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Specialists in Insurance for the Foreign Service at Home and Abroad AMERICAN FOREIGN STATE OF THE SERVICE SERVICE ASSOCIATION Governing Board President THEODORE S. WILKINSON Veteran Foreign Service people congregating in Washington for Foreign State Vice President: RICHARD MILTON AID Vice President: PAULA BRYAN Service Day on May 3 may wonder what the impact of the Gulf crisis has been USIA Vice President: VANCE PACE on the Foreign Service. Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ Secretary: MICHAEL COTTER One perverse result has been higher morale. No one who practices diplomacy Treasurer: MICHAEL DAVILA can exult over hostilities, but the Foreign Service relishes a challenge, and the State Representatives: PURNELL DELLY DAVID T. JONES Gulf crisis provided a lot of them. The most direct challenge was to our THOMAS MILLER embassies in Baghdad and Kuwait, which for five long months were called upon SANDRA ODOR HARRY GALLAGHER to show tempered U.S. resolve in the face of Iraqi provocations. Riyadh, AID Representatives: HELENE KAUFMAN Dhahran, Tel Aviv, and Jerusalem endured 18-hour days, endless visitors, then USIA Representative: BERNARD HENSGEN Retired Representatives: JOHN J. HARTER Scud attacks. All our embassies and multilateral posts worldwide rose to the L. BRUCE LAINGEN challenge of constructing and maintaining the unprecedented international DAVID SCHNEIDER political-military coalition that forced Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait. We can Staff Executive Director: SABINE SISK take pride in their success and in the praise bestowed on them by President Bush Business Department on March 27, when he spoke to employees at State and met with the task forces. Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE Apart from matters of esprit de corps, it hasn’t been a comfortable year for Executive Assistants: BARBARA THOMPSON, SANDRA DOUGLAS anyone. Never before had this many Foreign Service employees and depen¬ Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL dents (1,500) endured the trauma of evacuation in such a short time, or from Legal Sendees General Counsel: TURN A R. LEWIS such a broad range of posts (from the Mahgreb to the subcontinent). Many Legal Assistant: MARK W. SMITH evacuees are still living out of suitcases in Washington, with their children’s Laiv Clerks: ELLEN THORBURN CHRISTIE E-LOON WOO school years disrupted. A $50 million emergency supplemental appropriation Member Services barely covered State’s direct Gulf War costs, and our posts in other regions are Director: CHRIS BAZAR Representative: CATHERINE SCHMITZ still struggling to make ends meet, with their budgets cut back significantly DEBORAH M. LEAHY below 1990 levels. Membership Sendees Director: JANET L. HEDRICK There are also still some unsettling aspects of the Glaspie affair. More than Assistant: IRENE LOWY
enough has been written on this already, but the basic question remains whether Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON Ambassador Glaspie received the full measure of political loyalty that was due Congressional Liaison: ROBERT M. BEERS to her after her return from Baghdad last summer. It’s true that senior RICK WEISS administration officials up to and including the president have praised her as an Scholarship Programs: GAIL VOLK Outreach Program accomplished and dedicated professional. But why, after repeated questioning Director. CHARLES SCHMITZ over a period of months, did State press spokesmen steadfastly refuse to stand Outreach Coordinator: JEFF NEIL Outreach Assistant: CHRISTOPH DHEIN behind her report of her July 25 conversation with Saddam Hussein, and to point The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924, is the professional association of the Foreign out the omissions in the Iraqi “transcript” issued in September? Was her earlier Service and the official representative of all Foreign classified report to Washington of the conversation—which by her recent Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Development under the terms testimony included warnings from her against the use of force and reassurances of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired from Saddam—simply discounted? Or if it was considered reliable, as it should employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associ¬ have been, why was it not used to demonstrate Saddam’s perfidy? Press ate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual Spokesman Boucher’s rationale for withholding comment on discrepancies dues: Active Members—$80-165; Retired Members— $45-55; Associate Members—$45. All AFSA members between the Glaspie report and the “transcript”—that this issue was a “sideshow”— are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may strains credibility. Nothing could have been more central than any available be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business evidence from Glaspie that Saddam went back on his word to her, just as he did expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations may be deductible as with his promises to Arab leaders. charitable contributions. AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION, 2101 E Street The New York Times has suggested a white paper to clear the air. This would NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Executive offices, mem¬ be one way to set aside the lingering impression that April Glaspie was a bership, professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. lightning rod of convenience. Dispelling this impression would add sweetening Governing Board, standing committees, general coun¬ sel. labor-management relations, member services, to the success of our Gulf policy. grievances: (202) 647-8160. . FAX: (202) 338-6820 . Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730. —TED WILKINSON
2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 FOREIGN SERVICEVOL. , NO. MAY 1991 JOURNAL 68 5
Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER
RICHARD AHERNE WILLIAM BEECHER C. STUART CALLISON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE JOE B. JOHNSON BENJAMIN LOWE DANIEL NELSON ROBERT A. POLLARD HANS N. TUCH Military Prospects 16 Alaska and Siberia 26 THEODORE S. WILKINSON
“The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” FEATURES
Editor ANNE STEVENSON-YANG From the Field: One Step Ahead for Spouses 13 Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager KATRINA ECTON JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Editorial Assistant: DEREK TERRELL FOCUS: AN UNEASY PARTNERSHIP Design: MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS Out of the Cold: the Military Relationship 16 The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is published MELVIN A. GOODMAN AND CAROLYN MCGIFFERI EKEDAHL monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions A Joint Venture in Industry 22 of the writers and does not necessarily represent RICHARD F. CELESTE the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. JOURNAL subscriptions: AFSA Members— Human Rights 24 included in annual dues; others, $25. Overseas ROBERT KUSHEN subscriptions (except Canada), $35 per year. Airmail not available. Glasnost in the Bering Strait 26 Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional post office. Postmaster: Send ROBERT B. HOUSTON JR. address changes to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Diplomats in History: Serving in Baghdad 31 Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not Books 34 imply AFSA endorsement of the services or goods Larry W. Roeder Jr. on Albania; Sol Schindler on the Phoenix Program; offered. • FAX: (202) 338-6820 • Telephone: (202) 338-4045 or 338-4054. Pamela Baldinger on “Wandering Knights”
American Foreign Service Association, 1991 Unspoken Expectations: What Your Boss Wants 40 ISSN 0015-7279 May 1991, Vol. 68, no.5 JANE BONIN
DEPARTMENTS
Cover art AFSA Views 2 Marketplace 46 for the Journal Letters 4 Real Estate 49 50 Years Ago 7 Classifieds 53 by Los Angeles artist Foreign Service Quiz 7 AFSA News 55 David Turner Clippings 8 AFSA Election Campaign Statements 61
MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 Dollar Diplomacy BEFORE YOU LEAVE FOR zines, I settled down happily to read HOME Marguerite Cooper’s article in the Feb¬ the ruary FSJ on the changing position of TO THE EDITOR: Foreign Service women over the past Brian Carlson’s article “Doing Home two decades. As I nodded apprecia¬ American Leave Right” in the February 1991 tively at her graphic portrayal of the issue of the FSJ provided a variety of dogged campaign against prejudice interesting and useful ideas for home and inertia, my eye fell on the compan¬ way leave travel. However, his advice that ion piece describing her own experi¬ “a little footwork may get you more ence as half of a tandem couple in travel... at little or no extra expense” Islamabad in 1973- What startled me Come to American is incorrect and could cause travelers was her assertion that one of her two Service Center for diplomatic to be denied reimbursement of large supervisors in Islamabad “strongly dis¬ immunity from high prices. If amounts of travel money. approved of tandems, seeing the ar¬ Mr. Carlson advises a traveler to you are on an overseas rangement as “double dipping at the “find out how much your authorized public trough,” while the other was assignment, and carry a routing would cost if you followed it himself part of a tandem couple. Since diplomatic or official passport, exactly” and then to research dis¬ I was (a) her supervisor in Islamabad you can save on the purchase counted fares that would allow the and (b) not part of a tandem couple, of a new Mercedez-Benz with traveler to go farther for the same the bad guy had to be me. U.S. equipment, shipped amount of money. What Mr. Carlson Hey, wait a minute! To fend off the directly to the United States or does not seem to be aware of is this: if angry glares of my female compatriots, for pick up in Stuttgart*. a discounted fare is appropriate for the let me point out that I’ve always been Contact Erik Granholm, type of travel, which for home leave volubly aware of the obstacles Foreign our Diplomatic and Tourist travel it very often is, that discounted Service women have faced because of Sales Manager. fare from the authorized origin to the their gender and that, during my 30- authorized destination must be the- odd years as an FSO (including assign¬ basis of any cost-construction, and any ments in which I supervised, and was savings realized belong to the govern¬ supervised by, women officers) I be¬ ment, not the traveler. The govern¬ lieve I did what I could to help over¬ ment may only reimburse that portion come them. At no time did I ever of the ticket which represents the actual criticize the tandem couple concept, cost to the authorized destination. which I thought an excellent one from Thank you for the opportunity to the beginning. set the record straight. Anyone requir¬ ing information on the Foreign Service Edivard C. Ingraham lerican travel regulations is invited to contact The writer is a retired Foreign Service the Transportation Regulatory Section officer. Service Center at 202/647-0208, -2853, or -3658. Em¬ 585 North Glebe Road ployees serving overseas should direct TO THE EDITOR: Arlington, Virginia 22203 their cables to OPR/ST/TD. An error in the review of Hans 703/525-2100 Tuch’s Communicating with the World: FAX: 703/525-1430 George C. Jenkins U.S. Public Diplomacy Overseas (FSJ, *Car must be imported into U.S. within 6 months after taking delivery in Europe. The writer is ch ief of the February 1991, page 40) gives the Transportation Division at the appearance that the book is flawed. Mercedes-Benz-Registerd Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, Department of State. The reviewer writes that the book 0 Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany deals extensively with programs such TO THE EDITOR: as Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib¬ Returning from a vacation trip to erty, and that “many Eastern Europe¬ find the usual accumulation of maga¬ ans . . . learned English listening to YOU’RE GOING A LONG WAY BUT TOUR FREE GOVERNMENT COVERAGE WONT
With only the coverage you get under the U.S. Government Claims Act, if your goods are lost or destroyed, you could find yourself out of the country and out of luck. What’s more, once you’re moved in, Claims Act settlements could be even more unsettling. Because, in order to collect on a claim from the Government, you must first proceed against the responsible party, such as a shipping company. This procedure can often take years, making it almost impossible to collect. In addition, you have no coverage when you’re not on Government business. There are restrictions and dollar limitations on items such as jewelry, fine arts, cameras, and antiques. And, you’ll have no coverage for personal liability. On the other hand, if you had the AFSA Plan-sponsored by the American Foreign Service Association-your insured possessions would be comprehensively covered for their replacement value. You are covered even when you’re not on Government business, and you can also purchase protection for personal liability. The AFSA Plan has been specifically designed for members of AFSA on active duty abroad. It provides “all risk” coverage for personal property, and AFSA Desk, The Hirshorn Company you can even purchase itemized protection for unique or 14 East Highland Avenue valuable articles. Philadelphia, PA 19118 Telephone: 215-242-8200. So don’t wait until you find yourself far from every¬ In Wash. D.C. Area: 202-457-0250 thing with close to nothing. Call or send for your free Please send me your free brochure that brochure today. answers questions about overseas insurance. Name Address THE Mr INSURANCE PLAN Don’t go overseas undercovered. City ■ State Zip The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. LETTERS
Radio Free Europe.” In fact, while Mr. Tuch discusses RFE and RL briefly in his book, he concentrates in detail on THE VIRGINIAN the work and effectiveness of the Voice of America, and he cites examples of the success of VOA’s English-language OFFERS THE ICWEST broadcasts. RFE has never broadcast in English. Listeners in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Mr. Tuch writes, learned their English from VOA—not, SHORTANDIONG TERM as the reviewer contends, from RFE.
Terrence F. Catherman RATES The author is a retired Foreign Service officer. GUARANTEED. you’d find at home, as well as some you normally wouldn’t: • maid Due to an editing error, the views service • outdoor swimming pool and sundeck • men’s and of Heritage Foundation Senior Vice women’s sauna • fully furnished President Burton Yale Pines were kitchens • individual heating and misrepresented in the Journal ar¬ air conditioning • assigned out¬ ticle in April on the Reagan Doc¬ door parking • cable television trine. with free HBO • maintenance The article should have quoted services • coin-operated laundry Pines as saying he believes the Now you can lease hotel facilities on premises • same day Reagan Doctrine is a “marvelous convenience and residential laundry and valet service. legacy" because it proclaimed that comfort with a spacious apart¬ Located just a 10 minute “the future belongs to democracy, ment that costs a fraction of what walk from the Rosslyn Metro, not to Soviet-imposed dictator¬ you’d normally pay for a small The Virginian truly puts you hotel room. close to whatever your needs, ships.” The Virginian, overlooking business or pleasure. Rosslyn, Virginia, is a short or For information, just call long term apartment residence our Sales Department at We made a compound error in with most of the amenities (703) 522-9600. the Foreign Service Quiz published in the April issue of the FSJ. In answer to the second question, we mistakenly identified Edward R. Murrow as the World War II newscaster who was later selected as the first director of the Voice of America. Murrow, who was CBS’s great wartime correspondent, was never director of VOA. He was director of the U.S. Hotel Convenience Information Agency during the with Residential Comfort. Kennedy Administration, from 1961 to 1964. The first director of VOA, in 1942, was John Houseman, 1500 Arlington Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22209 703-522-9600 noted actor, author, producer, and director. ■
6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 Executive
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Interim Accommodations for Uncle Sam’s Eight New Bases, the FSJ, May 1941 The Corporate and Government Markets
. . . The acquisition of island bases from Great Britain under ninety-nine year crffiaxtmznti leases in exchange for fifty overage United States destroyers presented a test in both T (_Z7oarn£oui£i T cSincjfe Ramify c^fomei statesmanship and military technique. How would such a transaction be regarded?
Would the original cold shock of surprise be cushioned later in warm majority TOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE" approval? The diplomatic victory attained could then be coordinated with practical military procedure. LOCATIONS
Crystal City The Navy did not wait for the temper of our country or of Europe to be Ballston Rosslyn determined. The announcement of the exchange found a group of officer experts Springfield embarked immediately on a causer at Norfolk, their destination Bermuda and the Alexandria Caribbean pearls that were to be formed into a diadem which would guard our Tyson’s Corner Reston eastern coast line. To add bases in the Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Lucia, Falls Church Trinidad, and British Guiana to Guantanamo, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico McLean would help inestimably in making Panama invulnerable to attack. ■ Washington, D.C.
