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Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Berinai, Judy (2014) Liturgical inculturation in Anglican worship in light of the spirituality of the indigenous people of Sabah, Malaysia. PhD thesis, Middlesex University. [Thesis] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13667/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. 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See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy Abstract This thesis is an investigation of the liturgical inculturation of Anglican worship in Sabah, Malaysia. This study is essential in order to assess the impact of Anglicanism on the spirituality of the indigenous people, specifically the Kadazandusun in the context of worship with a view to inculturation of the liturgy. The research methodology employed in this thesis includes historical, survey, analytical liturgical study and the personal context of the researcher as a significant insider. The historical approach reviews, examines and interprets the historical developments of the Anglican Church of Sabah in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Survey in the forms of interviews and questionnaire assess how Christianity had challenged the religio-cultural beliefs and practices of the Kadazandusun and their understanding of the gospel. The analytical liturgical study identify convergent and divergent practices in the process of inculturating the Anglican worship for the fostering of the Christian spirituality of the indigenous people in the Anglican Church of Sabah. The researcher, as a significant insider, provides strong additional series of insights for this project. This thesis is organised into three parts corresponding to three movements of inculturation in the Anglican Church of Sabah. The first part is an investigation of the first movement, which encompasses the encounter between the Kadazandusun religio- cultural beliefs and Anglican Christianity introduced by the missionary groups in Sabah. The second part is the examination of the second movement – a critique of the encounter between Anglican worship and Kadazandusun spirituality. The third part is an evaluation of the Anglican worship in Sabah, specifically analysing the factors that have contributed to the hindrances of integrating the gospel with the lives of the people through worship. It is the goal of this thesis to challenge the Anglican Church of Sabah to embrace indigenous Christian worship by implementing inculturation in light of the spirituality of the indigenous people, specifically the Kadazandusun. This will be implemented in a multicultural context in Malaysia. Liturgical Inculturation in Anglican Worship in light of the Spirituality of the Indigenous People of Sabah, Malaysia A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Middlesex University 2013 By Judy Berinai B.D. (Trinity Theological College, Singapore) M.Th. (Wycliffe College/Toronto School of Theology, University of Toronto, Toronto) Oxford Centre for Mission Studies Oxford Acknowledgements First and foremost, I praise and thank God for the privilege and strength to pursue in my doctoral studies. It has been a challenging and yet an enriching journey. I wish to express my deepest appreciation to many people and organisations without which this thesis has not been possible: My supervisors, Dr Adrian Chatfield, Ridley Hall, Cambridge University, UK and Prof. Lorna Bowman, Brescia University College at Western University, Ontario, Canada for guiding, inspiring and challenging me intellectually in the course of this research. Their genuine interest in my work, academic insights, support, encouragement and prayers motivated me to press on and to complete this thesis. My tutor, Dr Julie Ma at Oxford Centre for Mission Studies (OCMS) for her constant advice, encouragement and prayers. Bishop Albert Vun and Dr Thu En Yu for granting me study leave to venture in this research. Their encouragement, prayers and support are invaluable. The Anglican Diocese of Sabah, the Sabah Theological Seminary, Mission 21, Switzerland, Church Missionary Society (UK), Evangelisches Missionwerk (Germany), Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, Overseas Missionary Fellowship (Malaysia/Singapore), Global Ministries of the United Methodist Church (USA), the Anglican Church of Canada and Korean Church (Hong Kong) for their financial assistance. I am indebted to them for their generosity and thank them sincerely for believing in me. The Oxford Centre for Mission Studies community: Dr Wonsuk Ma, Dr Thomas Harvey, Dr Andy Harthropp, Dr Bernard Farr, Dr David Singh, Dr Ben Knighton, Dr Damon So, Dr Tim Keene, Dr Bill Privette, Mr Brian Woolnough, Dr Brainard Prince, Ms Carole Glendinning, Mrs Rachel McIntyre, Mrs Malgorzata Palar-Kojalowicz, Ms Irim Sarwar, Ms Jessica Abel Smith, Mrs Blanche Marslin, Mr Ralph Bates, Rev Andrew Anderson, Mrs Ky Privette, Ms Parrizad Pound, Mrs Deborah Flint, Mrs v Danuta Di Cesare, Mrs Kate Di Carlo, Mr Andrew Buck, the scholars, especially my cohort and friends for their support, encouragement, prayers and friendship. My informants and respondents, who were willing to give time and share their stories during the interviews, conversations and interactions. The librarians of the Bodleian libraries, Rhodes House, OCMS, Sabah State Archives and Museum for their kind assistance in the course of doing this research. The Board members of North Oxford Overseas Centre, Tim and Judy Rous, Guy Axelson, Daniel Blackmore, Elena Shamgunova, Paul Eikelboom, Julie Sinclair, Lesley Bell, David Reay and residents of North Oxford Overseas Centre for providing me ‘a home away from home’ and a warm community in Oxford. Lastly but not least, my colleagues and administrative staff in the Anglican Diocese of Sabah and the Sabah Theological Seminary, students in the Sabah Theological Seminary, my beloved parents for inspiring me with their Christian faith and witness, my sisters and brothers and their respective families, and all my friends, especially Daniel A. Gloor, Sylvia Jeanes, Jocelyn and John Swanston, Elsie Elliott, James Rhee, David and Rhona Burfield, Jonathan and Joyce Seet, Fred David and Yoke Fong, Katharina and Samuel Gfeller, Gary and Jennifer Roosma, Frank and Dianne Gee, Paul and Thea Urech, Matt and Sandra Scott-Seaborn, Lucy and Martin Theur, Han Nam Myoung and Kim, Christine Luginbuhl, Annie Gedion, Sadinah Tati and Margaret Kong for their love, support, encouragement and prayers. Thank you for always cheering me up and standing by me in good or bad times! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... I CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2. Research questions .................................................................................................. 3 3. Research Statement/Hypothesis .............................................................................. 5 4. Purpose ................................................................................................................... 6 5. Scope ...................................................................................................................... 7 6. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 8 7. Rationale for the Research ................................................................................... 14 8. Summary of the Chapters ..................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................................