Organized Animal Protection in the United
CHAPTER IX EMOTIONAL BONDS, RELIGIOUS MORALITY, AND EVOLUTIONARY KINSHIP Until recently, scholarly commentary concerning animal protection has generally emphasized the primary importance of Darwinism's assertion of human and animal kinship to the emergence of organized animal protection in both England and North America. 1 In fact., personal experience with animals and religious values, not reflections or anxieties occasioned by the theoryof biological kinship between humans and animals, were the decisive influences on humane thought and conduct during the first decades of activism in the United States, as in other nations. Darwinian ideas about the continuity between human and animal life did not motivate the individuals who launched the American humane movement, and evolutionarydoctrine did not surface as an explicit argument for animal protection until the 1890s. Instead, early humane leaders in the United States built their arguments upon older views of the relationship between humans and animals. In making the case that animals deserved better treatment, humane advocates relied upon a popular knowledgeof animals that emphasizedtheir individuality, consciousness, and mental capacities, and acknowledged them as beings with whom people could form emotional bonds. Animal 1 SeeJames c. Turner.Rcctorioe With die Beas: Animals. Pain, and Huroaoity in the Victorian Mind(Baltimore: JohnsHopkim University �. 1980), 00-78;Linda Gordon, Heroes of TheirOwn Lives: ThePolitics and History of Family Violence(New York: Viking. 1988), 34; andSylvia Sperling, AnimalLiberators Rese@rch and Motality (Berkeley: Universityof Californial>rc:$, 1988), 21-22. 3.Sl 352 protectionists also drew uponlongstanding religious views concerning human stewardship, animal souls, and the practiceof such Christian virtues as kindness and mercy.
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