature written in regional The IntellectualInitial andCap ArtisticTitle Here Renaissance 1 How was the individual 2 What did humanism 3 According to humanism, Humanism was an important intellectual movement viewed according to expect people to do in students were expected to humanism? their everyday lives? complete liberal studies. Explain languages more popular. Humanism also became an why humanists believed this to be important to the individual. of the Renaissance and was reflected in the works
Seek Individual fulfillment in has dignity educational curriculum, and at the core of humanist schools daily life and worth of Renaissance artists.
History Moral were the liberal studies. The art, sculpture, and architecture of Humanism Philosophy Rhetoric Challenge Grammar and Content Vocabulary long-accepted Students should Logic the Renaissance reflected a realistic, human-centered world. study . . . traditions and Mathematics institutions (p. 170) (p. 173) Poetry • humanism • fresco Music Astronomy • vernacular (p. 171) Italian Renaissance Humanism Academic Vocabulary (p. 172) (p. 173) GUIDE TO READING • attain • style Humanism, based on study of the classics, revived an interest in ancient Latin; but many authors wrote great works in the vernacular. People and Places HISTORY & YOU Do you use a different style of language with your friends than • Petrarch (p. 170) • Raphael (p. 174) Answers to Graphic: with adults? Read about languages used in Renaissance literature. • Dante (p. 171) • Michelangelo (p. 174) The The Book Divine • Chaucer (p. 171) • Flanders (p. 175) Canterbury of the City (p. 171) (p. 175) Comedy • Canterbury • Jan van Eyck Secularism and an emphasis on the individual characterized the Tales of Ladies • Christine de Pizan • Albrecht Dürer (p. 172) (p. 175) Renaissance. These characteristics are most noticeable in the intel- describes pilgrims from argues that lectual and artistic accomplishments of the period. A key intellec- the journey a range of women were tual movement of the Renaissance was humanism. of a soul to classes share capable of Reading Strategy salvation stories learning Summarizing Information As you read, use a chart like the one below to describe the Development of Humanism written in written in written in three pieces of literature written by Dante, Chaucer, Humanism was based on the study of the classics, the literary Italian English French and de Pizan. What was the primary importance of works of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanists studied grammar, each of these works? rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history. Today these sub- Divine The Canterbury The Book of the jects are called the humanities. Comedy Tales City of Ladies Petrarch (PEE•trahrk), who often has been called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, did more than any other individ- ual in the fourteenth century to foster its development. Petrarch looked for forgotten Latin manuscripts and set in motion a search for similar manuscripts in monastic libraries throughout Europe. To generate student interest and He also began the humanist emphasis on using pure classical provide a springboard for class Latin (Latin as used by the ancient Romans, as opposed to medi- eval Latin). Humanists used the works of Cicero as a model for discussion, access the Chapter 5, prose and those of Virgil for poetry. Section 2 video at glencoe.com or Fourteenth-century humanists like Petrarch had described the on the video DVD. intellectual life as one of solitude. They rejected family and a life of action in the community. In contrast, humanists in the early 1400s took a new interest in civic life. They believed that intellectuals had a duty to live an active civic life and to put their study of the humanities to the state’s service. It is no accident that they served Resource Manager as secretaries in the Italian city-states and to princes or popes.
170
Reading Critical0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 406 Differentiated Writing Skill 8/22/08 8:09:16 AM 0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 407 9/22/08 2:28:03 PM R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Summarizing, pp. 171, • Ident. Cent. Issues, p. 171 • Visual/Spatial, p. 172 • Expository Writing, • Visual Literacy, p. 174 173 • Making Inferences, p. 173 p. 174 • Read. Pri. Sources, • Compare/Contrast, p. 175 Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 172 • Hist. Sim. Act., URB p. 37 Additional Resources • Coop. Learn. Act., URB Additional Resources • Linking Past/Present • Hist. Sig. Act., URB p. 35 Additional Resources • Crit. Think. Act., URB Act., URB p. 40 p. 34 • Read. Skills Act., URB p. 30 • World Art & Music Act., p. 19 • Pri. Source Read., URB URB p. 45 • Guid. Read. Act., URB p. 43 p. 51 • Section Quiz, p. 50 • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking Guide, p. 37
4406-411_C12_S02_888966.indd06-411_C12_S02_888966.indd 406406 99/23/08/23/08 11:03:51:03:51 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 2 Dante’s Divine Comedy When Dante Alighieri wrote the Divine Comedy in the early Heaven fourteenth century, he chose the ancient Roman poet Virgil as his Dante holds a copy Teach “guide” for the soul’s journey to of the Divine Comedy. Paradise. By doing so, Dante hoped to lend legitimacy to a Purgatory C Critical Thinking work written in the dialect of Florence. Dante later defended Identifying Central Issues his use of the vernacular in a Ask: Why was the use of the ver- treatise he wrote in Latin, the language of literature at the nacular for works of literature a time, because he wanted it to be turning point? (Literature became taken seriously. Dante called his masterpiece accessible to ordinary people, not Comedy. The adjective Divine just to scholars and the nobility.) was added later, partly because OL of the poem’s religious subject and partly in recognition of its Hell greatness. It soon became a classic, helping to make the R Reading Strategy Florentine dialect the literary The artist depicted the walls Summarizing Tell students that language of the entire Italian and buildings of Florence as Chaucer’s characters include, Peninsula. they appeared in 1465, rather than during Dante’s lifetime. among others, a knight, clergy, a cook, merchants, and tradesmen. “The Latin could only have explained them [the poetry of Ask: How does Chaucer reflect the Divine Comedy] to scholars; for the rest would have not Renaissance ideas in his choice of understood it. Therefore, as among those who desire to This painting by Domenico di Michelino understand them there are many more illiterate than shows parts of Dante’s famous poem. characters? (Chaucer reflects the learned, it follows that the Latin would not have fulfilled new secular perspective, which 1. Explaining Why did Dante choose not to this behest as well as the vulgar tongue, which is understood write his Divine Comedy in Latin? found value in aspects of life other both by the learned and the unlearned.” 2. Making Connections Why would the — Dante Alighieri, De vulgari eloquentia (“Of Literature in the than religion. In addition, he pres- Vernacular”), 1304–1306 use of Virgil make Dante’s poem seem more legitimate to Renaissance scholars? ents a realistic view of society.) AL
Vernacular Literature of the soul’s journey to salvation. The lengthy poem has three major sections: Answers: The humanist emphasis on classical Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven, or Paradise. Latin led to its widespread use in the writ- Dante is led on an imaginary journey 1. Writing in the vernacular let ings of scholars, lawyers, and theologians. through these three realms until he reaches him reach a larger audience. However, some writers wrote in the Paradise, where he beholds God. 2. Scholars valued Greek and vernacular (the language spoken in their Chaucer used the English vernacular in own regions, such as Italian, French, or C his famous work The Canterbury Tales. His Roman classics. Virgil was one German). In the fourteenth century, the lit- beauty of expression and clear language of the finest Roman poets. erary works of the Italian author Dante were important in making his dialect the (DAHN•tay) and the English author Geof- chief ancestor of the modern English lan- R frey Chaucer helped make vernacular lit- guage. The Canterbury Tales consists of a erature more popular. collection of stories told by a group of 29 Dante’s masterpiece in the Italian ver- pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint nacular is the Divine Comedy. It is the story Thomas à Becket at Canterbury, England. Hands-On
CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 171 Chapter Project Step 2
0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 406 8/22/08 8:09:16 AM 0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.inddCreating 407 a Mural artistic figures of the Renaissance. In addi-9/22/08Summarizing: 2:28:03 PM Have students share what tion to the mural drawings, students should they learned about the Big Idea after com- Step 2: Designing the Second Panel create a separate written key that will be pleting the second panel. OL Students add more ideas about the attached to the bottom or side of the mural. Renaissance to their mural. This key should correspond to numbers on (Chapter Project is continued in Section 3.) Directions: Write the Big Idea on the the images and should provide an explana- board. Tell students that this part of their tion of each person’s most important mural will depict the major literary and achievements.
171
4406-411_C12_S02_888966.indd06-411_C12_S02_888966.indd 407407 99/23/08/23/08 11:04:00:04:00 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 2 This format gave Chaucer the chance to portray an entire range of English society. Renaissance Education Another writer who used the vernacular Education during the Renaissance was Christine de Pizan, a Frenchwoman focused on the liberal studies. R Reading Strategy who is best known for her works written HISTORY & YOU What is your favorite subject? Reading Primary Sources in defense of women. In The Book of the City of Ladies, Read to learn about the subjects of study during the Ask: How did Christine de Pizan’s written in 1404, she denounced Renaissance. the many male writers who had argued assertion challenge traditional that women, by their very nature, are beliefs? (She claimed that women unable to learn. Women, de Pizan argued, The humanist movement had a profound could learn as well as men, suggest- could learn as well as men if they could effect on education in the 1300s and 1400s. ing that they should not be con- attend the same schools: Education became increasingly secular— focused less on religion. Renaissance PRIMARY SOURCE fined to traditional roles.) OL humanists believed that education could “Should I also tell you whether a woman’s dramatically change human beings. They nature is clever and quick enough to learn wrote books on education and opened Differentiated speculative sciences as well as to discover them, D R schools based on their ideas. Instruction and likewise the manual arts. I assure you that At the core of humanist schools were the women are equally well-suited and skilled to liberal studies. Humanists believed that Visual/Spatial Have students carry them out and to put them to sophisticated liberal studies (or, today, liberal arts) use once they have learned them.” work in small groups to write enabled individuals to reach their full —Christine de Pizan and illustrate a series of cartoon potential. One humanist wrote: “We call panels that depicts the story told ✓ Reading Check Explaining What literary those studies liberal by which we attain in the People in History profile of format does Chaucer use to portray English society? and practice virtue and wisdom; which Leonardo da Vinci. OL ✓ Reading Check Answer: collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo 1452–1519 Italian Artist and Scientist 1475–1564 Italian Artist
Leonardo da Vinci was the model “Renaissance Michelangelo Buonarroti was a man of many tal- man.” He was an artist, scientist, inventor, and ents. A painter, sculptor, poet, architect, and literary visionary. In 1503, the government of Florence scholar, there was little he could not do once he Answers: Leonardo da Vinci— sought his genius on a military matter. With set his mind to it. When Pope Julius II asked Niccolò Machiavelli the help of Niccolò Machiavelli, Leonardo him to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Michelangelo—in the Sistine da Vinci devised a plan to help Florence 1508, Michelangelo protested that “painting is defeat the city of Pisa in a war. The not my art.” Despite his protests, the work that Chapel plan was to divert the Arno River emerged four years later ranks among the away from Pisa to cut Pisa off from greatest masterpieces of all time. the sea. However, the engineer For his sculptures, Michelangelo would hired to dig a diversion canal did D sometimes spend months in a marble not follow Leonardo’s instructions, quarry personally selecting the ideal block and the canal walls collapsed. from which to carve his works of art. Some Although the plan failed, the maps of his contemporaries believed that “he Leonardo drew up were so could see the figure imprisoned in it.” detailed that they were used long Creative to the end of his long life, he afterward. He also envisioned an famously lamented that “art and death do industrial corridor along the river not go well together.” Where do some of that eventually came to pass Michelangelo’s most famous paint- after his death. What famous ings appear? Additional person helped Leonardo with Support his plan?
0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.inddExtending 408 the Content 9/22/08 2:28:09 PM 0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 409 9/22/08 2:28:21 PM
Leonardo da Vinci By the end of his life, held up to a mirror in order to be read. He Michelangelo Michelangelo thought of Leonardo da Vinci had filled dozens of note- apparently intended these notes to be the himself primarily as a sculptor. Among his books with observations and sketches on foundation of several books. The notes most famous works is the giant statue of painting, the human body, mechanics, and reveal Leonardo’s lively intelligence and David, symbolizing the human ideal. architecture. His writing appeared unintel- wide-ranging interests. Michelangelo applied a great deal of focus ligible until scholars realized that it must be to his work.
