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Architecture of the Settlements of the Fifth-Third Millennium BC in the East of Central Zagros

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Architecture of the Settlements of the Fifth-Third Millennium BC in the East of Central Zagros Original Article | Athar. 2019; 40 (2): 88-105 Athar – ISSN: 2538-1830 Architecture of the Settlements of the Fifth-Third Millennium BC in the East of Central Zagros Mahnaz Sharifi Assistant Professor, Iranian Center for Archaeology Research, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism, Tehran, Iran Article Info ABSTRACT Original Article The study of the architecture of prehistoric societies and the study of architectural findings is important as it provides us with valuable information about the rural Received: 2020/05/30; spaces of the societies of the fifth to third millennia BC in eastern Central Zagros. Accepted: 2020/08/22; Excavations at Tepe Godin, Qishlaq and Pisa drew light on a Chalcolithic site in the Published Online 2020/09/22 high region separating the east Central Zagros and the southern Lake Urmia Basin. Though cultural interface between the two regions that was alluded to in the earlier 10.30699/athar.40.2.88 publications, nothing was known of the existence of intermediate sites between them. Use your device to scan Through cultural studies of the archaeological sites, regarded as the regional key and read the article online site and a major settlement from the Chalcolithic period with clear evidence of Dalma traditions, the present work attempts to illustrate the origin and development of the Dalma culture in the region and to study the evolution in the eastern Central Zagros hinterlands. Also, the cultural developments that took place in these hinterlands will be elucidated and the role of sites as a key settlement site in this regard will be determined and the trend of the economic, social and cultural changes of the site’s inhabitants over time will be explained in light of archaeological data. In this context, absolute dates of ceramics would greatly facilitate the precise identification of the strata through providing a chronology for the region. With regard to the architecture, it is interesting that the 9-meter deposit contains four architectural phases, a sequence Corresponding Author so far unattested at any other site. The most characteristic feature of indigenous Mahnaz Sharifi Assistant Professor, Iranian architecture is the use of plaster in coating purposes. The major adaptation concerns Center for Archaeology the formation of architectural units. The houses orient southward, while winds Research, Research Institute of prevail from the west during the winter. The observations outlined above are, as Cultural Heritage & Tourism, stated, all typical of the eastern Central Zagros. In this article, in addition to Tehran, Iran describing the structural features of rural communities of the fifth to third millennia BC in the east of Central Zagros, attempts have been made to examine the Email: architectural techniques resulting from archaeological excavations. [email protected] Keywords: Archtectural spaces, Archaeological excavations, Eastern Central Zagros Copyright © 2019. This open-access journal is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License which permits Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms. How to Cite This Article: Sharifi M. Architecture of the Settlements of the Fifth-Third Millennium BC in the East of Central Zagros. Athar. 2019; 40 (2): 88-105 88 ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ اﺛﺮ - 1830-2538 - ﺳﺎل 40، ﺷﻤﺎره 2، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1398 ﻣﻘﺎﻟﮥ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﺳﺘﻘﺮارﻫﺎي ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻫﺰارة ﭘﻨﺠﻢ (ﺳﻮم ق.م) در ﺷﺮق زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﺷﺮﯾﻔ ﯽ اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﺎر، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﯿﺮاث ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﯾ ﺮ ا ن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺧ ﻼ ﺻ ﻪ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ: 10 /03 /1399 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﭘ ﯿﺶ از ﺗ ﺎ رﯾﺦ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﯾ ﺎ ﻓ ﺘ ﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﻣﺮي ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ؛ زﯾﺮا اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ا ر ز ﻧ ﺪ ه اي ﭘﺬﯾﺮش: 01 /06 /1399 درﺑﺎرة ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻫ ﺰ ا ر هﻫﺎي ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻮم ق.