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Home , Figure of speech, Metonymy

, , AND USED IN GAYLE FORMAN’S IF I STAY

Evi Nur Padillah Hendro Firmawan Endang Purwaningsih Gunadarma University Gunadarma University Gunadarma University jl. Margonda Raya 100 jl. Margonda Raya 100 jl. Margonda Raya 100 Depok, 16424 Depok, 16424 Depok, 16424 [email protected]

ABSTRACT is one type of literary works. Novel as a offers an imaginative world that is not much different with the reality. In process of writing, the authors use figurative language to convey the ideas. The use of appropriate figurative language will give the effect of aesthetic, so the readers will be more interested to know and imagine what the actual from that figurative language which is conveyed. This research focuses on investigating the four kinds of figurative language, they are simile (clear and unclear similarity), hyperbole, personification and metaphor in the novel entitled If I Stay by Gayle Forman. The aims of this research are to find out the characteristics of simile (clear and unclear similarity), hyperbole, personification, and metaphor and to find out the most frequently category used in If I Stay’s novel. The study uses a descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the figures of speech in the If I Stay’s novel. As the conclusion, clear similarity has characteristics like there are vehicle, tenor, connector (like, as such, etc), and contain the details of the similarity, while unclear similarity has characteristics which there are vehicle, tenor, connector (like, as such, etc), and do not contain the details of the similarity. Hyperbole has the characteristic that is overstatement or say something much bigger than the real. Personification has the characteristic that is human being or gives human attributes to nonhuman. The characteristics of metaphor which there are vehicle and tenor but there isn’t connector (like, as such, etc). From the four kinds of figures of speech are taken to be analysis, there are 169 times of figurative language occurrence, 74 times (44%) of simile, 72 times (43%) of hyperbole, 12 times ( 7%) of personification and 11 times ( 6%) of metaphor. The most dominant figurative language category used in this novel is simile.

Keywords: Figurative Speech, Simile, Hyperbole, Personification, Metaphor.

language is one part from the field of 1. INTRODUCTION language. The use of figure of speech in 1.1 Background of the Research novel is an important factor for the Novel is one type of literary works. In authors to convey their ideas and make a novel, it is very closely related with the readers will be more interested to the use of language which can interest read that novel. Because the use of of the reader and it has a very appropriate figure of speech will give important role as a media for the author the effect of aesthetic in the novel. On to convey the ideas. According to Fowler wide definition, figure of speech can be (in Waluyo, 1994:139) states that the said as a way to show something in the element of language is the most different way. But on the narrow- important element in a novel. Figurative definition, figure of speech is a

Jurnal Ilmiah Sastra Volume 4. No. 1, Juni 2016 69 language or expression which is 1.2 Previous Research different from what has been expressed. Figure of speech is a way of 1.2.1 Regina Septianie (2012) expressing thoughts or feelings in In her thesis in 2012 “Metafora Pada spoken or written form by using Judul-Judul Novel Teenlit”. She analysed figurative words, so it can show the and decribed the meaning of metaphore on soul and personality of the author, the of teenlit’s novel by Gagas Media. produce a clear understanding, of interest to the reader. Pradopo (in Endraswara, 2001:72) states that the 1.2.2 Lilis Suryani (2012) value of art literary is In her thesis in 2012 “ The Analysis of determined by figure of speech. The Figurative Language and Education Values reach of figure of speech is very broad, on Marry Lynn Baxter’s Novel Entitled not only words but also covers issues a Priceless ” , she analyses the kinds of series of words that include , figurative language in that novel, to clauses, sentences, and discourse as a find out type figurative language mostly whole (Keraf, 2004: 112) including used, and to discover the educational proficiency author in choosing values in the novel “ Priceless” by Mary expressions that determine the success Lynn Baxter. The types of figurative of beauty, and the plausibility of language which are found are simile, literary work which is the result of the metaphor, personification, , expression self (Suyuti, 1997: 110). , symbol, , paradox, Figure of speech uses in literary overstatement and understatement and writing, should touch feelings, emotions . And the most frequently of based on image of things seen, and figurative languages in that novel are actions experienced. synecdoche with twenty-two sentences in percentage 35.50%. Based on this background, the writer would like to analyze figure of speech 1.2.3 Asriyanti (2008) in novel entitled “If I Stay” by Gayle In 2008, she analyzed about figure of Forman. It is a novel which presents speech of the T.S Eliot and Emily story of romance, struggle, ambition, Dickinson’s poems. The aim of her imagination and brings atmosphere of a research is, to know further about modern fairy tales. It is the while figure of speech on both of poem. The in a coma following an automobile research discusses about Eliot’s poems accident that killed her parents and and Emily Dickinson. Here, she studies younger brother, seventeen-year-old Mia three poems from Eliot and one poem from as main , a gifted cellist, Emily Dickinson. As the of the weighs whether to live with her grief or study, they are Aunt Helen, Cousin join her in death. The reason is Nancy, Conversation Galante and If you selected from aspect figure of speech, were coming in fall. On Aunt Helen, because after reading this novel, the Eliot uses hyperbole. On Cousin Nancy, writer finds figure of speech is used by he uses the hyperbole, symbol, and the author to convey every her idea. metaphor. Meanwhile, on Conversation Figure of speech that is used to create Galante, he uses apostrophe, hyperbole, a particular effect or give the and . Dickinson uses simile, imaginative impression to the reader or hyperbole, and allusionon on If you were listener. There are many kinds figure of coming in the fall. speech in novel entitled If I Stay. And the writer limits the figure of speech only on four kinds in this research. 1.3 Position of Research They are simile, hyperbole, After the writer read the previous personification and metaphor are going research, it has inspired the writer to to analyze. finds out the characteristics of simile (clear and unclear similarity), hyperbole, personification and metaphor in If I Stay’s novel and also to find out what the most frequently figure of