172
4406-411_C12_S02_888966.indd06-411_C12_S02_888966.indd 408408 99/23/08/23/08 11:04:07:04:07 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 2 calls forth and develops those highest gifts Italian Renaissance Art of body and mind which ennoble men.” What, then, were the liberal studies? The Renaissance produced great artists According to the humanists, students and sculptors such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and should study history, moral philosophy, Leonardo da Vinci. C Critical Thinking eloquence (or rhetoric), letters (grammar HISTORY & YOU Do you recall the features of Making Inferences Ask: Why and logic), poetry, mathematics, astron- Gothic style? Read to learn how Renaissance archi- were female students told not to omy, and music. In short, the purpose of a tects diverged from Gothic style. liberal education was to produce individu- learn mathematics and rhetoric? als who follow a path of virtue and wis- (Women were supposed to focus on Renaissance artists sought to imitate dom. These individuals should also possess religion and morals so that they rhetorical skills so they can persuade oth- nature. They wanted viewers to see the ers to take this same path of virtue and reality in their subjects. At the same time, could become good wives and wisdom. these artists were developing a new, mothers. It was believed that they human-focused worldview. As one artist had no need to study mathematics proclaimed, human beings were the “cen- PRIMARY SOURCE ter and measure of all things.” and rhetoric.) OL “Not everyone is called to be a physician, a For additional practice on this lawyer . . . nor has everyone outstanding gifts of New Techniques in Painting natural capacity, but all of us . . . are responsible for skill, see the Skills Handbook. the personal influence that goes forth from us.” Frescoes by Masaccio (muh•ZAH• —Vittorino da Feltre (1373–1446) chee•oh) are the first masterpieces of Early humanist educator, Mantua, Italy Renaissance (1400–1490) art. A fresco is a R Reading Strategy painting done on fresh, wet plaster with Following the Greek ideal of a sound water-based paints. Human figures in Summarizing Ask: What mind in a sound body, humanist educators medieval paintings look flat, but Masac- changes did Renaissance artists also emphasized physical education. Stu- cio’s figures have depth and come alive. By R bring to painting? (They used per- dents learned the skills of javelin throw- mastering the laws of perspective, Masac- spective, giving their work a more ing, archery, and dancing. They ran, cio could create the illusion of three dimen- wrestled, hunted, and swam. sions, leading to a new, realistic style. realistic look through the illusion of Humanist educators thought that educa- Other fifteenth-century Florentine paint- depth. They studied movement and tion was a practical preparation for life. Its ers used and modified this new, or Renais- human anatomy to create lifelike aim was not to create great scholars but sance, style. Especially important were two complete citizens. Humanist education major developments. One development figures.) OL was also considered necessary for prepar- stressed the technical side of painting— ing the sons of aristocrats for leadership understanding the laws of perspective and ✓ Reading Check roles. Humanist schools were the model the organization of outdoor space and light Answer: helped students reach for the education of Europe’s ruling classes through geometry. The second develop- until the twentieth century. ment was the investigation of movement their full potential, follow a Females were largely absent from these and human anatomy. The realistic por- path of virtue and wisdom and schools. The few female students who did trayal of the individual, especially the persuade others to do the attend humanist schools studied the clas- human nude, became one of the chief aims sics and were encouraged to know some of Italian Renaissance art. same, and become complete history as well as how to ride, dance, sing, citizens; also prepared children play the lute (a stringed instrument), and C Sculpture and Architecture of aristocrats for leadership appreciate poetry. They were told not to The Renaissance produced equally stun- learn mathematics or rhetoric. It was ning advances in sculpture and architec- thought that religion and morals should be ture. The sculptor Donatello studied the foremost in the education of “Christian statues of the Greeks and Romans. His ladies” so that they could become good works included a realistic, free-standing wives and mothers. figure of Saint George. The work of architect Filippo Brunelles- ✓ Reading Check Expaining How did a humanist chi (broo•nuhl•EHS•kee) was inspired education prepare a student for life? by the buildings of classical Rome. Differentiated
CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 173 Instruction
Name ______Date ______Class ______
Linking Past and Present Activity 5 0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 408 9/22/08 2:28:09 PM 0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 409 Comparing and Contrasting 9/22/08 2:28:21 PM Supporting the Arts: Past and Present THEN During the Renaissance, many artists NOW Art is still supported by wealthy indi- were supported by wealthy patrons. These viduals. Today, artists display their works in patrons—who included popes, monarchs, and galleries with the hope that the works of art the rulers of city-states—frequently invited will be bought. In today’s art market, success- artists to join their households as court artists. ful artists are those who most please the tastes Artists were also funded by guilds and local of the buyer. Universities and colleges also religious organizations. These groups con- support well-known artists by hiring them tracted artists to create specific works of art, as special faculty members and giving them for which they were paid handsomely. the facilities and time to pursue their own CHAPTER The generosity of patrons was often moti- projects. vated by their desire to be viewed by their In most countries, the government and peers as being cultured people who encour- major corporations both buy art and provide Objective: Examine past and present methods of Differentiated Instruction Strategies aged geniuses. Patrons also participated, charitable support for it. In the United States, somewhat vicariously, in the creative process, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA),
5 usually by choosing the subject of a particular a government program financed by public work of art. More modest patrons hired money or taxes, is an important source of humanist scholars to explain the philosophical funds for artistic projects. ideas they wanted a particular artwork to Since its establishment in 1965, the NEA funding the arts. reflect. has stirred up controversy. Some people con- BL As a class, discuss advantages and Powerful leaders sometimes induced artists sider art a luxury that should not be sup- to represent them, either directly or symboli- ported by taxes. Other opponents of the NEA cally, in a religious context. Pope Julius II used claim that government funding of the arts will Raphael’s talent in this way. Having per- inevitably lead to the political control of artis- suaded an ecumenical council to accept his tic expression. plan for church reform, Julius II then commis- When the NEA was established, the United Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Focus: Read about art patrons of the Renaissance. disadvantages of both systems. sioned Raphael to paint a biblical scene, The States Congress stressed that, in accordance Expulsion of Heliodorus. The picture shows God with the Constitution, the program was intervening on behalf of a Jewish high priest. required to allow freedom of expression. The audience of the day would have recog- However, in 1989 Congress cut the NEA’s nized that the high priest symbolized Julius budget by $45,000 to punish it for supporting and that the pope, like the high priest, was art that many citizens found objectionable. Teach: Discuss the pros and cons of the Renaissance also supported by God. Congress also passed a bill that prohibited the AL Have students explore the controversy Although self-interest played a part in their NEA from financing similar works. generosity, Renaissance patrons did not usu- ally stifle artists’ essential visions. Perhaps this was because patrons and protégés shared an system of art patronage. open, exploratory attitude toward life. surrounding the NEA and argue for or CRITICAL THINKING Directions: Answer the following questions 3. Synthesizing information: Why do some on a separate sheet of paper. people want to ban hip hop music? Do 1. Drawing conclusions: How did research in the library and on the Internet against its continued existence. Renaissance patrons influence artistic to examine some of the differing opinions Assess: Have students research the NEA and list the expression? on the relevance and importance of hip hop 2. Making inferences: How is the United music in contemporary American culture. States Congress able to influence artistic Write a brief report on your findings, state expression? with which viewpoint you agree, and explain your reasoning. pros and cons of public funding. ELL Have students present an exhibit of art 40 Close: Have students argue for the best method of from their home countries and explain Linking Past and Present stimulating artistic endeavors. how artists support themselves. Activity, URB p. 40 173
4406-411_C12_S02_888966.indd06-411_C12_S02_888966.indd 409409 99/23/08/23/08 11:04:16:04:16 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 2 His design of the church of San Lorenzo in At age 25, Raphael was already one of Florence reflects this. The classical columns Italy’s best painters. He was admired for and rounded arches in the church’s design his numerous madonnas (paintings of the create an environment that does not over- Virgin Mary). In these, he achieved an ideal W Writing Support whelm the worshiper, as Gothic cathedrals of beauty far surpassing human standards. Expository Writing Have might. The church creates a space to fit Raphael is also well known for his frescoes School of Athens students locate examples of human, and not divine, needs. Like paint- in the Vatican Palace. His ers and sculptors, Renaissance architects reveals a world of balance, harmony, and Northern Renaissance and Italian sought to reflect a human-centered world. order—the underlying principles of classi- Renaissance art and write an essay cal Greek and Roman art. comparing and contrasting these High Renaissance Masters Michelangelo, an accomplished painter, two styles. Students should explain sculptor, and architect, was another master The final stage of Italian Renaissance of the High Renaissance. Fiercely driven what aspects of their examples painting flourished between 1490 and by his desire to create, he worked with exemplify each style. AL 1520. Called the High Renaissance, the great passion and energy on a remarkable period is associated with Leonardo da number of projects. Michelangelo’s figures Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome S Skill Practice Leonardo mastered the art of realistic depict an ideal type of human being with Visual Literacy Have students painting and even dissected human bod- perfect proportions. The beauty of this ide- ies to better understand their workings. alized human being is meant to be a reflec- study the household objects in the However, he wanted to advance beyond tion of divine beauty. The more beautiful Mérode Altarpiece. Ask: Which such realism to create idealized forms that the body, the more godlike the figure. details do not reflect biblical captured the perfection of nature and the individual—perfection that could not be ✓ Reading Check Identifying Name three Italian times? (books, furniture, woodwork, expressed fully by a realistic style. artists of the High Renaissance. and so on) OL
✓Reading Check Differences in Renaissance Art Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael (1504) Answer: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo Central panel of Mérode Altarpiece by Robert Campin (c. 1425–28)
Answers: S 1. Northern European: tight, box-like settings, everyday Flemish artists typically placed their subjects objects; Italian: classical among everyday objects. styles, geometric perspective. The space depicted was FPO tight and boxlike. 2. Campin: intimate home set- W ting implies private connec- tion to religion; Raphael: Artists of the Northern Renaissance placed their setting and aristocratic fig- works in everyday settings, while Italian Renaissance ures make expression of reli- artists were influenced by classical styles and geometric precision. Religious themes were a gion seem formal and public. common subject matter in both. Raphael used the technique 1. Contrasting How did the Renaissance style in of perspective to give the Northern Europe differ from that of Italy? illusion of scale, distance, Additional 2. Interpreting How might the settings of each and three dimensions on a painting reveal differences in religious ideals two-dimensional surface. Support between Northern Europe and Italy?
0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.inddActivity: Interdisciplinary 410 Connection 9/22/08 2:28:24 PM 0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 411 9/22/08 2:28:29 PM
Art Tell students that the Mérode Altarpiece Mérode Altarpiece, as well as other examples complement it. To make their sketches, have is actually a triptych: a work of art on three of triptychs. Ask: How are the examples students hold their paper sideways (in land- panels that often opens and closes on hinges. similar? How are they different? (All have scape orientation) and fold both sides to The triptych form dates from the Middle three panels and related images. Content and meet in the center to form three “panels.” Ages and was often used for altars. The cen- styles vary.) Suggest that, like the painter of the Mérode tral panel contained the most important Have students work in groups of three to Altarpiece, students illustrate an ancient image; the two side panels held smaller, plan and sketch a triptych. Ask them to topic in a modern setting. Let the groups related scenes. Have students use library or choose a central scene as the focus of their explain their concepts and share their Internet resources to locate the complete work, and then select two smaller scenes to sketches with the class. OL
174
4406-411_C12_S02_888966.indd06-411_C12_S02_888966.indd 410410 99/23/08/23/08 11:04:25:04:25 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 2 The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Northern European artists, especially those in the Low Countries, portrayed their world realistically but in a different way than C Critical Thinking did the Italian artists. Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU Have you ever used a varnish to seal woodwork? 1. Explain the significance of: humanism, Comparing and Contrasting Read to learn about a new medium the Flemish artist Jan van Eyck used. Petrarch, vernacular, Dante, Chaucer, Ask: How did the styles of north- Canterbury, Christine de Pizan, attain, fresco, style, Raphael, Michelangelo, ern artists differ from Italian Like the artists of Italy, the artists of northern Europe Flanders, Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer. painters? (Northern European art- became interested in portraying their world realistically. ists painted on a smaller scale. They However, their approach was different from that of the Main Ideas relied less on perspective and more Italians. This was particularly true of the artists of the Low 2. Describe Petrarch’s contributions to the Countries (present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the development of humanism. on accurate portrayal of details.) Netherlands). 3. Identify Christine de Pizan’s main OL Circumstance played a role in the differences. The large argument in The Book of the City of Ladies. wall spaces of Italian churches had given rise to the art of 4. Summarize the accomplishments of ✓ Reading Check fresco painting. Italian artists used these spaces to master Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and the technical skills that allowed them to portray humans in Michelangelo. Use a chart like the one Answer: It made possible a realistic settings. In the north, the Gothic cathedrals with below to make your summary. wide variety of colors, enabling their stained glass windows did not allow enough space Leonardo Raphael Michelangelo him to create realism in fine for frescoes. Thus, northern European artists painted illus- da Vinci trations for books and wooden panels for altarpieces. Great details. care was needed to depict each object on a small scale. The most important northern school of art in the 1400s was in Flanders, one of the Low Countries. The Flemish painter Jan van Eyck (EYEK) was among the first to use and perfect the technique of oil painting. He used a var- Critical Thinking Assess nish made of linseed oil and nut oils mixed with resins. 5. The BIG Idea Identifying Central This medium enabled van Eyck to use a wide variety of C Issues How was humanism reflected in brilliant, translucent colors. With his oil paints, he could the works of Renaissance artists? (ISTORY /.,).% create striking realism in fine details as in his painting 6. Contrasting How did the education of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride. Like other Northern females differ from that of males in Study Central provides summa- Renaissance artists, however, van Eyck imitated nature humanist schools? ries, interactive games, and online not by using perspective, as the Italians did, but by simply 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the painting graphic organizers to help stu- observing reality and portraying details as best he could. on page 171. What can you infer about By 1500, artists from the north had begun to study in Purgatory based on its location in this dents review content. Italy and to be influenced by what artists were doing there. painting? One German artist who was greatly affected by the Ital- ians was Albrecht Dürer. He made two trips to Italy and Writing About History Close absorbed most of what the Italians could teach on the laws 8. Expository Writing Assume the role of an of perspective. art docent (a person who guides people Summarizing Ask: What were As can be seen in his famous Adoration of the Magi, Dürer through museums). Prepare a lecture to be did not reject the use of minute details characteristic of given to a group of students on the works important innovations in litera- northern artists. He did try, however, to fit those details of Jan van Eyck and how they differ from ture, education, art, and architec- more harmoniously into his works in accordance with Ital- Italian Renaissance paintings. ture during the Renaissance? (use ian artistic theories. Like the Italian artists of the High Renaissance, Dürer tried to achieve a standard of ideal of vernacular, humanist education, beauty that was based on a careful examination of the lifelike art, smaller churches) OL human form. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History— ✓Reading Check Examining Why was Jan van Eyck’s use of oil Modern Times, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central™. paint significant? SECTION REVIEW
175
0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 410 9/22/08 2:28:24 PM 0406_0411_C12_S02_879981.indd 411 Answers 9/22/08 2:28:29 PM
1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 4. da Vinci: captured the perfection of nature 6. females largely excluded; the few who did found in the section and the Glossary. and the individual; Raphael: achieved an attend were not taught mathematics or 2. searched for forgotten Latin manuscripts ideal of beauty surpassing human stan- rhetoric; emphasis for females on religion throughout Europe; began emphasis on dards; Michelangelo: portrayed ideal type and morals for role as wives and mothers pure classical Latin of human being with perfect proportions 7. It exists somewhere between Heaven and 3. Women can learn as well as men if allowed 5. Art became more human-centered and Hell. It is an intermediate stop for the soul. to attend the same schools. reflected the influence of ancient Greek and 8. Answers may include that van Eyck painted Roman styles. in oils, used a variety of brilliant colors, cre- ated realism in fine details.
