DOCSLIB.ORG

The Health and Life Expectancy of Older Blacks and Hispanics in the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Health and Life Expectancy of Older Blacks and Hispanics in the United States Today’s Research on Aging P r o g r a m a n d P o l i c y i m P l i c a t i o n s Issue 28, June 2013 The Health and Life Expectancy of Older Blacks and Hispanics in the United States Despite advances in health care and increases in income over Yet while older blacks have lower life expectancies than the past 50 years, significant gaps in life expectancy and health older whites, Hispanics actually are expected to live longer— by race and ethnicity persist among older Americans. This again, both at birth and at older ages. At age 65, for newsletter highlights recent work by National Institute on example, Latino males can expect to live, on average, an Aging (NIA)-supported researchers and others who examined additional 18.8 years, while Latina women have a life life expectancy and health trends among older blacks and expectancy of an additional 22 years—almost two years Hispanics. By 2030, the U.S. elderly population is expected to more than 65-year-old white females. Similar differences become more racially and ethnically diverse than it is today can be found at age 75 for both men and women. (See (see Box 1, page 2). Understanding their differences in health Box 2, page 3, for a discussion of factors influencing life and addressing disparities are critically important to improving expectancy among Hispanics.) the nation’s overall health and well-being. Hispanics have longer life expectancies than Life Expectancy non-Hispanic whites or blacks. Disparities in life expectancy between older minorities and Average Life Expectancy at Selected Ages (in Years), 2010, their non-Hispanic white counterparts are well documented. by Race and Ethnicity But the nature and extent of these differences may surprise Birth Age 65 Age 75 some people. According to the National Center for Health BOTH SEXES Statistics (NCHS), life expectancy for blacks—whether at Total Population 78.7 19.1 12.1 birth, at age 65, or at age 75—tends to be lower than for Non-Hispanic White 78.8 19.1 12.0 non-Hispanic whites. For example, a 65-year-old African American male in 2010 was expected to live another 15.9 Black 75.1 17.8 11.6 years, compared with 17.7 years for a white man at that age Hispanic 81.2 20.6 13.2 (see table). A black woman age 65 is expected to live another MALES 19.3 years, a full year less than a white woman of that age. Total Population 76.2 17.7 11.0 Non-Hispanic White 76.4 17.7 11.0 In This Issue Black 71.8 15.9 10.2 • Life Expectancy Hispanic 78.5 18.8 11.7 • Growth of the Elderly Minority Population FEMALES • Explaining the Hispanic Paradox Total Population 81.0 20.3 12.9 • Health Non-Hispanic White 81.1 20.3 12.8 Black 78.0 19.3 12.5 This publication summarizes research related to the objectives of the National Institute on Aging, with emphasis on work conducted at the Hispanic 83.8 22.0 14.1 NIA demography centers. Our objective is to provide decisionmakers in Note: Black totals include Hispanics. government, business, and nongovernmental organizations with up-to-date scientific evidence relevant to policy debates and program design. These Source: National Center for Health Statistics, “Deaths: Final Data for 2010,” newsletters can be accessed at www.prb.org/TodaysResearch.aspx National Vital Statistics Report 61, no. 4 (forthcoming): Table 7, accessed at www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/deaths_2010_release.pdf, on April 30, 2013. Population Reference Bureau | Today’s Research on Aging | No. 28 | June 2013 1 Box 1 Growth of the Elderly Minority Population Of the 41.4 million persons ages 65 and over in 2011, 8.5 the number of older Asian Americans grew even faster (see million—slightly more than one in five—were members of table). minority groups (identifying as anything other than “white The aging of the post-World War II baby boom (born 1946 to alone, not Hispanic” on census forms). The older minority 1964) will contribute to a sharp rise in the elderly population population has grown 48 percent since 2000, which is four in the coming years. According to Census Bureau projec- times the growth rate of the older non-Hispanic white popu- tions, older Americans ages 65 and over are expected to lation. Put another way, minorities accounted for nearly one- number 72.8 million by 2030, when the youngest baby half of the 6.3 million Americans added to the age-65-and- boomers will have turned 65. Of these, 20.2 million will be older population between 2000 and 2011. members of minority groups, which is more than double the While Hispanics surpassed African Americans as the coun- current number of minority elderly. And by 2030, Hispanics try’s largest minority group a number of years ago, blacks (projected to reach 8 million) will surpass blacks (projected still outnumber Latinos among the 65-and-over population. to reach 7.5 million) as the largest minority group among However, the older Latino population has grown nearly three older Americans, while the number of older Asian Americans times as fast as the older black