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MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 7 THE LAST WORD During the meeting, she said Saddam Tire CIA station in Moscow, one of THE BOSTON HERALD, MARCH 21, BY JOE agreed to abide by U.S. warnings to the largest and by far the most important BATTENFELD resolve his dispute with Kuwait peace¬ intelligence collection outpost in the WASHINGTON - Ambassador April fully—despite the presence of 100,000 world, was damaged by the blaze, U.S. Glaspie, breaking a months-long si¬ Iraqi troops massed on the border. sources said. lence, said yesterday she and the United “The only possible interpretation I The fire also damaged a major Na¬ States were duped by Saddam Hussein could make of his remarks was that he tional Security Agency electronic listen¬ into believing he wouldn’t invade Ku¬ was not going to invade,” Glaspie said ing post, which was located on the wait. in the packed hearing room. eighth floor of the structure and relied “Our mistake was like that of every upon roof-mounted equipment. other government in the world—we MOSCOW FIRE Three people suffered smoke inhala¬ foolishly did not realize that he was THE WASHINGTON TIMES, MARCH 29, BY BILL tion, and 200 embassy employees were stupid,” Glaspie said in testimony be¬ GERTZ evacuated from the building. fore the Senate Foreign Relations Com¬ A major fire that ripped through the .. . Sources said the fire could delay mittee. aging U.S. Embassy in Moscow yester¬ Bush administration efforts to conclude Glaspie, the U.S. ambassadorto Iraq, day shut down U.S. diplomatic and a strategic arms agreement with Mos¬ gave her first account of her much- intelligence operations in the Soviet cow and set back attempts to resolve publicized meeting with Saddam just capital, sources said. differences over a conventional arms one week before he ordered his troops “It puts us out of business at a crucial treaty. into the tiny oil emirate. time,” said one intelligence source. [State Department Spokesman Rich¬ ard] Boucher said the fire broke out yesterday morning in the central section ■ — ■ of the building, which is located on Tchaikovsky Street, several miles from k €M§§ie ALL-Sumg HOTEL Red Square. “The roof over the central section of the building is gone,” Mr. Boucher said,
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Vehicles shown are for illustration only and may contain optional features available at additional cost. FROM THE FIELD KATRINA ECTON One Step Ahead for Spouses he Foreign Service is wasting a Spouses report that prospective em¬ period is necessary, while all candidates T valuable resource: spouses. The ployers also seem hesitant to hire at are interviewed and personnel pro¬ scarcity of employment for entry level. They fear that a Foreign cesses are completed. This is often spouses in the United States Service spouse may find the work de¬ compounded by hiring freezes and lack and overseas is causing serious morale meaning and quit. Employers often give of funds for contracts. In the end, a problems. Jobs are difficult to find, and the excuse that the applicant is candidate may be in¬ a career for spouses is almost impossible. overqualified. formed that he or she Once a good job is found, moreover, Stories of qualified spouses with ad¬ is underqualified for the spouse is reluctant to leave it, re¬ vanced degrees, cross-cultural experi¬ available profes¬ ducing the families at our overseas ence, and foreign-language training who sional positions—but missions by attrition. The government cannot find jobs are familiar. A job may be overqualified for can do more to make the Foreign Ser¬ all but impossible to find after two con¬ clerical jobs. vice attractive to families by helping secutive foreign postings. Flexibility and Even bidding on spouses overcome a number of em¬ adaptability count for little. Several recent a contract position has become a com¬ ployment obstacles that are specific to examples of which I have heard include: plicated and time-consuming process. the Foreign Service. A great deal has A spouse back for only a year or so been done overseas, but more, ironi¬ •A spouse with more than 20 years might spend at minimum eight months cally, needs to be done at home. in the service, two languages, 15 years contending with government hiring. To teaching English as a foreign language, come in as a GS 5/6, a candidate has to Misunderstood and an impressive employment record pass a typing test. This may require a Spending time out of the country overseas who was not even inter¬ typing or computer class at personal leaves the Foreign Service spouse with viewed when applying for a job as a expense. Many find it necessary to take gaps in the professional ladder and puts programs assistant. She was told that a course or do research to figure out him or her at a tremendous disadvan¬ her clerical skills were not up to par. how to have their skills described in the tage when stacked up against other • A spouse with a graduate degree, current vocabulary and to write an SF qualified people who have had unin¬ three languages, and 25 years of expe¬ 171 polished enough to be considered. terrupted careers. The applicant’s fre¬ rience with the service, who was told No one expects spouses to be given quent transfers and the likelihood of she did not have enough practical expe¬ special consideration. Yet qualified another before long also give private rience to assist in the orientation of people who are actively looking for jobs employers an understandable sense of junior Foreign Service officers. are finding that the government, which uncertainty, increasing employers’ re¬ • An ambassador’s spouse who has benefited from their loyalty for luctance to hire what is already a rare was not considered for a job because years, is not helping them become paid bird. Furthermore, a spouse’s resume her husband “carried too much clout” employees. 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Out of the Cold The US.-Soviet military relationship probably won't go back to the deep freeze. MELVIN A. GOODMAN AND CAROLYN MCGIFFERT EKEDAHL oscow’s new approach to regional con¬ Soviets would have adopted a position of friendly flict situations was dramatically illus¬ neutrality and reacted negatively to the appearance of M trated by its unprecedented coopera¬ the U.S. forces. For its part, he said, the United States tion with Washington in the wake of would have accused the Soviets of supporting aggression Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August and indulging the terrorist regime in Baghdad. Instead, 1990. Moscow’s conduct throughout Moscow supported U.S. political and diplomatic goals, the crisis and its support for a punitive condemning the invasion, suspending military deliveries and permanent ceasefire proved that to Baghdad, and demanding unconditional Iraqi with¬ the Soviet Union had embraced its cooperative rela¬ drawal. Moscow supported UN efforts to resolve the tionship with the United States. While formerly the crisis, voting on August 2 for UN Resolution 660, which Soviets opposed any U.S. military initiative, during this condemned the aggression and demanded Iraqi with¬ crisis they supported UN initiatives demanding Hussein’s drawal. It subsequently endorsed UN resolutions im¬ compliance with international law and endorsed a posing trade sanctions on Baghdad, declaring the major U.S. military build-up in the region. Moscow annexation of Kuwait null and void, disputing Iraq’s demonstrated its commitment to the new relationship holding of foreign hostages and closing of foreign with the United States when it deserted a key client, embassies in Kuwait, and adding air interdiction to Iraq, which was one of its few friends in the Gulf and other boycott measures. Finally, Moscow endorsed— a hard-currency purchaser of Soviet arms. albeit reluctantly—the use of force to implement Questions have been raised about Moscow’s com¬ sanctions. Moscow’s initial reluctance to withdraw mitment to “new thinking” in foreign policy, however, nearly 8,000 Soviet military and economic technicians as a result of Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze’s working in Iraq fostered misunderstanding, with Western resignation in December and the shift to the right in the press articles charging that the Soviets were helping the Kremlin since October 1990. New strains have devel¬ Iraqi war machine. Western press accounts that Mos¬ oped in U.S.-Soviet relations, complicating U.S.-Soviet cow secredy supplied arms and intelligence to the cooperation to resolve conflicts in the Third World and Iraqis during the war were false, however; both President slowing the pace of arms control talks. Bush and Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney denied the reports. Gulf teamwork Most importantly, Moscow moved immediately to Izvestia commentator Aleksandr Bovin observed coordinate policy with Washington rather than to that, had this crisis occurred five to 10 years ago, the exploit the situation and undermine U.S. actions. On 16 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 Then Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze meets with Secretary of State James Baker at the United Nations in November 1990. Shevardnadze’s resignation sparked fears of a backlash in the Soviet Union against the policy of military cooperation with the United States. August 3, following a meeting at a Moscow airport, Moscow followed up its statements with rapid, high- Secretary of State James Baker and Foreign Minister level policy coordination with the United States. Al¬ Eduard Shevardnadze issued a joint statement endorsing though Baker and Shevardnadze were holding meet¬ UN condemnation of Iraq’s invasion and urging the ings in Irkutsk on the eve of the invasion, the coordi¬ suspension of all arms shipments to Iraq. Baker referred nation was more than serendipitous. The two men met to the agreement’s historic nature, noting that in the at a Moscow airport only one day after the invasion and past the two nations would have viewed such a conflict issued a historic joint statement; several weeks later “through an East-West prism.” Bush and Gorbachev met in Helsinki and endorsed a second joint statement affirming their cooperation. "No other choice" Continuing the pattern of high-level contact, Baker met The Soviets justified their abandonment of Iraq on with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze in Moscow on both moral and security grounds, indicating that they September 13 and laid the foundation for passage of a would protect the centrality of relations with the United UN resolution banning passenger and cargo flights into States. Gorbachev called the Iraqi invasion a “violation Iraq. A third joint statement was released in October of everything the world community now pins its hopes following Shevardnadze’s meetings with Bush and on as it seeks to put civilization on the tracks of peaceful Baker at the United Nations, endorsing continued development.” He said Moscow had “no other choice” sanctions and stressing determination to strengthen UN than to join the West in condemning Iraq because the peacekeeping functions. In January, Baker and new use of force to redraw borders could “set off a perilous Soviet Foreign Minister Aleksandr Bessmertnykh issued chain reaction endangering the entire world economy. ” a fourth statement, again urging Iraqi withdrawal from An authoritative commentator, Stanislav Kondrashov, Kuwait. explained that “sacrificing relations with another dicta¬ torship” confirmed Moscow’s commitment to “aban¬ Hard choices doning confrontation with the West ... particularly with This Soviet approach could not have been easy. As the United States.” He added that the “political and Shevardnadze noted at a press conference on August 3, practical advantages of cooperation with Washington the Soviet Union had maintained good relations with would “more than make up for the loss of friendship Iraq for decades. The two countries signed a Friendship with Saddam Hussein.” In other words, the Soviets and Cooperation Treaty in April 1972 and had maintained signaled from the outset that Iraq could not deal a mutually beneficial arms supply relationship for 25 separately with Moscow. years. In August 1990, the Iraqi debt to Moscow was an MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *17 estimated $6 billion and Moscow Over the past severd years, the approach and were concerned by risked default; in fact, Iraq report¬ Washington’s “militant” approach edly stopped payment shortly af¬ Soviets have consistently con¬ and “impatience.” ter the invasion. As a result, the Soviet reaction Gorbachev’s policy was, in fact, demned Pdestnai terrorism to the U.S. decision to send troops subjected to strong domestic criti¬ to Saudia Arabia was negative, cism, and objections to Moscow’s end even cooperated with the with Shevardnadze—the leading support for the United States in¬ Israel government in 1989, when proponent of cooperation with creased as the crisis worsened. the United States—reportedly Appearing before a Soviet legisla¬ the Israels had to ded with a angered when Baker informed tive committee in late August, the him of the move. Several days then commander-in-chief of the highjacked Soviet airlner. The after the Iraqi invasion, a Soviet Warsaw Pact, General Vladimir Foreign Ministry statement argued Lobov, portrayed the U.S. buildup KGB has recently agreed to work that a “build-up in military pres¬ as a potential threat to the Soviet with other htelgence services ence and naval muscle-flexing in Union’s southern borders that such a very tense and complex might jeopardize East-West talks on intemationd terrorism. In situation was not the best line of on cutting conventional weapons action.” The Soviets delayed pas¬ in Europe. Deputy Foreign Minis¬ Mcrch, the Soviets turned over a sage of UN Resolutions 665 and ter Aleksandr Belongov told a 678, which authorized use of force. parliamentary committee that there fugitive wanted by federd The Soviets wanted to prevent were “no guarantees that the United prosecutors h the United States— the use of force; they also sought States will ever leave Saudi Arabia to head off the intensified allied after the crisis is over.” the fnt time that Moscow has bombing, and then the ground The government newspaper campaign. On the eve of the Izvestia was consistently more extended such cooperation. ground campaign in February supportive of U.S. actions and Moscow pursued a negotiated Soviet policy than the Party paper solution and indicated that the Pravda and the Defense Ministry Iraqis were prepared to withdraw paper Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), which accused from Kuwait. Washington of using the crisis to build political influ¬ ence and strategic presence in the Middle East. Con¬ Before the Gulf flicting Soviet statements seem to support the thesis that Even before the groundbreaking and highly publi¬ the Foreign and Defense Ministry bureaucracies were cized U.S.