م. ﺷﺮق زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﺎ ﻣ ﯽ ﮔ ﺬ ا ر د . ﺑ ﺎ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر آﻧﻼﯾﻦ: 01 /07 /1399 ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺷﺮق زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي در ﮐﺮﯾﺪور ﺑﯿﻨﺎﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب و دﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﮐ ﻨ ﺶ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮑﯽ و ﺳ ﺎ ز هاي از ﻫﺰارة ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﭼﻬﺎرم و ﺳﻮم ق.م. ﺑﯿﻦ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب اﯾﺮان ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪة ﻣﺴﺌﻮل : ﻣ ﺎ ﻧ ﻨ ﺪ ﺣ ﺎ ﺟ ﯽ ﻓ ﯿ ﺮ و ز و داﻟﻤﺎ از ﯾ ﮏﺳﻮ و ﻗﺸﻼق، ﮔﻮدﯾﻦ و ﭘﯿﺴﺎ در ﺷﺮق زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﺷﺮﯾﻔ ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ د ﻫ ﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ و ﯾ ﮋ ﮔ ﯽﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﯽ، ﻣﺤﻠﯽ و ﻫ ﻤ ﭽ ﻨ ﯿ ﻦ ﺗ ﺄ ﺛ ﯿﺮات ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓ ﺮ ﻫ ﻨ ﮓ ﻫ ﺎ ي ﻫ ﻢ ز ﻣ ﺎ ن در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺳﺘﺎد ﯾ ﺎر، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ، ا ﯾ ﻦ ﻣ ﺤ ﻮ ﻃ ﻪ ﻫ ﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر اﻫﻤﯿﺖ دارد. ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﻣ ﺤ ﻮ ﻃ ﻪ ﻫ ﺎي ﻗﺸﻼق، ﮔﻮدﯾﻦ و ﭘﯿﺴﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻘﺮاري، ﭘ ﮋ و ﻫ ﺸ ﮕ ﺎ ه ﻣﯿ ﺮ ا ث ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي ، ﭘﺨﺖ و ﭘﺰ و ﺳﮑﻮﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﯿﻤﻦ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، اﻓﺰون ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮح و ﯾ ﮋ ﮔ ﯽ ﻫ ﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺰارة ﺗﻬﺮان، ا ﯾ ﺮ ا ن ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻮم ق.م. در ﺷﺮق زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي، ﺗ ﮑ ﻨ ﯿ ﮏ ﻫ ﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﮐ ﺎ و شﻫﺎي ﺑ ﺎ ﺳ ﺘ ﺎ ن ﺷ ﻨ ﺎ ﺳﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑ ﻪ د ﺳ ﺖآﻣﺪه ، ﺗ ﺄ ﺛ ﯿ ﺮ ﻣ ﺤﯿ ﻂ ز ﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، ﻣ ﺼ ﺎ ﻟ ﺢ دردﺳﺘﺮس و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎ ر ي ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮏ: ر ا ﺑ ﻪ ﺧ ﻮ ﺑ ﯽ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﻣ ﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﻪ ﻧ ﺸ ﺎ ﻧ ﻪ ﻫ ﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺳﻨﺘﯽ- روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ [email protected] در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اوﻟﯿﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، ﺑ ﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻫﻨﺮي از ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﻓﺮاﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي، وﯾ ﮋ ﮔ ﯽ ﻫ ﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﯽ و ﻓ ﻨ ﺎ و ر يﻫﺎي ﻧﻮآوراﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. و ﯾ ﮋ ﮔﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎز در اﯾﻦ ﻣ ﺤ ﻮ ﻃ ﻪ ﻫ ﺎ ﺳ ﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻧﻮع ﺧﻮد ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮآوري و ﯾﮏ ﺧﺼﯿﺼﮥ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣ ﯽ ﺷ ﻮ د؛ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ در ﻣﻌﻤﺎري روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﺑ ﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻇﻬﻮر اﯾﻮان، ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ را اﯾﻔﺎ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﺑ ﻪ ﻧ ﻮ ﻋﯽ اﻧﻄﺒﺎق اوﻟﯿﮥ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﭘﻼن، ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ و ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و ﺗ ﮑ ﻨ ﯿ ﮏ ﻫ ﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑ ﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯿﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻬﻦ از اﯾﺠﺎد ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم و ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ زﯾ ﺴ ﺖ ﺑ ﻮ م ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪاﯾﻢ. ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژهﻫﺎ: ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري، ﮐﺎوش ﻫ ﺎ ي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﯽ ، ﺷ ﺮ ق زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﺣﻖ ﮐﭙﯽ راﯾﺖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: اﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ي د ا ر اي دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﺎز، ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻮاﻧ ﯿﻦ ﮔﻮاﻫﯿﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ اﺟﺎزه اﺷﺘﺮاك (ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ و ﺑﺎزآراﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﺘﻮا ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ) و اﻧﻄﺒﺎق (ﺑﺎزﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ و ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺤﺘﻮا) را ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ . ﻣ ﻘ ﺪ ﻣ ﻪ زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﺳﯿﻤﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮارﺗﺮي از ﺷﻤﺎل ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﺣﺪود 8000 ﺗﺎ 4000 ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﭘﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﻏ ﺮ ب دارد و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻗ ﺴ ﻤ ﺘ ﯽ ﻓ ﺮ ﻫ ﻨ ﮓ ﻫ ﺎي ﺧﺎص ﺧﻮد روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﯾﮑﺠﺎﻧﺸﯿﻦ، ﺗ ﻮ ﺳ ﻌﮥ ﻣ ﺆ ﺛ ﺮ ﮐﺸﺎورزي، د ا م ﭘ ﺮ و ري و ر ا داراﺳﺖ (Henrickson, 1984, 1985; Mc Donald, 1979 ) ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ در ﻏﺮب اﯾﺮان و آﺳﯿﺎي و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ در آن ﺑ ﺴﯿ ﺎ ر ﺳ ﺮ ﯾ ﻊ ﺗ ﺮ ا ز ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺑﻮدهاﯾﻢ (Holle, 1987, 2002, P. 50) (ﺟﺪول ا ﺗ ﻔ ﺎ ق اﻓﺘﺎده اﺳﺖ .Levine 1986, pp-16-52) 1 Levine) در 1 ) ﮐﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑ ﻨ ﺪ ي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﯽ درﺑﺮﮔ ﯿ ﺮ ﻧ ﺪ ة د و ر ه ﻫ ﺎي ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺧ ﻮ د ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ا ي از ﻏ ﺮ ب اﯾﺮان را ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان زاﮔﺮس ﻣﻮﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰارة ﺷﺸﻢ و ﭘﻨﺠﻢ (ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ و ﻣﺲ و ﺳﻨﮓ) ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﻧﺎم ﻣ ﯽ ﺑ ﺮ د ﮐ ﻪ د ر ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺟ ﺎ د ة ﺑﺰرگ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ( ﻣ ﻬ ﻢ ﺗ ﺮﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ2؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺷﺮوع دورة ﻣﻔﺮغ ﺣﺪود ﻫﺰارة ﺳﻮم ق.م. ﺑ ﻪ ﻣ ﺜ ﺎ ﺑﮥ ﻋ ﺎ ﻣ ﻞ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﻓﻼت ﻣﺮﮐﺰي و ﻗ ﺴ ﻤ ﺖ ﻫ ﺎي ﭘ ﺴ ﺖ ﺗﻤﺪن ورود ﺑﻪ دوران آﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ و ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔ ﯿ ﺮي اوﻟﯿﮥ ﻣ ﯿ ﺎ نرودان) اﺳﺖ و ا ز د ر هﻫﺎ ، د ﺷ ﺖ ﻫ ﺎي ﻣ ﯿ ﺎ نﮐﻮﻫﯽ و ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ (Henrickson, 1985)3. وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ زاﮔﺮس ﻣ ﯽﮔﺬرد. ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اوﻟﯿﮥ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔ ﯿ ﺮي ﮐﻬﻦ ﺗ ﺮ ﯾ ﻦ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان داﺷﺘﻦ ﺧ ﺎ ﻧ ﻪ ﻫ ﺎي ﮔﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ ا ﺗ ﺎ ق ﻫ ﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ زاﮔﺮس ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪود 10 ﻫﺰار ﺳﺎل ﻗﺒﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرﮔﻮش اﺳﺖ. ﻧ ﻘ ﺸﮥ زﯾﺮﺑﻨﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ ﺑ ﺮ ﻣ ﯽﮔﺮدد (Mollazadeh, 2010, P. 112) . در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ را در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻣﯽﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ؛ ﺣﺘﯽ اﻣﺮوزه ﻧﯿﺰ 89 ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﺷﺮ ﯾ ﻔﯽ | ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﺳﺘﻘﺮارﻫﺎي ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻫﺰارة ﭘﻨﺠﻢ (ﺳﻮم ق.م) در ﺷﺮق زاﮔﺮس ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﻧ ﯿ ﺎ ز ﻣ ﻨ ﺪ ي ﻫ ﺎي ﯾﮏ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ آﻣﯿﺨﺘﻪ از ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ د ا ري و ﮔ ﻠ ﻪ د ا ري را ۲. ﺗ ﺄ ﺛ ﯿ ﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫ ﺎ ي ز ﯾ ﺴ ﺖ ﻣ ﺤ ﯿﻄ ﯽ در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ (Holle, 2002, P. 53). از و ﯾ ﮋ ﮔ ﯽ ﻫ ﺎي دورة ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺗﺄﺛ ﯿ ﺮ ي ﺑﺮ اﺟﺰا ي ﻣﻌﻤﺎر ي داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ؟ روﺳﺘﺎﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺪارك روﺷﻨﯽ ﻣﺒﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺪﯾﺪارﺷﺪن ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ا ﯾ ﻦ ﺳﺆاﻻت ، ﺑ ﺎ ﮐ ﺎ و ش ﻫ ﺎ ي ﻣ ﯿ ﺪ ا ﻧ ﯽ د ر ﻣ ﺤ ﻮ ﻃ ﻪ ﻫ ﺎي وﺳﯿﻊ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗ ﺸ ﻼ ق و ﻣ ﻄ ﺎ ﻟ ﻌ ﮥ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ا ي د ر د ﯾ ﮕ ﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫ ﺎ ، ﺑ ﻪ ﺗﺠﺰ ﯾ ﻪ و ﺗ ﺤ ﻠ ﯿ ﻞ و ﯾ ﮋ ﮔ ﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫ ﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﺎﻓﺘﮥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﮐ ﺎ و ش ﻫ ﺎي ﻋ ﻨ ﺎ ﺻ ﺮ و اﺟﺰا ي ﻣ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎ ر ي و ﻣ ﺼ ﺎ ﻟ ﺢ ﻣ ﻮ ر د اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .
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