Shipley, L 2013 Guelphs, Ghibellines and Etruscans: Archaeological Discoveries and Civic Identity in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Tuscany. Bulletin of the Bulletinof the Historyof Archaeology History of Archaeology, 23(1): 4, pp. 1–9, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bha.2314 PAPER Guelphs, Ghibellines and Etruscans: Archaeological Discoveries and Civic Identity in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Tuscany Lucy Shipley* This paper examines the rediscovery of the ancient Etruscans, in central Italy, during the thir- teenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries AD. Knowledge about the Etruscans from this earlier period was overshadowed by the interest in Etruscan antiquities promoted by Pope Leo X (1513– 1521) and Cosimo I de Medici (1519–1574) during the late Renaissance. I argue that the sixteenth century appropriation of the Etruscan past would not have been possible without the discoveries of earlier generations of Tuscans, and, more particularly, without a reversal in attitudes towards the Etruscan past that began during the late thirteenth century. Prior to this, the Etruscans were perceived negatively, as allied to darkness and paganism. In this paper, I argue that this change in the perception of the Etruscans was closely allied to the particular political situation of the city-state of Florence, and that the origins of Etruscan archaeology can be elucidated in the centre of the maelstrom of war, famine and plague that characterised the fourteenth century in central Italy. Introduction detail, exploring the connections between the resurgence The birth of Etruscan archaeology is commonly dated of interest in the Classical past and the reclamation of the to the eighteenth century, and the mania for ‘Etrusche- regional heritage of Florence itself. ria’ which swept Europe, filling aristocratic salons with The ancient Etruscans provided local credibility for the expensive Etruscan inspired objects (Cristofani, 1983). transformation of the politics and identity of the de Medici The professionalization of the discipline took place in family, the banking dynasty that dominated Florence from the nineteenth century, forged amidst the tumult of the the late fifteenth century onwards. They claimed descent ‘Risorgimento’ and the unification of Italy into a single from Porsenna, the legendary King of Tuscany who fought nation (Guidi, 2010). against the Romans (Cipriani, 1980: 108), to support However, the beginning of interest in Etruscan archae- the de Medici campaign for the unification of what the ology developed many centuries earlier. During the de Medici wanted others to perceive as their traditional Renaissance antiquarian collectors such as the de Medici inheritance: the lands between the Tiber and the Arno Riv- Pope Leo X (1513–1521) and the first Archduke of Tus- ers that were occupied by their Etruscan ancestors. The cany, Cosimo I de Medici (1519–1574) collected and con- de Medici appropriation of an Etruscan heritage justified served Etruscan artefacts excavated on their estates and Florentine military aggression during the sixteenth cen- holdings. Cosimo I is rumoured to have contributed to tury (Pult Quaglia, 2009). the restoration of the famous Chimaera of Arezzo with his This appropriation of the Etruscan past during the post- own hands, as fascinated as any modern scholar, although Medieval period was not a sudden explosion interest in the perhaps less fastidious (Gáldy, 2009: 123–129). His col- past after a long preoccupation with squabbling between lections became the basis of what is now the Florence the city-states of Tuscany and their political factions. It Archaeological Museum. Giovanni Cipriani’s masterful was, in fact, the product of this constant regional fighting volume Il mito etrusco nel rinascimento fiorentino (The and factionalism. As Benès (2011: 4) has pointed out, with regard to the Roman past, Etruscan studies also emerged Etruscan Myth in Renaissance Florence: Cipriani, 1980) from the first discoveries of Etruscan artefacts at Arezzo in analysed the influence of the Etruscans during this later the late thirteenth century, and were created and shaped period, of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in great by the political turmoil of the fourteenth century. With- out this early formative period of two hundred and fifty * AHRC Funded Post-Graduate Student years, the activities of the de Medici and the development Archaeology Department of Etruscology would have been very different. University of Southampton Avenue Campus Highfield Lane, Southampton, UK While this period has been acknowledged, in terms [email protected] of archaeological discoveries (DeGrummond, 1986: 12), Art. 4, p. 2 of 9 Shipley: Guelphs, Ghibellines and Etruscans its significant impact on