population since 2000—and will likely approach 3.5 million. The U.S. older population is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. Size and Growth of U.S. Population Ages 65 and Over: 2000, 2011, and 2030 Population Percent Change 2000 2011 2030 2000-2011 2011-2030 TOTAL POPULATION 65+ 35,069,568 41,394,141 72,774,454 18 76 Non-Hispanic White Alone 29,358,831 32,925,603 52,593,799 12 60 Minority 5,710,737 8,468,538 20,180,655 48 138 Non-Hispanic Black Alone 2,815,964 3,511,502 7,483,028 25 113 Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native Alone 127,352 192,933 442,758 51 129 Non-Hispanic Asian Alone 818,105 1,494,108 3,455,916 83 131 Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Alone 19,783 33,322 96,381 68 189 Non-Hispanic Two or More Races 173,985 267,692 679,558 54 154 Hispanic or Latino 1,755,548 2,968,981 8,023,014 69 170 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Recent research suggests that life expectancy among racial environments, access to medical care, job fulfillment, occu- and ethnic groups may not be converging as quickly as pational hazards, psychosocial resources, and the availability some expected. Montez and colleagues (2011) examined and sophistication of health-related information. life expectancy trends, documenting the widening gap Olshansky and colleagues (2012) also examined life between lower- and higher-educated adults between 1986 expectancy trends and found that the overall gap in life and 2006, focusing on blacks and non-Hispanic whites. expectancy at birth shrank between blacks and whites but They argued that this expanding disparity by education increased between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites level does not mean that policy initiatives to reduce socio- between 1990 and 2008. Contributing to these shifts were economic differences in health failed. Rather, they suggest declines in life expectancy among whites without high other factors played a stronger role, particularly differences school degrees. When the researchers explored the impact in income and tobacco use, but also neighborhood living of race and education together, they found stark differences: Population Reference Bureau | Today’s Research on Aging | No. 28 | June 2013 2 In 2008, white men and women with 16 or more years of race/ethnicity and educational attainment. They urge poli- education had life expectancies at birth that were more cymakers to improve and expand education opportunities than a decade longer than for black men and women with for people of all ages, including lifelong learning programs less than 12 years of education. Even among males with 16 for older adults. or more years of education, the gap between white and black men was about five years. They called the disparities Black-White Differences Explored: A body of research sug- in life expectancy by race/ethnicity and education levels gests that socioeconomic status (education and income lev- “alarming” and the role of education “profound.” The els) accounts for much—but not all—of the racial disparity researchers argued that when it comes to life expectancy, in life expectancy. To quantify the influences, Geruso (2012) there are at least “two Americas” divided along lines of explored what black life expectancy would be if blacks shared Box 2 Explaining the Hispanic Paradox Research finds that lower socioeconomic status (frequently But they concluded that the share of Hispanics who returned defined by lower average income and education levels) is to their countries of origin was too small to fully explain the usually associated with higher death rates, but not in the Hispanic mortality advantage. case of U.S. Hispanics, which presents a paradox. Despite Similarly, Riosmena, Wong, and Palloni (2012) found “mod- having generally lower overall socioeconomic status than est” evidence of both selection and return migration when their non-Hispanic white peers, Hispanics tend to live longer, they compared four groups of men ages 50 and older— with greater life expectancies at all ages. Mexican-born men with experience living in the United States, The causes of this "Hispanic Paradox" have been explored Mexican-born men who never lived in the United States, U.S.- from a variety of angles. Some researchers suggest that cul- born men of Mexican descent, and U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World Population Ageing 2019
    World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights ST/ESA/SER.A/430 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights United Nations New York, 2019 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs provides the international community with timely and accessible population data and analysis of population trends and development outcomes for all countries and areas of the world. To this end, the Division undertakes regular studies of population size and characteristics and of all three components of population change (fertility, mortality and migration). Founded in 1946, the Population Division provides substantive support on population and development issues to the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Population and Development. It also leads or participates in various interagency coordination mechanisms of the United Nations system.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes of Improving Health and Longevity at Older Ages: a Review of the Explanations
