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Host Range Of, and Plant Reaction To, Subanguina Picridis 1 A Journal of Nematology 18(1):112-120. 1986. © The Society of Nematologists 1986. Host Range of, and Plant Reaction to, Subanguina picridis 1 A. K. WATSON2 Abstract: The host range of the knapweed nematode, Subanguina picridis (Kirjanova) Brzeski, under controlled environmental conditions was extended to include, in addition to Russian knap- weed, Acroptilon repens (L.) DC., plant species within the Centaureinae, and Carduinae subtribes of the Cynareae tribe of the Asteraceae family. Examination of host response to nematode infection revealed that Russian knapweed was the only highly susceptible host plant. Diffuse knapweed (Cen- taurea diffusa Lam.) was moderately susceptible, and other plants which formed galls were resistant to S. picridis. Key words: Acroptilon repens (Russian knapweed), biological control, gall, histopathogenesis, hy- perplasia, hypertrophy, nutritive cells, Subanguina picridis (knapweed nematode). Most attempts in biological weed control needed to be determined before its release have involved insects and, to a lesser ex- in North America (3). The objective of this tent, plant pathogens, with few nematodes research was to examine the host range of being evaluated. The nematode Orrina the knapweed nematode, S. picridis. The phyUobia (Thorne, 1934) Brzeski, 1981, biology ofS. picridis, including its potential syn.:N0thanguina phyllobia (Thorne, 1934) as a biological control agent, and an ex- Thorne, 1961, has potential for control of amination of the taxonomy of S. picridis are silverleaf nightshade, Solarium elaeagnifo- presented elsewhere (14,15). lium Cav., in the southwestern United States (11,12). The increase and artificial distri- MATERIALS AND METHODS bution of 0. phyllobia follows the inunda- Nematode inoculum: Infected host plant tive approach to biological weed control. material was obtained from O. V. Kovalev Another approach is the classical or inoc- of the Soviet Union. The material, which ulative approach whereby an exotic organ- included dried stem and leaf pieces heavily isms's potential is evaluated for control of galled by S. picridis, was stored at room an introduced or alien weed species. A leaf temperature in a dry state until required. and stem gall forming nematode, Suban- Nematode suspensions were prepared by guina picridis (Kirjanova, 1944) Brzeski, treating galls for 3 minutes in a 1% sodium 1981, syn.: Paranguina picridis (Kirjanova, hypochlorite solution followed by three 1944) Kirjanova and Ivanova, 1968, from washes in sterile distilled water. Surface the Soviet Union parasitizes Russian knap- sterilized galls were cut open and placed weed, Acroptilon repens (L.) DC., syn.: Cen- in a 100-ml beaker containing 50 ml of taurea repens L., a major noxious weed in distilled water. The nematodes were al- much of the United States and Canada. lowed to egress from galls in continuously The nematode was reported to be host spe- aerated water overnight. Nematodes were cific and damaging to its host in the Soviet removed by pipette, suspended in distilled Union (6,9,10). Subanguina picridis galled water, and adjusted to the desired concen- Russian knapweed plants were obtained tration. from the Soviet Union. As with all other Plants tested: Plants tested included those prospective exotic biological weed control related to the known host (Russian knap- agents, the host specificity of S. picridis weed), host plants of nematode species re- lated to S. picridis, and plants which have vegetative reproduction similar to the Received for publication 26 February 1985. known host. The intensity of testing, great- 1 Research conducted at Agriculture Canada, Research Sta- tion, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 3A2. The research est on species closely related to the known was supported by the British Columbia Cattleman's Associ- host, decreased as the test plants were more ation, the University of Saskatchewan (Hantleman Scholar- distantly related (13). Plants were grown ship), and Agriculture Canada, Regina Research Station. 2 Department of Plant Science, Macdonald College of McGill' in vermiculite in 12.5-cm-d pots and University, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd., Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, watered with Hoagland's solution (4) mod- Quebec, Canada H9X 1C0. I thank P. Harris for reviewing the manuscript and A. Virly ified to 10.5 ppm nitrogen. All of the ni- for preparation of photographic plates. trogen was supplied as ammonium nitrate 112 Host Specificity of Subanguina picridis: Watson 113 TABLE 1. Plant reaction to Subanguina picridis. TABLE 1. Continued. Gall Gall forma- forma- Plants tested tion Plants tested tion Asteraceae (Compositae) Mutisieae Tubuliforae Gerbera jamesonii Bolus. Cynareae Senecioneae Centaureinae Senecio jacobaea L. Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Vernonieae (Saskatchewan) + Stokesia laevis Greene Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Liguiflorae (British Columbia) + acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Cichorieae (Soviet Union) + Sonchus arvensis L. Centaurea diffusa Lam. + Taraxacum officinale Weber Centaurea maculosa Lain. + Boraginaceae Centaurea ×pratensis Thuill. + Cynoglossum officinale L. Centaurea montana L. Cyanus segetum (L) Hill Caryophyllaceae Carthamus tinctorius L. Silene cucubalis Wibel Carduinae Chenopodiaceae Arctium minus (Hill) Berhn. Beta vulgaris L. Carduus nutans L. + Convolvulaceae Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Convolvulus arvensis L. Cirsiumflodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur + Crassulaceae Cirsium oleracum (L.) Scop. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Sedum sp. Cynara scolymus L. + Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Onopordum acanthium L. + Brassica napus L. Carlininae Thlaspi arvense L. Carlina vulgaris L. Euphorbiaceae Echinopinae Euphorbia esula L. Echinops ritro L, + Poaeeae (Gramineae) Anthemideae Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Achillea millefolium L, Avena sativa L. Artemissia gnaphalodes Nutt. Hordeum vulgate L. Chrysanthemum sp. Secale cereale L, Triticum aestivum L. Arctoteae Zea mays L. Arctotis acaulis L. Hypericaceae Gazania rigens R. Br. Hypericum perforatum L. Astereae Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Aster sp. Solidago sp. Medicago sativa L. Calenduleae Linaceae Calendula sp. Linum usitatissimum L. Eupatorieae Malvaceae Liatris ligulistylis (A. Nels.) K. Schum. Gossypium herbaceum L. Helenieae Polygonaceae Gaillardia sp. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Tagetes sp. Rosaceae Heliantheae Potentilla recta L. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. var. Scrophulariaceae coronopifolia (T. & G.) Tarw. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Helianthus annuus L. Solanaceae Iva axillaris Pursh Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var, Rudbeckia sp. commune Bailey Inuleae Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Antennaria dioica Gaertn. Daucus carota L. 114 Journal of Nematology, Volume 18, No. 1, January 1986 TABLE 2. Nematode reproduction and pathogenic reaction of plants galled by Subanguina picridis. Reproduction Plant species within galls Degree of damage* Host ratingst Acroptilon repens + + to + + + + Highly susceptible Centaurea diffusa + + to + + Moderately susceptible Centaurea maculosa + - to + Moderately resistant Centaurea xpratensis + - to + Moderately resistant Carduus nutans + - to + Moderately resistant Cirsiumflodmanii + - to + Moderately resistant Cynara scolymus + - to + Moderately resistant Onopordum acanthium + - to + Moderately resistant Echinops ritro - - to + Resistant Gerbera jamesonii - - to + Resistant * Degree of damage: - = no visible damage; + = few, small galls; + + = majority of leaves with small galls; + + + = large galls, some visible distortion of plant; + + + + = numerous large galls, plant severely distorted. 1" Host rating: resistant = few small galls, with no reproduction; moderately resistant = few to many galls with limited reproduction, but with no to very slight damage to the host; moderately susceptible = many galls with reproduction and some damage to the host; highly susceptible = numerous galls, with high rate of reproduction and severe damage to the host. and the iron in a chelate. Solutions were in one pot each at 11, 16, 20, 24, and 33 adjusted to pH 6.0 with potassium hydrox- days after nematode infestation. ide. The potting medium was saturated Galls 20-40 days old were collected. with nutrient solution every second day and Some were opened, and the contained on alternate days saturated with distilled nematodes and eggs were fixed in TAF (5). water. All experiments were conducted in The galls were then fixed, as were intact plant growth chambers at a 12-hour day galls, in formalin-acetic acid-alcohol (8). with light intensity of 1,600-2,400 ft-c at Fixed galls were washed overnight with 15+ 1Candal2-hournightat 10 + 1C. running water, dehydrated in a tertiary bu- Inoculation procedure: Each pot was in- tyl alcohol series, and embedded in paraffin fested with 1,200-1,500 nematodes sus- (7,8). Galls were sectioned at 8 ~m thick pended in 1 ml of distilled water. The with a rotary microtome and mounted on nematode suspensions were pipetted onto glass slides using Haupt's adhesive (7). Most the surface of the potting medium. Peren- sections were stained with safranin and fast nial test species, including five Russian green (2), but at least one slide of each gall knapweed control plants in each test, were was stained with haematoxylin, safranin, cut back to ground level just before infes- and fast green (7) and one was stained with tation with nematodes. Seeds of annual test periodic acid-Schiff's reagent and counter species were sown 25 days after nematode stained with fast green (7). Noninfected infestation. Each plant species was repli- leaves of the different hosts were processed cated at least five times (one plant per pot).
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