Biomarkers of Aging: from Function to Molecular Biology
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The Health and Life Expectancy of Older Blacks and Hispanics in the United States
Today’s Research on Aging P r o g r a m a n d P o l i c y i m P l i c a t i o n s Issue 28, June 2013 The Health and Life Expectancy of Older Blacks and Hispanics in the United States Despite advances in health care and increases in income over Yet while older blacks have lower life expectancies than the past 50 years, significant gaps in life expectancy and health older whites, Hispanics actually are expected to live longer— by race and ethnicity persist among older Americans. This again, both at birth and at older ages. At age 65, for newsletter highlights recent work by National Institute on example, Latino males can expect to live, on average, an Aging (NIA)-supported researchers and others who examined additional 18.8 years, while Latina women have a life life expectancy and health trends among older blacks and expectancy of an additional 22 years—almost two years Hispanics. By 2030, the U.S. elderly population is expected to more than 65-year-old white females. Similar differences become more racially and ethnically diverse than it is today can be found at age 75 for both men and women. (See (see Box 1, page 2). Understanding their differences in health Box 2, page 3, for a discussion of factors influencing life and addressing disparities are critically important to improving expectancy among Hispanics.) the nation’s overall health and well-being. Hispanics have longer life expectancies than Life Expectancy non-Hispanic whites or blacks. -
World Population Ageing 2019
World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights ST/ESA/SER.A/430 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights United Nations New York, 2019 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs provides the international community with timely and accessible population data and analysis of population trends and development outcomes for all countries and areas of the world. To this end, the Division undertakes regular studies of population size and characteristics and of all three components of population change (fertility, mortality and migration). Founded in 1946, the Population Division provides substantive support on population and development issues to the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Population and Development. It also leads or participates in various interagency coordination mechanisms of the United Nations system. -
Longevity and Life Expectancy
LONGEVITY AND LIFE EXPECTANCY Cesare Marchetti International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria RR-97-11 September 1997 Reprinted from Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 55, Number 3, July 1997. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria Tel: +43 2236 807 Fax: +43 2236 73148 E-mail: [email protected] Reseai·ch R e poi-ts , which record research conducted a.t ILA.SA , a.re independently reviewed before publication. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its Na.tiona.l Member Orga.niza.tions, or other orga.niza.tions supporting the work. Reprinted with permission from Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 55, Number 3, July 1997. Copyright @1997, Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. No pa.rt. of this publica.tion ma.y be reproduced or transmitted in a.ny form or by a.ny means, electronic or mecha.nica.l, including photocopy, recording, or a.ny information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. NORTH-HOLLAND Longevity and Life Expectancy CESARE MARCHETTI ABSTRACT The increase in life expectancy at all ages during the last two centuries is in need of a quantitative model capable of resuming the whole process under a single concept and simple mathematics. The basic hypothesis was that through improved hygiene, medicine, and life-style, the stumbling blocks to the full expression of longevity were progressively removed. The mathematics of learning processes was then applied to the secular evolution of life expectancy at various ages. The hypothesis proved very fertile. -
Addressing the Value of Gene Therapy and Enhancing Patient Access to Transformative Treatments
Position Statement Addressing the Value of Gene Therapy and Enhancing Patient Access to Transformative Treatments Rachel Salzman,1,7 Francesca Cook,2,7 Timothy Hunt,3,7 Harry L. Malech,4,7 Philip Reilly,5,7 Betsy Foss-Campbell,6 and David Barrett6 1ALD Connect, Middleton, MA, USA; 2REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD, USA; 3Editas Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA; 4Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; 5Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA, USA; 6American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, Milwaukee, WI, USA; 7American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, Value Initiative Workgroup, Milwaukee, WI, USA Although high upfront costs for the high value of gene therapy today versus paying repeatedly for treatments that may be taken at have resulted in concerns about sufficient reimbursement to regular intervals for months, years, decades, or even a lifetime. But as- allow patient access to these therapies, the significant benefits signing value to gene therapies and comparing them with potentially of gene therapies will not be realized unless patients have access lifelong illness is not an easy or straightforward task. Despite the to them. Stakeholders are discussing these issues, and the complexity, this paper identifies unique and relevant aspects that payment models being developed for the newly approved should be considered when assessing the value of gene therapy. gene therapies provide an early indication of the flexibility A related important discussion is how the costs of these treatments that will be needed from treatment manufacturers, payers, could be reduced, and whether the cost of gene therapy products and policy makers to optimize patient access. -
Causes of Improving Health and Longevity at Older Ages: a Review of the Explanations