175
4406-411_C12_S02_888966.indd06-411_C12_S02_888966.indd 411411 99/23/08/23/08 11:04:33:04:33 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The Protestant Reformation
During the second half of the fifteenth century, Christian Bellringer GUIDE TO READING humanist Desiderius Erasmus paved the way for Martin Daily Focus Transparency 5-3 The BIG Idea Luther’s reform movement. Political instability in the Holy ANSWERS UNIT 1. the Bible 2. excommunicated Martin Luther 3. the policy of selling indulgences 2 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 5 TRANSPARENCY 5-3 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ideas, Beliefs, and Values In north- Roman Empire allowed Lutheranism, the first Protestant faith, The Protestant Reformation 1 On what did Martin Luther 2 How did the Catholic 3 What Catholic Church lecture at the University of Church react to Martin policy prompted Luther to ern Europe, Christian humanists sought to reform Wittenberg? Luther’s Ninety-five post his theses? Theses? to spread. The Peace of Augsburg formally accepted the division
Key Events in the Life of Martin Luther the Catholic Church, and Protestantism emerged. 1480 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 of Christianity in Germany—Lutheranism and Catholicism. 1483 1512 1520 1522 1546 Martin Luther Martin Luther Martin Luther Martin Luther Martin is born. is a monk and calls on the returns from Luther dies. professor at the German hiding to the University of princes to University of Wittenberg. overthrow the Wittenberg. Content Vocabulary papacy in Germany. 1517 1521 Martin Luther posts his • Christian humanism • indulgence (p. 178) Ninety-five Theses, or The Catholic Church statements against excommunicates the Catholic Church’s Martin Luther. policies, especially the (p. 176) sale of indulgences. • Lutheranism (p. 180) Prelude to Reformation • salvation (p. 178) Christian humanism and Desiderius Erasmus paved the way for the Academic Vocabulary Protestant Reformation. • precise (p. 177) • ignorant (p. 178) HISTORY & YOU Is there a school policy or rule that you would like to change? GUIDE TO READING Read how Erasmus pointed out the need for Church reform. People, Places, and Events Answers to Graphic: • Martin Luther (p. 176) • Charles V (p. 181) • Desiderius Erasmus • Bohemia (p. 181) The Protestant Reformation is the name given to the religious Steps Leading to the Reformation: Christian (p. 176) humanism, corruption in the Catholic Church, peo- • Hungary (p. 181) reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic • Wittenberg (p. 179) ple desired meaningful religious expression and • Peace of Augsburg and Protestant groups. Although Martin Luther began the Refor- • Ninety-five Theses (p. 181) assurance of their salvation, sale of indulgences, (p. 179) mation in the early 1500s, earlier developments set the stage for religious change. Modern Devotion • Edict of Worms (p. 179) Christian Humanism Reading Strategy Determining Cause and Effect One such development grew from widespread changes in intel- As you read, use a diagram like the one below to lectual thought. During the second half of the fifteenth century, identify steps that led to the Reformation. the new classical learning that was part of Italian Renaissance humanism spread to northern Europe. From that came a move- To generate student interest and Steps Leading to ment called Christian humanism, or Northern Renaissance the Reformation humanism. The major goal of this movement was the reform of provide a springboard for class the Catholic Church. discussion, access the Chapter 5, The Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings Section 3 video at glencoe.com or to reason and improve themselves. They thought that if people on the video DVD. read the classics, and especially the basic works of Christianity, they would become more pious. This inner piety, or inward reli- gious feeling, would bring about a reform of the Church and soci- ety. Christian humanists believed that in order to change society, they would first have to change human beings. The best-known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus (ih•RAZ•muhs). He called his view of religion “the philosophy of Christ.” By this, he meant that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide beliefs for them to be saved. Stressing the inwardness of religious feeling, Erasmus thought the external forms of medieval religion (pil- Resource Manager grimages, fasts, relics) were not all that important.
176
Reading Critical0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 412 Differentiated Writing Skill 8/22/08 8:11:01 AM 0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 413 9/22/08 2:38:10 PM R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Identifying, p. 179 • Ident. Cent. Issues, p. 177 • ELL, p. 178 • Descriptive Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 177 • Det. Cause/Effect, p. 177 Additional Resources pp. 178, 181 Additional Resources • Expository Writing, Additional Resources • Guid. Read. Act., URB • Drawing Con., p. 179 • Read. Strat. for SS, p. 14 p. 180 • Time Line Act., URB p. 52 • Compare/Contrast, p. 179 p. 39 • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking Additional Resources Guide, p. 40 Additional Resources • Writer’s Guidebook, • People in World Hist. p. 12 Act., URB p. 42 • Section Quiz, p. 51
4412-417_C12_S03_888966.indd12-417_C12_S03_888966.indd 412412 99/23/08/23/08 11:21:32:21:32 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3 LUTHER’S NINETY-FIVE THESES Teach
“Out of love for the truth and the desire to C Critical Thinking bring it to light, the following propositions will be discussed at Wittenberg, under the presidency Identifying Central Issues of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Ask: What point was Erasmus Arts and of Sacred Theology, and Lecturer in making about the monks in this Ordinary on the same at that place. Wherefore he requests that those who are unable to be present quotation? (He criticized their con- and debate orally with us, may do so by letter.” cern with rules and rituals that he —Martin Luther’s Introduction to his Ninety-five Theses, 1517 believes are unrelated to the true practice of Christianity.) OL
Martin Luther’s protest of indulgences began the W Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church had W Writing Support authorized Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences to raise money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Tetzel Descriptive Writing Provide told the faithful that their purchases would free the students with an English transla- souls of their loved ones from Purgatory. This tion of Luther’s Ninety-five Theses. enraged Luther, who believed that indulgences only soothed the conscience. They did not forgive sins. This image shows Martin Luther posting his Have students assume the roles Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle When Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses, his Church in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1517. of various people in the early intention was to open a dialogue on abuses in the 1500s—peasants, nobles, clergy, Catholic Church. Instead, his words sparked a revolutionary firestorm. Aided by the newly and so on—and prepare a written invented printing press, his words soon spread reaction to some of Luther’s across Europe. 1.1. Finding the Main Idea InIn hishis introduc-introduc- Luther’s attempts to reform the Catholic Church tiontion toto thethe Ninety-fiveNinety-five Theses,Theses, whatwhat diddid statements. AL led to a new form of Christianity—Protestantism— LutherLuther inviteinvite peoplepeople toto do?do? and the birth of a new church. It also ignited decades 2.2. Analyzing InIn whatwhat waysways diddid thethe Ninety-Ninety- of bloody religious conflict, ending a thousand years fivefive ThesesTheses representrepresent aa turningturning pointpoint inin of domination by the Catholic Church. history?history? Answers: 1. to participate in an oral debate of his proposition or To reform the Church, Erasmus wanted Erasmus sought reform within the Cath- join the debate with letters to spread the philosophy of Christ, provide olic Church. He did not wish to break away 2. started a debate and revolu- education in the works of Christianity, and from it. His ideas, however, did prepare tion that resulted in a new criticize the abuses in the Church. In his the way for the Reformation. As people of form of Christianity and work The Praise of Folly, written in 1509, his day said, “Erasmus laid the egg that Erasmus humorously criticized aspects of Luther hatched.” ended the domination of his society that he believed were most in the Catholic Church need of reform. He singled out the monks Need for Reform for special treatment. Monks, he said, “insist that everything be done in precise Why the call for reform? Corruption was detail. . . . Just so many knots must be on C one reason. From 1450 to 1520, a series of each shoe and the shoelace must be of only popes—known as the Renaissance popes— one color.” failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs. Additional
CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 177 Support
0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 412 8/22/08 8:11:01 AM 0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 413 Extending the Content 9/22/08 2:38:10 PM
The Renaissance Popes Alexander VI arts, however, did result in the construction he commissioned many works by other art- (1492–1503) was one of the most notorious of several buildings in Rome and plans for a ists, including Raphael, and he started the of the Renaissance popes. He had several new St. Peter’s Basilica. Julius II (1503–1513) Vatican collection of treasures. Leo X (1513– children, four of whom were eventually rec- has dual claims to fame: he engaged in 1521) continued enriching the culture of ognized as legitimate, and he spent much several wars to restore the strength of the Rome, most notably with the construction of his time as pope arranging advantageous papal states, and he was also known as a of St. Peter’s. He is also remembered as the political alliances for them to further fervent patron of the arts. He ordered pope who failed to take Luther’s threat to his own ambitions. His patronage of the Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel, the Church seriously.