    GENUS, LXI (No. 1), 21-38 DORA L. COSTA Causes of improving health and longevity at older ages: a review of the explanations 1. TRENDS IN ELDERLY HEALTH AND LONGEVITY Life expectancy at older ages rose very slowly at the beginning of the twentieth century and then accelerated sharply toward the end of the century. Between 1970 and the end of the twentieth century life expectancy at age 65 increased by 4 years in Sweden and France and by 3 years in England and Wales and in the United States. In contrast, between 1900 and 1960 life expectancy at age 65 rose by only 2 years in Sweden and France and by one and a half years in England and Wales. National data are unavailable for the United States for this period but at most the increase in life expectancy was two and a half years and was probably considerably less. The life expectancy pattern at age 85 is even more striking. Life expectancy at age 85 rose by almost 2 years in all four countries between 1960 and the end of the twentieth century after having risen by only about 1 year between 1900 and 19601. On the whole population aging has been accompanied by declines in disability at older ages (see the review by Freedman, Martin, and Schoeni, 2002). Manton, Corder, and Stallard (1997) find that between 1982 and 1989 disability among those older than 64 declined by 1.1 percent per year and between 1989 and 1994 by 1.5 percent per year. In exactly comparable data for 1994 and 1999 disability declined by 2.1 percent per year (Manton and Gu, 2001), suggesting that improvements in elderly health have been accelerating.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter (2) – (Aging and Ageism: Cultural Influences)
    CHAPTER 2 Aging and Ageism: Cultural Influences distribute or Source: post, ©iStockphoto.com/CharlieAJA. Learningcopy, Objectives notBy the end of this chapter, you should be able to do the following: • Define ageism and identify positive and negative aging myths. • Explain the ways in which ageism impacts older adults and everyone. Do • Discuss three theoretical approaches that help explain ageism. • Identify the ways that ageism intersects with other personal characteristics. • List ways in which you can reduce ageism. 23 Copyright ©2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 24 SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE WITH OLDER ADULTS INTRODUCTION Cultural beliefs shape social norms and values surrounding the aging process and the role of older people. These beliefs about aging are not static—they shift and change as society evolves. Like other social groups, such as women or African Americans, myths have emerged and, over time, have become part of the social fabric. These aging myths, which form the basis for stereotypes, create a limited social perspective on older people, and, as a consequence, older people are thought of and treated as if they are “all the same.” However, these myths are socially constructed, which means they can be challenged. Social work values stress the importance of social justice for those who are vulnerable and oppressed, and older adults are among those groups that can be at risk. Thus, it is impor- tant to confront the aging myths that we have been socialized to believe.
    [Show full text]
  • New England Centenarian Study Updates Medical Campus: We Hope This Newsletter Finds You and Your Family Well
    Our contact November 2017 information at the Boston University New England Centenarian Study Updates Medical Campus: We hope this newsletter finds you and your family well. We’ve been The New England quite busy since our last newsletter with conferences, new research Centenarian Study publications, new participants, and new research partnerships as well as Boston University some staff changes to tell you about. We deeply value your help with Medical Campus our studies ,and to our participants, obviously none of what we do 88 East Newton Street would be possible without you! Robinson 2400 Boston, MA 02118 Our Toll-free Number: 888-333-6327 Pennsylvania, who is also the sec- ond oldest person ever in the world! Thomas T. Perls, MD, Of special note, we also enrolled MPH Sarah’s daughter Kitty at the age of 617‐638‐6688 Email: [email protected] 99 years and Kitty herself went on to become a centenarian. Stacy Andersen, PhD 617‐638‐6679 Sisters Mildred MacIsaac & Agnes Buckley, ages of 100 years and 103 Email: [email protected] years, were kind enough to pose for a photo shoot for Boston Julia Drury, BS Magazine which highlighted the 617-638-6675 Study’s recent findings Email: [email protected] Study Participant Recruitment Sara Sidlowski, BS Since beginning our research in 617-638-6683 Sarah Knauss, seated on the left, as 1996, we have enrolled approxi- Email: [email protected] the second oldest ever person in mately 2,500 centenarians includ- the world at age 119 years. Sarah is ing 150 supercentenarians (people the oldest participant in the New England Centenarian study.
