DOCSLIB.ORG

The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) Programs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) Programs SECTION 1. SOCIAL SECURITY: THE OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS, AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (OASDI) PROGRAMS CONTENTS Basic Social Security Information General Brief Description of Social Security Programs Concept of Social Insurance Financing Mechanism Brief History Social Security Coverage of the Work Force Benefits Eligibility for Workers Disability Eligibility for Dependents and Survivors Benefit Computation Full Retirement Age Trends in Retirement Age Trends in Longevity Average Indexed Monthly Earnings Benefit Formula Special Minimum Benefit Benefit Amounts Replacement Rates Benefit Reduction and Increase Dual Entitlement Actuarial Reduction Delayed Retirement Credit Maximum Family Benefit Earnings Limit Offsets Suspension of Benefits to Prisoners Cost-of-Living Adjustments Taxation of Benefits Social Security Benefits for Noncitizens Determination of Disability Benefits Determination of Disability Application of Law and Regulations Federal Review of State Determinations Periodic Review of Individuals Receiving Disability Benefits Medical Improvement Standard Medical Evidence Attorneys' Fees and Representation Vocational Rehabilitation (1) 2 Disability Claims and Appeals Structure Changes in Enrollment and Applicant Backlogs Disability Insurance (DI) Awards and Recipients Pending Claims in the Disability Determination Services Characteristics of Recipients Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Disability Insurance Social Security Financing Current Law Status of OASDI Trust Funds How the Status of the Trust Funds is Measured Nature of the Social Security Trust Funds Budgetary Treatment of OASDI Current Budget Rules Pertaining to Social Security Current House and Senate Procedural Rules to Protect Social Security's Financial Condition Budgetary Treatment of Administrative Expenses Legislative History Changes in the 103d Congress Changes in the 104th Congress Changes in the 105th Congress Appendix Relationship of Taxes to Benefits for Social Security Retirees: Illustrations of the Amount of Time It Takes To Recover the Value of Taxes Paid, Plus Interest Illustrative Payback Times References 3 BASIC SOCIAL SECURITY INFORMATION Tax rate: Employee/employer eachÐ7.65%; (6.20%ÐOASDI; 1.45%ÐHI). Self-employedÐ15.30%; (12.40%ÐOASDI; 2.90%ÐHI). Maximum taxable earnings base for 1998: Social Security (OASDI) ................................................ $68,400 Medicare (HI) ................................................................. No Limit Maximum FICA/SECA tax: 1 OASDI HI Employee/employer, each .................................. $4,241 No limit Self-employed ..................................................... 8,482 No limit OASDI workers covered.Ð1997 (est.)Ð145.9 million. Average wage level.Ð1997 (est.)Ð$26,732 Earnings required in 1998 for a quarter of coverage.Ð$700; ($2,800 for four). Earnings limit exempt amounts in 1998: $14,500 for beneficiaries age 65±69; 2 ($1 for $3 withholding rate). $9,120 for beneficiaries under age 65; ($1 for $2 withholding rate). Medicare (SMI) premium.Ð$43.80/month. Number of OASDI beneficiaries (12/96) (in millions): Total OASDI beneficiaries ....................................................... 43.7 OASI beneficiaries ............................................................ 37.5 Retired workers .......................................................... 26.9 Families and survivors .............................................. 10.8 DI beneficiaries ................................................................. 6.0 Disabled workers ....................................................... 4.4 Family members ........................................................ 1.7 Average monthly benefits (12/96): Retired worker .......................................................................... $745 Retired worker and aged spouse ............................................. 1,256 Disabled worker ....................................................................... 704 Disabled worker, spouse and children .................................... 1,172 Aged widow(er) ......................................................................... 707 Widowed mother/father and two children .............................. 1,421 1 FICA/SECA tax paid by employers and self-employed can be partially deducted under income tax rules. 2 Will gradually increase to $30,000 in the year 2002. 4 BASIC SOCIAL SECURITY INFORMATIONÐContinued Monthly benefits for 1997 retirees At 62 At 65 Low earner (45% of average wages) .......................... $448 $565 Average earner ........................................................... 