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Public Bikesharing in North America During a Period of Rapid Expansion a Period During of Rapid America North in Public Bikesharing Public Bikesharing in North MTI Public BikesharingPublic in North America Rapid of During a Period Expansion Public Bikesharing in North Funded by U.S. Department of America During a Period of Transportation and California Department of Transportation Rapid Expansion: Understanding Business Models, Industry Trends and User Impacts MTI ReportMTI 12-29 MTI Report 12-29 October 2014 MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE MTI FOUNDER Hon. Norman Y. Mineta The Norman Y. Mineta International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies was established by Congress in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). The Institute’s Board of Trustees revised the name to Mineta MTI BOARD OF TRUSTEES Transportation Institute (MTI) in 1996. Reauthorized in 1998, MTI was selected by the U.S. Department of Transportation through a competitive process in 2002 as a national “Center of Excellence.” The Institute is funded by Congress through the Founder, Honorable Norman Thomas Barron (TE 2015) Ed Hamberger (Ex-Officio) Michael Townes* (TE 2014) United States Department of Transportation’s Research and Innovative Technology Administration, the California Legislature Mineta (Ex-Officio) Executive Vice President President/CEO Senior Vice President through the Department of Transportation (Caltrans), and by private grants and donations. Secretary (ret.), US Department of Strategic Initiatives Association of American Railroads National Transit Services Leader Transportation Parsons Group CDM Smith Vice Chair Steve Heminger (TE 2015) The Institute receives oversight from an internationally respected Board of Trustees whose members represent all major surface Hill & Knowlton, Inc. Joseph Boardman (Ex-Officio) Executive Director Bud Wright (Ex-Officio) Chief Executive Officer Metropolitan Transportation Executive Director transportation modes. MTI’s focus on policy and management resulted from a Board assessment of the industry’s unmet needs Honorary Chair, Honorable Bill Amtrak Commission American Association of State and led directly to the choice of the San José State University College of Business as the Institute’s home. The Board provides Shuster (Ex-Officio) Highway and Transportation Officials Chair Donald Camph (TE 2016) Diane Woodend Jones (TE 2016) (AASHTO) policy direction, assists with needs assessment, and connects the Institute and its programs with the international transportation House Transportation and President Principal and Chair of Board community. Infrastructure Committee Aldaron, Inc. Lea+Elliot, Inc. Edward Wytkind (Ex-Officio) United States House of President Representatives Anne Canby (TE 2014) Will Kempton (TE 2016) Transportation Trades Dept., MTI’s transportation policy work is centered on three primary responsibilities: Director Executive Director AFL-CIO Honorary Co-Chair, Honorable OneRail Coalition Transportation California Nick Rahall (Ex-Officio) Research Vice Chair Grace Crunican (TE 2016) Jean-Pierre Loubinoux (Ex-Officio) (TE) = Term Expiration or Ex-Officio House Transportation and General Manager Director General * = Past Chair, Board of Trustee MTI works to provide policy-oriented research for all levels of Department of Transportation, MTI delivers its classes over Infrastructure Committee Bay Area Rapid Transit District International Union of Railways government and the private sector to foster the development a state-of-the-art videoconference network throughout United States House of (UIC) of optimum surface transportation systems. Research areas in- Representatives William Dorey (TE 2014) the state of California and via webcasting beyond, allowing Board of Directors Michael Melaniphy (Ex-Officio) clude: transportation security; planning and policy development; working transportation professionals to pursue an advanced Chair, Stephanie Pinson Granite Construction, Inc. President & CEO interrelationships among transportation, land use, and the degree regardless of their location. To meet the needs of (TE 2015) American Public Transportation President/COO Malcolm Dougherty (Ex-Officio) Association (APTA) environment; transportation finance; and collaborative labor- employers seeking a diverse workforce, MTI’s education Gilbert Tweed Associates, Inc. Director management relations. Certified Research Associates conduct program promotes enrollment to under-represented groups. California Department of Jeff Morales (TE 2016) Vice Chair, Nuria Fernandez Transportation CEO the research. Certification requires an advanced degree, (TE 2014) California High-Speed Rail Authority gener-ally a PhD, a record of academic publications, and Information and Technology Transfer General