    [Show full text]
  • Stem Cell Research: Immortality Or a Healthy Old Age?
    European Journal of Endocrinology (2004) 151 U7–U12 ISSN 0804-4643 Stem cell research: immortality or a healthy old age? Christine Mummery Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology and the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands (Correspondence should be addressed to C Mummery; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Stem cell research holds the promise of treatments for many disorders resulting from disease or trauma where one or at most a few cell types have been lost or do not function. In combination with tissue engineering, stem cells may represent the greatest contribution to contemporary medicine of the present century. Progress is however being hampered by the debate on the origin of stem cells, which can be derived from human embryos and some adult tissues. Politics, religious beliefs and the media have determined society’s current perception of their relative value while the ethical antipathy towards embryonic stem cells, which require destruction of a human embryo for their derivation, has in many countries biased research towards adult stem cells. Many scientists believe this bias may be premature and basic research on both cell types is still required. The media has created confusion about the purpose of stem cell research: treating chronic ailments or striving for immortality. Here, the scientific state of the art on adult and embryonic stem cells is reviewed as a basis for a debate on whether research on embryonic stem cells is ethically acceptable. European Journal of Endocrinology 151 U7–U12 Introduction was referred to as ‘transdifferentiation’ or adult stem cell ‘plasticity’.
    [Show full text]
  • Fourth Ageism: Real and Imaginary Old Age
    societies Article Fourth Ageism: Real and Imaginary Old Age Paul Higgs * and Chris Gilleard Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London W1T 7NF, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper is concerned with the issue of ageism and its salience in current debates about the COVID-19 pandemic. In it, we address the question of how best to interpret the impact that the pandemic has had on the older population. While many feel angry at what they see as discriminatory lock-down practices confining older people to their homes, others are equally concerned by the failure of state responses to protect and preserve the health of older people, especially those receiving long-term care. This contrast in framing ageist responses to the pandemic, we suggest, arises from differing social representations of later life, reflecting the selective foregrounding of third versus fourth age imaginaries. Recognising the tension between social and biological parameters of ageing and its social categorisations, we suggest, may offer a more measured, as well as a less discriminatory, approach to addressing the selective use of chronological age as a line of demarcation within society. Keywords: ageism; COVID-19; fourth age; nursing homes; third age 1. Introduction In a paper on ageism published in 2020, we argued that the term ageism has become a concept that has been extended too far, and used so broadly that it fails to specify exactly Citation: Higgs, P.; Gilleard, C. what it is that is being discussed [1]. Ageism is applied to all sorts of circumstances and Fourth Ageism: Real and Imaginary levels as a way of explaining nearly all the negative situations and consequences associated Old Age.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Beyond the Age of 100
    No.FEBRU ARY365 2001 Living beyond the age of 100 Jacques Vallin and France Meslé* umanity has always been fascinated by extreme was not very accurately stated by the census, especial- Hlongevity. According to the Bible, the first man, ly as concerns the black population, for which births Adam, lived 930 years, and some of his descendents were seldom registered. lived even longer: Enoch died at 965, and Methuselah, In fact, until recent years, it was quite unlikely for the champion of them all, lived to 969! Of course, these anyone to ever live to much more than a hundred. are all legends. The Bible is full of epic stories and the Today, however, there are several thousand centenari- image of these age-old patriarchs who lived before the ans, and we know with near certainty that at least one flood is meant to stir imagination, not to reflect reality. woman, the Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment (1), lived After the flood, the patriarchs began to die at more to the age of 122 [1]. Does this mean that human reasonable ages: Abraham lived to the age of 275, Isaac longevity is on the increase? died at 180, Jacob at 147, Joseph at 110, etc. In more recent times, many stories went around Indications of increasing longevity about men and women who were said to have lived well over a hundred years, in the Caucasus or in some The study of the oldest ages at death over a period of remote valleys of the Andes, or even in the American several centuries in a country like Sweden which has state of Georgia.