738 933 Maximum earner ........................................................ 1,049 1,326 Long-range replacement rates (in percent): Retirement at age 67 in 2030 and later: Low earner (45% of average wages) ....................................... 56 Average earner ......................................................................... 42 Maximum earner ...................................................................... 28 COLA (effective January 1998).Ð2.1%. Taxation of benefitsÐpercent of benefits taxed: Percent taxed Income threshold Filing status Up to 50% ....................... $25,000±$34,000 ............. Individual. $32,000±$44,000 ............. Joint. Up to 85% ....................... $34,001 + ........................ Individual. $44,001 + ........................ Joint. Substantial gainful activity in 1998: $500/month disabled/nonblind; $1,050/month blind. OASDI Trust Fund operations (in billions of dollars): OASDI Trust Fund operations Calendar year Net Income Outgo increase Balance 1996 .................................. $424.5 $353.6 $70.9 $567.0 1997 (est.) ......................... 451.3 370.8 80.5 647.4 Fiscal year 1996 OASDI outlays.Ð$350 billionÐ22.4% of total U.S. budget of $1.56 trillion. For SSA information, call: 1±800±SSA±1213. SSA On Line.Ðhttp://www.ssa.gov/SSAlHome.html Source: Social Security Administration and Board of Trustees (1997). 5 GENERAL BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) Pro- grams provide monthly benefits to retired and disabled workers, their dependents and survivors. The OASDI Programs are con- tained in title II of the Social Security Act, and are commonly known as ``Social Security.'' Old-age benefits were provided for re- tired workers by the original Social Security Act of 1935, benefits for dependents and survivors were provided by the 1939 amend- ments, and benefits for disabled workers were enacted in 1956. The Medicare Hospital Insurance (HI) Program, enacted in 1965 as title XVIII of the Social Security Act, is closely related to the OASDI Program. (The HI Program is described in section 2.) CONCEPT OF SOCIAL INSURANCE When the OASDI Programs were created, ``insurance'' was in- cluded in their titles to show that their purpose is to replace in- come that is lost to a family through the retirement, death, or dis- ability of a worker who has earned protection against these risks. This protection was to be obtained by working in jobs that are cov- ered under Social Security and therefore subject to payroll taxes that finance Social Security benefits. Once workers worked long enough in covered jobs to be insured, they and their families would have eligibility for their benefits as a matter of earned right. The level of benefits is based on the amount the worker earned in cov- ered jobs, and is paid without a test of economic need. However, the social ends the programs serve diverge somewhat from the insurance analogy. The programs are national, and cov- erage is generally compulsory and nearly universal. They are de- signed to address such social purposes as alleviating poverty, pro- viding added protection of families versus single workers, and pro- viding a larger degree of earnings replacement for low-paid versus high-paid workers. The OASDI Programs were therefore described as ``social'' insurance. FINANCING MECHANISM The primary source of revenue for OASDI is the payroll tax paid by workers covered by the program and their employers. OASI and DI have separate tax rates set by law. Coverage under Social Secu- rity is generally compulsory. Currently, an estimated 96 percent of the Nation's paid work force is covered either voluntarily or mandatorily. The taxes for wage and salaried workers are imposed under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA, chapter 21 of the In- ternal Revenue Code). Taxes are based on earnings up to the an- nual maximum taxable wage base ($68,400 in 1998 for OASDI, with no limit on wages subject to HI). The employee share of the payroll tax is withheld from wage and salary payments, and is matched by employers, currently at a rate of 7.65 percent each. Self-employed persons are covered by the Self-Employment Con- tributions Act (SECA, chapter 2 of the Internal Revenue Code). They pay contributions on their net earnings annually up to the 6 same maximum as employees, but at a rate that is equal to the combined employee-employer tax rate. However, the self-employed may deduct 7.65 percent from their net earnings before computing their Social Security tax and may also deduct half of their Social Security tax as a business expense for income tax purposes. Revenue from the OASI and DI portion of the tax is credited to the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Disabil- ity Insurance Trust Fund, respectively. In addition, the revenue de- rived from the taxation of a portion of 50 percent of Social Security benefits is credited