-Soviet joint efforts in the Gulf conflict, the lagging behind Gorbachev and Shevardnadze’s support Soviet Union had taken a far more cooperative approach for the U.S. position. Gorbachev’s use of Soviet presi¬ in resolving regional conflicts. Shevardnadze discussed dential adviser Yevgeni Primakov as an emissary to the creation of a “risk reduction center” in the Middle negotiate with both Washington and Baghdad during East during a trip to Egypt in 1989- Although the Soviets the crisis suggested, moreover, that the Soviet president thus far have not renewed the proposal for such a tried to disassociate himself from his foreign minister’s center, they are certain to return to the idea and support for Washington during the crisis. Shevardnadze’s presumably try to apply it to discussion of regional sudden and unexpected resignation in December in¬ conflicts, proliferation, and terrorism. Soviet-U.S. suc¬ dicated differences with Gorbachev on both domestic cess in abolishing intermediate-range missiles in 1987 and foreign policy issues. Shevardnadze’s successor, and limiting conventional arms in Europe in 1990, Aleksandr Bessmertnykh, has been more careful in his along with intrusive on-site verification measures for dealings with Washington on the Persian Gulf crisis. both agreements, could lead to a dialogue on limiting such weapons in the Third World. Asking for patience Over the past several years, the Soviets have consis¬ Beneath the public displays of cooperation, there tently condemned Palestinian terrorism and even coop¬ were numerous differences between Moscow and erated with the Israeli government in 1989, when the Washington. The United States was prepared to engage Israelis had to deal with a highjacked Soviet airliner. Iraq militarily, while the Soviet Union emphasized The KGB has recently agreed to work with other negotiations and declined to send its own forces to the intelligence services on international terrorism. In March, Gulf. Washington was prepared to act unilaterally; the Soviets turned over a fugitive wanted by federal Moscow wanted all action to be sanctioned and prosecutors in the United States—the first time that implemented by the United Nations. The Soviets made Moscow has extended such cooperation. it clear from the beginning that they preferred nego¬ Moscow has played a role in establishing peace¬ tiation, mediation, and even compromise to a military keeping and verification operations in the border area 18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 between Iran and Iraq and in Namibia, and in coordinating humanitarian aid to the Horn of Africa and southern Africa. Among the remaining issues confronting the United States and the Soviet Union in the Third World, the most difficult are resolving the longstanding civil wars fought by their clients in Afghanistan, Angola, and Cambodia. In recent years Moscow has demonstrated its readiness to compromise to resolve these wars. In September 1990 Moscow and Washington began serious talks on a phased transition to a new government in Afghanistan and an end to military aid to the Najibullah government and the mujahideen. Differences remain over the role of the government in Kabul and the commitment of insur¬ gent forces to a military victory. Considerable progress has been made toward ending the Angolan civil war. The United States and the Soviet Union have agreed to participate in an international force to monitor a ceasefire and elections and to end arms deliveries to the antagonists. Moscow supported a UN resolution in August 1990 to establish an interim administration in Cambodia, combin¬ ing elements from the United Nations and all four Cambodian factions to run Cambodia until UN-supervised elections can be held. Factional armies would be disarmed and kept apart by President Bush welcomes Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachevto the White House forthe first UN troops; Cambodian neutrality and round of summit talks in May 1990. human rights would be internationally guaranteed. In a major breakthrough in September, the veillance is always risky, but could be applied when four warring Cambodian factions formally committed combatants have agreed to maintain a ceasefire or themselves to the UN framework for a comprehensive resolve their differences. Negotiations to limit arms settlement, including the creation of a Supreme National sales to areas of tension could play a role in limiting Council made up of six representatives of the Phnom conflict. Penh government and two from each of the three Despite continuing instability at home, the Soviets opposition factions. The council would become the are likely to continue giving high priority to stable major government body in Cambodia until new elec¬ security relations with the United States, including arms tions are held and occupy Cambodia’s disputed seat in control and the resolution of conflicts in the Third the United Nations. Cambodian factionalism has delayed World. They are removing armor and artillery from implementation of the plan. Central Europe under the terms of the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty, and in February they Staying the course announced the dissolution of the military structure of A major test of Soviet-U.S. cooperation in the 1990s the Warsaw Pact. Moscow refused to publish the text of will be the ability of both to prevent future conflicts or the protocol canceling all military agreements signed the resumption of old ones. Soviet and U.S. experts by pact members, to avoid criticism from Soviet conser¬ could play a role in imagery analysis for peacekeeping vatives and hardliners. operations, with common assessments providing au¬ Adherence to the CFE treaty and completion of the thoritative information in monitoring troop withdraw¬ strategic forces treaty will test Moscow’s commitment to als and regional arms control measures. Aerial sur¬ security cooperation with Washington. Since the signing MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 of CFE in Paris in November 1990, The United States has not com¬ treaties or agreements to limit Moscow has reclassified three proliferation, prevent accidental ground divisions as naval units in mitted itself to conventiond war and incidents at sea, and an apparent effort to circumvent reduce risk of general war and the treaty. In a letter to Gorbachev arms control in the postwar nuclear war. Moscow has offered in March, Bush asked the Soviet to join the Missile Technology president to “intervene” with the Mkkfle fast Secretary Baker, in Control Regime to limit the spread Soviet military to settle the dispute. testimony before Congress in of ballistic missiles to the Third Moscow has also reduced the World, but the United States has number of military installations February, discussed the impor- blocked Soviet entry. subject to inspection. Gorbachev Many of these arrangements— has “affirmed readiness” to resolve taice of “effective arms control particularly nonproliferation re¬ these differences, but high-level gimes and risk-reduction cen¬ military officials have begun to and preventing proliferation of ters—would be well-suited to criticize the treaty. conventiond weapons end current or potential Third World Moscow is unlikely to support conflicts. Hotlines could be use¬ the demands of its more radical weapons of mass destruction,” ful for potential Indo-Pakistani clients and will continue to en¬ and Greek-Turkish disputes. Since courage such Third World states as but President Bush, ii his address the Cuban missile crisis, Soviet Cuba, Syria, and Vietnam to take officials have expressed concern moderate positions so as not to tothenationonMcrch6, that war could be sparked by jeopardize broader Soviet inter¬ pontedy omitted erms control technical malfunction, human ests. The Soviets have reduced error, or political miscalculation. military assistance to major recipi¬ from his list of objectives for the This concern has probably con¬ ents in the Third World and their tributed to the dynamism of So¬ naval presence in out-of-area wa¬ region. viet efforts to expand political ters. In the past several months, dialogue with the United States, the Soviets have strengthened their Europe, China, andjapan, as well diplomatic representation in Israel, as to its unilateral reductions of South Africa, and South Korea, which lacked a Soviet force in Eastern Europe and along the Sino-Soviet political presence only a year ago. This is consistent border. with Shevardnadze’s efforts to end the “blank pages” in Soviet diplomacy. Legacies of war The overwhelming victory of the U.S.-led coalition As a result of Moscow’s opposition to the military in the Gulf war may, however, harden Soviet negotiat¬ campaign against Iraq, particularly the ground war, ing positions, as it impressed upon the defense estab¬ the Soviets can be expected to revive the discussion of lishment the strength of U.S. military hardware. De¬ “rules of conduct” for the United States and the Soviet fense Minister Dmitri Yazov played down the failure of Union in regional conflicts. An attempt was made in Soviet equipment, and Colonel Nikolai Petrushenko, a their “Principles of Mutual Relations” in 1972 to leader of the hardline Soyuz (Union) group of parlia¬ formulate a general notion of such “rules,” but there ment members, denied the scale of allied successes. was no detailed elaboration of rules of conduct and, Nevertheless, Soviet concerns could slow the conven¬ more importantly, no mechanism to ensure their tional forces and strategic arms treaty negotiations. observance. The “principles” signed in 1985 discussed Certainly, the highly effective use of sea-launched the creation of centers to reduce the nuclear threat, but Tomahawk cruise missiles in the Persian Gulf will were ambiguous on rules of conduct. Soviet officials strengthen Soviet insistence on including such naval have stressed the importance of UN peacekeeping weapons in the arms talks. Moscow already has an¬ efforts, particularly the creation of a multilateral risk- nounced that it wants further limits on sea power and reduction center and revival of the UN Military Staff sea-based air power. Committee. The Soviets will probably pursue instruments for The Persian Gulf also could lead to a discussion of strategic stability in the Third World similar to those limiting arms and refining collective security measures established to reduce the risk of war with the United for the region. Iraq had the largest and most dangerous States. In the wake of the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, army in the Middle East until the war, and an international for example, Moscow concluded a hotline agreement embargo will be required unless Baghdad is willing to with the United States—the first bilateral crisis-man¬ accept verifiable arms limits. Regional security guaran¬ agement measure—and a Partial Test Ban Treaty. tees will require commitments from the outside pow¬ During the detente period of the late 1960s and early ers, particularly the United States, the Soviet Union, 1970s, the Soviet Union and the United States reached France, and China, to restrain provocative arms trans- 20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 fers. Soviet-U.S. cooperation was central to the role of Bessmertnykh and former Interior Minister Bakatin— the Security Council in the first months of the crisis, the only member of the council who does not hold a although the UN was bypassed during the decisive post in the Gorbachev government. Prime Minister military phases of the crisis. The Soviets are well Pavlov and Vice President Yanayev also were named to positioned for any discussion on arms limits because the council. they have reduced deliveries to every Third World Soviet commentators have become more pessimistic recipient, including Afghanistan. about the course of Soviet-U.S. relations, and Soviet The United States has not committed itself to con¬ military officials have begun to call for increased ventional arms control in the postwar Middle East. defense spending. Yazov told the Supreme Soviet in Secretary Baker, in testimony before Congress in Feb¬ February that Iraq’s Soviet-supplied air defense system ruary, discussed the importance of “effective arms showed “weak spots” that required a “review of control and preventing proliferation of conventional the . . . entire air defense system” in the Soviet Union. weapons and weapons of mass destruction” but The new Soviet ambassador to the United States, Viktor President Bush, in his address to the nation on March Komplektov, is more conservative than his predeces¬ 6, pointedly omitted arms control from his list of sor. objectives for the region. Moreover, on that same day, Despite the indications of increased military and the administration reportedly asked Congress to approve traditionalist assertiveness on national security issues the sale of F-l6 fighter aircraft to Egypt. The United since Shevardnadze’s resignation, Gorbachev and se¬ States may also propose billions in arms sales to Saudia nior officials continue to stress stable relations with the Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Turkey. United States. The appointment of Bessmertnykh as With the Pentagon phasing out purchases of such foreign minister in January, the dissolution of the stellar systems as Apache attack helicopters, M1A1 military structure of the Warsaw Pact in February, and tanks, and F-15 and F-16 fighters, defense contractors Gorbachev’s references to “our exhausted economy” in will look to foreign sales in the Middle East to keep their March are strong indications that Moscow requires plants in operation. predictable and stable security relations with the West, Bessmertnykh has indicated that Moscow will try to particularly the United States. During a speech in Minsk link the continuation of the UN arms embargo against in February, Gorbachev endorsed the treaties on stra¬ Iraq with a general reduction in arms supplies to the tegic and conventional arms as a way to “get out of the region. He told a news conference in Moscow in arms race.” The Supreme Soviet overwhelmingly rati¬ February that arms deliveries to any country in the fied the treaty on German unity in March, which Gulf region should be resolved on the basis of a Bessmertnykh described as “one of the most important “collective decision on limiting arms supplies to that treaties of the postwar era, a treaty which brings that era explosive region,” rather than on a “unilateral and to an end.” individual” basis. The Soviets will oppose any allied- Shevardnadze, the architect of that stability and led effort to impose an excessively humiliating settle¬ now head of a new liberal think tank in Moscow, ment on Baghdad as part of an effort to preserve argued recently in an interview that there was no influence in postwar Iraq, but agree that the issue of turning back on Soviet-U.S. relations. He warned that future arms sales to Iraq should be settled multilaterally conservative criticism of Soviet foreign policy contained and not by the Soviet Union. a “dispute about what our state should be like and how it should live” and called on democratic forces to Pull to the right “unite” and “create a viable alternative” to those trying Gorbachev has begun to defer to more conservative to “turn our society onto the road leading back to the elements in Moscow that no longer favor automatic past.” Soviet support for the ambitious UN effort to deference to U.S. interests, particularly along Soviet settle the Gulf war and punish the aggressor and borders. In the wake of Shevardnadze’s resignation, Soviet endorsement of the removal of Saddam Hussein moreover, Soviet support for U.S. goals cannot be taken strongly indicates that Moscow wants to stay on the for granted. Gorbachev’s point man for negotiations in road of continued security cooperation with the the Persian Gulf was Yevgeni Primakov, who was just United States, the key international policy associated named to the newly formed Security Council. Although with perestroika. ■ a supporter of Shevardnadze’s “new thinking” in for¬ eign policy, he has spent the last 25 years trying to Melvin A. Goodman is professor of international protect Soviet interests in the Middle East. Other security, National War College in Washington, D.C. conservative members of the council with national Dr. Goodman is author of The Third World: security experience are Defense Minister Dmitri Yazov, Gorbachev’s Retreat. Carolyn McGiffert Ekedahl is KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov, and the increas¬ a research associate at Georgetown University’s ingly visible Interior Minister Boris Pugo. Gorbachev’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy. She is co¬ views on national security matters are more compatible author of Moscow and the Third World Under with those of such members as Foreign Minister Gorbachev. MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 Converting Military Industries: A U.$.-Soviet Joint Venture RICHARD F. CELESTE he scope of change in the Soviet Union today Latvia to explore trade opportunities. We were the guests is mind-boggling. And although the change of the mayor of Moscow and the prime minister of Latvia, may be too slow for ordinary Russian citizens both senior Communist Party officeholders. Arriving the lining up for daily necessities or for radical same evening that the Soviet Parliament responded reformers articulating “500-day” visions, its favorably to President Gorbachev’s request to eliminate pace is astonishing as well. the primacy of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union, In February 1990, I led a delegation of 14 we saw the beginning of change. Nevertheless, I returned Ohio business people to Moscow and Riga, skeptical of the opportunities for joint enterprise be- 22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 tween U.S. business and Soviet counterparts. top associates described the impact of military-civilian conver¬ In November 1990—only 10 months later—I re¬ sion—and that of the other profound changes taking place in turned to Moscow as part of a joint business-academic this society—upon their enterprise. delegation, sponsored by the Council on Economic In 1988, the Almaz marching orders, handed down Priorities, to meet with Soviet counterparts. Our dia¬ from the central planning agency, Gosplan, called for logue focused on the transfer of public investment from increasing defense contracts from 700 million rubles to military to civilian production in both our nations. In 750 million; the very building in which we were sitting contrast to my earlier visit, this time I was cautiously was then under construction to increase the manufactur¬ optimistic. ing capacity of the 55,000-person enterprise. Suddenly, Gorbachev announced substantial unilateral Soviet mili¬ Tooling up for consumer goods tary cuts at the United Nations. No one quarreled with the Today, the Soviet Union is struggling to bring about a decision (other than whether the cuts were deep enough). virtual industrial revolution, as governments work to shift At Almaz, however, they complained of lack of notice. the focus of the economy from military to civilian Military contracts for the enterprise fell immediately to 650 production. Some Soviet experts say that military expen¬ million rubles, then to 580 million rubles in 1990. This year the ditures have constituted 20 to 25 percent of GNP in real expectation is for just 500 million rubles of military contracts, terms. Much of those productive resources must be representing a cut of one-third from the plan under which shifted to satisfy huge pent-up consumer demand. Almaz was operating three years ago. In the United States as well, we are seeing efforts at the As a consequence, the new plant is still unfinished. state level to come to grips with the impact of shifting Now totally dedicated to civilian production, only 10 patterns of defense spending, as we begin to adjust to a percent of its space is utilized, due to lack of product or post-Cold War defense budget. In