70 Padillah, Firmawan, Purwaningsih, Simile, Hyperbole ... speech category that used. This thesis 2. LITERATURE REVIEW is hoped to give more understanding and 2.1 Theory of Figures of Speech more example about simile (clear and This chapter consists of explanation unclear similarity), hyperbole, about theories of figures of speech personification, and metaphor to which found by the writer that are complete the research conducted before. related into this research. 1.4 Scope of the Research According to X. J. Kennedy This research is focusing only on four (1991:584) gives the statement that “a kinds of figurative speech in the novel figure of speech may be said to occur entitled If I Stay. They are simile, whenever a speaker or writer, for the hyperbole, personification metaphor. sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotations of words.” 1.5 Problem of the Research Then, K. L. Knickerbocker (1963:366) 1. What are the characteristics of noted that figures and symbol are images simile, hyperbole, personification used in a particular way to explore the and metaphor in the novel entitled less known through the known. Wren and If I Stay by Gayle Forman? Martin (1981:488) state, “figure of 2. What is the most frequently figure speech is a departure from the ordinary of speech category that exist in form of expression or the ordinary the novel entitled If I Stay by course of ideas in to produce a Gayle Forman? Is it simile, greater effect.” This definition hyperbole, personification or explained that figure of speech related metaphor? what called connotative meaning. A Figure of Speech is a word or words are used to create an effect, often where 1.6 Aims of the Research they do not have their original or 1. To find out the characteristics of literal meaning. simile, hyperbole, personification Based on all definitions above, the writer concludes that figure of and metaphor in the novel entitled speech are beautiful words, which are If I Stay by Gayle Forman. used in written language. Because the right use of figure of speech in novel, 2. To find out the most frequently it can gives aesthetic effect, and also figure of speech category in the it can make reader to interpret the aim novel entitled If I Stay by Gayle is conveyed by the author based on his Forman. literary work. 2.2 The Kinds of Figure of Speech 1.7 Purpose and Significance of The figure of speech is emphasized by Research Gorys Keraf (2001: 113) as a way to This research is hoped to give some express of ideas by using distinctive benefits for the readers. For that showing of soul and Department students, this findings are personality’s author. In a book Diksi hoped to give a better understanding and Gaya Bahasa (2001: 115), Gorys Keraf about figure of speech, especially of as the writer classifies the types of simile (clear and unclear similarity), figurative language based on two hyperbole, personification, and metaphor categories namely; non-linguistic terms in the novel entitled If I Stay by Gayle and in terms of language. In terms of Forman based on explanations and the non-linguistic category is divided into examples provided, and in this case is seven principal, namely: based on based on Gorys Keraf’s theory. So, the author, time, medium, , place, readers will be able to identify those , and purpose. While in terms of figures of speech which are taken based language, distinguished on four on their characteristics and can category, namely: understand the actual meaning of 1. The figurative language based on sentences that contain figure of speech the choice of words. in this novel clearly.

