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SSD: L-FIL-LET/12 Dalla Cronaca Alla Novella, Tra Historia E Fabula

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SSD: L-FIL-LET/12 Dalla Cronaca Alla Novella, Tra Historia E Fabula View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Università degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale: CINECA IRIS UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE” DIPARTIMENTO DI STUDI LETTERARI, LINGUISTICI E COMPARATI DOTTORATO IN STUDI LETTERARI, LINGUISTICI E COMPARATI (XXX CICLO) SSD: L-FIL-LET/12 Dalla cronaca alla novella, tra historia e fabula: paradigmi interpretativi e forme di riscrittura della Nuova cronica di Giovanni Villani TUTOR CANDIDATO Ch.ma Prof.ssa Felice Messina Rita Librandi COORDINATORE DEL DOTTORATO Ch.mo Prof. Carlo Vecce ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016/2017 Nullum est iam dictum quod non sit dictum prius (Publio Terenzio Afro, Eunuchus, Prologo, v. 41) Indice Premessa ..................................................................................................................... 5 La Nuova cronica di Giovanni Villani .................................................................... 11 1.1 La composizione .............................................................................................. 11 1.2 Struttura e tecnica narrativa ............................................................................. 17 1.3 La diffusione dell’opera (tradizione diretta e ‘copie attive’) ........................... 30 (Ri)scritture storiche: i ‘capitoli napoletani’ di Giovanni Villani nella Terza Parte della Cronaca di Partenope ...................................................................................... 39 2.1 Storia e storiografia in età angioina ................................................................. 39 2.2 La struttura della Cronaca di Partenope .......................................................... 41 2.3. Configurazione di IIIA e personalizzazione della materia............................... 44 2.4 Famiglia di manoscritti e stadio redazionale dell’ipotesto ............................... 56 2.5 Trasformazione dei capitoli villaniani ............................................................. 58 2.5.1 Riduzione e torsione ideologica della fonte .............................................. 58 2.5.2 Elementi coesivi e struttura narrativa ........................................................ 67 2.5.3 Amplificazione .......................................................................................... 74 2.6 Le interpolazioni dalla Seconda Parte: IIB fonte di IIIA................................... 76 Dalla cronaca alla novella, dalla novella alla cronaca: il Pecorone ..................... 91 3.1 L’opera e l’autore ............................................................................................. 91 3.2 La sezione villaniana del Pecorone .................................................................. 98 3.3 Articolazione interna della raccolta e indicatori metagenerici ....................... 106 3.4 Manipolazione narrativa della Nuova cronica ............................................... 112 3.4.1 Le anti-novelle ......................................................................................... 125 3.5 Dal ‘dire onesto’ al racconto-cronaca ............................................................ 128 3.6 Manipolazione ideologica dell’ipotesto ......................................................... 135 3.7 Alcuni fenomeni linguistici ............................................................................ 138 3.7.1 Gli incipit e gli explicit ............................................................................ 140 3.7.2 Connessioni delle unità testuali ............................................................... 143 3.7.3 Sintassi e testualità .................................................................................. 145 3.7.4 Il discorso riportato .................................................................................. 148 Riferimenti bibliografici ........................................................................................ 