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Crónicas Urbanas E Historiografía En La Toscana Bajomedieval

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Crónicas Urbanas E Historiografía En La Toscana Bajomedieval Crónicas urbanas e historiografía en la Toscana bajomedieval Josué Villa Prieto Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Urban chronicles and Historiography in medieval Tuscany Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata. Este estudio cuenta con el apoyo de una ayuda postdoctoral Clarín-COFUND Marie Curie del Principado de Asturias y de la Comisión Europea Recibido: 29-12-2017 Evaluado y aceptado: 11-08-2018 d Territorio, Sociedad y Poder, nº 13, 2018 [pp. 101-126] Resumen: Este trabajo propone una aproximación El catálogo de autores y obras incluye una tipología a la historiografía urbana en Toscana durante la de las mismas en función de la cronología abordada Baja Edad Media. Su cronística se interpreta como (periodizaciones acotadas, historias universales y resultado de dos fenómenos: la consolidación de sucesos concretos). Asimismo se precisa los métodos Florencia como autoridad política hegemónica en la y técnicas de elaboración histórica empleados por región y como principal foco cultural del humanismo los cronistas, y sus esfuerzos humanistas en el italiano. Cada epígrafe está dedicado a las historias tratamiento de las fuentes y por conseguir un estilo realizadas sobre una ciudad concreta, interpretándose literario de inspiración clásica. el contexto de su elaboración, la relación existente entre el autor y los hechos narrados, las características Palabras Clave: Historiografía medieval, crónicas, literarias de la obra, su contenido, y las posibilidades humanismo, historia urbana, Toscana, Florencia, y límites que ofrecen para el conocimiento histórico. Pisa, Siena. Abstract: The aim of this article is to offer a closest view his academic education and notarial work, which leads of the urban chronicles made in the Toscana during the them to act as attestor and to recount History based in transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The reliable documentation. analysis is both historiographic and historic in order to Another classification can be made according to the achieve a better comprehension of these Works, taking chronological period in each chronicle. The Universal into account the political evolution of the region and Histories go back to the city founding during the cultural background that defines it. There for it mythological era and ancient times; they have the most must be kept in mind that during the Late Medieval original historical conception, offering chronological Ages Florence gradually grows stronger as the govern frameworks, interpretations and purely humanistic styles authority within the region, as well as the main role in (Ricordano Malispini, Baldasarre Bonaiuti, Giovanni the Italian Humanism. Villano, Leonardo Bruni, Niccolò Machiavelli). On Each one of the sections in this article studies one city. the other hand, the cronache cittadine focus in a The first one studies the case of Florence, followed by very precise period and, mostly, contemporary to the the other cities in the Toscana: Arezzo, Pisa, Pistoia, writing (Bartolomeo di ser Gorello, Raniero Granchi, Prat, San Miniato, Sienna (only city that stays away Gregorio Dati, Paolo di Tommaso Montauri, Domenico from the Florentine sovereignty, remaining as a republic) Buoninsegni, Sozomeno da Pistoia, Tommaso Fecini, and Volterra. In each case it is studied the historic, Francesco Guicciardini). Finally, the ricordanze analyse institutional and cultural reality surrounding the a very specific and exceptional event (Alamanno redaction of the chronicles, the relation between the Acciaioli, Luigi Guicciardini, Simone Peruzzi, Guccio author and the facts he relates, the literary aspect of Benvenuti, Antonio Ivani da Sarzana, Bastiano, the chronicles, in addition its content is summarized, Francesco Pezzati, Guasparri Spadari); belonging to this and finally the opportunities and boundaries that the last group there are also some rhymed pieces (Carmen chronicles can offer to the historic knowledge is valued. in victoriam Pisanorum, Ricordi di Firenze in 1459, The chronicles are also classified attending to its Sacco di Prato de Stefano Guizzalotti). Besides all these characterization. A first differentiation appears when chronicle types there are some others in the form of focusing into the way the chronicles deal with the diaries and domestic chronicles (Ugolino di Niccolò information: some offer just statements that contain Martelli, Matteo Castellani, Filippo Rinuccini). the news, with no explanatory recounting, in order to Finally the study focus in the methods and techniques achieve objectivity (Annali Fiorentini, Annali Pisani, used by the chroniclers in the elaboration of History. Annali Arretonirum); other are detailed essay containing They