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ROUND the BEND TEAM Being Through Our Efforts
    Round the bend Farm A CENTER FOR RESTORATIVE COMMUNITY 1 LETTER FROM THE It’s been an AMAZING monarch year for us here at RTB. We even offered CO-VISIONARIES a monarch class in July Desa & Nia Van Laarhoven and we’ve been hatching & Geoff Kinder some at RTB to increase s fall descends on Round the Bend Farm their odds. (RTB), vivid colors mark the passage of time. Autumn’s return grounds us amid Aeach day’s frenetic news cycles. It reminds us of the deeper cycle that connects us all to the earth and to each other. And yet one news story, from late September, has done the same. More than 7.5 million people came together in cities and villages across the planet to call in unison for an environmentally just and sustainable world. This is a story that speaks to RTB’s mission and purpose and demonstrates the concept of Restorative Community that’s so central to our existence. You can see it in the image that juxtaposed September’s global crowds with the prior year’s solitary Swedish protester. You can hear it in the words spoken by an Indigenous Brazilian teen to 250,000 people lining the streets of New York City. Restorative Community is a force multiplier for our own personal commitments to justice, health and peace. It nurtures and supports us as individuals, unites and strengthens us as a movement and harnesses our differences in service of our common goals. In community, we respect, enjoy and learn from each other. As you page through this year’s annual report, we hope you experience the same! We’re This past year, we continued to expand our inspired and encouraged by what we’ve Restorative Community at RTB, more than accomplished this year and we’re honored to doubling the number of people who visited serve our community in ever new ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Reforming the Social Security WEP Exposes Weakness in State and Local Pensions
    INCOME AND BENEFITS POLICY CENTER RESEARCH REPORT Reforming the Social Security WEP Exposes Weaknesses in State and Local Pensions Chantel Boyens Erald Kolasi Jack Smalligan March 2019 ABOUT THE URBAN INST ITUTE The nonprofit Urban Institute is a leading research organization dedicated to developing evidence-based insights that improve people’s lives and strengthen communities. For 50 years, Urban has been the trusted source for rigorous analysis of complex social and economic issues; strategic advice to policymakers, philanthropists, and practitioners; and new, promising ideas that expand opportunities for all. Our work inspires effective decisions that advance fairness and enhance the well-being of people and places. Copyright © March 2019. Urban Institute. Permission is granted for reproduction of this file, with attribution to the Urban Institute. Cover image by Tim Meko. Contents Acknowledgments iv Reforming the Social Security WEP Exposes Weaknesses in State and Local Pensions 1 Social Security Coverage 2 Treatment of Noncovered Earnings in Social Security 3 The Equal Treatment of Public Servants Act of 2018 5 Estimated Impact on Beneficiaries 7 Noncovered State and Local Government Workers and Their Pensions 8 Analysis 11 Policy Options 15 Request Additional Analysis 16 Update Regulations Governing Noncovered Pensions 16 Modify PSF and Improve Administration 16 Implement Universal Coverage 17 Conclusion 17 Appendix A. Brief Primer on Actuarial Methodology 20 Appendix B. PSF and Pattern of Earnings 22 Notes 24 References 25 About the Authors 26 Statement of Independence 27 Acknowledgments This report was funded by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. We are grateful to them and to all our funders, who make it possible for Urban to advance its mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Ncbr (Fastlane)
    APPLICANT CONTACT Port of Moses Lake Jeffrey Bishop, Executive Director 7810 Andrews N.E. Suite 200 Moses Lake, WA 98837 Port of Moses Lake www.portofmoseslake.com [email protected] Project Name Northern Columbia Basin Railroad Project Was a FASTLANE application for this project submitted previously? Yes If yes, what was the name of the project in the previous application? Northern Columbia Basin Railroad Project Previously Incurred Project Costs $2.1 million Future Eligible Project Costs $30.3 million Total Project Costs $32.4 million Total Federal Funding (including FASTLANE) $9.9 million Are matching funds restricted to a specific project component? If so, No which one? Is the project of a portion of the project currently located on Yes National Highway Freight Network? Is the project of a portion on the project located on the NHS? This project crosses under the NHS as well is it runs adjacent to the NHS Does the project add capacity to the Interstate system? Yes, by diverting VMT to rail Is the project in a national scenic area? No Does the project components include a railway-highway grade No crossing or grade separation project? The project includes crossing If so, please include the grade crossing ID improvements. Do the project components include an intermodal or freight rail Yes project, or freight project within the boundaries of a public or private freight rail, water (including ports, or intermodal facility? If answered yes to either of the two component questions above, $9.9 million how much of requested FASTLANE