177
4412-417_C12_S03_888966.indd12-417_C12_S03_888966.indd 413413 99/23/08/23/08 11:21:40:21:40 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3 The popes were supposed to be the spiri- relics grew more popular as a means to tual leaders of the Catholic Church. As salvation. leaders of the Papal States, however, they According to Church practice at that were all too often more concerned with time, through veneration of a relic, a per- C Critical Thinking Italian politics and worldly interests than son could gain an indulgence—release Determining Cause and with spiritual matters. from all or part of the punishment for sin. Julius II, the fiery “warrior-pope,” per- D Frederick the Wise, Luther’s prince, had Effect Ask: Why were people sonally led armies against his enemies. amassed over 5,000 relics. Indulgences disillusioned with the Catholic This disgusted Christians who viewed attached to them could reduce time in pur- Church? (The clergy was corrupt. the pope as a spiritual, not a military, gatory by 1,443 years. The Church also Parish priests seemed ignorant of leader. sold indulgences. Many Church officials used their church Other people sought certainty of salva- their spiritual duties.) OL offices to advance their careers and their tion in the popular mystical movement wealth. At the same time, many ordinary known as the Modern Devotion. The Mod- Differentiated parish priests seemed ignorant of their ern Devotion downplayed religious dogma D spiritual duties. People wanted to know and stressed the need to follow the teach- Instruction how to save their souls, and many parish ings of Jesus. This deepening of religious English Language Learners priests were unwilling or unable to offer life was done within the Catholic Church. C them advice or instruction. However, many people soon found that Have small groups use a diction- While the leaders of the Church were the worldly-wise clergy had little interest ary to find the definitions of failing to meet their responsibilities, ordi- in the spiritual needs of their people. This vocabulary related to content in nary people desired meaningful religious environment helps to explain the tremen- expression and assurance of their salvation, dous impact of Luther’s ideas. this section of the text, including or acceptance into Heaven. As a result, for relics, veneration, indulgence, pur- some, the process of obtaining salvation ✓ Reading Check Explaining How did Erasmus gatory. Discuss students’ became almost mechanical. Collections of pave the way for the Reformation? definitions. ELL
Answers: Erasmus—The Praise of Folly; Martin Luther—that Erasmus Martin Luther 1466–1536 Dutch Intellectual 1483–1546 Church Reform Leader people just need to have faith to be saved Desiderius Erasmus was one of the greatest intel- As Martin Luther returned to his village on a lectuals of his time. Kings, popes, and princes stormy night, a lightning bolt threw him off his sought his advice. He was also a very contra- horse. “St. Anne, help me, and I will become a dictory personality. Many of his writings, monk!” Luther’s cry reflected his intense fear of ✓ Reading Check especially his best-known work, The Praise death and of what lay beyond. Like most people of Folly, were critical of the Catholic Church, of his time, he believed the medieval view of a Answer: by criticizing the yet he remained an ordained priest until his wrathful God, granting salvation to the righteous abuses in the Church death. Despite his criticisms of the Church few and eternal fire to the rest. and his early support for the reforms of Mar- Luther feared he could never do enough to tin Luther, he stayed loyal to the Church, win salvation. Pondering the words of the seeking to reform it from within. He even apostle Paul about the “righteousness of God,” received an offer from Pope Paul III to Luther arrived at a new insight. What Paul make him a cardinal. Yet, despite his meant, he decided, was not that people can loyalty to the Church, Erasmus earn righteousness by good works, but that was regarded as the father of God grants the righteousness needed Christian humanism. Many of for salvation. All people need is faith. his ideas were adopted by “From that moment, the whole religious leaders of the Prot- face of Scripture appeared to estant Reformation. What me in a different light.” What was Erasmus’s best-known insight did Luther gain from Additional literary work? Paul’s words? Support
0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.inddExtending 414 the Content 9/22/08 2:38:20 PM 0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 415 9/22/08 2:38:29 PM
Erasmus Erasmus felt particularly strongly ings and the Bible, then there would be sion was serious, since Protestants were about popes who involved themselves in many fewer wars. anxious to present an appearance of unity politics and war, princes who led armies Martin Luther Erasmus originally sup- against a powerful Catholic Church. into conflict for personal reasons, and the ported Martin Luther’s ideas, but later they Ask: On what issues did Erasmus and clergy who supported these ambitions. parted ways. Erasmus felt that Luther’s Luther differ? As a class, create a chart that He thought clergy should not encourage doctrine of salvation undermined the need compares and contrasts the lives of these the warlike aims of rulers. His solution was for ethical behavior. Disagreements about two reformers, including their views on how education; he believed that if the clergy doctrine also caused a rift between Luther the Church should be reformed. OL more thoroughly studied theological writ- and other Protestant leaders. This dissen-
178
4412-417_C12_S03_888966.indd12-417_C12_S03_888966.indd 414414 99/23/08/23/08 11:42:24:42:24 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3 Martin Luther abuses in the sale of indulgences. Thousands of copies of the Ninety-five Theses were Believing in his new doctrine of salva- printed and spread to all parts of Germany. tion, Martin Luther broke from the Catholic Church Pope Leo X did not take the issue seri- and established Lutheranism. ously, however. He said that Luther was C1 Critical Thinking HISTORY & YOU Did you ever speak up for some- simply “some drunken German who will Drawing Conclusions Explain amend his ways when he sobers up.” thing you strongly believed, despite the disapproval of that in the Middle Ages, priests your friends? Read about Martin Luther’s split with the Catholic Church. A Break With the Church would interpret the Bible for their By 1520, Luther had begun to move parishioners. Since few could read, they relied upon the priest’s Martin Luther was a monk and a profes- toward a more definite break with the sor at the University of Wittenberg, in Catholic Church. He called on the German instruction. Ask: What did Luther Germany, where he lectured on the Bible. princes to overthrow the papacy in Ger- imply by telling people to rely many and establish a reformed German Through his study of the Bible, Luther only on the Bible for religious arrived at an answer to a problem—the church. Luther also attacked the Church’s certainty of salvation—that had bothered system of sacraments. In his view, they truth? (The clergy was not needed him since he had become a monk. were the means by which the pope and the to interpret the word of God.) AL Catholic teaching had stressed that both Church had destroyed the real meaning of faith and good works were needed to gain the gospel for a thousand years. He kept personal salvation. In Luther’s opinion, only two sacraments—baptism and the human beings were powerless in the sight Eucharist (also known as Communion). R Reading Strategy of an almighty God and could never do Luther also called for the clergy to marry. C1 enough good works to earn salvation. This went against the long-standing Cath- Identifying Ask: Why did Through his study of the Bible, Luther olic requirement that the clergy remain Luther object to selling indul- C2 came to believe that humans are not saved celibate, or unmarried. gences? (He believed that indul- Through all these calls for change, Luther through their good works but through gences gave people false hope and their faith in God. This idea, called justifi- continued to emphasize his new doctrine cation by faith alone, became the chief of salvation. It is faith alone, he said, and harmed their chance for salvation.) teaching of the Protestant Reformation. not good works, that justifies and brings OL Because Luther had arrived at his under- salvation through Christ. standing of salvation by studying the Bible, Unable to accept Luther’s ideas, the the Bible became for Luther, as for all other Church excommunicated him in January C2 Critical Thinking 1521. He was also summoned to appear Protestants, the only source of religious Comparing and Contrasting truth. before the imperial diet—or legislative assembly—of the Holy Roman Empire, Record students’ answers in a two- which was called into session at the city of column chart. Ask: In what ways The Ninety-five Theses Worms by the newly elected emperor Luther did not see himself as a rebel, but Charles V. The emperor believed he could did Luther’s teachings differ from he was greatly upset by the widespread convince Luther to change his ideas. How- those of the Catholic Church? selling of indulgences. Especially offensive ever, Luther refused. (Catholic: seven sacraments, celi- in his eyes was the monk Johann Tetzel, The young emperor was outraged. “A bate clergy, salvation achieved by who sold indulgences with the slogan: “As R single friar who goes counter to all Christi- soon as the coin in the coffer [money box] anity for a thousand years,” he declared, faith and good works; Luther: two rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” “must be wrong!” By the Edict of Worms, sacraments, married clergy, salva- People, Luther believed, were simply Martin Luther was made an outlaw within tion achieved by faith) OL harming their chances for salvation by the empire. His works were to be burned buying these pieces of paper. and Luther himself captured and delivered On October 31, 1517, Luther, angered by to the emperor. However, Luther’s ruler, the Church’s practices, supposedly posted Frederick, the elector of Saxony, was his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the unwilling to see his famous professor Castle Church in Wittenberg. Posting topics killed. He sent Luther into hiding and then to discuss was a common practice of the protected him when Luther returned to time. His theses were a stunning attack on Wittenberg at the beginning of 1522. Hands-On
CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 179 Chapter Project Step 3
0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 414 9/22/08 2:38:20 PM 0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.inddCreating 415 a Mural events and ideas associated with the9/22/08 Summarizing: 2:38:29 PM Have groups share the first Reformation. Encourage students to show three panels of their murals with each other. Step 3: Adding the Third Panel Groups the causes of the Reformation, including its Have them discuss the insights they have will represent the Reformation on their relationship to Christian humanism, and to gained about the Big Idea. OL mural. illustrate the effects of Luther’s revolt. Directions: Write the Big Idea on the Students may wish to include dates and (Chapter Project is continued in Section 4.) board. Tell students that in this panel of some captions within the mural for clarifica- their mural, they will use both text and tion. Suggest that groups create a sketch of images to introduce and explain important their design first before transferring their images to their mural paper.
179
4412-417_C12_S03_888966.indd12-417_C12_S03_888966.indd 415415 99/23/08/23/08 11:21:55:21:55 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3 The Rise of Lutheranism became known as Lutheranism and the During the next few years, Luther’s reli- churches as Lutheran churches. Lutheran- gious movement became a revolution. ism was the first Protestant faith. W Writing Support Luther was able to gain the support of many A series of crises soon made it apparent, of the German rulers among the some three however, that spreading the word of God Expository Writing Ask stu- hundred states that made up the Holy was not as easy as Luther had thought. dents to write an essay in which Roman Empire. These rulers, motivated as The Peasant’s War was Luther’s greatest challenge. In June 1524, German peasants they examine the reasons that much by politics and economics as by any religious feeling, quickly took control of the revolted against their lords and looked to caused Luther’s movement to Catholic churches in their territories, form- Luther to support their cause. Luther become a revolution. OL ing state churches supervised by the gov- instead supported the lords. To him, the W ernment. The political leaders, not the state and its rulers were called by God to Roman pope, held the last word. As part of maintain the peace necessary to spread the S Skill Practice the development of these state-dominated Gospel. It was the duty of princes to stop churches, Luther also set up new religious all revolt. By the following spring, the Ger- Using Geography Skills man princes had crushed the peasant Ask: What does this map suggest services to replace the Catholic mass. These services consisted of Bible readings, preach- revolts. Luther found himself even more about the effect of the Protestant ing of the word of God, and song. Luther dependent on state authorities for the Reformation on politics? (Not also married a former nun, Katherina von growth of his reformed church. only did the Reformation change Bora, and his marriage provided a model of married and family life for the new Pro- ✓ Reading Check Contrasting How did Luther religious affiliations, it also led to testant ministers. Luther’s doctrine soon and the Church differ on achieving salvation? the formation of new states and dissolved bonds of allegiance among others.) AL EUROPE AFTER THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555 Boundary of the ENGLAND North Elbe R. Holy Roman Empire Sea S IE Hapsburg territories of London TR Wittenberg N Holy Roman Emperor Charles V OU 50°N C Major German secular states LOW Answers: SAXONY Se Papal States in 1. His empire was huge, far- e HOLY ROMAN Ottoman Empire Paris Worms EMPIRE R. . R. R BOHEMIA flung, and noncontiguous. re e Loi n ATLANTIC i Da h nu R be R. The Holy Roman Empire 2. In Saxony, Wittenberg was OCEAN Augsburg Y R and the Peace of Augsburg FRANCE AUSTRIA A far from Rome and papal Geneva G N U H DATE EVENT influence. . R MILAN e
n 1517 Protestant Reformation begins
o Po R. L h R A 1519 Charles V (Hapsburg) elected Holy G I U N PAPAL Roman Emperor—Catholic ruler of ✓ T 40°N T R STATES Reading Check S Madrid A Austria, Spain, Netherlands O Corsica P W L Answer: Catholics believed E Y 1521– Hapsburg-Valois Wars (Charles V vs. SPAIN Rome 1535 Francis I of France) over land that both faith and good works S Sardinia Naples NAPLES 1531 Protestant German princes form a were required for salvation. 0 400 kilometers military alliance 0 400 miles Luther held that faith alone was 0° 1532 Ottomans threaten Austria; France allies Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection M e with Ottomans sufficient. d Sicily i t 1545 Truce between Charles V and Ottomans 10°E e r r a 1547 Charles V’s army defeats Protestant n e alliance 1. Regions How did geography contribute a n S to the difficulties of Charles V in trying to e a 1555 Peace of Augsburg ends feuding keep his empire under control? between Protestants and Catholics; 2. Location How did the location of peace in Holy Roman Empire Differentiated Wittenberg benefit Luther’s cause? Instruction
Name Date Class
Time Line Activity 5 0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 416 Analyzing Information 9/22/08 2:38:32 PM 0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 417 9/22/08 2:38:44 PM Renaissance and Reformation
DIRECTIONS: The years A.D. 1350–1600 were a time of development and diffusion of cultural and political activity and a time of dissension and reform within religious institutions. New styles of art, learning, and commerce helped to generate important criticisms of the Catholic Church and, ultimately, the formation of Protestant religions. Read the time line below. Then answer the questions that follow.
C. 1390 Chaucer writes 1455 Gutenberg Bible 1508 Michelangelo paints 1509 Desiderius Erasmus
The Canterbury Tales. is printed. Sistine Chapel. writes The Praise of Folly. 5
1434 Cosimo dé Medici 1533 Henry VIII of England begins rule of Florence. annuls his marriage. Objective: Analyze time lines. Differentiated Instruction Strategies CHAPTER 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600
1564 William Shakespeare born. 1513 Niccolò Machiavelli 1534 Church of England 1537 Pope appoints Focus: Review events during the Renaissance and writes The Prince. separates from Rome. Reform Commission. BL Have students complete the worksheet 1545 Council of Trent begins. 1517 Martin Luther nails theses 1536 John Calvin publishes The to door of Wittenberg church. Institutes of the Christian Religion. 1540 Jesuits formed. Reformation. together. 1. Which event on the time line was most important for spreading the ideas of the Renais- sance and Reformation? 2. What was the earliest critique of the practices of the Catholic Church? Teach: Assign pairs of students events to annotate AL Have students write an essay in which 3. Which critique of the practices of the Catholic Church led to the establishment of the first main Protestant religion?
