Was War Youtube? – Plädoyer Für Die Historiografische Plattformforschung

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Was War Youtube? – Plädoyer Für Die Historiografische Plattformforschung Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Carolin Lano Was war YouTube? – Plädoyer für die historiografische Plattformforschung 2020 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/13591 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Lano, Carolin: Was war YouTube? – Plädoyer für die historiografische Plattformforschung. In: MEDIENwissenschaft: Rezensionen | Reviews, Jg. 37 (2020), Nr. 1, S. 8–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/13591. Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Creative Commons - This document is made available under a creative commons - Namensnennung 3.0/ Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Attribution 3.0/ License. For more information see: Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 8 MEDIENwissenschaft 01/2020 Perspektiven Steht uns das Ende von YouTube networking functionality); and embed- bevor? Wer die Kontroversen zur EU- dable video player“ (zit.n. Burgess/ Urheberrechtsreform verfolgt hat, Green 2018, S.6). Dieses Erfolgsrezept hätte diesen Eindruck schnell gewin- führte schließlich etwas mehr als ein nen können. Dabei spiegelt sich in der Jahr nach der Gründung von YouTube aktuellen Auseinandersetzung lediglich zur Übernahme durch Google für 1,65 das wider, was Jean Burgess und Joshua Milliarden US-Dollar. Green als Urgrund jeglicher urheber- Seither ist YouTube zum Inbegriff rechtlichen Reglementierungsdebatten der zeitgenössischen „participatory ausgemacht haben: „What the copyright culture“ (vgl. Jenkins 2009, S.110) wars illustrate particularly well is the geworden, was sich nicht zuletzt auch diffi cult dual identity that YouTube, in einer mittlerweile beachtlich ange- Inc. maintains. YouTube needs to be wachsenen Menge an Forschungs- understood as both as a business […] beiträgen manifestiert. Diese stehen and as a cultural resource co-created by jedoch vor der Herausforderung, dass its users“ (Burgess/Green 2009a, S.35). die Videoplattform sich seit ihrem Seit seiner Gründung im Jahr 2005 ist Start rasant entwickelt hat, was selbst das Videoportal YouTube zu einer der vergleichsweise aktuelle Auseinander- weltweit erfolgreichsten Plattformen setzungen schnell antiquiert erschei- für Webvideos avanciert. nen lässt. Ganz zu schweigen davon, Der Gründungslegende nach brach- dass die prekäre Quellenlage einem ten drei ehemalige Paypal-Mitarbei- historiografi schen Zugriff erhebliche ter die Idee auf den Markt, um einer Schwierigkeiten bereitet (vgl. Burgess/ eigenen Bedürfnislage nachzukom- Green 2018, S.59ff .). Immerhin wird men: Videos, deren Datenvolumen nicht nur täglich eine astronomische das übliche Maß eines Mailanhangs Summe neuer Videos hochgeladen, sprengten, nutzerfreundlich teilbar sondern es werden auch permanent zu machen. Dem Mitbegründer Jared Inhalte gelöscht. So scheint sich für Karim zufolge gründete der Erfolg die Plattform das zu bestätigen, was des frühen YouTube auf vier Faktoren: allgemein über den „geschichtslosen „video recommendations via the ‚related Charakter“ (Mertens 2006, S.9) des videos‘ list; an email link to enable video Webs schon gesagt wurde: „Viel stär- sharing; comments (and other social ker noch als beim Fernsehen […] ist Perspektiven 9 der Inhalt des WWW ein fl üchtiger“ Videos eine automatisierte Datenerfas- (ebd.). sung nutzten, um diese anschließend Blickt man auf die nach wie vor junge in Kombination mit qualitativen kul- YouTube-Forschung, so sind sicher die turwissenschaftlichen Methoden aus- Beiträge des Amsterdamer Institute zuwerten. Dabei orientierten sie sich an of Network Cultures als Pionierleis- vier durch die Plattform selbst nahe- tung in der frühen Phase hervorzuhe- gelegte Sortierungseinheiten: „Most ben: Anzuführen sind hier die beiden Viewed, Most Favorited, Most Respon- Tagungssammelbände Video Vortex ded, Most Discussed“ (Burgess/Green Reader: Responses to YouTube (Lovink/ 2009a, S.38). Niederer 2008) und Video Vortex Rea- Für die YouTube-Forschung insge- der II: Images beyond YouTube (Lovink/ samt dürften nicht nur die Ergebnisse Somers Miles 2011) sowie der 2009 von dieser Studie im Einzelnen von Inte- Patrick Vonderau und Pelle Snickars resse sein, sondern vor allem auch die herausgegebene YouTube Reader. Im rückblickende Refl exion der beiden Facettenreichtum der darin enthaltenen Autor_innen. Diese kommen nicht Beiträge spiegelt sich wider, was You- umhin zu konstatieren, dass nach zehn Tube auszumachen scheint: Gerade in Jahren der einstmals grundlegende der Anfangsphase schien die Plattform Rahmen ihres Untersuchungskonzepts ein janusköpfi ges Gebilde auf der Suche verschwunden ist, nämlich eben jene nach sich selbst zu