    [Show full text]
  • The Health and Life Expectancy of Older Blacks and Hispanics in the United States
    Today’s Research on Aging P r o g r a m a n d P o l i c y i m P l i c a t i o n s Issue 28, June 2013 The Health and Life Expectancy of Older Blacks and Hispanics in the United States Despite advances in health care and increases in income over Yet while older blacks have lower life expectancies than the past 50 years, significant gaps in life expectancy and health older whites, Hispanics actually are expected to live longer— by race and ethnicity persist among older Americans. This again, both at birth and at older ages. At age 65, for newsletter highlights recent work by National Institute on example, Latino males can expect to live, on average, an Aging (NIA)-supported researchers and others who examined additional 18.8 years, while Latina women have a life life expectancy and health trends among older blacks and expectancy of an additional 22 years—almost two years Hispanics. By 2030, the U.S. elderly population is expected to more than 65-year-old white females. Similar differences become more racially and ethnically diverse than it is today can be found at age 75 for both men and women. (See (see Box 1, page 2). Understanding their differences in health Box 2, page 3, for a discussion of factors influencing life and addressing disparities are critically important to improving expectancy among Hispanics.) the nation’s overall health and well-being. Hispanics have longer life expectancies than Life Expectancy non-Hispanic whites or blacks.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 211 Cmr 71.00: Medicare Supplement
    211 CMR 71.00: MEDICARE SUPPLEMENT INSURANCE AND EVIDENCES OF COVERAGE ISSUED PURSUANT TO A RISK OR COST CONTRACT -- TO FACILITATE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF M.G.L. c. 176K AND SECTION 1882 OF THE FEDERAL SOCIAL SECURITY ACT Section 71.01: Purpose 71.02: Applicability, Scope and Effective Date 71.03: Definitions 71.04: Readability Standards 71.05: Standards for Policy Definitions 71.06: Policy Limitations 71.07: Renewability 71.08: Policy Benefit Standards 71.09: New or Innovative Benefits 71.10: Open Enrollment and Guarantee Issue for Medicare Supplement Insurance and Evidences of Coverage Issued Pursuant to a Risk or Cost Contract 71.11: Standards for Claims Payment 71.12: Policy Filings for Medicare Supplement Insurance and Rate Review for Medicare Supplement Insurance and Evidences of Coverage Issued Pursuant to a Cost Contract 71.13: Required Disclosure Provisions 71.14: Requirements for Application or Replacement 71.15: Appropriateness of Recommended Purchase and Excessive Insurance 71.16: Standards for Marketing 71.17: Filing Requirements for Advertising 71.18: Permitted Producer Compensation Arrangements 71.19: Reporting of Multiple Policies 71.20: Permitted Surcharges or Discounts for Medicare Supplement Insurance and Evidences of Coverage Issued Pursuant to Cost Contracts 71.21: (Reserved for Medicare Select) 71.22: Withdrawal from Market for Medicare Supplement Insurance 71.23: Health Maintenance Organizations and Evidences of Coverage Issued Pursuant to a Risk or Cost Contract 71.24: Annual Public Hearing to Monitor Market Condition 71.89: Severability 71.90: Appendix A - Medicare Supplement Core 71.91: Appendix B - Medicare Supplement 1 71.92: Appendix C - Medicare Supplement 2 71.96: Appendix D - Medicare Supplement Refund Calculation Form 71.97: Appendix E - Form for Reporting Medicare Supplement Insurance Policies 71.98: Appendix F - Outline of Coverage, Cover Page 71.99: Appendix G- Outline of Coverage, Charts 71.100: Appendix H - Disclosure Statements 1 71.01: Purpose The purpose of 211 CMR 71.00 is to provide for the implementation of M.G.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Get Short Term Disability Insurance