GENUS, LXI (No. 1), 21-38 DORA L. COSTA Causes of improving health and longevity at older ages: a review of the explanations 1. TRENDS IN ELDERLY HEALTH AND LONGEVITY Life expectancy at older ages rose very slowly at the beginning of the twentieth century and then accelerated sharply toward the end of the century. Between 1970 and the end of the twentieth century life expectancy at age 65 increased by 4 years in Sweden and France and by 3 years in England and Wales and in the United States. In contrast, between 1900 and 1960 life expectancy at age 65 rose by only 2 years in Sweden and France and by one and a half years in England and Wales. National data are unavailable for the United States for this period but at most the increase in life expectancy was two and a half years and was probably considerably less. The life expectancy pattern at age 85 is even more striking. Life expectancy at age 85 rose by almost 2 years in all four countries between 1960 and the end of the twentieth century after having risen by only about 1 year between 1900 and 19601. On the whole population aging has been accompanied by declines in disability at older ages (see the review by Freedman, Martin, and Schoeni, 2002). Manton, Corder, and Stallard (1997) find that between 1982 and 1989 disability among those older than 64 declined by 1.1 percent per year and between 1989 and 1994 by 1.5 percent per year. In exactly comparable data for 1994 and 1999 disability declined by 2.1 percent per year (Manton and Gu, 2001), suggesting that improvements in elderly health have been accelerating. -
Chapter (2) – (Aging and Ageism: Cultural Influences)
CHAPTER 2 Aging and Ageism: Cultural Influences distribute or Source: post, ©iStockphoto.com/CharlieAJA. Learningcopy, Objectives notBy the end of this chapter, you should be able to do the following: • Define ageism and identify positive and negative aging myths. • Explain the ways in which ageism impacts older adults and everyone. Do • Discuss three theoretical approaches that help explain ageism. • Identify the ways that ageism intersects with other personal characteristics. • List ways in which you can reduce ageism. 23 Copyright ©2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 24 SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE WITH OLDER ADULTS INTRODUCTION Cultural beliefs shape social norms and values surrounding the aging process and the role of older people. These beliefs about aging are not static—they shift and change as society evolves. Like other social groups, such as women or African Americans, myths have emerged and, over time, have become part of the social fabric. These aging myths, which form the basis for stereotypes, create a limited social perspective on older people, and, as a consequence, older people are thought of and treated as if they are “all the same.” However, these myths are socially constructed, which means they can be challenged. Social work values stress the importance of social justice for those who are vulnerable and oppressed, and older adults are among those groups that can be at risk. Thus, it is impor- tant to confront the aging myths that we have been socialized to believe. -
Qualitative Modeling in Computational Systems Biology
Qualitative modeling in computational systems biology Citation for published version (APA): Musters, M. W. J. M. (2007). Qualitative modeling in computational systems biology. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR629275 DOI: 10.6100/IR629275 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2007 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. -
Mortality Improvements and Evolution of Life Expectancies
Mortality improvements and evolution of life expectancies Adrian Gallop Actuary, Pensions policy, Demography and Statistics UK Government Actuary’s Department Finlaison House 15-17 Furnival Street London EC4A 1AB United Kingdom Tel +44 20 7211 2635 e-mail: [email protected], or [email protected] 1 Mortality in the United Kingdom – 20th century trends During the course of the 20th century, the United Kingdom saw a continuation of the pattern of falling death rates that began around the beginning of the 19th century. Over these two centuries there has been a change from a regime of high infant and child mortality, with a preponderance of acute and infectious diseases, to a new regime in which adult mortality predominates and chronic and degenerative diseases are the most common causes of death. Period life expectancy at birth in the mid-19th century was around 40 years for males and 42 years for females. These figures increased to around 45 and 50 years respectively by 1901. Life expectancy then rose dramatically until the mid- 1950s. Since then, life expectancy at birth has continued to increase but at a less rapid rate (see Fig 1). Life expectancy for males rose at a lower rate than for females during the 1950s and 1960s, with the difference between males and females rising to a high of 6.3 years in 1970. Since 1970, male expectation of life has been increasing faster than female and the differential has fallen to 4.4 years by 2003. Figure 1: Period expectation of life at birth, England and Wales, 1850-2003 90 80 70 60 50 Ma l e s Expectation of life (years) of Expectation Females 40 30 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 2 Tables 1 and 2 show how period life expectancies for England and Wales have changed over the 20th century for selected ages. -
New England Centenarian Study Updates Medical Campus: We Hope This Newsletter Finds You and Your Family Well
Our contact November 2017 information at the Boston University New England Centenarian Study Updates Medical Campus: We hope this newsletter finds you and your family well. We’ve been The New England quite busy since our last newsletter with conferences, new research Centenarian Study publications, new participants, and new research partnerships as well as Boston University some staff changes to tell you about. We deeply value your help with Medical Campus our studies ,and to our participants, obviously none of what we do 88 East Newton Street would be possible without you! Robinson 2400 Boston, MA 02118 Our Toll-free Number: 888-333-6327 Pennsylvania, who is also the sec- ond oldest person ever in the world! Thomas T. Perls, MD, Of special note, we also enrolled MPH Sarah’s daughter Kitty at the age of 617‐638‐6688 Email: [email protected] 99 years and Kitty herself went on to become a centenarian. Stacy Andersen, PhD 617‐638‐6679 Sisters Mildred MacIsaac & Agnes Buckley, ages of 100 years and 103 Email: [email protected] years, were kind enough to pose for a photo shoot for Boston Julia Drury, BS Magazine which highlighted the 617-638-6675 Study’s recent findings Email: [email protected] Study Participant Recruitment Sara Sidlowski, BS Since beginning our research in 617-638-6683 Sarah Knauss, seated on the left, as 1996, we have enrolled approxi- Email: [email protected] the second oldest ever person in mately 2,500 centenarians includ- the world at age 119 years. Sarah is ing 150 supercentenarians (people the oldest participant in the New England Centenarian study. -
Stem Cell Research: Immortality Or a Healthy Old Age?