4. What happened in 1533 that led to the Church of England’s separating from Rome? with facts from the text. they explain the relationship among six
5. Which events on the time line helped curtail the spread of Protestantism? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 6. Which book was written before Gutenberg’s movable type was developed for printing? Assess: Have students discuss the historical or more of the events on the time line. 7. Who wrote a book in 1536 that influenced religious reformers for years to come? 39 significance of their events. ELL Have students pick out an event on the Time Line Activity, URB Close: Have students review the first three sections time line with which they are familiar p. 39 of the chapter and add one or two other and create a pictorial version. events. 180
4412-417_C12_S03_888966.indd12-417_C12_S03_888966.indd 416416 99/23/08/23/08 11:22:02:22:02 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3 Politics in the German Reformation
Political and religious problems forced the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to seek peace with the Lutheran princes. C Critical Thinking HISTORY & YOU Have you ever met so much opposition that you had Vocabulary to give in? Read why Charles V made peace with the Lutheran princes. 1. Explain the significance of: Martin Luther, Determining Cause and Christian humanism, Desiderius Erasmus, Effect Ask: What motives other precise, ignorant, salvation, indulgence, From its very beginning, the fate of Luther’s movement Wittenberg, Ninety-five Theses, Edict of than religious belief caused was tied closely to political affairs. Charles V, the Holy Worms, Lutheranism, Charles V, Bohemia, German princes to support Roman emperor (who was also Charles I, the king of Hungary, Peace of Augsburg. Luther? (Supporting Luther was a Spain), ruled an immense empire consisting of Spain and way to assert their authority over its colonies, the Austrian lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Main Ideas Low Countries, the duchy of Milan in northern Italy, and 2. Sequence the actions of Luther that led to that of Charles. Also, it would give the kingdom of Naples in southern Italy. the emergence of Protestantism using a them a way to break free from their While religious authorities saw the Reformation as a diagram like the one below. obligations to the pope.) AL challenge to their power and influence, secular authori- Luther’s Actions ties, such as Charles, also saw the Reformation as a dis- rupting force. Religiously, Charles hoped to preserve the Protestantism unity of his empire by keeping it Catholic. Politically, he ✓ Reading Check wanted to keep the empire under the control of his dynasty—the Hapsburgs. However, a number of problems 3. Discuss the impact of the Edict of Worms. Answer: It allowed the German cost him both his dream and his health. These same prob- 4. Explain why many German princes states to choose between lems helped Lutheranism survive by giving Lutherans supported Luther. Catholicism and Lutheranism. time to organize before facing Catholic forces. The chief political concern of Charles V was his rivalry Critical Thinking with the king of France, Francis I. Their conflict over a 5. The BIG Idea Analyzing How did number of disputed territories led to a series of wars that Martin Luther’s religious reform lead to lasted more than 20 years. Charles also faced opposition conflict? To what extent were these Assess from Pope Clement VII who, guided by political consider- C conflicts resolved? ations, had joined the side of the French king. The inva- 6. Contrasting How did the views of sion of Ottoman Turks into the eastern part of the empire Erasmus and the Church differ on the topic forced Charles to send forces there as well. of religious relics? (ISTORY /.,).% Finally, the internal political situation in the Holy Roman 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the map on Study Central provides summa- Empire was not in Charles’s favor. Germany was a land of page 180. Identify three cities where ries, interactive games, and online several hundred territorial states. Although all owed loy- important events occurred in the rise of alty to the emperor, many rulers of the German states sup- Lutheranism and explain their significance. graphic organizers to help stu- ported Luther as a way to assert their own authority and dents review content. dislike of papal control. By the time Charles V brought Writing About History military forces to Germany, the Lutheran princes were 8. Expository Writing How did the well organized. Unable to defeat them, Charles was forced Reformation, including Christian humanism Close to seek peace. and Martin Luther’s efforts, affect the An end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 growth of individualism? Summarizing Ask: What was with the Peace of Augsburg. This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. The Ger- the Church’s response to Martin man states were now free to choose between Catholicism Luther’s call to establish a and Lutheranism. Lutheran states were to have the same reformed German church? (The legal rights as Catholic states. The right of German rulers Church excommunicated Luther to determine the religion of their subjects was accepted, but not the subjects’ right to choose their own religion. and made him an outlaw in the (ISTORY /.,).% empire.) OL Glencoe World History— ✓ Reading Check Evaluating How did the Peace of Augsburg For help with the concepts in this section of Modern Times, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central™. influence the political and religious development of Germany? SECTION REVIEW
181
0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 416 9/22/08 2:38:32 PM 0412_0417_C12_S03_879981.indd 417 Answers 9/22/08 2:38:44 PM
1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 5. Charles V wanted to keep his empire 7. Wittenberg: Luther issued his Ninety-five found in the section and the Glossary. Catholic. German princes supported Luther Theses; Worms: Church outlawed Luther; 2. The Ninety-five Theses called for a dialogue to assert their own authority, leading to Augsburg: peace settlement divided on abuses within the Catholic Church. Later, armed conflict. The conflict was resolved by Christianity in Germany his call for a reformed German church led to the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed 8. Humanism: self-improvement; Luther: a definitive break with the Catholic Church German states—but not people—to choose individual interpretation of the Bible, salva- and the beginning of Protestantism. between Catholicism and Lutheranism. tion by faith; Both: inward religious feelings; 3. It outlawed Martin Luther, turning his reli- 6. Church: A person could gain an indulgence This spurred individualism as spirituality gious movement into a revolution. by venerating relics. Erasmus: External became more inwardly focused. 4. to assert their own local authority over the forms of religious expression, such as relics, authority of the empire and Charles V are less important than inward religious feeling. 181
4412-417_C12_S03_888966.indd12-417_C12_S03_888966.indd 417417 99/23/08/23/08 11:22:15:22:15 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 4 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The Spread of Protestantism
Bellringer GUIDE TO READING As the Reformation spread, different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe. Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the Daily Focus Transparency 5-4 The BIG Idea most important and dynamic form of Protestantism. In ANSWERS UNIT 1. 4 2. Church of England 3. Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist 2 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 5 TRANSPARENCY 5-4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Different England, King Henry VIII created a national church, the The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response 1 How many branches of Protestantism grew Divisions of Christianity, c. 1600 forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the out of the Protestant Reformation by Church of England. The Anabaptists believed in a complete about 1600? Reformation spread, and the Catholic Church 2 Which division was Early associated with a Eastern particular country? Catholic Christian Church Orthodox separation of church and state. The Catholic Church underwent 3 What were the names underwent a religious rebirth. of the other divisions that grew out of the Protestant Reformation? a revitalization under the direction of Pope Paul III. Anabaptists Protestant Church of Reformation England Content Vocabulary • predestination (p. 183) • annul (p. 184) Lutherans Calvinists Divisions in Protestantism Academic Vocabulary • published (p. 182) • justification (p. 183) By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the GUIDE TO READING most important and dynamic form of Protestantism. People and Places HISTORY & YOU Can you imagine life in a society where dancing is a crime? (p. 182) • Ulrich Zwingli • Ignatius of Loyola Read to learn about the Calvinist teachings. Answers to Graphic: • Zürich (p. 182) (p. 187) Council of Trent: salvation through faith and • John Calvin (p. 182) • Trent (p. 187) good works; Protestant viewpoint: salvation • Geneva (p. 183) The Peace of Augsburg meant that Christian unity was forever by faith alone. Council of Trent: seven sacra- • King Henry VIII lost. Even before the peace, however, division had appeared in (p. 184) ments; Protestant viewpoint: two sacra- Protestantism. One of these new groups appeared in Switzerland. ments. Council of Trent: clerical celibacy; Protestant viewpoint: called on clergy to Reading Strategy Zwinglian Reformation marry. Determining Cause and Effect As you read, use a diagram like the one below to list Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zürich. The city council of some of the reforms proposed by the Council of Zürich, strongly influenced by Zwingli, began to introduce reli- Trent. Beside each, give the Protestant viewpoint to gious reforms. Relics and images were abolished. All paintings which it responded. and decorations were removed from the churches and replaced by whitewashed walls. A new church service consisting of Scripture Council of Trent Protestant Viewpoint reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic mass. As his movement began to spread to other cities in Switzerland, Zwingli sought an alliance with Martin Luther and the German To generate student interest and reformers. Both the German and Swiss reformers realized the provide a springboard for class need for unity to defend themselves against Catholic authorities, discussion, access the Chapter 5, but they were unable to agree on certain Christian rites. In October 1531 war broke out between the Protestant and Section 4 video at glencoe.com or Catholic states in Switzerland. Zürich’s army was routed, and on the video DVD. Zwingli was found wounded on the battlefield. His enemies killed him, cut up his body, and burned the pieces, scattering the ashes. The leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland now passed to John Calvin. Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin was educated in his native France. After his con- version to Protestantism, however, he was forced to flee Catholic Resource Manager France for the safety of Switzerland. In 1536 he published the
182
Reading Critical0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 418 Differentiated Writing Skill 8/22/08 8:12:37 AM 0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 419 9/22/08 2:41:19 PM R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Identifying, p. 184 • Making Inferences, • Adv. Learners, p. 185 • Expository Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 183 • Act. Prior Know., p. 186 p. 184 p. 183 • Compare/Contrast, Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 185 • Diff. Instr. Act., URB p. 21 Additional Resources • Mapping Hist. Act., URB • Academic Vocab. Act., • Drawing Con., p. 187 • Content Vocab. Act., • Enrich. Act., URB p. 48 p. 33 URB p. 27 URB p. 25 • Read. Strat. for SS, p. 68 • Guid. Read. Act., URB Additional Resources • Reteach. Act., URB p. 47 p. 53 • Section Quiz, p. 52 • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking • Chapter Test, p. 53 Guide, p. 43
4418-423_C12_S04_888966.indd18-423_C12_S04_888966.indd 418418 99/23/08/23/08 11:27:14:27:14 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 4
EUROPEAN RELIGIONS, 1600 SWEDEN NORWAY Teach 0° 30°E Anabaptist SCOTLAND 10°E 20°E Anglican North Calvinist Sea Eastern Orthodox 50°N a S Skill Practice e Christian IRELAND S DENMARK c lti Jewish Ba Using Geography Skills 10°W Lutheran 40°E ENGLAND NETHERLANDS Muslim Have students look closely at the N Wittenberg Canterbury Roman Catholic W SPANISH GERMAN Protestant areas indicated on the NETHERLANDS STATES E 0 400 kilometers map. Ask: In which part of POLAND S Worms Paris BOHEMIA 0 400 miles Europe was the Protestant faith Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection ATLANTIC BAVARIA most widespread in 1600? Why? Augsburg RUSSIA OCEAN FRANCE Zürich (Protestantism was widespread in SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA Geneva S Trent northern Europe. This may be HUNGARY Avignon because of the distance from Rome 40°N ea ck S PAPAL Bla or the fact that Lutheranism began SPAIN STATES O in Germany and Calvinism in T PORTUGAL Rome T O Switzerland.) OL M ITALY A N E M P W Writing Support I R E Have stu- 1. Regions Which Protestant faith Expository Writing covered more of Europe than any other by M e dents find out more about predes- d i t e r r a n e a n S e a 1600? tination. Ask them to write an 2. Location Which Protestant faith occurred in only one nation? Which nation? essay explaining the various doc- trines of predestination as well as the prevalence of these doctrines Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary saved (the elect) and others to be damned in modern churches. Have students of Protestant thought. This work, which (the reprobate). According to Calvin, “He share their essays. AL eventually became known as his master- has once for all determined, both whom he piece, immediately gave Calvin a reputation would admit to salvation, and whom he as one of the new leaders of Protestantism. would condemn to destruction.” Although On most important doctrines, Calvin Calvin stressed that no one could ever be stood very close to Luther. He, too, believed absolutely certain of salvation, his followers Answers: in the doctrine of justification by faith did not always heed this warning. 1. Lutheranism alone to explain how humans achieved The belief in predestination gave later See page R42 to read A Reformation 2. Anglican; England salvation. However, Calvin also placed Calvinists the firm conviction that they Debate between much emphasis on the all-powerful nature were doing God’s work on Earth. This Martin Luther and of God—what Calvin called the “power, conviction made them determined to Ulrich Zwingli in the grace, and glory of God.” spread their faith to other people. Calvin- Primary Sources and Calvin’s emphasis on the all-powerful ism became a dynamic and activist faith. Literature Library. nature of God led him to other ideas. One of In 1536 Calvin began working to reform these ideas was predestination. This “eter- W the city of Geneva. He created a church nal decree,” as Calvin called it, meant that government that used both clergy and laity God had predestined some people to be in the service of the church. Hands-On
CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 183 Chapter Project Step 4
0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 418 8/22/08 8:12:37 AM 0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.inddCreating 419 a Mural different forms of Protestantism, as well as9/22/08 Putting 2:41:19 PM It Together: After groups have the Catholic response. As in the second completed their fourth panel, assign them Step 4: Drawing the Last Panel Groups panel, groups should organize a key that will wall space to display their murals. Then have will complete their murals. help to explain who or what appears in each students discuss what they learned about Directions: Write the Big Idea on the board. image and why that person or event was the Big Idea. OL Tell students that this last panel of their mural important to the Reformation. Encourage (Chapter Project is completed on the Visual will capture the impact of the Reformation students to outline what they want to include Summary page.) on the Catholic unity of Europe by depicting and how they want to organize their infor- major figures and events associated with the mation before they begin.