    Get Short Term Disability Insurance Elastic and money-grubbing Jonas exhilarate almost insurmountably, though Dalton guttle his kilderkin imparls. How brainish is Mitchell when decahedral and cruel Tedie kaolinizes some brisure? Subterrestrial and played-out Jean-Francois still lotes his stutters insidiously. If she will get insurance policies also does short term disability insurance It insurance disability insurance companies and short term. Who enjoy I contact for military help? If an employee wants to use STD benefits and then fills out the insurance paperwork, the employee will not qualify for the benefits. Insured i get short term. What disability insurance and short term. The insurance benefits under the us know using a disabling event that protects workers for getting from. Once people get disability insurance policies are disabled? Examples: accountant, pharmacist, software engineer. One or insurance from three months if you can answer is short term disability specialists, getting va disability insurance is disability insurance and terms and capture their immediate families. Then used and short term disability benefit you are unable to turn in to your employer pays benefits. Your short term. Please log in disability insurance do you disabled, getting va appeals process. Please be insured is term disability benefits to get short term disability for! What are insurance provides financial protection for getting benefits are processed quicker than the insured by third parties, get great employee recruitment and terms for business? After applying, it can root several months to await the application. This is term disability insurance company to get. Equal employment and terms before you disabled.
    [Show full text]
  • Agreement Between the United States and the Netherlands
    Agreement Between The United States And The Netherlands Contents Introduction 1 Coverage and Social Security taxes 2 Certificate of coverage 3 Monthly benefits 5 How benefits can be paid 7 A Dutch pension may affect your U.S. benefit 8 What you need to know about Medicare 8 Claims for benefits 9 Authority to collect information for a certificate of coverage (see pages 3-5) 9 Contacting Social Security 10 Introduction benefits. It does not cover benefits under the U.S. Medicare program or Supplemental An agreement effective November 1, 1990, Security Income program. between the United States and the Netherlands This booklet covers highlights of the agreement improves social security protection for people and explains how it may help you who work or have worked in both countries. It while you . helps many people who, without the agreement, work and when you apply for benefits would not be eligible for monthly retirement, The agreement may help you, your disability or survivors benefits under the social family and your employer security system of one or both countries. It also • While you work — If your work is covered helps people who would otherwise have to pay by both the U.S. and Dutch social security social security taxes to both countries on the systems, you (and your employer, if you are same earnings. employed) normally would have to pay social The agreement covers social security taxes security taxes to both countries for the same (including the U.S. Medicare portion) and social work. However, the agreement eliminates security retirement, disability and survivors this double coverage so you pay taxes to only one system (see pages 2-5).
    [Show full text]
  • December 6, 1955
    December 6, 1955 ' L-55-593 *'-170 The Board The Associate General Counsel The effect on the Board's administration of H.R. 7225 (passed by the House of Representatives on July 18, 1955)• The Board's attention was called in July of this year to the bill H.R. 7225, referred to in the subject above. 1/ At that time the Board was primarily concerned with the proposed amendment to the Social Security Act to reduce the eligibility age for women's benefits from 65 to 62. On the dates of the memoranda referred to in footnote 1 the bill was not available for examination, and there was no way of ascertaining the extent to which it may have been technically defective for the purposes of coordination between the railroad retirement and social security systems. The difficulties in this respect came to light only upon examination of the bill after it was reported out b; the House Committee on Ways and Means. 2/ The pertinent provisions of the bill suggest for the Board's consideration the following: 1. A permanently disabled child whose disability began before age 18 and is otherwise entitled to a child's benefit before that age, 1/ See memorandum from the Secretary to the Board dated July 8, 1955, entitled "Spouse's Eligibility Age", and my memorandum to the Board dated July 11, 1955, entitled "Effect on the Railroad Retirement j.ct of contemplated amendments to the Social Security act to reduce the eligibility age from 65 to 62 for spouses' and aged survivors' bene­ fits, and to provide benefits, before age 65, to persons who are totally and permanently disabled.