make a record of what they see or know through the author’s most intimate feelings (Giovanni de Bonis, probative testimonies (oral or written), valuing the Baldasarre Boniaiuti, Antonio Ivani da Sarzana); and document as a source for the elaboration of History. there are also Works that join together the explanatory Besides the humanistic way in which the chroniclers narration with the transcription of public documents handle the sources, they also make an effort to achieve a from the Comune (Giovanni Villani, Leonardo Bruni, literary style of classic inspiration. Matteo Palmieri). In order to study this last type of chronicles its been followed the methodology by G. Keywords: Historiography, late medieval Italian chronicles, Arnaldi and M. Zabbia about the notary-chronicler, humanism, urban history, Tuscany, Florence, Pisa, Siena. Crónicas urbanas e historiografía en la Toscana bajomedieval as transformaciones que experimenta la historio- lidación de la cancillería como institución2. Cronistas grafía florentina durante la Baja Edad Media no como Salutati, Bruni o Palmieri, principales represen- solo deben comprenderse en el contexto cultural tantes del humanismo florentino, llevan a cabo un Lhumanista de admiración a los clásicos romanos sino procedimiento crítico en el tratamiento de las fuentes, también como parte del programa de propaganda polí- tanto clásicas como coetáneas, en su deseo de ofrecer tica que ansía reafirmar la libertad de la república frente una historia objetiva y pragmática. Cabe destacar que, a las aspiraciones del Papado y del Imperio (Fontana, recientemente. R. Witt ha propuesto adelantar la crono- 1999: 41-42). logía del inicio del humanismo al siglo XIII y desplazar Desde la muerte de la condesa Matilda de Toscana el foco de atención a Padua, donde, según estima, es (1046-1115) hasta que los Medici logran establecer su donde se producen las primeras transformaciones en el hegemonía en 1437 suceden numerosos conflictos entre estudio gramatical y análisis filológico de las fuentes las familias próximas al pontífice –güelfos– y las aliadas clásicas por parte tanto de sacerdotes primero como del emperador –gibelinos–, que rivalizan entre sí por de notarios después, siendo Florencia el centro que de- acaparar las instituciones gubernamentales (Mazzoni, sarrolla el fenómeno hasta su esplendor (Witt, 2012; y 2002; Sanfilippo, 1980). Con objeto de dejar constancia 2005: 85-121). de estos sucesos, similares a los que acontecen en tantos El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una aproximación otros centros urbanos de Italia, los podestà1 florentinos a la historiografía urbana florentina en el tránsito entre impulsan la elaboración de memorias escritas –cronache las edades media y moderna. Para ello, se elabora un cittadine– a través de su encargo a los notarios públicos, catálogo de las crónicas existentes, tanto de aspiración que en virtud de su oficio conocen toda la documen- universal –desde la fundación la antigua Fiesole hasta tación gubernamental necesaria para ello (Zabbia, su presente– como de cronología contemporánea, pre- 2000, 1999: 11-16, 1997; Redon, 1997). cisando sus principales características historiográficas y El género historiográfico se desarrolla exponencial- valorando las posibilidades que ofrecen para el estudio mente a partir del siglo XIV, paralelamente a la conso- de la sociedad urbana. La geografía prospectada no se limita exclusivamente 1 «Potestades llaman en Ytalia a los que escogen por regidores de las a Florencia como urbe sino que se amplía al territorio villas e de los grandes castillos, e estos an poder de juzgan segunt ley o fuero en aquellos lugares que son escogidos, en aquellas cosas e por tanto 2 Como ampliación, remito a una síntesis general sobre la historiografía tiempo commo les fuere otorgado por los omnes daquel lugar, e non en medieval italiana (Southern y Zabbia, 2002) y en particular florentina (VV. mas». Partida II, título I, ley 13. AA., 2003; Porta, 1988; Cochrane, 1981; Aquilecchia, 1965; Monte, 1950). 103 Territorio, Sociedad y Poder. Revista de Estudios Medievales / nº 13, 2018 [pp. 101-126] de la república bajomedieval, teniéndose en cuenta, por FLORENCIA COMO CENTRO HISTORIOGRÁFICO tanto, las cronache cittadine de todas aquellas ciudades en las que se elaboran3. Así pues, primeramente se ex- Cronística florentina de cronología universal pondrá la cronística florentina por ser este el centro político y administrativo de la región (Benigni, 1988; Durante el primer tercio del siglo XIII, un anónimo Chittolini, 1979: 292-352), y posteriormente se hará lo compone la primera historia universal de la ciudad. Se propio con las restantes ciudades comarcales por orden trata de la Chronica de origine civitatis Florentiae o Libro alfabético: Arezzo, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato, San Miniato, Fiesolano (ca. 1230), que centra su atención
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