January 1990, Ohio orders. Almaz executives look forward to producing sponsored the first such effort: a study and needs 200,000 TV sets for Great Britain in 1992, but have only assessment culminating in a conference of 250 small just begun to reconfigure factory space for that produc¬ defense contractors. The conference focused specifically tion. And they are producing sample circuit boards for on the needs of small businesses that are eager to lower UNISYS in place of the old product, which was destined their level of dependency on the military-contract tread¬ for the SA-10 missiles and is now stacked up under plastic mill. Now, several other states have followed their lead. covers gathering dust. The Soviet Union is grappling with efforts to bring about four revolutions at once. One is the switch from Groping in the dark military to civilian production throughout the economy. To cope with the necessity to switch to civilian The second is a change from a command-administrative production without adequate central government financ¬ economy to one that will be decentralized and market- ing or clear-cut direction, the Almaz team contemplates oriented. The third revolution is a change from a single, bank-borrowing to finance new production equipment, all-powerful central government and political party to early retirement to reduce the workforce while retaining increasingly assertive republican and local governments highly skilled employees (including some 7,000 scientists led by multi-party coalitions (almost as if the United States and engineers), and management training in Moscow for were to move from our Constitution back to the Articles senior management personnel who need new skills to of Confederation). And finally, the Soviet Union is survive in the new economic environment. changing from a closed society hunkered down behind Finally, over tea and coffee, the Almaz senior manag¬ the Iron Curtain, jamming incoming broadcasts to a vastly ers sought almost desperately to invite American interest more open society in which vigorous debate now occurs on in the possibility of joint production. “We believe we the streets and in the newspapers all across the country. could produce 16-layer circuit boards for $20 apiece.” In one manifestation of this new openness, the Soviets “Here is a new-ink jet printer we designed in just six now welcome foreign business delegations at previously months.” “We can make a deal directly without approval high-security military production facilities to talk about from the center or the Russian Republic (read “state the potential for civilian joint ventures using state-of-the- capital”) on any non-military product.” art military and space technology. And on a crisp November morning 10 of us, including senior officials from Meeting openness with openness Digital Equipment and TRW, climbed the already chipped There was a certain messiness and even chaos in the concrete and marble stairs of one of the new buildings in the Almaz attempts to move into civilian production. But they Almaz defense production conglomerate. left me with general optimism about the capacity for In a small fourth-floor office, we were hosted by change—not because the obstacles had diminished in academician Boris Bounkin, astrophysicist and senior the short period between my two visits, but rather manager of this far-flung “scientific industrial corpora¬ because I became convinced that the sweeping changes tion,” which until 1988 was devoting 70 percent of its in the Soviet Union are irreversible. They are unpredict¬ production to military contracts such as printed circuit able, yes. But still, the changes are moving irreversibly boards for SA-10 missiles. For nearly an hour Bounkin and his toward the market, toward civilian goods, toward decen- MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 tralized political decision-making, and toward participa¬ redesign; technology transfer; cross-cultural understanding; tion in the global marketplace. and worker retraining. These are skills certain to be For joint enterprise between the United States and the increasingly in demand in both of our nations. Soviet Union to flourish, however, certain steps are Finally, the profound changes underway in the Soviet essential. On our side, we must offer Most Favored Union invite a bold response from our own leadership, Nation status to the Soviets and provide trade credits or as we wrestle with decisions about cuts in our own investment guarantees. We must reciprocate the open¬ defense budget. As a means of strengthening the pros¬ ness on their side with authorization for our own military pects for peace and cooperation between the United contractors to welcome Soviet counterparts to their States and the Soviet Union, I believe we should launch plants and focus on state-of-the-art collaborations. That a major joint conversion project at the govemment-to- means further easing COCOM restrictions on the export govemment level. We could both pledge to devote 1 of high technology as well. percent of our respective defense budgets for the next five On the Soviet side, they must provide investment years to address some shared urgent need. I have in mind, for guarantees (especially for any large-scale projects) and example, the clean-up of nuclear weapons production sites ensure the opportunity to bring out profits in hard and the disposal of nuclear waste. Citizens in both nations currency. They must invest immediately in telecommu¬ would be the beneficiaries for generations to come. nications infrastructure so that phone and fax contacts in that Two years ago it was hard to imagine the fall of the country are prompt and dependable. Perhaps both sides Berlin Wall or German reunification. A year ago it was could set aside certain credits (for us, through the Export- hard to imagine talking to Soviet military contractors Import Bank) to finance joint ventures that expedite con¬ about bank loans, early retirement, and contracts for TV version of military plants to the civilian sector. sets and circuit boards. Now is the time for bold We also should create an International Institute of imagination in our own private investment decisions and Conversion Management, under the cooperative aus¬ in our own public policy initiatives. ■ pices of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Science, and based at two or three outstanding Richard F. Celeste is former governor of Ohio. He business schools in each country. The institute ought to offer operates Celeste & Sabety Ltd, an international busi¬ both theoretical and hands-on training in new market ness advisoryfirm specializing in providing business development (especially exports), product modification and linkages to world markets. human Rights in the Soviet Union: Using Leverage ROBERT KUSHEN resident Gorbachev’s embrace of traditional When faced with serious challenges to its authority, conservative power structures in the Soviet however, the Gorbachev government has reacted with Union threatens a rapid deterioration in hu- repression and violence. In Azerbaidzhan in January man rights policy and practice, after a year of 1990, and in Lithuania and Latvia one year later, Soviet generally positive developments. troops killed more titan 100 civilians and wounded The year 1990 saw the codification of guaran¬ hundreds more in attempts to prevent the dissolution of tees of freedom of expression, religion, and asso¬ central government authority. Six months after the pas¬ ciation, the expansion of the right to counsel, as sage of a law guaranteeing media freedom, the central well as the comparatively unfettered exercise of rights government in December 1990 launched a vigorous and freedoms. While the freedom to emigrate remained campaign of media control, which continues to this day to be codified into law, emigration proceeded apace, and includes censorship, disinformation, and the harass¬ with more than 400,000 people leaving in 1990. ment of independent information sources. Faced with 24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 criticism over the violence in the Baltics, Gorbachev under the recent All-Union legislation enacted on each called for a suspension of the law guaranteeing media topic varies widely according to republic and even city; freedom. Armed with executive powers granted him by while the October region in Moscow has allowed civil a docile and unrepresentative legislature, Gorbachev has society to flourish by registering every entity in sight, the issued decrees giving the KGB wide power to conduct Belorussian Republic refuses to register the Belorussian warrantless searches and has given the army the power Popular Front, and the Republic of Turkmenia has to conduct “anti-crime” patrols, raising the specter of refused to allow an independent press to develop. Both some kind of emergency rule that would suspend civil of the latter are under conservative Communist Party liberties indefinitely. control. But non-Communists are also responsible for The response of the Bush Administration to these and local abuses, as in Georgia, where the nationalist non- other negative developments in Soviet human rights has Communist leadership has made clear its distaste for been overly cautious, focusing on Moscow-centered press freedom. quiet diplomacy. But with Eduard Shevardnadze’s resig¬ The central government similarly has lost its mo¬ nation as foreign minister and the Ministry of Foreign nopoly on the use of violence against its citizens. While Affairs quickly losing its influence in Soviet politics, the in Baku, Vilnius, and Riga the central government bears American administration should modify this policy. primary responsibility for violence against civilians, in Karabakh, southern Ossetia, and other regions, republi¬ Quiet diplomacy can and local forces and policies are also implicated. With the exception of recent violence in the Baltic As many commentators have recently argued, republics, the Bush Administration has pursued a policy Gorbachev’s central government is no longer the of avoiding public criticism of the Soviet Union, prefer¬ prime mover in the Soviet Union. For American policy ring behind-the-scenes negotiations through carefully to be effective in human rights and other areas, the nurtured channels between the State Department and the U.S. administration must forge ties with Republican Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The positive contribu¬ leaders and maintain contact with independent Re¬ tions of this policy cannot be gainsaid. But still unresolved publican activists, regardless of the American stand on cases of political prisoners and the repetition of military “sovereignty,” “independence,” or the legality of the violence against civilians call into question the wisdom incorporation of certain republics into the Soviet of quiet diplomacy. The Bush Administration failed to Union. These ties are necessary to ensure reliable criticize the Soviet military invasion of Baku, Azerbaidzhan, sources of information about events in the republics; which far surpassed the Vilnius and Riga events in the Soviet (and republic) disinformation is unfortunately scope of brutality, and military action was repeated in the alive and well. These ties must reflect more than Baltics one year later. antipathy to communism; they must be used to The administration must be more willing to use public criticize, where necessary, tyranny bred by national¬ condemnation to influence Soviet policy. Vocal Ameri¬ ism as well as that bred by communism. And finally, can criticism of Soviet human rights practices during the these ties must be used to communicate to the height of the Cold War made clear to Soviet leaders that republics the same message that the United States has improvement of its human rights record was a predicate communicated to the Soviet Union: that political and for normalization of U.S.-Soviet relations in many spheres, economic support from the United States and the including the economic. And while this policy did not international community depends on respect for cause an immediate change of course in the Soviet Union, democratic values. it clearly had an impact on a pragmatic politician like Explicit linkage of improvement in human rights and Gorbachev, who embraced the rhetoric of human rights improvement in economic ties was enshrined by Con¬ and rule of law in part because he recognized that this gress in the Jackson-Vanik legislation regarding emigra¬ was necessary for the Soviet Union to be accepted by the tion. This kind of linkage has proven in hindsight to be international community of democratic, economically simplistic. It would be folly to grant Most Favored Nation developed nations. status just because the Soviet government tolerates the departure of its citizens, while at the same time the Soviet Local governments’ mixed record government shows remarkable equanimity about killing The American administration must also acknowledge its citizens. that human rights policy and practice is no longer the Implicit linkage, however, remains essential for the exclusive province of the Soviet central government; fulfillment of the human rights agenda. Through a improvements and abuses are now likely to be the result mixture of public and private persuasion, the Soviet of actions taken by republican or local government government and its constituent parts must be on notice officials. Republican variants of central government laws that free trade depends, in part, on free borders, a free and practice can be more permissive or more repressive, press, and free people. ■ and many republics ignore central government laws altogether. For example, the ability to freely operate Robert Kusheti is a lawyer who follows the Soviet public organizations, newspapers, and religious groups Union for Helsinki Watch in New York City. MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 Glasnost in the Bering Strait Fixing the Alaskan-Siberian Border ROBERT B. HOUSTON JR. Editor's Note: “from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, Next month marks the 250th anniversary of Vitus Bering’s exploration of Alaska. Bering, a an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent” Dane serving the Russian tsars, was changed -Winston Churchill, 1946 in 1728 by Peter the Great with determining whether Siberia was linked to North America. He found that the land masses were separated inston Churchill’s famous speech at by a strait, which now bears his name. In fune Fulton, Missouri focused the world’s W attention on the “Iron Curtain” cutting 1741, Bering set out again on the ship St. Peter, with his deputy, Lieutenant Chirikov, across the heart of Europe. The collapse of that Iron Curtain in 1989, capped by commanding the St. Paul Hie two ships lost the dramatic breaching of the Berlin Wall, each other in the fog shortly after departure and never linked up again. Bering and Chirikov again drew the world’s attention. But the separately explored the coast of Alaska Iron Curtain in Europe was only one of the protective measures the Soviet Union took to shut itself throughout the summer, and Bering is credited off from the outside. In the 1940s, the Soviets dropped with being the first to report sighting the coast another Iron Curtain, this time across the U.S.