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p. 126 Volume 37, Number 3 Volume Reflections from Uri Weiser Uri Reflections from May/June 2017 The magazine for chip and silicon systems designers www.computer.org/micro IEEE MICRO MAY/JUNE 2017 Top Picks from the 2016 Computer Architecture Conferences VOLUME 37 NUMBER 3 May/June 2017 Volume 37 Number 3 Features 6 Guest Editors’ Introduction: Top Picks from the 2016 Computer Architecture Conferences Aamer Jaleel and Moinuddin Qureshi 12 Using Dataflow to Optimize Energy Efficiency of Deep Neural Network Accelerators Yu-Hsin Chen, Joel Emer, and Vivienne Sze 22 The Memristive Boltzmann Machines Mahdi Nazm Bojnordi and Engin Ipek 30 Analog Computing in a Modern Context: A Linear Algebra Accelerator Case Study Oliver Burston Yipeng Huang, Ning Guo, Mingoo Seok, Yannis Tsividis, and Simha Debut Art Sethumadhavan [email protected] 40 Domain Specialization Is Generally Unnecessary for Accelerators Tony Nowatzki, Vinay Gangadhar, Karthikeyan Sankaralingam, and Greg Wright 52 Configurable Clouds Adrian M. Caulfield, Eric S. Chung, Andrew Putnam, Hari Angepat, Daniel Firestone, Jeremy Fowers, Michael Haselman, Stephen Heil, Matt Humphrey, Puneet Kaur, Joo-Young Kim, Daniel Lo, Todd Massengill, Kalin Ovtcharov, Michael Papamichael, Lisa Woods, Sitaram Lanka, Derek Chiou, and Doug Burger 62 Specializing a Planet’s Computation: ASIC Clouds Moein Khazraee, Luis Vega Gutierrez, Ikuo Magaki, and Michael Bedford Taylor 70 DRAF: A Low-Power DRAM-Based Reconfigurable Acceleration Fabric IEEE Micro (ISSN 0272-1732) is published bimonthly by the IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Headquarters, Three Park Ave., 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997; IEEE Mingyu Gao, Christina Delimitrou, Dimin Niu, Krishna T. 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Printed in USA. 98 Toward a DNA-Based Archival Storage System Reuse rights and reprint permissions: Educational or personal use of this material is James Bornholt, Randolph Lopez, Douglas M. Carmean, Luis Ceze, Georg Seelig, and permitted without fee, provided such use: 1) is not made for profit; 2) includes this notice Karin Strauss and a full citation to the original work on the first page of the copy; and 3) does not imply IEEE endorsement of any third-party products or services. Authors and their companies are permitted to post the accepted version of IEEE-copyrighted material on their own 106 Ti-states: Power Management in Active Timing Margin Processors webservers without permission, provided that the IEEE copyright notice and a full Yazhou Zu, Wei Huang, Indrani Paul, and Vijay Janapa Reddi citation to the original work appear on the first screen of the posted copy. An accepted manuscript is a version which has been revised by the author to incorporate review 116 An Energy-Aware Debugger for Intermittently Powered Systems suggestions, but not the published version with copy-editing, proofreading, and for- Alexei Colin, Graham Harvey, Alanson P. Sample, and Brandon Lucia matting added by IEEE. For more information, please go to www.ieee.org /publications_standards/publications/rights/paperversionpolicy.html. Permission to reprint/republish this material for commercial, advertising, or promo- Departments tional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from IEEE by writing to the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office, 4 From the Editor in Chief 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141 or [email protected]. Copyright 2017 by IEEE. All rights reserved. Thoughts on the Top Picks Selections Abstracting and library use: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Lieven Eeckhout Libraries are permitted to photocopy for private use of patrons, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page is paid through 126 Awards the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Insights from the 2016 Eckert-Mauchly Award Recipient Editorial: Unless otherwise stated, bylined articles, as well as product and service descrip- tions, reflect the author’s or firm’s opinion. Inclusion in IEEE Micro does not necessarily Uri Weiser constitute an endorsement by IEEE or the Computer Society. All submissions are subject to Micro Economics editing for style, clarity, and space. IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying. 130 For more information, visit www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html. Two Sides to Scale Shane Greenstein Computer Society Information, p. 3 Advertising/Product Index, p. 61 ............................... 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EDITOR IN CHIEF EDITORIAL STAFF .... Lieven Eeckhout Editorial Product Lead Ghent University Cathy Martin [email protected] [email protected] ........... ....................................... Editorial Management ADVISORY BOARD Molly Gamborg David H. Albonesi, Erik R. Altman, Pradip Bose, Publications Coordinator [email protected] Kemal Ebcioglu, Michael Flynn, Ruby B. Lee, ....................................... Yale Patt, James E. Smith, and Marc Tremblay ....................................... Director, Products & Services Evan Butterfield EDITORIAL BOARD Senior Manager, Editorial Services David Brooks Robin Baldwin Harvard University Manager, Editorial Services Alper Buyuktosunoglu Brian Brannon IBM Manager, Peer Review & Periodical Bronis de Supinski Administration Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Hilda Carman Natalie Enright Jerger Digital Library Marketing Manager University of Toronto Georgann Carter Babak Falsafi EPFL Senior Business Development Manager Shane Greenstein Sandra Brown Northwestern University Director of Membership Lizy Kurian John Eric Berkowitz University of Texas at Austin Digital Marketing Manager Hyesoon Kim Marian Anderson Georgia Tech [email protected] ....................................... John Kim KAIST EDITORIAL OFFICE Hsien-Hsin (Sean) Lee PO Box 3014, Los Alamitos, CA 90720; Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company ................ 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Rudd Laboratory for Physical Sciences IEEE CS MAGAZINE OPERATIONS Andre´ Seznec COMMITTEE INRIA George K. Thiruvathukal (Chair), Gul Agha, M. Brian Per Stenstro¨m Chalmers University of Technology Blake, Jim X. Chen, Maria Ebling, Lieven Eeckhout, Richard H. Stern Miguel Encarnac¸a˜o, Nathan Ensmenger, Sumi Helal, George Washington University Law School San Murugesan, Yong Rui, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, Lixin Zhang Diomidis Spinellis, VS Subrahmanian, and Mazin Chinese Academy of Sciences Yousif ....................................... .... ........................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................. MAY/JUNE 2017 3 From the Editor in Chief ................................................................................................................................................................ Thoughts on the Top Picks Selections LIEVEN EECKHOUT Ghent University ......TheMay/JuneissueofIEEE The selection committee reached a many committee members flying in and Micro traditionally features a selection of consensus on 12 Top Picks and 12 Hono- out from all over the world). articles called Top Picks that have the rable Mentions. Top Pick selections Glancing over the set of papers potential to influence the