European Journal of Endocrinology (2004) 151 U7–U12 ISSN 0804-4643 Stem cell research: immortality or a healthy old age? Christine Mummery Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology and the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands (Correspondence should be addressed to C Mummery; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Stem cell research holds the promise of treatments for many disorders resulting from disease or trauma where one or at most a few cell types have been lost or do not function. In combination with tissue engineering, stem cells may represent the greatest contribution to contemporary medicine of the present century. Progress is however being hampered by the debate on the origin of stem cells, which can be derived from human embryos and some adult tissues. Politics, religious beliefs and the media have determined society’s current perception of their relative value while the ethical antipathy towards embryonic stem cells, which require destruction of a human embryo for their derivation, has in many countries biased research towards adult stem cells. Many scientists believe this bias may be premature and basic research on both cell types is still required. The media has created confusion about the purpose of stem cell research: treating chronic ailments or striving for immortality. Here, the scientific state of the art on adult and embryonic stem cells is reviewed as a basis for a debate on whether research on embryonic stem cells is ethically acceptable. European Journal of Endocrinology 151 U7–U12 Introduction was referred to as ‘transdifferentiation’ or adult stem cell ‘plasticity’. -
Increase of Human Longevity: Past, Present and Future
Increase of Human Longevity: Past, Present and Future John R. Wilmoth Department of Demography University of California, Berkeley Instute for Populaon and Social Security Research Tokyo, Japan 22 December 2009 Topics • Historical increase of longevity • Age paerns of mortality • Medical causes of death • Social and historical causes • Limits to the human life span? • Future prospects Historical Increase of Longevity Life Expectancy at Birth, 1950-2009 Data source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: 2008 Revision, 2009 Life Expectancy at Birth, France, 1816-2007 Data source: Human Mortality Database, 2009 (www.mortality.org) Life Expectancy at Birth, France and India, 19th and 20th C. Data sources: HMD, 2009; M. Bhat, 1989, 1998 & 2001; United Nations, 2009 Life Expectancy at Birth, 1950‐2007 W. Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, NZ, Japan Data source: Human Mortality Database, 2009 (www.mortality.org) Historical mortality levels Life expectancy Infant mortality rate at birth (in years) (per 1000 live births) Prehistoric 20-35 200-300 Sweden, 1750s 36 212 India, 1880s 25 230 U.S.A., 1900 48 133 France, 1950 66 52 Japan, 2007 83 <3 Source: J. Wilmoth, Encyclopedia of Population, 2003 (updated) Age Paerns of Mortality Death Rates by Age, U.S., 1900 & 1995 Data source: Social Security Administraon, United States Distribuon of Deaths, U.S., 1900 & 1995 Data source: Social Security Administraon, United States Probability of Survival, U.S., 1900 & 1995 Data source: Social Security Administraon, United States Dispersion of Ages at Death vs. Life Expectancy at Birth, Sweden 1751‐1995 70 80 60 70 Life Expectancy at Birth (in years) 50 Inter-quartile range 60 40 Life expectancy at birth 50 30 40 Inter-quartile Range (in years) 20 Women Men 30 1751-55 1791-95 1831-35 1871-75 1911-15 1951-55 1991-95 Year Source: J. -
Aging in Bacteria Thomas Nyström
596 Aging in bacteria Thomas Nyström Analysis of senescent Escherichia coli cells reveals a link E. coli cells highlights that there may be lessons to learn between protein oxidation and the fidelity of the translational from this model system also in the context of free radical apparatus. This model system has also provided a mechanistic biology and aging. molecular explanation for a trade-off between reproduction and survival activities, which may inspire proponents of the disposable Trade–off between reproduction and maintenance soma theory and antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis of aging. Genes induced early upon cellular growth arrest have been recognized as the most important ones in the bacterial Addresses fight against stasis-induced senescence (see, for example, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology — Microbiology, [5–7]). Many of these genes encode proteins with specific Göteborg University Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden; roles in protecting the cell against external stresses, such as e-mail: [email protected] heat, oxidants and osmotic challenge. As a consequence, Current Opinion in Microbiology 2002, 5:596–601 growth-arrested cells are highly resistant to a variety of secondary stresses, a phenomenon known as stasis-induced 1369-5274/02/$ — see front matter © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. crossprotection [5]. This crossprotection relies, to a large extent, on one single regulator, the sigma factor σS (see, Published online 3 October 2002 for example, [6]). The σS transcription factor accumulates, binds and directs the RNA polymerase to more than Introduction 50 specific genes upon conditions of cellular starvation and Cytokinesis in bacteria such as Escherichia coli proceeds in stress [6].