-Soviet of Alaska. border in the Bering Strait. This Iron Curtain, too, was Chirikov’s ship returned to Kamchatka be¬ raised in 1989, but with little world notice. fore the winter storms. Bering’s vessel was As part of the Washington summit of May to June 1990, wrecked in November', however, on a small an agreement was signed between the United States and Siberian island now known as Bering Island the Soviet Union with little fanfare, specifying the bound¬ Here Bering died of scurvy and malnutrition ary between Alaska and Siberia. The signing culminated early in December. According to Hector 10 years of negotiations, begun as part of President Chevigtty’s Russian America, most of Bering’s Carter’s energy policy. That policy aimed at limiting U.S. crew survived constructing a new vessel and dependence on imported oil not only through conservation returning to Petropavlovsk Kamchatka the but also with increased domestic production. Then planning next spring. The following article examines the to sell offshore drilling rights in the Bering Sea, the Carter historic ties between Russia and Alaska and the effects of a new and little-known boundary Administration hoped through the talks to gain clear title to possibly rich seabed oil resources in the Bering Sea. agreement between the United States and the The boundary talks proposal must have puzzled the Soviet Union. Russians, since the United States was then trying to 26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 Sitka, Alaska has a deep, calm harbor for large cruise ships. Inset, lithograph of Sitka, capital of Russian America, ca. 1860. “punish” the Soviet Union for invading Afghanistan by cutting sale to the United States as blocking unwanted British back on Soviet fishing in Alaskan waters, among other things. penetration of the North Pacific. This proposal, if adopted, The 1990 agreement—which requires ratification—does would have put on the block not only what the United not change ownership of any land area. It does make definite States bought 10 years later, but also the Kurile Islands. how marine and seabed resources are divided. Golder notes that Russian naval officers opposed selling all Russian American Co. territories, arguing for keeping Close cousins the Americans further away from the motherland. Seri¬ The 1867 boundary was a geo-political oddity. It ous Russian-American negotiations began after the divided the Inuit population of Siberia from the related American Civil War. Where to draw the boundary line Inuits of Alaska. It even split Big and Litde Diomede was purely an internal Russian argument: the United Islands, which in recent geologic past had been con¬ States did not quibble about the territories the Russians nected by a sand spit and in 1867 were inhabited by offered, only about the price. Nor did congressional closely related families. Furthermore, the line was drawn debate focus on the location of the boundary; the greatest so that the two countries’ territorial seas overlapped, even congressional hurdle to completing the purchase of though both countries claimed only a 3-mile territorial Alaska was instead a turf battle between the House of sea and many possibilities existed for the dividing line. Representatives and the Senate. When President Andrew Another oddity: the 1867 boundary gave the United Johnson asked for the $7.2 million specified in the States St. Lawrence Island, which is closer to Siberia than convention as payment to Russia, some in the House to Alaska and whose people were linked with the charged that the prior Senate ratification of the conven¬ Eskimos of Cape Chaplin in Siberia. tion violated the constitutional requirement that the Early in 1917, 50 years after the United States pur¬ House originate all appropriation bills. chased Alaska, American Professor Frank Golder was After the United States recognized the Soviet regime in permitted to review tsarist files at the Russian Foreign 1933, the new U.S. embassy in Moscow sought the same Ministry up to the year 1870. Intending to prepare a list opportunity to explore Russian reasoning for selling of American historical materials found there, he also used Alaska. The Russians finally agreed in 1937. George the opportunity to examine in detail documents on the Kennan, a young secretary at the Moscow embassy, sale of Alaska. Golder concluded that the first important looked at the tsarist papers on the sale of Alaska, like advocate of the sale of Alaska was Grand Duke Golder, under watchful Russian eyes. Kennan sent back Constantine. Wanting to end the many headaches arising copies of the most relevant documents. from the operations of the Russian American Co., Constantine in 1857 proposed selling all company terri¬ Laissez-faire tories to the United States. The Russians probably saw Whatever its origin and peculiarities, the 1867 bound- MAY1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 ary made little difference in the In the late 1970s, the leaders of of native peoples across the bor¬ real world. Neither party to the der. On February 7, 1938, the 1867 convention did much to en¬ the 30,000 Eskimos in Alaska, Soviet Embassy complained to the force it for at least 50 years. Ameri¬ State Department about Alaskan can whalers continued to hunt in 25,000 n Canada and 40,000 in Eskimos coming to the coast of Siberian waters until World War I, Chukotia every summer from St. when whale pods diminished to Greenland began to orgcmize to Lawrence and Little Diomede is¬ the point of unprofitability. They advance Eskkno rights. The frst lands. The Soviet complaint cen¬ often took Siberian natives on board tered on the visitors’ sale of skins as cheap labor. Americans mined of a series of Inuit circumpolar and crafts and purchase of con¬ gold in Siberia at least as late as sumer goods. The Soviets pro¬ 1921. American traders operated conferences met at Barow, posed limiting such visitors to 100 freely in northeast Siberia until the per year, and asked that they be Bolsheviks got control of most of Alaska ii 1977. One cause the documented by U.S. authorities. the coast in 1923 to 1924. At least conference espoused was ending Although the United States found one American trader, with Bolshe¬ it difficult to arrange to document vik blessing, continued until 1929 the isolation of the several the Alaskan Eskimos, it finally ac¬ to transport consumer goods from cepted the Soviet proposal. Native Seattle and Alaska to remote areas thousand Inuit in Sleria ... in visits remained possible for another of Siberia to exchange for furs. 10 years, although slowed by the When Moscow cut this trade in 1989, the Soviet Union proposed Japanese invasion of the Aleu¬ 1930, opening a centralized yearly that native visits resume under tians. fur auction in Leningrad, Siberian In 1948 the Soviet Union in¬ coastal villages lost their direct essentially the same conditions as formed the State Department that supply of consumer goods from it was terminating the 1938 ar¬ the U.S. West Coast Cutters of the prevaled in 19B8. rangements for visits by Alaskan U.S. Revenue Marine Service (the Eskimos to Chukotia. Word of the Coast Guard after 1915) were sent cancellation came too late for a into the Bering Sea on patrol duty group of about 30 persons from beginning in 1870 as an early means for Washington to Little Diomede. In June, the group had embarked on project its authority in remote pans of Alaska. The cutters a traditional summer visit to friends and relatives on visited Siberian villages almost as often as Alaskan ones, Soviet territory. They were held by the Soviets on distributing rewards to natives who aided distressed Big Diomede for more than two months. Also at American vessels, purchasing from Siberian natives rein¬ the end of the 1940s, the Soviet Union began to deer for introduction into Alaska, and mediating quarrels transfer the Big Diomede Eskimos to the Soviet between American traders and Siberian officials. Fore¬ mainland. Moscow closed a 25-kilometer deep strip most among these ships was the cutter Bear under its along the coast of Chukotia, including the town of redoubtable captain, Michael Healy. Provideniya. The Iron Curtain descended across the Even after the Bolsheviks took full control of Siberia length of Bering Strait. in the mid-1920s, the United States hoped that American Thereafter, the only meetings between Siberian and gold miners could work there again. When the United Alaskan Eskimos took place at Easter along the interna¬ States recognized the Soviet government, in 1933, Am¬ tional boundary between Big and Little Diomede bassador Bullett pressed the Soviets to readmit American demarcated on the ice by poles with flags put up by the miners to Siberia. The Soviets turned down Bullett’s Soviet military. Soviet authorities stopped even these request in 1934. visits after a 1975 American press article stated that The penetration of Europeans into the Bering Strait Soviet soldiers were turning their backs on this frater¬ area in the 18th century stimulated among the native nization. Native Alaskans did not give up hope of re¬ populations a demand for consumer goods. This caused establishing contacts with their Inuit brethren in Sibe¬ a considerable development of trade between the native ria. They criticized Greenpeace’s 1983 raid on the mink peoples on both sides of Bering Strait. Before American farm on the Chukot coast as likely to increase Soviet traders took over, native traders were moving Alaskan paranoia and delay renewal of cross-border visits. furs to Siberia to exchange for such consumer goods as In the late 1970s, the leaders of the 30,000 Eskimos tobacco products. From 1867 until just before World War in Alaska, 25,000 in Canada and 40,000 in Greenland II, the native peoples of the Bering Strait area continued began to organize to advance Eskimo rights. The first to cross the boundary freely. of a series of Inuit circumpolar conferences met at Barrow, Alaska in 1977. One cause the conference Cutting family ties espoused was ending the isolation of the several Then, the Soviet Union decided to limit the movement thousand Inuit in Siberia. Efforts to this end were finally 28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 rewarded in 1989, when the Soviet Union proposed permission to fly his private Learjet across Siberia to that native visits resume under essentially the same Alaska over a route he had flown in World War II for conditions as prevailed in 1938. the Army Air Corps. In 1988, at the Reagan-Gorbachev But not only the native populations were affected by summit, the Soviets agreed that American fishermen the border tensions. The Soviet Navy seized an Alaskan could enter the formerly off-limits Siberian port of supply vessel, the Frieda K., in Bering Strait in 1984 for Provideniya. The Soviet Union won brownie points by allegedly violating Soviet waters. In the mid-1980s, the sending an icebreaker to help liberate two gray whales Soviet Union and the United States seized fishing trapped off Point Barrow in 1988, and an oil skimmer vessels operating with permission of the other country to Prince William Sound in 1989 to help clean up the in the Bering Sea. Exxon Valdez oil spill. In 1989, the Soviets accepted an old American idea for an international peace park The Gorbachev factor straddling Bering Strait. Moscow also for the first time After Mikhail Gorbachev delivered a speech at allowed tourist ship’s with mostly Americans aboard to Vladivostok on July 28,1986 on his policy in the Pacific, visit the remote Siberian coast. his more relaxed foreign policy began to show up in the Credit for lowering tension across the Bering Strait Alaska-Siberia region. In the summer of 1987, for does not belong to national leaders alone. Alaskan example, former IBM Chairman and former Ambassa¬ officials have established direct contacts with their dor to Moscow Thomas J. Watson Jr. was granted Soviet opposite numbers in Magadan. Nome has devel- MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 oped a special relationship with the town of Provideniya. Stores on Nome’s Front Street have Cyrillic signs in windows. Alaskans persuaded the Soviet Union to permit an Alaska Airlines 737 in June 1988 to fly from Anchorage to Provideniya by way of Nome. The trip, ostensibly for Alaskan Eskimos to visit their Siberian relatives, included many others. Alaskans invited Siberians to pay return visits, one in September 1988 and another in February 1989. Nome-based Bering Air, which in 1989 received Federal Aviation Administra¬ tion approval for charter flights to Provideniya, made more than 100 such flights in 1990. At the end of 1990, Anchor¬ age-based Alaskan Air¬ ways announced that thrice weekly flights would begin in June 1991 between Anchor¬ Left: Captain and Mrs. age, Magadan, and Whitesides of the trading vessel Nevarch, on the deck Khabarovsk. of the Coast Guard Cutter In contrast to the Bear, aftertheir rescue from mega-deals large Ameri¬ ice near Bearing Strait, in can firms typically work the 1890s. Above: Native out with the Moscow au¬ houses on the steep cliffs of King Island, 1913, from a thorities, Alaskan entre- 5 photograph collection of preneurs have sought out § Lomen Brothers, a Nome small, personal ties with “ firm formerly active in Siberia, establishing, for | reindeer herding and in example, a plant making trading with Siberia. sausage from reindeer meat and one producing batteries from local lead. More than keeping with Gorbachev’s policy of seeking outside one Alaskan is working on mining Siberian gold. help for die ailing Soviet oil and gas industry. Alaska has developed relationships with its neigh¬ Avenues for growth bors across the Bering Strait, Magadan and the Chukot While the 1990 summit may have finally fixed the Autonomous Okrug, that reflect shared conditions and border, Alaskan-Siberian economic relations remain in probably psychological as well as physical distance flux. The United States is poised, for example, to from the national capitals. As centrifugal forces in the develop the region’s oil resources, once the boundary Soviet Union gained strength following the Russian agreement is ratified. In 1984, the Department of the Republic’s declaration of sovereignty on June 20,1990, Interior granted oil leases in the Navarin Basin on tracts Magadan and Chukotia (both part of the Russian outside the maximum area claimed by the Soviet Republic) began to show signs of wanting to loosen Union. Money bid on tracts claimed by the Soviet Union their own ties to the center. The Chukchis declared was initially put into escrow, but returned to the bidders themselves autonomous and sought local control of in December 1988, when there were still no clear their reindeer and fish resources. Magadan and Chukotia prospects for a boundary agreement. If the agreement signed preliminary contracts with an American oil is ratified, a future sale offer will no doubt include tracts company active at Prudhoe Bay in Alaska allowing in the formerly disputed areas, in line with Bush exploration and development of oil sources both on Administration proposals to develop more domestic oil land and offshore. If the Soviet Union continues on its production. path of liberalization, independent contacts between While no commercial oil production has begun from Alaska and Siberia, artificially cut in the 19th century, the Navarin Basin tracts leased in 1984, this is not to say should continue to flourish. ■ that no worthwhile strikes have been made; drillers are notoriously close-mouthed about their finds. And Robert B. Houston Jr. is a retired Foreign Service American companies may have a chance to develop oil officer whose last foreign assignment was as resources on the Soviet side of the agreed boundary, in counselor for science and technology in Moscow. 30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 DIPLOMATS IN HISTORY: JOHN C. SUNDBERG Editor’s Note: The Journal is grateful to Foreign Service officer Peter Eicher for the following historical dispatch and introductory note. ITS NEVER BEEN EASY TO SERVE IN BAGHIM) Dispatches from U.S. Consul in he had not only to pull the man’s which when stirred, disclosed each a Baghdad John C Sundberg to Assis¬ beard but also to twist it. Sandberg’s human being. I salaamed and en¬ tant Secretary of State Edwin F. Uhl, official dispatches from Baghdad quired about their health, and was told 1894. provide a fascinating insight into as¬ they were nearly all sick. I then said pects of life in the region a century that I was a physician and had come to The American public followed with ago. The selections below provide give them medicine, upon which they tremendous interest the difficulties glimpses of some of the problems and set up a cry of lamentation, saying they faced recently by American diplomats issues with which our early consuls in had no money with which to pay. in Baghdad. Less generally known, Baghdad were faced. Evidently the word physician was to them synonymous with highway rob¬ however, are the problems faced by »• their predecessors a century earlier. ber or tax collector. Upon being told The United States opened its first con¬ that I would treat them not for money sulate in Baghdad in January 1889. EPIDEMIC but for Allah’s sake, the sound of their Consul John Henry Haynes traveled Baghdad, June 20, 1894 voices changed to shouts of jubilation. overland by caravan from Alas that their momentary hopes and Constantinople to Alexandretta Sir: rejoicings should be so groundless! [Iskenderun] to reach his post, a Jour¬ I beg to report that since the flood The fever, of paludal origin, as the ney of over three months. Haynes was of which I wrote in dispatch No. 26, surroundings fully showed, was mostly captivated by the ancient splendors of dated May 10, began to subside, a of a continued type, though in some Mesopotamia; after a little over a year malignant and very fatal fever has cases intermittent. As soon as the as consul, he resigned to join the Uni¬ prevailed in the city and suburbs, more purpose of my visit was known, crowds versity of Pennsylvania's archaeologi¬ especially among the fellahs (tillers of began to gather from neighboring huts cal excavations in the region. Haynes the soil) down along the river; and begging me to come and see their sick, was replaced by John Sundberg, a these poor people are left to die without and I continued my visits, giving each physician who had immigrated to San the aid of doctor or medicine. Having adult 20 grains of quinine with other Francisco from his native Norway. lost all their crops, I also fear the remedies according to needs, as long Sundberg chose the ocean route to survivors of the fever will soon be as my stock held out. From what I Baghdad, traveling by steamer to Hong starving. I learned only yesterday of could gather, the mortality during the Kong then to India. From Calcutta, he this sad state of affairs, and this morning, past week had been very high, many reported that he would be delayed before sun rise, I embarked in a kuffah dying after only one day’s illness, several weeks, because his wife had (a circular boat made of wicker work others holding out three to five days. contracted pneumonia, leading to and coated with bitumen) armed with The misery I saw, no one who has not premature childbirth, while sailing two ounces of quinine, some calomel, practised medicine in the Orient, and around Singapore and through the Dovers powder and Epsom salts, for a among the poor during epidemics, Straits of Malacca. From Calcutta, the reconnoitering tour among the huts of can have any conception of, and I was Sundbergs traversed India by train the fellahs with which the banks of told that it was the same as far as the then took passage on a boat to Basra. both sides of the river, for thirty or forty river bank was settled. Sundberg had his first run-in with miles down, are thickly dotted. About I walked home again, and every¬ local authorities when he stepped off four miles down I landed, and in the where were stagnant pools of green the boat. A lazy and officious customs first court yard I looked into, I saw slimy water, emitting a stench which inspector left him and his still-weak scattered all over and mixed up with even I, who have been toughened in wife standing in the desert sun for two donkeys, buffaloes, dogs and chickens, such matters, could hardly stand. A hours for no apparent reason. In or¬ heaps of filthy rags, around which caravan of Persian pilgrims bound for der to get action, Sundberg reported, millions of flies held carnival, and Kerbelah and Nedjef, holy shrines MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 venerated by the Shiah sect of Moham¬ I 1 medans, was just arriving, and many of AUTHORIZED EXPORTER the mules were loaded with coffins containing corpses that had been dead GENERAL ® ELECTRIC for months, some perhaps for years. ATTENTION... The immigration of defunct Persians having just been reopened, many PEOPLE on the thousand corpses will pass through MOVE. .. 