183
4418-423_C12_S04_888966.indd18-423_C12_S04_888966.indd 419419 99/23/08/23/08 11:27:25:27:25 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 4 The Consistory, a special court for enforc- Reformation in England ing moral discipline, oversaw the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. It For political, not religious, reasons, could punish those who deviated from the Henry VIII established the Church of England. C Critical Thinking church’s teachings and moral principles. C HISTORY & YOU As a child, how did you react Making Inferences Ask: What Citizens in Geneva were punished for such when someone told you no? Read about how Henry “crimes” as dancing, singing obscene VIII reacted after the pope said no. do John Calvin’s rules suggest songs, drunkenness, swearing, and play- about his view of human nature? ing cards. (Possible answer: People were too Calvin’s success in Geneva made the The English Reformation was rooted in weak to resist the temptation of sin. city a powerful center of Protestantism. politics, not religion. King Henry VIII John Knox, the Calvinist reformer of Scot- wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine Therefore, they needed to be kept land, called Geneva “the most perfect of Aragon, with whom he had a daughter, firmly in check by strict rules.) AL school of Christ on earth.” Missionaries R Mary, but no son. Since he needed a male trained in Geneva were sent to all parts of heir, Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn. Europe. Calvinism became established in Impatient with the pope’s unwillingness France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and to annul (declare invalid) his marriage to R Reading Strategy central and eastern Europe. By the mid- Catherine, Henry turned to England’s own sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced church courts. Identifying Ask: What Lutheranism as the most important and prompted the development of dynamic form of Protestantism. Calvin’s The Break from Rome a new church in England? (the Geneva stood as the fortress of the Protes- tant Reformation. As the archbishop of Canterbury, head king’s desire for a second wife and of the highest church court in England, the pope’s refusal to grant him an ✓ Reading Check Explaining How did the Thomas Cranmer ruled in May 1533 that the annulment) OL Consistory enforce moral discipline in Geneva? king’s marriage to Catherine was “null and
✓ Reading Check Answer: set up as a court, with right to punish people who deviated from church teach- Henry VIII Thomas More 1478–1535 British Author and Theologian ings; “crimes” included dancing, 1491–1547 King of England drunkenness, swearing, and Historians have found it ironic that A Man for All Seasons—that was the title of a twentieth- Henry VIII, who led the break between century movie about Thomas More. He was a trusted playing cards England and the Roman Catholic adviser to Henry VIII and the author of the book Utopia, Church, was proclaimed “Defender which means a perfectly harmonious society. of the Faith” by the head of the Published in 1516, the book is a work of church he left. However, that is how Pope fiction about an ideal state. More Leo X praised him after Henry’s attack on describes how goods are produced Martin Luther in 1521. In Assertio Septem and shared equally among the Answers: Henry VIII—Martin Sacramentorum (Declaration of the Seven Utopians. Utopia became a model Sacraments), Henry upheld Church for Utopian Socialists, who in the Luther; Thomas More—the doctrines that Luther and his followers 1800s attempted to set up communities Utopian Socialists were trying to discredit. To this day, all based on the socialistic principles British coins carry the initials F.D. described in the book. More was later after the reigning monarch’s name. beheaded under orders from Henry They refer to the Latin words VIII for not supporting England’s Fidei Defensor, or “Defender of break with the Church of Rome. the Faith,” a hereditary title for In 1935, More was made a all British monarchs since saint. For what group did Henry VIII. Who was Henry More’s book become Additional VIII attacking in his book? an inspiration? Support
0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.inddExtending 420 the Content 9/22/08 2:41:26 PM 0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 421 9/22/08 2:41:36 PM
Henry VIII Because Henry VIII’s first wife, his brother’s widow. He argued that God More’s execution for treachery was received Catherine of Aragon, was his brother’s disapproved of his marriage to Catherine, with shock and disbelief throughout Europe, widow, he was granted a special papal dis- and that Henry’s lack of sons was proof of even in Protestant areas. Erasmus, frequently pensation to marry her. Later, when Henry God’s condemnation. This argument failed a guest of Thomas More’s, compared his wanted a divorce, he argued that the mar- to convince the pope, who eventually soul’s purity to snow and said that England riage had not been truly legal because of excommunicated Henry. would never have such genius again, calling these circumstances. Henry argued that he Thomas More Because of his reputation him “a man for all seasons.” had defied biblical teachings by marrying for goodness and integrity, news of Thomas
184
4418-423_C12_S04_888966.indd18-423_C12_S04_888966.indd 420420 99/23/08/23/08 11:27:33:27:33 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 4 absolutely void.” At the beginning of June, Anabaptists Anne was crowned queen. Three months later a child was born. Much to the king’s For believing in the complete separa- disappointment, the baby was a girl. She tion of church and state, Anabaptists were viewed as Differentiated would later become Queen Elizabeth I. dangerous radicals. D Instruction In 1534, at Henry’s request, Parliament HISTORY & YOU Would you consider someone moved to finalize the break of the Catholic who refuses to kill to be a “dangerous radical”? Read Advanced Learners Tell stu- Church in England with the pope in Rome. to learn about the Anabaptists. dents that Henry VIII was married The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared that the king was “the only supreme head six times. Have students find out on earth of the [new] Church of England.” Reformers such as Luther had allowed more about his wives and off- This position gave the king control over the state to play an important, if not domi- spring and present their informa- nant, role in church affairs. However, some religious doctrine, clerical appointments, tion as a family tree. Discuss why a and discipline. Thomas More, a Christian D people strongly disliked giving such power humanist and devout Catholic, opposed to the state. These were radicals known as male heir was so important to the king’s action and was beheaded. the Anabaptists. Henry VIII. AL Henry used his new powers to dissolve To Anabaptists, the true Christian church the monasteries and sell their land and was a voluntary community of adult possessions to landowners and merchants. believers who had undergone spiritual C Critical Thinking rebirth and had then been baptized. This The English nobility disliked papal control Comparing and Contrasting of the church, and now they had a stake in belief in adult baptism separated Anabap- the new order. Additionally, the king tists from Catholics and Protestants, who Ask: How did the Anabaptists received a boost to his treasury. In matters baptized infants. differ from other Protestant Anabaptists also believed in following of doctrine, however, Henry remained groups? (They believed in adult close to Catholic teachings. the practices and the spirit of early Christi- When Henry died in 1547, he was suc- anity. They considered all believers to be baptism.) OL ceeded by Edward VI, his nine-year-old equal, a belief they based on the accounts son by his third wife. During Edward’s of early Christian communities in the New ✓ Reading Check Testament. Each Anabaptist church chose reign, church officials who favored Protes- Answer: More than 300 tant doctrines moved the Church of Eng- its own minister, or spiritual leader. Because C land, or the Anglican Church, in a Protestant all Christians were considered priests, any Protestants died, and England direction. New acts of Parliament gave the member of the community was eligible to became even more Protestant. clergy the right to marry and created a new be a minister (though women were often Protestant church service. Before he turned excluded). 16, Edward died of tuberculosis. Finally, most Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state. ✓ Reading Check “Bloody Mary” Not only was government to be kept out of the realm of religion, it was not even sup- Answer: They believed in com- The rapid changes during Edward’s reign posed to have any political authority over plete separation of church and aroused opposition. When Mary, Henry’s “real” Christians. Anabaptists refused to state, and that the state had no daughter by Catherine of Aragon, came to hold political office or bear arms, because authority over real Christians. the throne in 1553, England was ready for a many took literally the biblical command- reaction. Mary was a Catholic who wanted ment “Thou shall not kill.” They refused to hold political to restore England to Roman Catholicism. Their political beliefs, as much as their office or bear arms. However, her efforts had the opposite religious beliefs, caused the Anabaptists to effect. Among other actions, she had more be regarded as dangerous radicals who than 300 Protestants burned as heretics, threatened the very fabric of sixteenth-cen- earning her the nickname “Bloody Mary.” tury society. Indeed, the chief thing other As a result of her policies, England was Protestants and Catholics could agree on even more Protestant by the end of Mary’s was the need to persecute Anabaptists. reign than it had been at the beginning. ✓ Reading Check Describing Why were the ✓ Reading Check Examining What were the Anabaptists considered to be dangerous political results of Bloody Mary’s religious policies? radicals? Differentiated
CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 185 Instruction
Name Date Class
★ Enrichment Activity 5 ★ ★ 0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 420 9/22/08 2:41:26 PM 0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 421 Identifying Central Issues 9/22/08 2:41:36 PM The State of the World, 1516 Section 2 describes the way northern from Sir Thomas More’s Utopia (1516) Europe was affected by the Renaissance shows the author’s critical vision of the and humanist ideas. The following excerpt state of Europe at this time.
hen I run over in my mind the various commonwealths flourishing today, so help Wme God, I can see in them nothing but a conspiracy of the rich, who are fattening up their own interests under the name and title of the commonwealth. They invent CHAPTER ways and means to hang onto whatever they have acquired by sharp practice, and then they scheme to oppress the poor by buying up their toil and labor as cheaply as possi- ble. These devices become law as soon as the rich, speaking through the common- Objective: Compare views of European society in the Differentiated Instruction Strategies wealth—which, of course, includes the poor as well—say they must be observed.
5 And yet when these insatiably greedy and evil men have divided among themselves goods which would have sufficed for the entire people, how far they remain from the happiness of the Utopian Republic, which has abolished not only money but with it greed! What a mass of trouble was cut away by that one step! What a thicket of crimes 1500s. was uprooted! Everyone knows that if money were abolished, fraud, theft, robbery, quar- BL Read the excerpt aloud. Work with rels, brawls, seditions, murders, treasons, poisonings, and a whole set of crimes which are avenged but not prevented by the hangman would at once die out. If money disappeared, so would fear, anxiety, worry, toil, and sleepless nights. Even poverty, which seems to need money more than anything else, would vanish if money were entirely done away with. Consider if you will this example. Take a barren year of failed harvests, when many Focus: Read the excerpt from Utopia. students to identify the main idea of thousands of men have been carried off by hunger. If at the end of the famine the barns Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. of the rich were searched, I dare say positively enough grain would be found in them to have kept all those who died of starvation and disease from even realizing that a shortage ever existed—if only it had been divided equally among them. So easily might men get the necessities of life if that cursed money, which is supposed to provide access to them, were not in fact the chief barrier to our getting what we need to live. Even the rich, I’m Teach: Discuss More’s description of the each paragraph. sure, understand this. They must know that it’s better to have enough of what we really need than an abundance of superfluities, much better to escape from our many present troubles than to be burdened with great masses of wealth. commonwealths of his day. AL Have students read and report on —From Utopia by Sir Thomas More, text and translation by Robert M. Adams. DIRECTIONS: Use a separate sheet of paper to answer the following questions. 1. Compare the belief of Erasmus and others that the popes had corrupted the Catholic Church with the excerpt above. How are they similar? How are they different? additional excerpts from Utopia. 2. Compare the description of commonwealths in More’s time with society today. How are Assess: Have students argue for or against the validity they similar? How is society different today? 3. Put yourself in the place of a rich person and argue in favor of a commonwealth. Then put yourself in the place of a poor peasant and argue in favor of a utopia. of More’s solution. ELL Use a cluster diagram to define utopia. 48 Close: Have students create a collage that depicts As a class, list characteristics of a Enrichment Activity, URB their image of utopia. utopian community according to More. p. 48 185