    [Show full text]
  • Funding On-Farm Anaerobic Digestion September 2012
    Funding On-Farm Anaerobic Digestion September 2012 naerobic digestion of on-farm manure resources offers Some examples of programs where federal and state agencies livestock and poultry producers (farm operators) a unique provide grant funding for the construction and operation of Aopportunity to increase on-farm revenue. As energy costs anaerobic digesters include the U.S. Department of Agriculture become a larger part of the farm operation budget, farm operators (USDA) Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) and Ohio’s are increasingly looking to energy efficiency and renewable energy State Energy Program. In some cases, federal-level funding projects as a viable option for increasing farm revenues. One such sources (i.e., American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, option is anaerobic digestion of animal manure, a waste resource or ARRA) provide states with grant money that is administered at that has considerable potential for generating clean, renewable, the state level. For additional information on funding programs domestic energy. available for anaerobic digesters, see the fact sheet Funding Programs for Developing Anaerobic Digestion Systems (http:// One of the biggest obstacles to widespread adoption of on-farm www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/agstar_federal_incentives.pdf), anaerobic digestion has been its cost. Anaerobic digesters require and also the AgSTAR Funding database, Funding On-Farm Biogas significant amounts of up-front capital costs (expenditures), in Recovery Systems: A Guide to Federal and State Resources (http://
    [Show full text]
  • Disability Benefits
    Disability Benefits SSA.gov What’s inside Disability benefits 1 Who can get Social Security disability benefits? 1 How do I apply for disability benefits? 4 When should I apply and what information do I need? 4 Who decides if I am disabled? 5 How is the decision made? 6 What happens when my claim is approved? 9 Can my family get benefits? 10 How do other payments affect my benefits? 10 What do I need to tell Social Security? 11 When do I get Medicare? 12 What do I need to know about working? 12 The Ticket to Work program 13 Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) Account 13 Contacting Social Security 14 Disability benefits Disability is something most people don’t like to think about. But the chances that you’ll become disabled are probably greater than you realize. Studies show that a 20-year-old worker has a 1-in-4 chance of becoming disabled before reaching full retirement age. This booklet provides basic information on Social Security disability benefits and isn’t meant to answer all questions. For specific information about your situation, you should speak with a Social Security representative. We pay disability benefits through two programs: the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. This booklet is about the Social Security disability program. For information about the SSI disability program for adults, see Supplemental Security Income (SSI) (Publication No. 05-11000). For information about disability programs for children, refer to Benefits For Children With Disabilities (Publication No. 05-10026).
    [Show full text]
  • Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures
    Implementing the Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures June 2017 June 2017 Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure i Contents A Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Background ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Structure of Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 2 3. Application of Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 3 4. Assessing Financial Impacts of Climate-Related Risks and Opportunities ............................................................ 4 B Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 11 C Guidance for All Sectors .............................................................................................................................. 14 1. Governance ................................................................................................................................................................. 14 2. Strategy .......................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Population Ageing 2019
    World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights ST/ESA/SER.A/430 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights United Nations New York, 2019 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs provides the international community with timely and accessible population data and analysis of population trends and development outcomes for all countries and areas of the world. To this end, the Division undertakes regular studies of population size and characteristics and of all three components of population change (fertility, mortality and migration). Founded in 1946, the Population Division provides substantive support on population and development issues to the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Population and Development. It also leads or participates in various interagency coordination mechanisms of the United Nations system.
    [Show full text]