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2. The figurative language based on Example: - anger already rampant until the that is contained in the almost blew me. discourse. According to Wren and Martin 3. The figurative language based on (1981:491) state, “In hyperbole a the structure of the sentence. statement is made emphatic by 4. The figurative language based on overstatement”. directly or not directly of the Based on explanations stated by meaning. the experts above, the writer concludes In the chapters in, the writer only that hyperbole is kind of figurative focuses the theories of figurative language that is used to make the object language based on the direct or indirect become bigger than real object so it of the meaning which are related to this will give special effect and make the research. reader more imagine to understand the actual meaning from the sentences 2.2.1 Figurative Language Based include hyperbole some of literary work, like in the novel which is related in on Direct or Indirect of the this research. Meaning The second category is the style Stylistic meaning of directly measured of figurative language, this figure of from the direct or indirect of meaning, speech was formed based on comparisons namely whether the referential meaning or similarities. Compare something with which is used still to defend the something else, try to find traits that meaning of denotation existing or show similarities between the two. In irregularities. The figure of speech in this category there are sixteen kinds of this section is divided into two figures of speech at, namely: simile, categories, namely rhetorical style, metaphor, allegory (, and which is merely a deviation from the ), personification, allusion, usual construction to achieve a certain eponymous, , sinekdoke, metonymy, effect, and the style of figurative , hipalase, irony (cynicism language which is further and sarcasm), , inuendo, irregularities, especially in the field antifrasis and paranomasia. In this of meaning. section, the writer only gives the There are twenty-one type of explanation of the theory of simile, figures of speech that included into metaphor and personification related to category style rhetorical, namely: this research. , asonasi, anastrof, apofasis or preterisio, apostrophes, 2.2.1.2 Simile Asyndeton, polisindeton, kiasmus, According to Gorys keraf in the book , eufemismus, , histeron entitled and style (2001: 138), proteron, and tautology, Simile is a that is explicit. perifrasis, prolepsis or anticipation, What is meant by the comparison that is erotesis, silepsis and Zeugma, explicit is that it implies the same corrections or epanortosis, paradox, thing with another thing. To that end, oxymoron and hyperbole. it requires an effort that explicitly In this section, the writer only gives indicates that similarity, the words: the explanation about the theory of like, same, as, like, like, and so on. hyperbole, which is associated with this Based on explanations stated by research. the experts above, the writer concludes that simile is kind of figure of speech 2.2.1.1 Hyperbole that compare two things conveyed According Gorys Keraf in the book obviously by words; like, as, such, etc. entitled diction and style (2001: 135), In one theory of simile, there are two hyperbole is a figure of speech that categories of simile, they are clear and contains an exaggeration, by unclear similarity. The writer concludes exaggerating something or discussed that clear similarity is comparison style containing an overstatement. between two things conveyed obviously that also contain the details of

72 Padillah, Firmawan, Purwaningsih, Simile, Hyperbole ... similarity. While unclear similarity is 2.3 Language and Style comparison between two things conveyed Language is a system of words and rules obviously that doesn’t contain the for their use in speaking, reading, and details of the similarity. writing. Besides, language is a systematic use of vocabulary set, 2.2.1.3 Metaphor including the set rules for the According to Gorys Keraf in the book formation and transformation admissible entitled diction and style (2001: 139), expression. According to LA Richards in “metaphor is a kind of that the book ‘Literary Terms and Criticism’ compares two thing, but in the form of a written by John Peck and Martin Coyle ( short”, for examples the words or 1993:150 ), he said that there are sentences which are in Gorys Keraf’s distinction between ‘ ordinary ‘ book: bunga bangsa, buaya darat, buah language which can be defined as hati, cindera mata, and so on. Metaphor language that refers to such things as as a comparison is not using the word: reports, where the emphasis on like, as, such, and so on, so that the conveying information; and the is first subject directly connected to the ‘ literary ‘ language which is language second principal. that used in an ‘ emotive ‘ way – that Based on the explanations stated is, in a skillful way to arouse and by the experts above, the writer emotional response in the reader. concludes that metaphor is one kind of 2.4 The Elements of Figurative figure of speech that as comparison Language between things that are not conveyed obviously. 2.4.1 Integrity Integrity in language means; we follow 2.2.1.4 Personification the rules, rules are good and right in According to Gorys Keraf theory in the the language. The use of the words book entitled diction and stlye (2001: unclear and undirected, and also the use 140), “personification is a kind of of convoluted sentences, is the way to style of figurative language that get unintegrity. describes inanimate objects or goods lifeless as if it has characteristics- 2.4.2 Courteous humanity.” Personification is a special Courteous give an or honor the feature of metaphor, which make an people who talk to, especially the analogy of inanimate objects , talk, listener or reader. Respect in the style like humans. of language is manifested through Examples: clarity and brevity. The wind roaring in the middle of a dark Clarity will thus be measured in night it adds another of our fears. following rules, namely: 1. Clarity in correspondence with the As with simile and metaphor, facts revealed through words or personification contains an element of sentences earlier; the equation. If the metaphor (as a general term) to make a comparison with 2. Clarity in sequencing ideas something else, then the personification logically; other things that are inanimate objects 3. Clarity in the use of that act and act like a human being, or and comparisons. human disposition. Principal who Brevity is often far more compared it as if the human form, both effective than also the use of in behavior, , and other human convoluted sentences. Brevity can be disposition. achieved through efforts to use words The point of the personification is to efficiently, eliminating the use of two express the abstract ideas to inanimate or more words are synonymous loosely, to objects, or aspects of nature is avoid tautology; or hold unnecessary described as if it were human. repetition.