4418-423_C12_S04_888966.indd18-423_C12_S04_888966.indd 421421 99/23/08/23/08 11:27:42:27:42 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 4 Reformation and Society Were idea and reality the same, how- ever? More often, reality reflected the tra- Although the family became the center ditional roles of husband as the ruler and Reading Strategy of life during the Reformation, the lives of most wife as the obedient servant. Luther stated R women and Jews did not improve. it clearly: “The rule remains with the hus- Activating Prior Knowledge History HISTORY & YOU Should anyone be an “obedient band, and the wife is compelled to obey ONLINE servant” to another person? Read to learn about him by God’s command.” Ask: What other times in history Student Web women’s roles during the Reformation. Obedience was not a woman’s only role. were Jews persecuted on a large Activity— Her other important duty was to bear chil- Visit glencoe.com and scale? (during the Crusades, from complete the activity dren, which both Calvin and Luther saw the 11th to 13th centuries; during about the Reformation. During the political and religious tur- as part of the divine plan. the Black Death in the mid-1300s) moil of the Reformation, the lives of most women and Jewish people did not improve. Anti-Semitism Tell students that they will learn Women were still subservient, and anti- how anti-Semitism led to the Semitism continued. During the Reformation, anti-Semitism Holocaust of World War II, when remained common in northern Europe. Martin Luther expected Jews to convert to approximately 6 million Jews were Women and Family R Lutheranism. When they resisted, Luther killed. OL The Protestants developed a new view wrote that Jewish synagogues and houses of the family. Both monasticism and the should be destroyed. In the Papal States, ✓ Reading Check requirement of celibacy for the clergy had Jews who would not convert to Christian- been abolished. The family could now be ity were segregated into ghettos. Answer: greater emphasis placed at the center of life, and the “mutual placed on family; wife com- love between man and wife” could be ✓ Reading Check Evaluating What impact did pelled to obey her husband extolled. the Protestant Reformation have on women? and to bear children
Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Beliefs CATHOLIC LUTHERAN CALVINIST ANGLICAN Church Pope, bishops, priests Ministers lead Council of elders for Monarch, bishops, Answers: Hierarchy congregations. each church; ministers priests 1. Both Anglicans and Catholics Salvation Salvation requires faith and Salvation requires faith Salvation is Salvation requires faith had hierarchies with a head good works. alone. predetermined. alone. of the church at the top, Importance The Bible and Church The Bible is the only The Bible is the only The Bible is the only of the Bible traditions are both sources of source of truth. source of truth. source of truth. bishops below, and priests at truth. the bottom. Neither Interpretation Priests interpret the Bible and Believers interpret the Believers interpret the Believers interpret the Lutherans nor Calvinists had of Beliefs Church teachings for Bible themselves. Bible themselves. Bible themselves. believers. a head or bishops. Worship Services based on rituals and Services based on Services based on Services based on 2. Possible response: because devotional practices preaching with some preaching preaching and rituals they believed that the sacra- rituals Sacraments Seven sacraments: baptism, Baptism, communion Baptism, communion Baptism, communion ments should be based on confession, communion, the Bible, not Church confirmation, marriage, ordination, anointing the sick traditions 1. Describing In what way were Anglicans more similar to Catholics than to either Lutherans or Calvinists? 2. Making Inferences Why do you think the Protestant churches eliminated most of the seven sacraments? Differentiated Instruction
0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 422 Leveled Activities 9/22/08 2:41:39 PM 0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 423 9/22/08 2:41:43 PM BL Guided Reading Activity, OL Academic Vocabulary AL Mapping History ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 53 Activity, URB p. 27 Activity, URB p. 33 URB p. 47
Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class
Guided Reading Activity 5-4 f Academic Vocabulary Activity 5 Mapping History Activity 5 ‘ Reteaching Activity 5
The Spread of Protestantism Renaissance and Reformation The Success of Reform Renaissance and Reformation DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4. Key Words The years 1350 to 1600 were a time of new ideas in government, art, scholarship, and reli- The Protestant and Catholic Reformations during the Renaissance changed the gion. The Renaissance began as Italian intellectuals revisited the Greek and Roman cultures. face of religion in Europe. Instead of being almost exclusively Catholic, now The Reformation spread new ideas in religion. 1. With the Peace of Augsburg, many feared the ideal of Christian Academic Words Words with Multiple Meanings Content Vocabulary Europe was divided among several different religions: Catholic, Calvinist, DIRECTIONS: The outline below lists five cultural areas in which innovations, as well as redis- was forever lost. attain Renaissance urban society Lutheran, Anglican (Church of England), and others. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire in the east remained Orthodox, whereas the majority of the eastern coveries of techniques that had fallen into disuse, occurred. Under each heading, write the decline dowry 2. , a reformer priest in Switzerland, sought an alliance with Mediterranean and North Africa remained Muslim. innovations and rediscoveries, selecting from the following list. and the German reformers. ignorant DIRECTIONS: The map below shows the distribution of religions in Europe in • Petrarch is called the father of Italian Renaissance • Protestantism was born as a result of Luther’s con- 3. instability When John Calvin converted to , he was forced to flee his native 5
5 humanism. flicts with the Catholic Church. 1560. Use the map to answer the questions and complete the activity that follow. 5 . justification Use a separate sheet of paper. • Architects used columns and arches to create a • With a new method of printing, books became more human-centered environment. widely available. 4. Calvin placed much emphasis on the nature of God. precise Religions of Europe, 1560 • Artists created lifelike, freestanding statues. • Northern European painters developed the technique published of painting in oils. 5. In 1534 Henry VIII asked to finalize the break of the Catholic 20ϒW 10ϒW 0ϒ 1010ϒE 20ϒE 30ϒE • Humanists wrote in the vernacular. CHAPTER
NORWAY CHAPTER Dominant Religions O • The Catholic Reformation began in reaction to the CHAPTER Church in England with the pope in Rome. rebirth • Using new techniques, artists made paintings more Roman Catholic O spread of Protestantism. SCOTLAND SWEDEN lifelike. Calvinist a 6. During the reign of , church officials moved the Church of style e O Lutheran North S ic • Reformers removed decorations from Protestant Anglican RC Sea DENMARK lt C England, or Anglican Church, in a Protestant direction. IRELAND Ba churches. 5-4 Eastern Orthodox RC L Muslim NETHERLANDS 7. The were a radical group that strongly disliked giving power to A. Word Meaning Activity A RUSSIA ENGLAND RC L Minority Religions GERMAN C J A L STATES C Innovations and Rediscoveries the state to control the affairs of the church. Word Classification A Anabaptist A Münster Wittenberg J SSpanishpanish RC J POLAND C Calvinist A 50ϒN 8. Anabaptists considered all believers to be , chose their own minis- DIRECTIONS: Three of the words or phrases in each line below are similar in meaning to the NNetherlandsetherlands L A. Painting L Lutheran C L BOHEMIA SECTION C underlined word, but one word is not. Circle the word that is NOT similar in meaning. RC Roman Catholic J Worms H Paris A ters, and any member of the community was to be a minister. O Eastern Orthodox RCBAVARIA J A C J ATLANTIC Augsburg 1. H Hussite L L J 1. achieve accomplish attain attempt gain OCEAN Zürich A AUSTRIA 9. Protestants developed a new view of the family. They abolished the requirement J Jewish C C C SWITZERLAND J GGenevaeneva L HUNGARY C 2. 2. decline turn down deteriorate refuse incline FRANCE Trent C of for the clergy. L N Avignon ITALY B. Architecture 3. unaware ignorant studious illiterate unlearned L C 10. Calvin and Luther believed women were to obey their and bear A C W G U OTTOMAN EMPIRE E T R SPAIN . 4. instability sound unpredictable unstable shakiness O 1. S P Rome Medit J erranea 40ϒN 11. Three chief pillars supported the Catholic Reformation of the sixteenth century: 5. rationalize defend justification support damage 0 150 300 miles n Sea 2. 0150 300 kilometers , , and the . 6. kind design tool style genre Lambert Conic Conformal Projection C. Sculpture 12. After the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church possessed a clear body of 7. accurate definite exact incorrect precise 1. 1. Approximately what percent of and was unified under the supreme of 8. publish prepare broadcast reveal image Date Event Location Europe north and west of the the pope. 1517 Luther presents a list of Ninety-five Theses Wittenberg D. Literature 186 Ottoman Empire was Catholic? to his church superiors. 1. What percent was Protestant? 1521 Luther rejects council’s attempt to reclaim Worms him. 2. Look at the list of towns and cities in 2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1525 Ulrich Zwingli establishes theocracy. Zürich Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, the chart. Locate each town or city on Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, the map. Circle Protestant towns in 1534 Anabaptists seize control of city. Münster 3. blue and Catholic towns in red. 1541 John Calvin establishes Consistory. Geneva E. Religion 3. What does this tell you about how 1542 Inquisition begins. Rome successful the Protestant and Catholic 1545 Pope Paul III calls for Council to reform Trent 1. Reformations were? doctrine. (continued) 2. 53 27 33 47
4418-423_C12_S04_888966.indd18-423_C12_S04_888966.indd 422422 99/24/08/24/08 11:09:20:09:20 PMPM
Modern Times CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 4 Catholic Reformation
Perceiving a need for a change, Pope Paul III steered the Catholic Church toward a reformation in the 1500s. C Critical Thinking HISTORY & YOU When a task doesn’t turn out as well as you had Vocabulary hoped, do you look for ways to do it better next time? Read to learn how 1. Explain the significance of: Ulrich Zwingli, Drawing Conclusions the Catholic Church determined what it needed to change. Zürich, John Calvin, published, justification, Ask: How did the Protestant predestination, Geneva, King Henry VIII, annul, Ignatius of Loyola, Trent. Reformation affect the Catholic The Catholic Church also had a revitalization in the six- Church? (It led to change in Church teenth century, giving it new strength and enabling it to Main Ideas policies.) OL regain much that it had lost to the Protestant Reforma- 2. Describe how Calvin reformed the city of tion. Three chief pillars—the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, Geneva. ✓ Reading Check and the Council of Trent—supported the Catholic Refor- 3. Explain why Henry VIII formed the Church mation, also called the Counter-Reformation. of England. Answer: Jesuits took a vow of A Spanish nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola, founded the 4. Contrast how the Calvinists and the absolute obedience to the pope. Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits. Loyola‘s small group Anabaptists differed in their attitudes toward of followers was recognized as a religious order by Pope church members participating in Paul III in 1540. All Jesuits took a special vow of absolute government activities. obedience to the pope, making them an important instru- Calvinists Anabaptists ment for papal policy. Jesuits used education to spread Assess their message. Jesuit missionaries were very successful in Church restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Participation in Europe and in spreading it to other parts of the world. Government Reform of the papacy was another important factor in the Catholic Reformation. The participation of Renais- (ISTORY /.,).% sance popes in dubious financial transactions and in Ital- Critical Thinking Study Central provides summa- ian political and military affairs had created many sources 5. The BIG Idea Assessing How ries, interactive games, and online of corruption. It took the jolt of the Protestant Reformation effective was the Catholic Church’s to bring about serious reform of the Catholic Church. C response to the Protestant Reformation? graphic organizers to help stu- Pope Paul III perceived the need for change. He took the 6. Determining Cause and Effect How did dents review content. bold step of appointing a Reform Commission in 1537 to “Bloody Mary’s” actions affect the religious determine the Church’s ills. The commission blamed the makeup of England by the end of her Church’s problems on the popes’ corrupt policies. Paul III reign? also began the Council of Trent, another pillar of the Cath- 7. Analyzing Visuals Compare the chart on Close olic Reformation. Beginning in March 1545, a group of page 186 to the map on page 183. Name cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians one country in which the dominant Comparing and Contrasting met off and on for 18 years in the city of Trent, on the bor- Christian faith included the seven Ask: How did the relationship der between Germany and Italy. sacraments. The final decrees of the Council of Trent reaffirmed tra- between religion and politics in ditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant Writing About History Europe change during this time? beliefs. Both faith and good works were declared neces- 8. Expository Writing Research the (New Protestant states no longer treatment of the Jewish people during the sary for salvation. The seven sacraments, the Catholic view accepted the pope as the head of of the Eucharist, and clerical celibacy were all upheld. Reformation. Then write a short essay Belief in purgatory and in the use of indulgences was analyzing why they were segregated to the church nor did they recognize strengthened, although the selling of indulgences was for- ghettos. his authority over them.) OL bidden. The Roman Catholic Church now possessed a clear body of doctrine and was unified under the pope’s supreme leadership. Catholics were as well prepared as Calvinists to do battle for their faith. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History— ✓Reading Check Describing What was the relationship Modern Times, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central™. between the Jesuits and the pope? SECTION REVIEW
187
0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 422 9/22/08 2:41:39 PM 0418_0423_C12_S04_879981.indd 423 Answers 9/22/08 2:41:43 PM
1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 4. Calvinists: church was the government and 6. Her interference in religious affairs resulted found in the section and the Glossary. members participated; Anabaptists: com- in England becoming even more Protestant. 2. created church government that used both plete separation of church and state; mem- 7. Students might name any Catholic country clergy and laity; set up the Consistory to bers would not participate shown on the map. oversee moral life and doctrinal purity; 5. The Catholic Church addressed many of its 8. Students will complete research and then trained missionaries and sent them to all problems and clarified doctrine, giving it write a short essay based on their parts of Europe new strength and enabling it to regain information. 3. The pope would not annul his marriage and much of what it had lost. allow him to remarry, so Henry VIII broke with the Church.