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Washington, D.C. 20016 resting place. It is a source of both Tel. (202) 362-8300 revenue and pestilence. FAX (202) 363-6538 During the recent inundation most TWX 710-822-9450 of the cemeteries which completely GENELECINC WSH surround Baghdad were under water, and the dead had to be buried wher¬ ever a spot of elevated ground could be found outside the walls; and I am told that the graves were opened at night by robbers for the sake of the clothes the corpses had on. The graves of the poor are always thus plundered. CatfueCMl \nc. That this is a means of spreading contagion will be readily understood. REALTORS ® But the fear of having the graves plundered led, more than at other times, to surreptitious interments in 4801 Massachusetts the cellars of the dwelling houses—a Avenue, NW common practice during epidemics. Suite 400 During the feast of the sacrifice which Washington, DC 20016 began on the evening of the 13th (the 9th of the month Zil-Hyjah, the last CO (202) 364-3066 month of the Mohammedan year, which CO is eleven days shorter than ours) prob¬ in LU LU CL ably not less than 20,000 sheep were Q < b Q Serving Washington, DC, sacrificed, besides buffaloes and cam¬ < Maryland & Virginia els. This wholesale slaughter, which is done with barbarous cruelty, will not 32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 improve the sanitary condition. Last Your obedient servant sold to pilgrims and brought by them year it was followed by an epidemic of JOHN C. SUNDBERG overland through Central Arabia, homicides which preceded the outbreak which is yet the favorite route for of cholera. pilgrims to Mecca, though many now **• Great floods, such as we have wit¬ go by sea, several steamers leaving nessed this year, are usually, so the health Bassorah every year. Some slave inspector as well as other old citizens SLAVERY dhows land their cargo at Muscat, inform me, followed by the plague, and a Baghdad, July 9, 1894 whence the slaves are carried either visitation of this dreaded scourge is ex¬ by land or coasting craft to Bassorah, pected next winter, if not sooner. Sir: care being taken to avoid British If I had a large supply of quinine Although slavery has theoretically cruisers and also the Persian war ship, and other remedies, I might be able to been abolished in Turkey, and slave the “Persepolis.” If a slaver is boarded, save the lives of some of the fever trade is now forbidden, practically, however, the cargo will nearly always sufferers; but with no salary and but a they continue to flourish and will claim to be the crew and their wives, trifling income from fees, what can I probably so continue, as long as the and the vessel is allowed to proceed do? I have given two ounces of quinine Mohammedan religion prevails. Slaves, unmolested. Many of the Arab slavers today to about fifty patients; but who it is true, are no longer bought and fly the French flag. Circassian slaves will give tomorrow or the day after, sold openly in the market places, but for the harems are brought from and who will help the many hundreds nearly all prominent men, both in Constantinople, Trebizond or Erzroou that I cannot reach? Shall we shut our Baghdad and Bassorah [Basra], own [Erzurum], eyes and ears and hearts, and let our domestic slaves, and black eunuchs fellow beings perish without an effort still guard the harems and profit by I have the Honor to be, Sir, to save? love intrigues. The greater number of slaves are carried from Africa across Your obedient servant I have the Honor to be, Sir, the Red Sea to Jeddah, where they are JOHN C. SUNDBERG Put Your Most Valuable Asset In Our Hands. 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Add to that Biberaj’s observation that Albania is overly xenophobic and possesses shockingly few educated people, anti¬ quated management techniques, poorly designed factories, and ancient equip¬ ment. All of these Biberaj observations illustrate why the following has hap¬ pened: • This is Europe’s worst economy. It’s getting worse. • Per capita income is only $800. • Agriculture and industiy can’t keep up with demand. • Housing is scarce and of abysmal quality. • There isn’t enough meaningful employment. • Meat and other foods are rationed. • Albanian products are usually A rainy day in Skanderberg Square in Albania’s capital, Tirana uncompetitive in the world market and don’t meet domestic demands. • The technology, training, and Albania’s Awakening way. For these reasons, American diplo¬ money needed to improve the ALBANIA: A SOCIALIST MAVERICK mats and business people must under¬ situation are lacking. By Elez Biberaj, Westview Press, 1990, stand the winds that move Albania in To turn around the results of decades $35-50 hardcover order to respond in a constructive man¬ of authoritarian mismanagement will ner. This book provides a good primer. require reform in every sector of life, Why is Albania changing? The an¬ and that will happen only if the gov¬ Reviewed by Larry W. Roeder Jr. swer is found in chapter five of Biberaj’s ernment gives the process the green book and is a clue to future policy light. Biberaj notes that Ramiz Alia has This is the best book in print on direction. “No issue seems to have become the government’s only genuine Albania, and now, with the recent re¬ preoccupied the post-Hoxha leadership reformer since the imposition of com¬ establishment of diplomatic relations more than the economy, particularly .. munism after World War II and the one with Tirana in March, it has become an . reversing the effects of decades of who wants western connections. Being important one for business people and mismanagement. Albanians know how the impelling force behind normaliza¬ policy-makers. After years of ignoring their economy stacks up against those tion is a risky proposition in a nation that this small Balkan republic, the United of the West. They know about Eastern threw off a history of malignant foreign States is beginning to take note of Europe, the collapse of communism, domination before the war and a series Albania’s mineral wealth and strategic and why the collapse occurred. It is of less than happy alliances afterward: geographical position. Perhaps more commonly believed that the standard of Yugoslavia, 1945 to 1948; the Soviet immediately important, Albania’s living is unacceptable, and that the Union, 1948 to 1961, and China, 1962 to manifest instability could sweep the Communist revolution is to blame. As 1978. But is it too late? As Biberaj asks, country into a Romania-style revolu¬ Biberaj points out, even back in the can the leadership “devise policies that tion. Whether change comes through 1970s, the leadership felt pressured by will somehow enable the Albanian violent means or peaceful evolution, a public who wanted “cultural liberal¬ People’s Liberation Party (APL) to gain some degree of democratization and ization, economic reforms, and a more the confidence of the population?” economic refonn are certainly on the realistic foreign policy posture.” I believe that it must, or else the 34 • FOKEIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 CeaVe your government will not last another five ment. That could provide the sense of years. Alia seems to agree, and the West security he needs. After all, only 4 most is investing—especially Italy, Germany, percent of the population belongs to the Greece, France, and Turkey, followed party. A powerful security force and no by Austria and Japan. They and others democratic heritage have inhibited or¬ important will be commercial competitors to any ganized opposition; but as riots in the American enterprise. The later American summer of 1990 graphically illustrated, firms wait to enter the market, the the desire for reform may soon become harder it will be to gain a foothold. But stronger than the ability to effectively investment even if a nation’s leader wants change, use billy clubs and rifles. investors need to know whether he can Biberaj shows that Albania’s current carry it off. UN Secretary General Perez regime realizes salvation lies not in with the de Cuellar visited in mid-May and noted isolation but in the world community. that the leadership wants “to move For example, Albania has established further along the path of reform and diplomatic relations with the United management show greater flexibility in the human States, the Soviet Union, and seven rights sphere.” Alia himself said, “The members of NATO—Western nations democratization process ... is irrevers¬ which could hold the key to Albania’s ible.” economic salvation. It also wants to join The process is the Conference irreversible, but Being die impelling force behind on Security and you trust. the definition of Cooperation in democracy is in normalization is a risky proposi¬ Europe. In Oc¬ Rental and Management doubt, and there tion in a nation that threw off a tober 1990, does not seem to Tirana hosted die oj Tine Properties in be a clear blue¬ history of malignant foreign Balkan Foreign Northwest ‘DC, CheVy Chase, print for the fu¬ domination before the war and a Ministers’ Con¬ ture. For ex¬ ference. It is a Pethesda and Potomac ample, though series of less than happy alliances member of nu¬ some farmers can afterward: Yugoslavia, 1945 to merous interna¬ now sell their tional bodies, surplus (a 1948; the Soviet Union, 1948 to mostly con¬ change), the pri¬ 1961, and China, 1962 to 1978. nected with the vate sector is lim¬ United Nations, ited in that Tirana But is it too late? and is exploring has yet to ac¬ reopening rela¬ knowledge the merits of a true market tions with the United Kingdom. But economy. That’s confusing. That is also despite these positive actions, Albania central to the problem—but it is also a will resist overtly tying economic assis¬ clue to where we can help. The West tance to political change. I believe that must convince Alia his best interests and attitude must change. those of Albania lie in the direction of Time may be running out. Since this Poland and Hungary, despite the politi¬ book’s publication, Ismail Kadare, Executive Housing cal risks associated with economic dis¬ Albania’s most prominent writer, de¬ Consultants, Inc. location. fected to France, in October 1990. Small Biberaj believes that like any dictator groups of Albanians are illegally cross¬ 7315 Wisconsin Avenue or oligarch, Alia will be reluctant to go ing the border, though they risk being Suite 1020 East to a market economy unless he thinks shot. About 5,000 people tried to seek Bethesda, Maryland 20814 his regime is not threatened. But Biberaj asylum in western embassies in July in 301/951-4111 also correctly points out that the alterna¬ an event that might easily have led to tive is social upheaval. The United States civil war if it had been handled as the cannot ethically guarantee his security, Chinese handled Tiananmen, which “We care for your home but the government can show Alia how almost happened. The danger in Alba¬ as if it Were our oWn. ” to improve the standard of living and nia, like Romania, is that the lack of people’s perceptions of their govern¬ organized opposition may leave no MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 BOOKS alternative besides chaos, should dissat¬ CRG isfaction erupt into civil disorder. What can we do to help? First, we can provide economic assistance, which will A Compound Rate cost less than one might think, due to Albania’s small size and population. Contract Annuity The first priority is agriculture. There will be a food crisis by the end of the issued by decade if it is not managed. Hartford Life Insurance Company Government aid can be supple¬ The offering is made only by the Prospectus mented by the Albanian-American community. They are able and willing to provide capital and expertise in tourism, restaurants, construction, in¬ vestments, etc. They know the language and customs. Another alternative source is the international banking community. 7X0 This will be difficult, given historic fears GUARANTEED FOR 5 YEARS! ITT HARTFORD of foreign domination, but the exercise will be healthy, given there will be a *Rates are current as of 3 /19 / 91 and subject to change every other Tuesday under normal conditions. demand for accurate statistics for each critical area. For more information call Alia needs to seek agreements allow¬ Susan Leonard at ing U.S. joint ventures or cooperative (202) 887-6073 or (800) 444-8979. efforts to develop tourism, housing, chromium and petrochemicals, and small Or mail this coupon. industry, as well as training in basic principles of management and labor utilization. The development opportu¬ PaineWebber nities are multiple and varied: in agri¬ * ♦ culture, investment in equipment and M Susan Leonard, Paine Webber proper management could raise yields. 1120 20th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 1 A wealth of beaches, monuments, and (202)887-6073 (800)444-8979 ancient ruins could attract tourists and I Please send me more information including a Prospectus on Compound ■ Rate Contract Annuities for more details including charges and expens- hard currency, but success will require _ es. I will read it carefully before investing or sending money. overhauling the industry. Resources in chromium, copper, and other minerals I Name (Please Print) and metals could ultimately earn much Address hard currency for Albania. But produc¬ City State ZIP tion and quality are down. The country Home Bus. Phone Phone needs modem extraction and process¬ If presently a client, please include M your Investment Executive's name Member SIPC ing technology, new management ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ techniques, and a modem mineral sur¬ “^Currently offered rate of interest, compounded annually. This announcement is vey. In heavy industry, factories must be under no circumstances to be construed as an offer to sell or solicitation of an torn down and replaced with new fa¬ offer to buy any of these securities. This offering is made only by the Prospectus. cilities, while employees are trained and some are laid off. Finally, in education, Biberaj makes the shocking observation that, as reported by Alia himself, “about half the managers of economic sectors have only secondary education.” Functional illiteracy is rampant and a major impediment to development. Those who are educated (especially economists, who were often imprisoned 36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 or executed in the mid-1970s) are afraid left to the Vietnamese government and believes, along with many others, that to speak their minds. Tirana needs to its various police forces. As the Viet American advisory efforts from the be¬ develop trust in ideas—never an easy Cong insurgency grew, it was inevitable ginning should have been directed to¬ concept to swallow in an ideological that the army would be called upon to ward counter-insurgency (i.e., police- setting. play a major role. When it failed in its intelligence) efforts rather than conven¬ An international commodities economist mission, it was reinforced—sometimes tional army training. in the Office of East-West Trade, Larry superseded—by American military. The It was not until 1967 that appropriate Roeder recently produced a research strategy then was that U.S. forces, some¬ American resources were assigned to paper for the Economic Bureau’s “East times with ARVN cooperation, would internal intelligence, while it was the European Committee”entitled “Prospects take care of the VC strike forces and Tet offensive of 1968 that finally forced for Change in Albania. ” Views expressed whatever North Vietnamese Army (NVA) the Vietnamese government into active here are his and not necessarily those of battalions had infiltrated the south. Large cooperation; thus, when the Phoenix the Department of State. forces would handle large forces, while program began in earnest, it was a post- the police—national and provincial— Tet phenomenon, and rather late in the would handle internal security. After a day. Phoenix Rising time, it became apparent that little Phoenix was directed against the VC ASHES TO ASHES: THE PHOENIX progress was being made on rural pacifi¬ political cadre, what the military called cation and that the strategy was flawed. VC infrastructure, as distinct from the PROGRAM AND THE VIETNAM WAR. The author, along with numerous VC armed forces. It was effective imme¬ By Dale Andrade, Lexington Books/D.C critics, thinks that the American effort diately for a variety of reasons, the most Heath, 1990, $22.95 hardcover was misdirected. He points to other important probably being the high ca¬ Communist insurgencies in Asia, such sualty rate the VC had suffered in the Reviewed by Sol Schindler as those in Malaya and the Philippines, Tet offensive. When the survivors which were put down through efficient viewed the results, no permanent gains We are in the midst of a spate of police work, albeit with army help. He on the ground, losses so heavy that books on the Vietnam war, all of im¬ proving quality. Sufficient time has elapsed for a certain amount of objec¬ NATIONAL WINNER-INN OF THE YEAR tivity to have set in, and it is no longer sufficient to be an advocate or an activist. SUBWAY TO STATE DEPARTMENT Professionally sound research is ex¬ pected. ARLINGTON In Ashes to Ashes, the author gives us VIRGINIA that. He does not set out to explode the schoolboy notion that the Phoenix pro¬ Comfort Inn gram consisted of a gang of over¬ Ballston achieving assassins who knocked off Viet Cong administrators. Although he does address this myth, his main purpose Walk 7 min. to Ballston 1 letrorail: Direct access to city on 1-66; 4 miles to State Departmei from Mary mount Univer ity;3 miles from Arlington Cemetery:3 1/2 miles from the Penta, is to give as accurate an account as Vietnam and Lincoln Me norials; 4 1/2 miles from National Airport, the While House. Was possible of the convoluted birth and Monument and -Jefferson nurture of the combined Vietnamese- Single/Dbl 76.00- 82.00 American intelligence effort to displace 85.00- 92.00 the Viet Cong-South Vietnamese Com¬ 60.00- 75.00 Off season and long-term stay discounts available munist-infrastructure. By doing so, he is able to shed further light on the •FACILITIES-ACCOMMODATIONS 126 rooms and suites with climate control American war effort in Vietnam, the Restaurant and Lounge offers room service from 6:30 AM to 10 PM Free Underground Parking, no in/out charges strategy employed, and what was and Free color cable TV including CNN. ESPN and Showtime was not valid. Gift Shop. Travel Agency In the early 1960s, when this country Comfort Inn Ballston came to the aid of South Vietnam, U.S. 1211 N. Glebe Road advisers began to train the Army of the Arlington, Virginia 22201 Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN) so that it For reservations call 703-247-3399 or toll-free could repel an invasion from the north. 