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Between clarity and brevity as a 3.3 Techniques of Collecting Data measure of courtesy, the principle of In collecting data, the writer took the clarity still far more than the following steps: principle of brevity. - Reading the novel entitled If I 2.4.1 Interesting Stay by Gayle Forman. Therefore, a figurative speech should - Finding the sentences or words also be interesting. An attractive which include as figure of speech. figure of speech can be measured through In this part the writer limits the following parts: variation, that four kinds of figurative language. healthy humor, the sense of excellence, They are simile (divided into {vitality} and fanciful imagination. clear and unclear similarity), From the explanation above, it can hyperbole, personification and be concluded that language define things metaphor. of what someone is trying to express to - Underlining those figures of someone else. While style itself speech sentences or words. represent the writer’s characteristic to others. So there points which get from Putting all sentences which use the learn figurative speech, it can be a figure of speech sentences that have concrete image and sensuous, figurative been concluded into simile (clear and speech be expression that’s not only as unclear similarity), hyperbole, informative but make it has the strong personification, and metaphor into big emotion and also has attitude, then table. figurative speech shows the beauty of imaginative. Perrine (1977:69) states 3.4 Techniques of Analyzing Data that figurative speech be a language is The following points are steps of different with language and daily analyzing the data: language. 1. Classifying the collected data according to its characteristics, 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY whether they are included into 3.1 Research Method simile (clear and unclear The method design of this research is similarity), hyperbole, descriptive qualitative to collect, personification, or metaphor. analyze, interpret, explain of data and 2. Classifying the collected data ended with a conclusion which does refer according to the good elements of on that analyzing of datas. The figurative language, whether they descriptive qualitative research that is are included into integrity, qualitative research. The data will be courteous or interesting. interpreted with words or sentences and 3. Analyzing the data based on Gorys explanation. Based on the method is used Keraf’s theory. that purpose to discuss the problem of research in this research, which intends Presenting those figures of speech by describing the characteristics of figure chart to know which is the most frequent of speech in novel entitled If I Stay that exist in the novel of If I Stay. by Gayle Forman and relation of those figures of speech with the elements of figures of speech based on theory., and 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION also finding which is the most frequent figure of speech that exist in the If I 4.1 Introduction Stay’s novel. This chapter provides the findings of the research, they are example of 3.2 Source of the Data figures of speech sentences that have The source of the data is taken from the been collected and analyzed from every novel entitled If I Stay by Gayle Forman figure of speech’s characteristics. From that published by the Penguin Group the data available, then the writer only (USA) LLC 375 Hudson Street, , focuses on four kinds of figurative 2014. language which are analyzed. They are simile, hyperbole, personification and