150 Premessa Nel presente lavoro di tesi si è affrontata la questione delle morfologie di riutilizzo della materia villaniana, lungo una direttrice di ricerca che ha previsto lo studio delle scritture cronachistiche per mano di storici-compilatori del basso medioevo volgare, fino ad approdare all’ambito delle raccolte novellistiche del XIV secolo. Il corpus di opere prescelto è, quindi, afferente a tipologie testuali che nella tradizione medievale hanno condiviso, in varia misura, forme, tematiche e destinatari nell’arco di un segmento temporale molto esteso, fino a giungere a una vera e propria codificazione di schemi letterari il cui traguardo di evoluzione ha avuto come massimi interpreti rispettivamente Giovanni Villani e Giovanni Boccaccio. Nel panorama storiografico della Firenze del Trecento, la Nuova cronica del Villani (redatta a partire dagli anni 1320-1330 fino alla morte dell’autore, avvenuta nel 1348), con la sua tradizione manoscritta che annovera oltre cento testimoni, si configura come un vero e proprio best-seller dell’epoca a cui attinsero a piene mani diverse categorie di scrittori, animati da esigenze e finalità estetiche talvolta molto distanti tra loro. Infatti, in linea con la tradizione enciclopedica mediolatina, l’ordinamento della materia della cronaca, indicizzata per anno e articolata in capitoli rubricati, favoriva una consultazione episodica e ‘non sequenziale’ del testo, offrendo, al contempo, un’incredibile mole di materiale che ebbe un’ampia circolazione anche al di fuori dei confini della Toscana. Partendo da tali premesse, la prima parte del capitolo introduttivo è incentrata prevalentemente su una disamina delle principali questioni ecdotiche e filologiche che hanno diviso, nei decenni scorsi, i principali studiosi dell’opera. Sebbene le finalità della ricerca non fossero quelle di dirimere la vexata quaestio villaniana, tale fase di studio si è resa necessaria al fine di selezionare una serie di loci critici atti ad individuare, con un certo grado di sicurezza, lo stadio redazionale e la famiglia di manoscritti a cui risaliva il modello (o i modelli) della cronaca a disposizione degli epigoni del Villani. L’obiettivo ultimo è stato quello di escludere, in sede di analisi testuale, che le modifiche apportate al testo dai rimaneggiatori non fossero in realtà da ricondurre a un antigrafo della cronaca latore di una redazione antica o alle innovazioni 5 di una famiglia della tradizione. Dopo un’attenta valutazione dei contributi di Giuseppe Porta e Arrigo Castellani, si è deciso di affidarsi alla classificazione offerta da quest’ultimo studioso, il quale raggruppa i testimoni manoscritti in cinque famiglie, al cui interno opera un’ulteriore suddivisione per stadi redazionali. Successivamente l’attenzione si è focalizzata sulle tecniche narrative del cronista fiorentino e, in particolare sul procedimento chiamato entrelacement che consiste nell’intersecare un certo numero di sequenze narrative, per poi ritornare alla materia principale del racconto una volta terminata la digressione. A partire da queste ‘incidenze’ (volendo adoperare il termine tecnico mutuato innanzitutto dal romanzo), si sono costituite sillogi di capitoli villaniani, come quelle presenti nella Terza Parte della Cronaca di Partenope, che diedero vita a delle tradizioni parallele e autonome rispetto alla fonte, il cui studio è indispensabile per comprendere la reale incidenza dell’opera nell’orizzonte culturale dell’epoca. Infine, il primo capitolo si chiude con una ricognizione sul concetto di autorialità in relazione alla scrittura cronachistica in volgare, caratterizzata da un tasso di testualità che si può definire ‘debole’. Sulla base di alcune sistemazioni teoriche messe appunto dai più agguerriti studiosi di scritture storiche degli ultimi anni, si è arrivati a descrivere, all’interno della fenomenologia di riutilizzo della cronaca, tre distinte modalità, che si concretizzano in copie parziali che mantengono un rapporto di dipendenza tra testo di partenza (o ipotesto) e il suo autore (è il caso di copisti che si autodefiniscono compilatori); in copie che, aspirando a una propria autonomia, spezzano il legame tra l’autore e il testo (è il caso di compilatori che si presentano formalmente come auctor); infine nel semplice riuso di excerpta inseriti in altri contesti e con finalità differenti rispetto alle precedenti categorie (come avviene nei commentari alla Commedia). Il secondo capitolo entra nel vivo della ricerca affrontando il tema della riscrittura della Nuova cronica nella storiografia del Regno di Napoli in epoca angioina. Dopo una breve introduzione, a partire dai magistrali studi di Francesco Sabatini sui fattori e gli scambi culturali lungo l’asse Napoli-Firenze che contribuirono alla nascita di una letteratura in volgare napoletano, l’indagine è stata circoscritta al primo supplemento della cosiddetta Cronaca di Partenope (CrP), un complesso agglomerato 6 di scritture storiche, il cui ultimo assetto testuale si è avuto con la princeps di Del Tuppo (Napoli, 1486-90). Tale segmento testuale, rimasto inedito e meglio noto con la nomenclatura di ‘IIIA’, è un compendio di storia del Regno di Napoli e di Sicilia fino al 1325 (la redazione è invece collocata tra la fine del secolo e gli inizi del Quattrocento), frutto della rielaborazione di numerosi capitoli tratti dalla Nuova cronica che, congiuntamente a una serie di interpolazioni dalla Seconda Parte del corpus napoletano, costituiscono 170 unità testuali. Inizialmente si è fornita una tavola di corrispondenza tra i capitoli della cronaca fiorentina e i paragrafi del supplemento,
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