sein, gleichermaßen vier Kategorien (vgl. Burgess/Green eine Spielwiese für Amateur_innen wie 2018, S.59ff .): „ ere have been fun- ein „lawless repository“ (Burgess/Green damental architectual changes to the 2009a, S.15). way popularity is both constructed and Diese Unterdeterminiertheit schien shaped via the much more personalised die Pluralität der wissenschaftlichen and social algorithms for search and Herangehensweisen förmlich zu pro- front page layout“ (S.65). Folglich habe vozieren. Entsprechend reichen die die Transparenz abgenommen, was sich Untersuchungsmethoden von (auto-) auch dadurch zu bestätigen scheint, ethnographischen (vgl. Elsaesser 2009; dass der YouTube-Algorithmus ein gut Kavoori 2010; Miller 2012) bis hin gehütetes Geheimnis darstellt. zu Verfahren der Digital Humani- Tatsächlich sind fundamentale Sor- ties und der Computerlinguistik (vgl. tier- und Funktionsprinzipien sowie Cha et.al. 2007; Benson 2017), wobei das Interface von YouTube einem sich in neueren Forschungsbeiträgen permanenten Wandel unterzogen. So eine Mischung aus quantitativen und wurde etwa 2010 die 5 Sterne-Bewer- qualitativen Methoden durchgesetzt tungsskala abgeschafft und durch zu haben scheint (vgl. z.B. Rieder et. Like- und Dislike-Buttons ersetzt. al. 2018). Dieses Vorgehen wählten Designanpassungen wurden fortlau- schon Burgess und Green in ihrer fend vorgenommen, unter anderem, wegweisenden Studie von 2007, in der um die mobile Anwendbarkeit zu ver- sie zunächst zur Erhebung von 4.320 bessern. Eine der größeren Verände- 10 MEDIENwissenschaft 01/2020 rungen war sicherlich die Abschaff ung Genregeschichte einen Beitrag zur der Längenbegrenzung von Videos Historisierung von YouTube leisten. auf eine Laufzeit von 10 Minuten, die Dann müsste jedoch stärker diff eren- ebenfalls 2010 erfolgte. Und es gab ziert werden zwischen Genres, die es eine Zeit, in der YouTube für Werbe- schon vor YouTube gab, wie Musikvi- freiheit stand (vgl. Strangelove 2010, deos, und solchen, deren Ausprägung S.10), was aus heutiger Sicht ebenso stärker von den Partizipations- und Zir- verblüff end erscheinen mag.1 In jüngs- kulationsbedingungen des Webvideos ter Zeit weitet YouTube zudem beharr- abhängen, wie Judith Ackermann am lich sein Bezahlsegment weiter aus; so Beispiel der Let’s Play-Videos demons- wurde etwa 2018 YouTube Premium triert hat (vgl. 2017). eingeführt, das gegen ein monatliches Angesichts des vorhandenen For- Entgelt Werbefreiheit sowie exklusive menreichtums wird die Frage, was Serien und Filme bietet. Insofern sind YouTube eigentlich ist, umso viru- nicht nur die Inhalte einem perma- lenter: „a social network site produced nenten Wandel unterworfen, sondern by communities of practice; a chaotic auch die sie umgebende Nutzungs- und archive of weird, wonderful, and trashy Angebotsstruktur.2 vernacular video; or a distribution In der YouTube-Forschung wurden platform for branded and Big Media immer wieder Versuche unternommen, entertainment“ (Burgess/Green 2018, die zunächst sortieruntauglich erschei- S.113). Burgess und Green zufolge zieht nende Vielfältigkeit systematisch zu sich durch die Geschichte der Plattform erfassen. Dem diffi zilen Unterfangen, eine Konfl iktlinie, die zwischen Ama- YouTube eine Genreklassifikation teur_innen und professionellen Anbie- zuzuweisen, hat sich unter anderem tenden verläuft (vgl. S.66ff .). Dabei Anandam Kavoori gewidmet. Er treten Mitschnitte aus Filmen und beobachtete und beschrieb die wie- Fernsehbeiträgen oder Tutorials von derkehrenden Video-Typen „,The Privatpersonen neben offi zielle Kanäle, Phenom[enon]‘, , e Short‘, , e Wit- beispielsweise von Sendeanstalten und ness‘, ,The Celeb‘, ,The Highlight‘, Firmen der Unterhaltungsbranche. , e Machinima‘“ (2010, S.35). Eine Zwar wirbt YouTube in Selbstpro- Exploration von formal-ästhetischen klamation für sich als Forum, in dem und inhaltlich-thematischen Merk- allen eine Stimme verliehen wird3, tat- malskomplexionen im Wandel der Zeit sächlich ‚senden‘ jedoch die wenigsten könnte sicherlich auch im Sinne einer Nutzer_innen und die Kommerziali- 1 Mit der Einführung des so genannten Partnerprogramms ermöglichte YouTube 3 Vgl. der aktuelle Text auf der ‚About ab 2007 erstmals die Monetarisierung Us‘-Seite, die übrigens auch einem hochgeladener Videos. permanenten Wandel unterworfen ist: 2 Einen Überblick liefert die Geschichte „Our mission is to give everyone a voice der YouTube-Seite, die auf: Versionmu- and show them the world“ (YouTube. seum.com einsehbar ist. com 2019). Perspektiven 11 sierung nimmt stetig weiter zu (vgl. van „die Medien […] nicht nur Gegenstand Dijck 2009). historischer Betrachtung, Codierung Das Neben- und Ineinander von und Darstellung“ (Engell/Vogl 2001, institutioneller und privater Sphäre S.7) sind, sondern diese selbst auf vollzieht sich erwartungsgemäß
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