74 Padillah, Firmawan, Purwaningsih, Simile, Hyperbole ... metaphor. For simile, based on theory 4.2.1.12 Unclear Similarity the writer divide the data into clear “Dad,” I call, but as I walk toward him, and unclear similarity. the pavement grows slick and there are gray chunks of what looks like 4.2 Analysis the Characteristics cauliflower. (Page 16) of Simile, Hyperbole, The simile above evokes the Personification and Metaphor in reader’s mind to cause special effect in Gayle Forman’s Novel which is the above sentence; figure of speech entitled If I Stay found in the above sentence shows the Clear similarity has the characteristic comparison between two things “the that there are vehicle, tenor, connector pavement grows slick and there are gray (like, as such, etc) and contain the chunks” and “cauliflower” by using details of the similarity. Then unclear comparison word ‘looks like’. In this similarity has the characteristic that condition the writer tells about that there are vehicle, tenor, connector accident has happened. The car is (like, as such, etc) and don’t contain eviscerated, it tore off the doors, sent the details of the similarity. Hyperbole the front-side passenger seat through has the characteristic that the driver’s-side window. It tossed overstatement or say something much wheels and hubcaps deep into the forest. bigger than real. Personification has And there was so much noise, an aria of the characteristic that like human exploding, and finally, the sad clapping being. Metaphor has the characteristic of hard metal cutting into soft trees. that there are vehicle and tenor but Then it went quite, except for this; there isn’t connector (like, as such, Beethoven’s Cello Sonata no 3, still etc). playing. The car radio somehow still is attached to a battery and so Beethoven 4.2.1 Simile is broadcasting into the once again tranquil February morning. The shape of 4.2.1.1 Clear Similarity car isn’t even a car anymore, it’s a I find Mom next. There’s almost no blood metal skeleton, without seats, without on her, but her lips are already blue passengers. Which means the rest of her and the whites of her eyes are family must have been thrown from the completely red, like a ghoul from a low- car like her. The she saw Dad first, budget monster movie. She seems totally even from several feet away, she can unreal. (Page 16) make out the protrusion of the pipe in The above sentence is categorized his jacket pocket. But when she walks as simile, figure of speech is found in toward him, the pavement grows slick and the above sentence shows the comparison there are gray chunks of what looks like between two things “There’s almost no cauliflower. That describe the condition blood on her, but her lips are already around her father, that he is seriously blue and the whites of her eyes are injured. Her father’s blood in every completely red (vehicle)” and “a ghoul side of road and that’s make the (tenor)” from a low – budget monster pavement grows slick, before he took to movie by using comparison word ‘like.’ hospital to get medicine. The comparison itself is an explicit comparison the word ‘like’ has function 4.2.2 Hyperbole as connector which compare those two Here are some analysis of hyperbole in different things. And the above sentence the novel entitled If I Stay by Gayle can be classified into clear similarity, Forman. because the point of similarity is I wake up this morning to a thin blanket mention explicitly meaning in the above of white covering our front lawn. (Page sentence. The point of similarity is 3) ‘she seems totally unreal’, this The above sentence is categorized statement make clear that position a as hyperbole, because the sentence of a ghoul related with something which seems thin blanket of white covering our front totally unreal. lawn shows an overstatement sentence. In the true meaning it was on morning at

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07.09 pm, Mia just got up and when she tells Mrs. Schein is red-faced and opened the window she saw snow on blotchy, like she’s been crying or is everyplace like on her front lawn. Even about to cry. She knows this because she though it isn’t even an inch, but in has seen her cry many times. She’s very this part of Oregon a slight dusting emotional, so Kim called her ‘drama brings everything to a standstill as the queen’. It’s the Jewish-mother gene. She one snowplow in the country gets busy can’t help it. Kim supposes she’ll be clearing the roads. A thin blanket of like that one day, too. white covering that’s another words for The figure of speech describes about Mia expresses of snow. The hyperbolic Kim’s mother, sometimes Kim’s mother is sentence catch attention to show kind and another times she isn’t good. something with said more the reality. So why Kim give that comparison old That sentence doesn’t tell the purpose drama queen to her Mom. Her mom often directly. forbid to something what Kim done.

4.2.3 Personification 4.3 Figurative Speech Category Figurative Speech Category Dad has to turn the ignition over a few times before the car chokes to life. (Page 13) Simile 74 In the above sentence, “car Hyperbole 72 chokes” is personified as having emotion as human that can feel as if it can hope Personification 12 and has feeling. Logically, the car doesn’t chokes, it means to describe the Metaphor 11 condition of car. It is kind of car which is a rusting Buick that was Total 169 already old when Grand gave it to them after Teddy was born. This sentence just to show how is old that car so even want to turn on , their Dad has to turn the Based on the findings, the most ignition over a few times before that figurative speech often used in Gayle car is ready to drive. “The car chokes” Forman’s If I Stay is simile with 74 is an abstract and it is inanimate in times. that sentence. Because as we know based Then this chart below presents the on theory, figurative speech of frequency of figurative speech words and personification that express the sentences occurrence found in the novel abstract ideas to inanimate objects, or entitled If I Stay by Gayle Forman. aspects of nature is described as if it were human. In the true meaning the above sentence just to mentioned the condition of old car, so the driver has to carefully when turn on that car.