800-221-2222 Internal intelligence and security were MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 BOOKS The author’s objectivity and attention to detail are exemplary, and it is Cong (the total does not include those VC sentenced to jail for less than a year from such professionally written and researched works as this that we from 1969 onwards). Out of this total, may someday gain a full picture of how the Vietnam War was 22,013 rallied to the American side or defected, 33,358 were captured or de¬ conducted. tained, and 26,369 were killed. It should be noted that most of the ralliers were replacements could come only from the the final batde of 1975. Ironically, the captured before their change of heart. north, with subsequent control passing final battle was fought between two Regardless of the validity of these to the north, their morale plummeted. conventionally structured armies with numbers, the result is impressive. Defections increased dramatically. In¬ virtually no guerrilla involvement. The author’s objectivity and atten¬ terrogation, usually under American Andrade does not claim the Phoenix tion to detail are exemplary, and it is direction, became far more professional, program was without failings. There from such professionally written and and considerably more information was were many, most caused by bureaucratic researched works as this that we may retrieved, leading to the capture of more sluggishness, both American and Viet¬ someday gain a full picture of how the Viet Cong who supplied further infor¬ namese. In a way, the organizational Vietnam War was conducted. mation leading to further captures. It problems the Phoenix program suffered Sol Schindler is a retired Foreign Service was a welcome snowballing effect. Thus, mirrored organizational problems in the officer who writes on international by the time of the 1972 Easter offensive, entire American effort, thus making the affairs. He served with USIA in Vietnam which was conducted almost entirely author’s detailed analysis particularly from 1966 through 1967. by North Vietnamese troops, the VC enlightening. was no longer a significant fighting For the record, it might be worth force. It had lost a large proportion of its citing some of the figures Andrade gives Quest for China combatants, while its administrative us. From 1968 to the end of 1972, Phoenix WANDERING KNIGHTS: CHINA cadre continued to defect right up until claimed to have neutralized 81,740 Viet LEGACIES, LIVED AND RECALLED By Robert W. Barnett, M.E. Sharpe, 1990, $24.95 hardcover We concentrate on only ONE thing ... Reviewed by Pamela Baldinger Managing your property. More than 2,000 years ago, China’s PROFESSIONAL master historian Ssu-ma Ch’ien wrote in PROPERTY his Historical Records about a group of MANAGEMENT men who were “True to their words, OF NORTHERN resolute in their endeavors, honest in their commitments, and indifferent to VIRGINIA INC. their own personal safety.” In this am¬ Join our growing number of bitious, thoughtful book, retired diplo¬ owners from Athens to Zaire mat Robert Barnett weaves together his who trust the management of search for essential “Chineseness” with their properties to PPM. Pro¬ the biography of a Chinese friend and fessional service with a per¬ scholar to present his vision of a modern sonal touch. “wandering knight.” Discounts on appliances Bom and raised in China, Barnett and more! Monthly comput¬ was stationed in Kunming during World erized statements. War II as an adviser to General Chennault. There, Barnett met the his¬ 5105K Backlick Rd. torian Sun Yutang, with whom he studied Annandale, VA 22003 703/642-3010 the Chinese classics. After the war ended, 11325 Seven Locks Road Barnett lost touch with Sun for nearly 40 Suite 217 years. Then, in the early 1980s, the two Potomac, MD 20854 301/983-2323 resumed contact when Sun came to the We also service Montgomery County, Maryland United States to pursue his research. The resumption of their friendship— 38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 Ev Taylor, retired Department of State Foreign Service Officer, is now with Money Concepts International. This financial and the opportunity it provided to ex¬ planning organization offers a full amine Chinese history—provide the range of financial products and basis of this book. services including: Well and engagingly written, Wan¬ • Mutual Funds* dering Knights will especially interest • Fimited Partnerships* China hands, most of whom have had • Stocks and Bonds* Sun-like mentors and pondered many • Variable Annuities* of the same questions Barnett does, • Hard Assets such as what constitutes “Chineseness.” • Fife Insurance When Barnett directly puts forth his • Educational Seminars ideas to Sun, asking him, for example, We will provide you with a to discuss the concept of human rights personal, comprehensive financial Everard S. Taylor in China, the responses are intriguing plan that will match your and timely. Sun tells Barnett that Ameri¬ investment objectives and risk For more information or an appointment: can concepts of human rights are no¬ tolerance level with specific Contact Ev: recommendations geared toward where present in Chinese history, and 1523 King Street that “The Chinese do not know very reaching those goals. Alexandria, VA 22314 well what Americans are talking about Special attention given to: (703) 684-1277 when they discuss human rights.” ✓ Retirement Planning Unfortunately, Barnett never directly ✓Minimizing Tax Fiabilities raises with Sun an important issue that ✓Portfolio Diversification MONEY CONCEPTS seems to greatly irritate him: Sun’s lack ✓ Balanced Capital Accumulation INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING NETWORK of curiosity about what it is like to be * Equity products marketed through International American. Although Barnett protests Financial Services Capital Corp., member firm NASD. MONEY CONCEPTS FINANCIAL PLANNING CENTER that describing his experiences as a victim of McCarthy-era hearings would be a “wasteful distraction” to Sun’s recollections, he nevertheless includes There Is Only One Place 12 pages of his testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee. The im¬ To Stay In Washington plied parallels between his interroga¬ tions and those Sun endured from Red YOUR PLACE Guards are noteworthy, but Sun’s trials get far less detailed coverage, and he is never given a chance to comment. In the final analysis, Barnett comes across SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY “A Hotel Alternative APARTMENTS. TOWNHOUSES. as trying a bit too hard to gain sympathy PENTHOUSES For The Prudent Spender.” All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully for his own trials. 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Whether or not one can consider Sun a “wandering * Visa and Master Card Honored knight,” his story is both touching and TLC Development Corporation 1700 N Moore St. Suite 714 Arl., Va. 22209 compelling. ■ REAL ESTATE * SALES * RENTALS Pamela Baldinger is editor of the China MANAGEMENT Business Review in Washington, D.C MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 UNSPOKEN EXPECTKfiONS I JANE F. BONIN he Foreign Service is still in sadors and deputy chiefs of mission, is folks, you’ll have to do the rest of the some ways an old, tradition¬ intended to unveil the mysteries. things on this list. Another expectation laden organization, replete is that you’ll hit the ground running, be with baroque forms and Ambassadors and DCMs ready to work without much training. largely unarticulated expec¬ want you to: There’s not a lot of on-the-job training in tations. the field. A strong esprit de corps • Do your job well gives the Foreign Service a Of course. Sometimes they even say • Understand and accept performance edge over many this one out loud. What they don’t say the chain of command other organizations. Yet the is that this is the floor, not the ceiling. People who came of age amid the service, unlike the military, Doing a good job, even a brilliant job, is relative egalitarianism of the 1960s seldom passes on to recruits in any no guarantee of success in the Foreign and afterwards sometimes have prob¬ systematic fashion the attitudes and Service. As David Hare in his play Plenty lems with this one. Attention to pro¬ codes of behavior by which it lives. has a character say of the British Foreign tocol in the Foreign Service is an Diplomacy is of necessity a conserva¬ Service: “Everyone here is bright; every¬ imperative. One always says “Sir” or tive business, and the Foreign Service one is diligent.” To distinguish yourself “Ma’am” to ambassadors, stands up still holds to the old idea that a gentle¬ from all the other bright and diligent when they come into the room, stays man of the Foreign Ser¬ at parties until they leave, vice doesn’t have to be etc. If you can’t stomach told; he just knows. The deferring to people who democratization of the rank you, the service may service doesn’t seem to not be the right business have changed that. Se¬ for you. It helps to re¬ nior officers often expect member that it’s the rank new employees to intu¬ and not the person you’re itively adopt the desired expected to defer to. A behavior and attitudes. note of caution: some Thus, recruits on their first senior people are warm tours are held to a stan¬ and fuzzy, seeming to dard that many don’t even invite you to call them by know exists. This paper, their first names. Erring prepared after consult¬ on the side of formality, ing a number of ambas¬ without being too stiff 40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE Since 1929 PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOOL CLRSS OF NOVEMBER, 1930 front row, left to right: Herbert C. Hengstler, UUilliam Ft. Castle, Jr., UUilbur J. Carr, Homer M. Byington, and James B. Stewart. Second row: LLI.D. Moreland, Jr., Frederic C. Fornes. Jr., UJilliam 6. Scotten, Charles B. Hutchinson, Ralph J. Blahe, Hayward C. Hill, Cdmund J. Dorsz, UJilliam F. Cavenaugh, Robert R. Rely, and George V. Rllen. HEALTH • TERM UF€ • ACCIDENTAL DEATH • DENTAL LONG TEAM CAAE • SA LIVING/RETIREMENT FACILITY Since 1929, the only organization devoted solely to Join the Protective Association. Select the insurance you insurance for the Foreign Service. Never any dues or need. Receive our personalized attention whenever you membership fees. have a question or a claim. Clip and mail to The Foreign Service Protective Association 1716 N St., NUJ, Washington, DC 20036 I would like to become a member of the Protective Association! Please send me more information on: □ Health □ Term Life □ Accidental Death □ Dental □ Long Term Care □ Sr. Living/Retirement Facility Name Address — City/State/Zip Telephone AMERICAN Foreign SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION 1716 N Street, NW • Washington, DC 20036 • (202) 833-4910 about it, is the safer course here. they are expected to entertain. Most ambassadors and DCMs are disap¬ • Participate in the life of the pointed that junior officers don’t do HORSEY mission usefully ceremonial events (but of course, AND After a bruising day on the visa line, they seldom make this dear). Represen¬ you might feel like folding up at home tation means having people in your THORPE in front of the TV. In fact, going to the house, be it ever so humble. It means Commissary Board meeting or the cake having foreigners in your house, not just ARCHITECTS sale at the Marine House may be the last other junior officers. It means doing it at thing you want to do. But your job your expense if no representational OUTERBRIDGE HORSEY, AIA MERLE L.B. THORPE, AIA FINE ARCHITECTURE Offering full services or as-needed consultation on renovations, additions and new homes. Members American Institute of Architects Licensed Mid-Atlantic and New England extends beyond the consulate. Senior funds are available. It means doing it Foreign Service officers know right away who partici¬ even if you’re at a post where food, client references available. pates and who doesn’t, who volunteers liquor, and servants are expensive. It and who doesn’t, who contributes and means doing it even if you’re single, who doesn’t.If you’re an introvert, you can’t cook, don’t have time, don’t feel may have to press yourself on this one, like it. No excuse will do here: As one but an effort here is well worth it. ambassador put it: “If you don’t enter¬ tain, you’re not a real diplomat; you’re • Participate in the local life just a bureaucrat overseas.” Immerse yourself in the culture. Per¬ A tip: Have the ambassador and fect the language, meet and socialize DCM to something within the first six with the local people, make friends, eat months after your arrival at post. If your the food, get out into the countryside, digs are too ratty or you feel you simply study the history of the region. What don’t know how to entertain, get to¬ you learn and whom you meet can gether with the other junior officers and make a contribution to the entire mis¬ do a party jointly. sion. Write memcons and reports about Another facet of representational what you discover and introduce the entertaining is working at events the people you meet to your colleagues. senior people give. The ambassador One ambassador said he wished that and DCM have heavy representational HORSEY AND THORPE junior officers would have all their con¬ responsibilities. They want you to help ARCHITECTS tacts in the student and young profes¬ out, meet and greet people, talk to sional set to a party and invite him. people, see that they have drinks, that 1436 WISCONSIN AVENUE, NW Which brings up the next point. . . they get food, that they get introduced. WASHINGTON, DC 20007 They expect you to come 10 to 15 202 337 4826 • Take representational duties minutes early, to refrain from taking seriously the best parking places, and to stay Most junior officers don’t realize that until the event is over. They don’t want 42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 you to use the party for grazing, having • Master the a few free drinks, and talking with basics of your buddies from the embassy. protocol “Working a party” is not a figurative Who sits where, expression. who follows whom The importance of representational into dinner, who entertaining can hardly be over¬ gets in the car first, emphasized. Ambassadors are im¬ who walks on pressed when junior officers take whose right or left? it on; they appreciate knowing It’s useful to be alert that you’re entertaining your con¬ to such matters and tacts and can be counted on when to practice things they entertain theirs. like introductions until they seem easy • Be committed to the service and natural. Espe¬ Even if you are just checking out the cially in foreign Foreign Service, be committed to it countries, formali¬ while you’re in it. Don’t let your ideas of ties are assumed. Slips in or inattention Every post has a protocol officer, so what a “professional diplomat” does to protocol look unprofessional or even you’re not on your own. Also, there are prevent you for serving when needed, boorish to people skilled in the ways of many useful references available. Try where needed, and for as long as needed. diplomacy. Remember: “Protocol” is Protocol or the venerable Miss Manners. If what’s needed is someone to watch not “etiquette,” although the two may the luggage at the airport or direct traffic overlap. Protocol is the way diplomats • Practice the simplest courtesies at the ambassador’s garden party, do avoid confusion and bruised egos as Arrogance and rudeness, especially that, even if you have a PhD from they go about their official business. 