187
4418-423_C12_S04_888966.indd18-423_C12_S04_888966.indd 423423 99/23/08/23/08 11:28:03:28:03 PMPM
Modern Times Chapter 5 • Visual Summary Visual Summary
You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes Identifying Central Issues and flash cards to your PDA from glencoe.com. Discuss the information contained in the Visual Summary. Remind Detail of Sistine Chapel Ceiling, By Michelangelo students that this information THE RENAISSANCE in Italy and includes important ideas from the Northern Europe entire chapter. Have students work • Milan, Venice, and Florence became centers of in small groups to explain the role Renaissance learning and culture. that humanism played in the • Machiavelli’s views on gaining and holding power influenced political leaders. Renaissance. Have each group • Humanist education focused on liberal studies. choose one example from each of • Artists sought to portray the world realistically. the following three areas: the arts, politics, and religion. Ask: How did humanist ideas influence art, poli- Michelangelo painted people with perfect proportions as a tics, and religion during the Martin Luther Publicly Burns His reflection of divine beauty. Renaissance? Encourage students Excommunication Documents to cite details from the chapter to support their responses. Suggest that each group use a graphic organizer to record its ideas. Then THE REFORMATION Begins let groups share their findings, • Erasmus and other Christian humanists paved the way for the Protestant Reformation. which will help the class review the • Catholic teaching stressed faith and good works, material for the chapter test. OL but Luther believed that faith alone was sufficient for salvation. • The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars English Language Learners Luther’s beliefs spread, and allowed German states to choose between creating Lutheranism, the Catholicism and Lutheranism. Have students read the visual first Protestant faith. summary aloud. Ask them to
locate words that contain the suf- Persecution of an Anabaptist fix –ism (Calvinism, Catholicism, Lutheranism, Protestantism), and Anabaptists were viewed list them on the board. Explain as dangerous radicals. that this suffix usually indicates a doctrine, system, or theory. Point THE REFORMATION Spreads out that “Calvinism,” for example, • Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the is the religious doctrine taught by most important form of Protestantism. • Henry VIII established the Church of England John Calvin. Help students find for political rather than religious reasons. examples of other “isms” and add • Anabaptists believed in the total separation of church and state. them to the list. ELL • Pope Paul III took steps to reform the Catholic Church; this was called the Counter-Reformation. Hands-On
Chapter Project 188 CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation Step 5: Wrap-Up
Creating a Mural 0424_C12_VS_879981.inddtext, and 424 graphics. Allow time for students responses should cover intellectual, artistic,8/22/08 8:14:05 AM 0425_0427_C12_CA_879981.indd 425 8/22/08 8:16:11 AM to view the murals and examine them more literary, technological, social, architectural, Step 5: View the Murals Students will closely before displaying a concept map religious, and political changes. Together, synthesize what they have learned in Steps entitled “The Renaissance and Reformation.” complete the concept map. Then have stu- 1–4. Ask groups to use what they have learned dents independently identify what they see Directions: Have groups take turns pre- from the murals as well as from this chapter as the most important change of the era senting a short explanation of their murals to list ideas that should be included in the and defend their opinion in a brief essay. and the reasons for their choices of color, map to answer the Essential Question. Their OL
188
4424-427_C12_CA_888966.indd24-427_C12_CA_888966.indd 424424 99/23/08/23/08 11:34:33:34:33 PMPM
Modern Times Assessment Chapter 5 • Assessment Answers and Analyses Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Reviewing Vocabulary Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. the sentence. 1. D Students should define the Section 1 (pp. 162–167) words they know to help them Theologians of the Reformation disagreed about how people 1. 6. Which of the following was a characteristic of the narrow down their choices. An could achieve , or acceptance into Heaven. Renaissance? indulgence is a release from all or A indulgence A Rejection of the classical learning of ancient Greece and part of the punishment for sin. B predestination Rome Predestination is the doctrine that C annulment B Renewed emphasis on an all-powerful God God has determined in advance D salvation C Emergence of a more secular worldview who will be saved. Annulment is D Reawakening of feudalism 2. The money and goods given by the wife’s family to the hus- the dissolution of the bonds of band at the time of marriage is called a . marriage. Salvation means accep- 7. Who helped to make Florence the cultural center of Europe A settlement during the Renaissance? tance into heaven or the act of B dowry A Francesco Sforza being saved. C tithe B Lorenzo de’ Medici Tithe and taille might be D taille C Niccolò Machiavelli 2. B eliminated, since a tithe is a D Girolamo Savonarola 3. John Calvin emphasized , the belief that God deter- tenth of one’s income donated mined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned. Section 2 (pp. 170–175) to a church and taille is a tax. A A predisposition 8. Who has been called the father of Italian Renaissance settlement might refer to money B salvation humanism? or goods given at the time of mar- C predestination A Petrarch riage, but it is not specifi c to that D humanism B Leonardo da Vinci context. C Dante 4. An image painted on fresh, wet plaster is called a . D Albrecht Dürer 3. C Tell students to use context A ceramic clues and their knowledge of B flying buttress 9. What was the Divine Comedy? word parts. The phrase “deter- C fresco A A collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on a mined in advance” narrows the journey D relic possibilities to predisposition and B A defense of the theater predestination, because of their 5. In Renaissance Italy, urban society developed a , or C An ancient Roman poem by Virgil prefi x pre-. Since the belief is that worldly viewpoint, which contrasted with a purely religious D A poem about a soul’s journey to Heaven God determines where people go viewpoint. after death, their destination, the A medieval correct choice is predestination. B secular TEST-TAKING C Reformation If a question asks you to read a quote, look for clues that 4. C Students should use the pro- D capitalist reveal its historical context—the title, the date, the quote itself. Determining the context will help you determine the cess of elimination to determine quote’s significance and the correct answer. the correct answer.
Need Extra Help? 5. B Reformation refers to changes If You Missed Questions . . . 123456789 Go to Page . . . 178 167 183 173 162 162 164 170 171 GO ON in the Church, medieval refers to the time period, and capitalism is CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 189 an economic system. Secular is the only logical answer choice.
0424_C12_VS_879981.indd 424 8/22/08 8:14:05 AM 0425_0427_C12_CA_879981.inddReviewing 425 Main Ideas 8. A All of these choices name important8/22/08 8:16:11 AM fi gures in the Renaissance. Da Vinci and Dürer 6. C Remind students that this period is called were leading artists; Dante was a great writer. the Renaissance because of the rebirth of clas- But it was Petrarch who was called the father of sicism, which emphasized the importance of Italian Renaissance humanism. the individual, thus leading to a more secular view. 9. D The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by pilgrims, so choice A may appeal 7. B Students should associate the Medici to some students. The Divine Comedy is an epic family with Florence and with cultural poem about the soul’s journey to Heaven, so achievements. choice D is correct.
189
4424-427_C12_CA_888966.indd24-427_C12_CA_888966.indd 425425 99/23/08/23/08 11:34:38:34:38 PMPM
Modern Times Chapter 5 • Assessment Assessment
10. B Students can eliminate Jan van Eyck, who was associated with 10. Which artist painted fi gures on the ceilings of the Sistine Critical Thinking Chapel in Rome? the Northern Renaissance, not Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. Rome. While the other three artists A Leonardo da Vinci all worked in Italy, it was Michelan- B Michelangelo Use the following map to answer question 15. gelo who undertook the immense C Raphael Holy Roman Empire, 1400 task of painting this ceiling. D Jan van Eyck North N DENMARK Sea Boundary of the Holy Roman Empire W 11. D Tell students to remem- Section 3 (pp. 176–181) E S ber that Erasmus was a leading 11. What was the major goal of Christian humanism? Hamburg ENGLAND D LAN OL BRANDENBURG Christian humanist. His quest was A To create a new form of Christian faith H Berlin POLAND Elb BRABANT GERMAN e O to reform the Church in a way that B To preserve religious unity in the Holy Roman Empire PRINCIPALITIES de R r SILESIA h R Brussels . i Dresden R S n . would direct attention away from C To promote external forms of religion, such as pilgrimages e e Frankfurt in e Prague R
and relics . the external forms and back to R BOHEMIA MORAVIA . HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE re R. e R D To reform the Catholic Church Loi ub . inward spiritual growth. an BAVARIA D AUSTRIA Zurich Munich Vienna 12. C The Ninety-fi ve Theses com- 12. What agreement ended the religious warfare in Germany in FRANCE SWITZERLAND STYRIA TYROL HUNGARY 1555? Geneva Venice posed by Martin Luther helped Po R. Milan e . DY n BAR 0 200 kilometers A Ninety-five Theses R o LOM to cause the religious warfare. h Genoa R T VENCE U 0 200 miles B Edict of Worms PRO S The Edict of Worms made Martin C Lambert Azimuthal A A Equal-Area projection Marseille REP. OF N d C Peace of Augsburg GENOA Y PAPAL r ia Luther an outlaw in the empire. STATES t ic D Great Schism Corsica Se The Great Schism was a split in Rome a the Catholic Church at the end Mediterranean Sea of the 14th century. The Peace of Section 4 (pp. 182–187) Augsburg established the right 13. Why did King Henry VIII break with Rome and establish the 15. Which of the following is a true statement about the Holy Church of England? Roman Empire in 1400? of German rulers to determine A To marry Anne Boleyn A It had no access to the Mediterranean Sea. the religion of their nations, thus B To promote his religious views B It did not include parts of Italy. ending the war between Charles V C To force the Catholic Church to reform C Rome was not a part of the Empire. and the princes. D To separate church and state D Denmark was part of the Empire.
TEST-TAKING 14. Who founded the Jesuits? 16. How did fi fteenth-century humanists differ from those in the A John Calvin fourteenth century? For Question 12: Explain B Ignatius of Loyola A They preferred to live in solitude. that internal context clues C Martin Luther B They believed in service to the state. can sometimes help eliminate D Pope Paul III C Most moved to the country. incorrect choices and identify D They emphasized classical Latin. the correct answer. Point out the relationship between the phrase “ended the religious Need Extra Help? warfare” in the question and the If You Missed Questions . . . 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 GO ON word peace in the correct answer. Go to Page . . . 174 176 181 184 187 190 170
190 CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 13. A Since the Anglican church under Henry VIII remained almost identical to the Catholic Church, 0425_0427_C12_CA_879981.indd14. B Both Calvin 426 and Luther can be eliminat- Critical Thinking 8/22/08 8:16:16 AM 0425_0427_C12_CA_879981.indd 427 8/22/08 8:16:22 AM it is clear that Henry VIII had no ed, since they were leading Protestant fi gures. 15. C Remind students to evaluate each state- religious agenda for his break with Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, who ment based on the data presented by the map. Rome. He became the head of his vowed obedience to the pope. own church, showing that he did Since Rome is outside the boundaries of the not uphold the idea of separation empire, C is the correct response. of church and state. His reason 16. B The early humanists believed that soli- was purely personal and political; tude was necessary to conduct their intellectu- he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn al life. However, later humanists took an interest and beget a male heir. in civic life and believed that they could be of service to the state.
190
4424-427_C12_CA_888966.indd24-427_C12_CA_888966.indd 426426 99/23/08/23/08 11:34:41:34:41 PMPM
Modern Times Assessment Chapter 5 • Assessment Document-Based 17. Why were liberal studies at the core of a humanist curriculum? Document-Based Questions Questions A To create great scholars Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer ques- 20. those who have given their B To promote advances in science tions that follow the document. Base your answers on the document and on your knowledge of world history. word lightly and who have known C To enable more people to read Latin how to trick men with their D To provide practical preparation for life Niccolò Machiavelli wrote: cunning 18. In his Ninety-fi ve Theses, Martin Luther wrote: “Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to “Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a prince to 21. A prince should do evil when- the needy does a better work than buying pardons.” To honor his word and to be straightforward rather than crafty in ever doing good will not accom- what is Luther objecting in this statement? his dealings; nonetheless experience shows that princes who plish the goal. have achieved great things have been those who have given A The doctrine of predestination their word lightly, who have known how to trick men with their B The lack of concern for the poor cunning, and who, in the end, have overcome those abiding by C The sale of indulgences honest principles. . . . A prince, therefore, need not necessarily Extended Response have all the good qualities I mentioned above, but he should D The spread of secular humanism certainly appear to have them. . . . He should not deviate from 22. Answers will vary. Politically, what is good, if that is possible, but he should know how to do the Reformation led to a power Base your answer to question 19 on the following chart. evil, if that is necessary.” struggle between the Holy Roman —Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, George Bull, trans., 1981 Emperor and the German princes. Development of Christianity It affected the religious life of Europe by introducing alternatives Eastern Orthodox 20. According to Machiavelli, what kinds of princes have achieved great things? to Roman Catholicism and by spurring reform within the Catholic Christian Schism 21. According to Machiavelli, what role does evil play in Church (1054) governance? Church to reduce corruption. Some religious authorities resisted Roman Catholic Extended Response change or reform and secular Lutheran 22. Analyze how the Reformation shaped the political and reli- authorities often focused on The Reformation (1500s) gious life of Europe. Be sure to identify the historical effects the need to maintain political Anglican of the Reformation and to compare the viewpoints of reli- gious and secular authorities. authority. Protestant 23. Choose one of the social classes from the Renaissance. 23. Answers will vary based on Calvinist Research what life was like for individuals from this social the social class chosen. Nobility: class during the Renaissance and the Middle Ages. Then Anabaptist compare and contrast the economic and social status of the dominant class in both eras; many social class you chose during both eras. nobles retained land from the 19. Which group does Calvinism belong to? Middle Ages and saw rising A Protestantism incomes. Peasants: life difficult in B Anglicanism both eras; things improved during C Secular humanism (ISTORY /.,).% the Renaissance as many gained For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— freedom from serfdom; majority D Catholicism Chapter 5 at glencoe.com. remained poor and subservient in the Renaissance. Townspeople: Need Extra Help? life better both economically and If You Missed Questions . . . 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 STOP Go to Page . . . 172 179 191 191 191 182 166–167 socially during the Renaissance.
CHAPTER 5 Renaissance and Reformation 191
0425_0427_C12_CA_879981.indd 426 8/22/08 8:16:16 AM 0425_0427_C12_CA_879981.indd17. D Humanists 427 believed that the purpose of 19. A Calvinism is grouped under “Protestant”8/22/08 8:16:22 AM (ISTORY /.,).% education was to develop the potential of the on the chart, making A the correct answer. For additional test practice, use individual and prepare him or her to fulfi ll the Secular humanism is not in the chart, so Self-Check Quizzes—Chapter 5 role of a citizen. students can eliminate this. Calvinism emerged at glencoe.com. from the Protestant Reformation, so Catholi- 18. C Another word for pardon is indulgence. cism is incorrect. Anglicanism is listed in the Luther was protesting against the practice of same group as Calvinism, so it can also be selling indulgences. eliminated. Need Extra Help? Have students refer to the pages listed if they miss any of the questions.
191
4424-427_C12_CA_888966.indd24-427_C12_CA_888966.indd 427427 99/23/08/23/08 11:34:45:34:45 PMPM
Modern Times