4.2.4 Metaphor

“Drama queen,” is how Kim puts it. (Page 64) In the above sentence, the writer describes implicit comparison, by comparing “Kim’s mother” with “Drama queen”. In this case, the word ‘drama queen” describes Kim’s mother, she doesn’t let Kim drive long distance , and Mia guesses that after what’s happened, there’s no way she’d make an exception today. That sentence also

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5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH 6. REFERENCES 5.1 Conclusion Figure of speech can be recognized Asriyati. (2008), Figure of Speech through several characteristics. From Analysis of T.S Eliot and Emily the four kinds of simile, hyperbole, Dickinson’s poem. Thesis. Jakarta: personification, metaphor figure of State Islamic University Syarif speech which are analyzed, the writer Hidayatullah. gives conclusion that clear similarity has the characteristic like there are Creswell, J.W. (1998), Qualitative vehicle, tenor, connector, (like, as Inquiry and Research Design: such, etc) and contain the details of Choosing Among Five . the similarity. While unclear similarity California: SAGE Publications, has the characteristic which there are Inc. vehicle, tenor, connector (like, as such, etc), and do not contain the details of the similarity. Hyperbole has Endraswara, S. (2003), Metodologi the characteristic that is overstatement Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: or say something much bigger than the Pustaka Widyatama. real. And the personification has the characteristic that is human being or gives human attributes to nonhuman. And Forman, G. (2014), If I Stay: a novel. the last the characteristic of metaphor, New York: The Penguin Group (USA) there are vehicle and tenor but there is LLC 375 Hudson Street. not connector (like, as such, etc). After giving conclusion about those Gill, R. (1985), Mastering English characteristics, the writer also knows Literature. London: Macmillan and understands the actual meaning of Education Ltd. those sentences that contain figures of speech in the novel entitled If I Stay by Gayle Forman. Kennedy, X.J. (1991), Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, , -There are three elements which include and Drama.Fifth Edition. New York: on figure of speech. They are integrity, Harper Collins Publisher. courteous and interesting. In this part, the writer analyzes the sentences from the novel entitled If I Stay that Keraf, G. (2001), Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. contain those element. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka -From the four kinds of figures of Utama. speech which are taken to analyze, there are 169 times of figurative speech found Knickerbocker, K.L. and Reninger, H.W. 74 times of simile, 72 times of (1963), Interpreting Literature. hyperbole, 12 of personification and 11 New York: Holt, Rinehart and times of metaphor. The most frequent Winston inc. figure of speech category used in this novel is simile. Lexy, J.M. (2007), Metodologi Penelitian 5.2 Future Research Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja For the next research, the researcher Rosdakarya Offset. can analyze other kinds of figures of speech in the novel entitled If I Stay by Gayle Forman, because there are still Miller, R. and Greenberg, R.A. (1986), other kinds of figure of speech. So he Poetry: An Introduction. New York: or she can find kinds of figures of Macmillan Education Ltd. speech which are often used in that Pardede, M. (2008), Understanding novel besides simile, hyperbole, Poetry. Unpublished Undergraduate personification and metaphor have been Thesis. Medan: University of North analyzed. Sumatera.

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State Islamic University Syarif Peck, C.M. (1993), Literary Term and Hidayatullah. Criticism. Sayuti, S.A. (1997), Apresiasi Prosa Tarigan, H.G. (2009), Pengajaran Gaya Fiksi. Departemen Pendidikan dan Bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa. Kebudayaan. Taylor, R. (1981), Understanding the Scott, A.F. (1983), Current Literary Elements of Literature. London: Terms: A Concise Dictionary of The Macmillan Press Ltd. Their Origin and Use. London: Macmillan Press. Waluyo, H.J. (1994), Pengkajian Cerita Fiksi. Surakarta: UNS Press. Septianie, R. (2012), Metafora Pada Judul-Judul Novel Teenlit by Gagas Media. Thesis. Bandung: Wren, P.C. and Martin, H. (1981), High Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia School English Grammar an Composition. (Revised Edition). : S. Chand & Company Ltd. Suryani, L. (2012), The Analysis of Figurative Language and Education Values on Marry Lynn Baxter’s http://www.aplaceofourown.org/glossary.p Novel Entitled Priceless. Thesis. hp Cirebon: IAIN Syekh Nurjati. http://threeseas,net/vic/html/vic- Tari, L.P. (2008), A Figure of Speech definiton.html Analysis on Cecelia Ahern’s If You Could See Me Now. Thesis. Jakarta: library.gunadarma.ac.id

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