the foundation of ideas about together in the military and diplomatic alliance known as Etruscan archaeology has been ignored. The connections the ‘Lombard League’. Initially between Verona, Vicenza, between Italian nationalism, colonial powers and the Padua and Treviso, it soon expanded to include most of Etruscan past are still evident in the key debates about the principal cities of Lombardy and, with the support of the modern discipline (Torelli ,1987: 9–10; Loney, 2002; the threatened Pope, Alexander III, the league was able Rajala, 2004) and all of these have their parallels and to muster armies sufficient to defeat the Holy Roman origins in the Middle Ages, a period in which the rulers Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, at the Battle of Legnano of Tuscany were torn between self-interest, allegiance to in 1176 (Waley and Dean, 2010: 88). the papacy, and the external influence of the Holy Roman After Legnano, the cities of northern and central Italy Emperors. were politically free to develop independently from both This paper begins with an introduction to the political Papal Rome and the Holy Roman Empire. After the Second situation of central Italy during the mid-thirteenth cen- Treaty of Constance in 1183, members of the Lombard tury, to provide the context in which discoveries about League conducted diplomatic relations between each the Etruscan past were being made. Then it examines other, and implemented their own laws and restrictions the role of the Etruscans during three consecutive time on activities within their cities’ boundaries. The system periods. During each period I analyse the representation of consular rule, developed during the previous century of the Etruscans in literature and art, beginning with the in cities such as Pisa, Milan and Arezzo, matured into the work of Dante and Giotto, during the late thirteenth cen- establishment of larger consulates, acclaimed by general tury. At the same time I will also examine the political assemblies of the people, ruling with the aid of councils context of each of these periods, to demonstrate that it (Waley and Dean, 2010: 36–38). These cities now assumed is the political events that were most influential on the the form of city-republics or city-states, ruling over a rural representation of the Etruscans. Through this analysis, hinterland, self-governing and, more importantly for this it is possible to trace a transformation in the image of argument, self-identifying. However, these autonomous the Etruscans. They were originally used and regarded as positions remained vulnerable: the cities were at risk symbols of a dark and pagan past, which was rightfully of attack both by other city republics, and by the larger subsumed by Roman power. After the rise of the papacy powers in the region, i.e. by the expansion of the Papal as a temporal power, that then became a threat to Flor- States northwards, or by the return of the Holy Roman entine independence during the 1370s, the Etruscans Empire’s dominion in the north. These two larger powers re-emerged as heroic ancestors, closely allied to civic lib- were, at the same time, the region’s biggest threat and its erty and humanist values. I argue that this early ‘Etruscan protectors, with individual cities supporting the faction Renaissance’ is the point of origin for development of that seemed less perilous to its own independence. The Etruscan archaeology. pro-papacy groups had adopted the name ‘Guelphs’ by around the mid-thirteenth century, while the Holy Roman Between Pope and Emperor Empire’s supporters were known as ‘Ghibellines’. The The origins of the political situation of the late Medi- names originate from battle cries from an earlier imperial eval period in central Italy may be found in the tumul- skirmish at Weinsburg in 1140, and were adapted into Ital- tuous events of the previous three hundred years, and ian from German through a lengthy evolution detailed by perhaps, even originate in the turmoil of the breaking- Raveggi (2009: 7–13). up of the Western Roman Empire. After a series of inva- From 1250 onwards Florence was primarily a Guelph sions by Goths and Lombards during the AD eighth cen- city, albeit with a strong Ghibelline faction. Different fam- tury (Randers Pehrson, 1983: 211–229; Christie, 2006: ilies adhered to the two factions, with guilds and districts 21–22), the Roman Church requested aid from the Frank- also allied to Pope or Emperor. There was an important ish king Charlemagne, who was eventually invested as class distinction as well: in Florence, nobles favoured the Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, twenty years after his imperial cause, while merchants and the growing upper defeat of the Lombard threat (Collins, 1998: 147). At middle class supported the Pope. Rival cities were allied Charlemagne’s