    [Show full text]
  • Centenarians in the United States: 1990
    Centenarians in the United States 1990 Issued July 1999 P23-199RV By Current Population Reports Constance A. Krach, Population Projections Branch and Special Studies Victoria A. Velkoff, International Programs Center U.S. Department of Health and U.S. Department of Commerce Human Services Economics and Statistics Administration National Institutes of Health U.S. CENSUS BUREAU National Institute on Aging Acknowledgments This profile was prepared by Constance A. Krach, Population Projections Branch, and Victoria A. Velkoff, International Programs Center, under the general direction of Signe I. Wetrogan, Assistant Division Chief, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. John F. Long, Chief, Population Division, provided overall direction. Addi- tional direction was provided by Gregory Spencer, Chief, Population Projections Branch. Thanks are extended to Cynthia Taeuber, for her earlier work on this project, and to Mary Jane Slagle for her assis- tance with the preparation of this report. Funding for this report was provided by the Office of the Demogra- phy of Aging, Behavioral and Social Research Program, U.S. National Institute on Aging, Richard Suzman, Director. Sampling review was provided by Douglas B. Olson, Decennial Statistical Studies Division. The staff of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief, performed planning, design, composition, editorial review, and printing planning and procurement for publica- tions, Internet products, and report forms. Helen M. Curtis provided publication coordination and editing. Janet Sweeney prepared the graphics and document design. Notes About This Report Findings for this report come primarily from the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. All statistics are subject to sampling variabil- ity, as well as survey design flaws, respondent classification errors, and data processing mistakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Articulating the Case for the Longevity Dividend S
    Articulating the Case for the Longevity Dividend S. Jay Olshansky The benefits of most public-health interventions that are now well established, as well as the recognized harmful health consequences of some behavioral risk factors, were rarely considered as accepted doctrine when first identified. In fact, some unassailable public-health interventions are still rejected by some, and almost every major discovery in the history of public health initially faced disbelief, vehement skepticism, and even scorn. The scientific study of aging is leading researchers in the direction of a major breakthrough that has the potential to revolutionize public health in our aging world—but obstacles once again stand in the way. In this essay, I describe the Longevity Dividend raised about how much more healthy life can be Initiative—a contemporary effort to extend the period of manufactured using these approaches. The reason is the healthy life by slowing the biological processes of aging biological aging of our bodies. (Olshansky, Perry, Miller, & Butler, 2006)—and some of the In the last half-century, a combination of public health obstacles that stand in the way of what many consider to be and medicine enabled most people born in the developed one of the most exciting breakthroughs in the history of world to live past age 65, and for them, a large percentage science and public health. live past age 85. As appealing as this scenario is, the problem that arises with extended survival is that a less Healthy Life Extension tractable risk factor has emerged—the biological aging of The most precious of all commodities is life itself, and if our bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Being Very Old in a Young Country: Centenarians and Supercentenarians in Australia
    Being very old in a young country: Centenarians and supercentenarians in Australia John McCormack School of Social Work and Social Policy, Health Sciences Faculty, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia 3086. E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract. This chapter will briefly review the history of identification, recording, and documentation of centenarians and supercentenarians in Aus- tralia1. The paper explains the sources and validation methods used, as well as identifying problems and barriers to validation. The paper then critically comments on the completeness of reported supercentenarian numbers in Aus- tralia, using overseas estimates as a benchmark. This will include an evaluation of the accuracy of census and other historical data sources used to validate centenarians and supercentenarians in Australia. The paper concludes with comments on the possible future number of people age 100 years or more, and how Australia might institutionalize their identification and recording. 1 Introduction While the indigenous population has inhabited Australia for more than 40,000 years, white settlement has existed for only just over two hun- dred years. Thus, in comparison to say, European states, the Australian settlement could easily be considered relatively \young." Similarly, Australia just recently celebrated its centenary of Federation, with the identity of the nation as a united socio-political state dating from just 1901. Indeed, Australia's national anthem, \Advance Australia Fair," reinforces this perception of \youthfulness" as well. The song begins with the phrase: \Australians all let us rejoice, For we are young and free". This reference to being young and free reflects our independence as a country, but it is also a nod to our British origins, with Eng- land often being referred to colloquially as the \Mother Country," as 1 All information and names either publicly available or provided with informed consent.