Manager/CEO Mortimer Downey* (TE 2015) Valley Transportation Senior Advisor David Steele, Ph.D. (Ex-Officio) profession-al references. Research projects culminate in a MTI promotes the availability of completed research to Authority Parsons Brinckerhoff Dean, College of Business peer-reviewed publication, available both in hardcopy and professional organizations and journals and works to San José State University Executive Director, Rose Guilbault (TE 2014) on TransWeb, the MTI website (http://transweb.sjsu.edu). integrate the research findings into the graduate education Karen Philbrick, Ph.D. Board Member Beverley Swaim-Staley (TE 2016) program. In addition to publishing the studies, the Institute Mineta Transportation Institute Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers President San José State University Board (Caltrain) Union Station Redevelopment Education also sponsors symposia to disseminate research results Corporation The educational goal of the Institute is to provide graduate-lev- to transportation professionals and encourages Research el education to students seeking a career in the development Associates to present their findings at conferences. The and operation of surface transportation programs. MTI, through World in Motion, MTI’s quarterly newsletter, covers Directors Research Associates Policy Oversight Committee San José State University, offers an AACSB-accredited Master of innovation in the Institute’s research and education pro- Karen Philbrick, Ph.D. Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Ph.D. Frances Edwards, Ph.D. Science in Transportation Management and a graduate Certifi- grams. MTI’s extensive collection of transportation-related Executive Director Urban and Regional Planning Political Science cate in Transportation Management that serve to prepare the na- publications is integrated into San José State University’s San José State University San José State University tion’s transportation managers for the 21st century. The master’s world-class Martin Luther King, Jr. Library. Hon. Rod Diridon, Sr. degree is the highest conferred by the California State Uni- Emeritus Executive Director Jan Botha, Ph.D. Taeho Park, Ph.D. Civil & Environmental Engineering Organization and Management versity system. With the active assistance of the California San José State University San José State University Peter Haas, Ph.D. Education Director Katherine Kao Cushing, Ph.D. Diana Wu Enviromental Science Martin Luther King, Jr. Library Donna Maurillo San José State University San José State University Communications Director DISCLAIMER Dave Czerwinski, Ph.D. Brian Michael Jenkins Marketing and Decision Science The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented National Transportation Safety and San José State University herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Security Center Program and the California Department of Transportation, in the interest of information exchange. This report does not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the U.S. government, State of California, or the Mineta Transportation Institute, who assume no liability Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Ph.D. for the contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard specification, design standard, or regulation. National Transportation Finance Center REPORT 12-29 PUBLIC BIKESHARING IN NORTH AMERICA DURING A PERIOD OF RAPID EXPANSION: UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS MODELS, INDUSTRY TRENDS AND USER IMPACTS Susan A. Shaheen, PhD Elliot W. Martin, PhD Nelson D. Chan Adam P. Cohen Mike Pogodzinski, PhD October 2014 A publication of Mineta Transportation Institute Created by Congress in 1991 College of Business San José State University San José, CA 95192-0219 TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. CA-MTI-14-1131 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Public Bikesharing in North America During a Period of Rapid Expansion: October 2014 Understanding Business Models, Industry Trends and User Impacts 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Report Susan A. Shaheen, PhD, Elliot W. Martin, PhD, Nelson D. Chan, Adam P. Cohen, MTI Report 12-29 and Mike Pogodzinski, PhD 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business 11. Contract or Grant No. San José State University DTRT12-G-UTC21 San José, CA 95192-0219 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered California Department of Transportation U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Office of Research—MS42 Research & Innovative Technology Admin. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code P.O. Box 942873 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Sacramento, CA 94273-0001 Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplemental
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