    [Show full text]
  • Aging & Society
    Aging & Society: Seventh Interdisciplinary Conference Social Inequalities, Exclusion, and Age-Discrimination 3–4 NOVEMBER 2017 | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY | BERKELEY, USA AGINGANDSOCIETY.COM Aging & Society: Seventh Interdisciplinary Conference “Social Inequalities, Exclusion, and Age-Discrimination” 3–4 November 2017 | University of California at Berkeley | Berkeley, USA www.agingandsociety.com www.facebook.com/AgingandSociety @agingandsociety | #agingandsociety2017 Aging & Society: Seventh Interdisciplinary Conference www.agingandsociety.com First published in 2017 in Champaign, Illinois, USA by Common Ground Research Networks www.cgnetworks.org © 2017 Common Ground Research Networks All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purpose of study, research, criticism, or review as permitted under the applicable copyright legislation, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. For permissions and other inquiries, please contact [email protected]. Common Ground Research Networks may at times take pictures of plenary sessions, presentation rooms, and conference activities which may be used on Common Ground’s various social media sites or websites. By attending this conference, you consent and hereby grant permission to Common Ground to use pictures which may contain your appearance at this event. Designed by Ebony Jackson Cover image by Phillip Kalantzis-Cope Aging & Society agingandsociety.com Dear Aging & Society Delegates, Welcome to Berkeley and to Aging & Society: Seventh Interdisciplinary Conference. The Aging & Society Research Network—its conference, journal, and book imprint—was created to explore the changing social dynamics of aging Founded in 2011, the Aging & Society Research Network is a forum for the discussion of the challenges and opportunities for a rapidly growing segment of the population worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomarkers of the Brain
    DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000151 Vincent van Ginneken. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res ISSN: 2574-1241 Review Article Open Access Are there any Biomarkers of Aging? Biomarkers of the Brain *Vincent van Ginneken Blue green technologies, Netherlands Received: June 12, 2017; Published: June 27, 2017 *Corresponding author: Vincent van Ginneken, Blue green technologies, Ginkelseweg 2, 6866 DZ Heelsum, The Netherlands, Email Abstract Biomarkers of aging would give the true “biological age”, which may be different from the chronological age. Population perspectives regarding to aging, age-related diseases and life-expectancy of populations are extremely useful for e.g. governments and/or politicians. The damage, telomeres shortage and cellular senescence, apoptosis and genetic predisposition. Although maximum lifespan would be a means of validatingproblem with biomarkers finding biomarkers of aging, it wouldof aging not is thatbe a therepractical are meansseveral for theories long-lived of aging species related such to as research humans areas because like: longitudinal oxidative stress, studies mitochondrial would take far too much time. Ideally, biomarkers of aging should assay the biological process of aging and not a predisposition to disease. Despite the fact that few biomarkers are found for aging some examples are given from Systems Biology: metabolomics, proteomics, potential biomarkers of aging human brain research is underestimated. One target that has been looked at in this manuscript are biomarkers ofgenomics brain aging. and Solipidomics.
    [Show full text]