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If most gave examples of you want to march to the beat garden-variety courtesy: of your own drum, to fight to she says “Good Morning;” the death over your right to he asks about my elderly wear whatever you like or mother; she sent flowers express yourself without on my birthday; he re¬ benefit of editorial filter, you membered to send us a may not be happy or success¬ Christmas card from his ful in the Foreign Service. next post; she speaks to us Foreign societies, especially in shops and on the street, at the official level, are often not just at the embassy, more formal than our own. etc. Accordingly, a certain amount of decorum and restraint are • Be open to coaching a minute. Remember that ambassadors required of people who represent their Many junior officers overlook the often think of themselves as wise el¬ governments 24 hours a day. ■ possibilities of learning from senior ders, and they like the role of mentor. people, peers, and subordinates. 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Test, CPA, 3485 332-0798. including CATV, all utilities, Britdewood Ave., Las Vegas, MANOR SERVICES: Former BLOWING ROCK, N.C. telephone, linens, etc. Short¬ NV 89120. federal law-enforcement agent Cool Mountain Air, 2-bedroom term leases of 2+ months avail¬ FREE TAX CONSULTA¬ letting his 10-year residential time-share chalet sleeps six. able. Write Foreign Service As¬ TION for overseas personnel. management company expand August 17th to September 14th. sociates, P.O. Box 12855, Ar¬ We process returns as received, upon retirement. Best tenant $400/wk. or $1,050 3 wks. lington, VA 22209-8855. Call or without delay. Preparation and screening. Frequent property (904) 241-9106. FAX 1-703-636-7606. Children representation by enrolled inspection. Mortgages paid. Re¬ WASHINGTON, D.C. AR¬ welcome. Please send us agents, avg. fee $195 includes pairs. Close personal attention. LINGTON, VA. 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Try Williams Group, 915 N Stafford St., Ar¬ shuttle to Metro, Rosslyn, and 1040. Properties; We offer a complete lington, VA 22203. (703) 524- Pentagon. Health Club and out¬ AFSA TAX COUNSELING: property management service. 0482 or (703) 276-1200. Chil¬ door pool. Many extras. Rates Problems of Tax and Finance: Everything from collecting rents dren welcomed. Pets on ap¬ within your per diem. Shorter Never a charge to AFSA mem¬ to home maintenance and re¬ proval. or longer terms available. Ex¬ bers for telephone guidance. MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 53 R.N. Bob Dussell (ex-AID) en¬ Call COLLECT worldwide (202) rolled since 1973 to Tax Prac¬ 857-5485, Peter de Castro, Sec¬ tice. At tax work since 1937 ond Vice President, Smith and now still in practice solely Barney, 1776 Eye Street, NW, to assist Foreign Service em¬ Washington, D.C. 20606. ployees and their families. Also research scholars will purchase No charge for initial consulta¬ lecture on taxes monthly at FSI small or large collections and tion. M. BRUCE HIRSHORN, HOUSE REPAIRS in Rosslyn, VA. Office located individual valuable books in BORING, PARROTT & FOUST, across from Virginia Square the following subject areas: P.C., Suite D, 307 Maple Av¬ PAINTING, plastering, dry Metro Station, 3601 N. Fairfax History, travel, biography, folk¬ enue, West, Vienna, VA 22180. wall, roofing and internal and Dr., Arlington, VA 22201. (703) lore, military history, explora¬ Tel.(703)281-2161, FAX (703) external repairs expertly and 841-0158. tion, sociology and ethnogra¬ 281-9464. reasonably done or arranged ATTORNEYS specializing in phy. Please contact W.B. SPECIALIZING IN SERV¬ by a Foreign Service scion, Wil¬ tax planning and return prepa¬ O’Neill, P.O. Box 2275, Reston, ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF¬ liam Cave (301) 681-7285. For ration for the Foreign Service Virginia 22090, or call (703) FICERS AND THEIR FAMI¬ references contact Lehfeldt Community available for con¬ 860-0872, or FAX: (703) 620- LIES—Our firm can assist you (301) 365-2561 or Precht (216) sultation on the tax implica¬ 0153. in drafting wills and powers of 932-8651. tions of investment decisions, YOUR PERSONAL BOOK¬ attorney, administering estates, business related deductions, STORE AWAY FROM HOME: establishing conservatorships ART WANTED separate maintenance allow¬ Order any U.S. book in print. and guardianships and provid¬ ances, real estate purchases Store credit available. Salma¬ ing advice on real estate mat¬ JAPANESE WOODBLOCK and rentals, home leave deduc¬ gundi Books Ltd. 66 Main ters. Prompt response to your PRINTS purchased. (Antique tions, audits, etc. Contact Susan Street, Cold Spring, NY 10516. inquiries. CLIFFORD, FARHA & and modern, including Paul Sanders or Paul Clifford- EARN CASH with writing SANDERS 1606 New Hampshire Jacoulet). Contact: Jeff Inman, Clifford, Farha & Sanders 1606 skills! Details: EARS, Box 1664 Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 10710 Anita Drive, Lorton, VA New Hampshire Ave., NW, Manassas, VA 22110. 20009 FAX: (202) 265-1474 Tel: 22079. (703) 339-6455. Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) (202) 667-5111. 667-5111, FAX: (202) 265-1474. ATTORNEYS/WILLS AUTO PARTS/ETC. ATTORNEY FORMER FOR¬ FINANCIAL PLANNING EIGN SERVICE OFFICER: Ex¬ FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ AUTOMOBILE STORAGE: tensive experience with tax VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA, Controlled, indoor heated, in¬ problems peculiar to the For¬ TICING LAW in D.C./Maryland, has worked overseas and is fa¬ sured, high-security, long-term/ eign Service. Available for con¬ general practice, estate plan¬ miliar with Foreign Service and short-term, TSR or private auto¬ sultation, tax planning, and ning, real estate, domestic. Gre¬ contract employee situations, vault, division of HUMCO, Inc. preparation of returns. No gory V. Powell, Furey, Doolan computerized tax services, fi¬ Tel: (301) 327-4000. charge for telephone advice. M. & Abell, 8401 Connecticut Ave., nancial planning, member AUTOMOTIVE PARTS & BRUCE HIRSHORN, BORING PH-1, Chevy Chase, MD 20815. AICPA, Tax Division and Per¬ ACCESSORIES: Original equip¬ PARROTT & FOUST, P C., Suite (301) 652-6880. sonal Financial Mgmt. Division. ment and aftermarket for most D, 307 Maple Avenue, West, REX R. KRAKAUER, ES¬ (703) 242-8559. P.O. Box 1144 makes. Servicing FSOs and em¬ Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. (703) QUIRE Providing representa¬ Vienna, VA. bassies ASAP. AUTO PARTS, 281-2161, FAX: (703) 281-9464. tion for the special legal prob¬ ORGANIZED FINANCES DIVISION OF HUMCO, iNC. lems of Foreign Service Person¬ UNLIMITED. Bill paying, per¬ (301) 327-7909. MAIL ORDER nel and Staff living abroad. Di¬ sonal budgeting, net worth and vorce, Pensions, Real Estate, cash flow analyses, financial PET MOVING SERVICES AVON for free catalog Wills and other matters. 51 planning. Kathy Jatras, CFP, mailed to you, write: Stephanie Monroe Street, Suite #1400, 3209 North Nottingham Street, AIR ANIMAL, “the pet Y Hughes, 713 Grandview Rockville, Maryland 20850. Arlington, VA 22207, (703) 237- movers” an IATA air freight Drive, Alexandria, VA 22305. Telephone: (301) 294-6100. 5592. fotwarder USA origin pet Fax: (301) 738-8802. INVESTMENT SERVICES shipping services 4120 W. BOOKS WILLS-ESTATE PLANNING former FSO specializes in pro¬ Cypress-Tampa, FL 33607. Voice by attorney who is a former viding financial services for 813/879-3210, FAX (813) 874- BOOKSELLER specializing Foreign Service officer. Have Foreign Service personnel- 6722. USA/Canada 1-800-635- in supplying scholarly and ref¬ your will reviewed and up¬ stocks, bonds, tax-free, mutual 3448. Contact Dr. W. Woof- erence material to libraries and dated, or a new one prepared. funds, money management. Veterinarian. ■ 54 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 AF S A ♦ N E W Editor’s Note: On March 12, with the politics and culture of However, resources have not kept AFSA President Ted Wilkinson testi¬ other countries and fluent in for¬ pace. We see that training expendi¬ fied before the Senate Foreign Rela¬ eign languages is still needed, but tures dropped from $47.5 million tions Committee’s Subcommittee on alongside him or her we need a in 1990 to $40.3 million pro¬ Terrorism, Narcotics, and Interna¬ growing array of functional experts grammed in 1991, and only $42.1 tional Operations about current is¬ capable of dealing with the new is¬ million in the proposed 1992 bud¬ sues of concern to Foreign Service sues of common international con¬ get, a zero increase in real dollars. personnel. Following are excerpts cern, such as the environment, Furthermore, training requires not from his testimony. refugees, financial analysis, arms only money but positions. Requir¬ control, terrorism, narcotics, human ing managers to choose between Challenges rights, communications technology, long staffing gaps and untrained etc. Some of these functions, to¬ personnel forces on them an unfair of the 1990s gether with reporting requirements Hobson’s choice. We recall that in As a professional organization about these subject areas, have testimony here over a year ago, AFSA has a broad interest in how been recognized and wisely man¬ Under Secretary Selin dedicated our nation conducts its foreign af¬ dated by Congress. Others have himself both to improving training fairs, including in maintaining and been added at the initiative of the ratios and curtailing staffing gaps, strengthening an effective Foreign administration. To cite only current and we regret to note that these ef¬ Service that can support the secre¬ examples of expanded Foreign Ser¬ forts have yet to bear fruit. tary of State and president in meet¬ vice requirements, the department’s For this reason and for many ing critical international challenges. 1992 budget proposal would create others, we urge the subcommittee The most recent such challenge, a major increase in new positions to recommend authorization of the which in many respects is still with to implement the expanded visa full level of expenditures requested us, is the expulsion of Iraq from workload from the Immigration Act by the Department of State for Kuwait. While the central theme of of 1990, and smaller increases for 1992. Many of our embassies are this victory is surely the magnifi¬ strengthening the Nuclear Risk Re¬ now operating on 1991 budgets cent performance of our military duction Center to oversee addi¬ that are substantially reduced from forces, who can forget Ambassador tional arms control agreements and their 1990 expenses. Training, staff¬ Nat Howell doggedly preserving for establishing a permanent delega¬ ing, and services will all suffer sub¬ the American flag over our em¬ tion office in Helsinki for U.S. par¬ stantially if this is not alleviated in bassy in Kuwait, or Tom Pickering ticipation in the Conference on 1992. determinedly forging a consensus Security and Cooperation in Europe. Career ambassadors at the UN for collective action to re¬ As our able generalists are AFSA over the years has taken a store peace? called upon to meet growing func¬ strong interest in the quality of am¬ The tasks performed by these ex¬ tional challenges, in-service training bassadorial appointments. We ques- emplary officers and their col¬ becomes even more important. leagues are fresh reminders of the important role the Foreign Service Answers to the Foreign Service Quiz plays in defense of our national se¬ curity and welfare. We expect this (Questions appear on page 7.) role to be more critical than ever 1. Robert R. Livingston. The only other incumbent in this office before in the forthcoming effort to build a the adoption of the Constitution was John Jay. stronger framework for the mainte¬ 2. $17,500 nance of peace in the Middle East. 3. There were 50 consulates general and 408 offices in total. Looking beyond this current cri¬ 4. It began when the Office of Naval Intelligence was created in 1882. sis, the world is changing, and the 5. Representative Frank O. Lowden, of Illinois. The legislation was Foreign Service must change with killed in part because it was feared that such a school would open the it. The traditional diplomat familiar door to elitism and patronage in the assignment of consular officials. MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 55 tioned the qualifications of some of and government and improving manpower. We understand that this the early non-career appointments our commercial competitiveness proposal is now being given favor¬ of this administration. We were, of abroad. Deputy Secretary Eaglebur- able consideration. course, gratified by news of the ger chose the first of this series of planned nomination of Raymond meetings in late 1989 to put forth Medical benefits Seitz as ambassador to the United an important “bill of rights” for Kingdom, who has served twice be¬ American business that has now be¬ decision: no right fore in London and will now be come a guideline for all our diplo¬ of review the first career officer among 65 matic missions. We have had Turna R. Lewis ambassadors to the Court of St. excellent support from Secretary General Counsel James. We note that this administra¬ Baker and the leadership of the The U.S. Supreme Court recently tion has kept its promise to ap¬ State Department for this effort, denied AFSA’s amicus curiae re¬ point at least two career officers and a number of distinguished leg¬ quest for certiorari in the Tarpeh- for every non-career ambassador. islators have given us their time as Doe case, in which a member of Let me be quick to add, how¬ participants. I would like to ex¬ the Foreign Service claimed that in¬ ever, that we see nothing sacred in press our appreciation for this sup¬ adequate medical treatment pro¬ this two-to-one ratio, and we ap¬ port here and on the record. vided to her son led to his plaud the efforts of some coura¬ In addition, AFSA has begun an permanent physical and mental im¬ geous legislators to raise the ratio effort to supplement the official pairment. to four or five to one, perhaps public outreach of the State Depart¬ In refusing to grant certiorari, even to do away with patronage in ment in sending speakers at mini¬ the Supreme Court has essentially selecting the men and women who mum cost to the many regional upheld the decision of the appel¬ show America’s face to the rest of fora in our country where there is late court denying that employees the world. a thirst for more information about who file claims under the Federal foreign affairs issues. In our view, Outreach Program Tort Claims Act are entitled to due- the department has not allocated I would not want to let the occa¬ process protections. This means enough funds to this key educa¬ sion pass without mentioning that when agencies deny benefits, tional effort. Nor does AFSA have AFSA’s interest in developing Ameri¬ they will not be obligated to grant a funding source for our own ef¬ can public support for the conduct applicants an opportunity to re¬ forts, but we are actively seeking of foreign relations by the United view and reply to the evidence on grants to sustain it. We are also States, and for the Foreign Service which the denial is based. convinced that better use can be as a profession. To pursue this To change this procedure, AFSA made of the large pool of expertise goal, AFSA has undertaken several will consider alternative measures, in our retired Foreign Service com¬ initiatives, including organizing and such as discussions with the State munity, and we have encouraged sponsoring a series of conferences Department to fashion a fair sys¬ the department to create a Foreign and symposia, mostly in the Depart¬ tem and working with Congress to Service Reserve to make better and ment of State, with the central provide explicit legislative language more coherent use of this rich theme of enhancing the collabora¬ affording due process. tion between American business source of volunteer or “at cost” Pharmaceuticals Symposium AFSA and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association will sponsor an all-day symposium on “American Phar¬ maceuticals in the Global Village” at the Department of State on June 13. The symposium will feature panel discussions of: • International competition in the pharmaceuticals industry • The high cost and special importance of research and development for an industry plagued by rising costs and in¬ creasing government controls • The effects on the industry of existing international trade rules, especially those affecting intellectual property rights, and the prospects for improvements in the rules, and • Third World health policies Each panel will include government and industry representatives and independent critics. PMA will subsidize attendance by qualified government employees who wish to attend. (The registration fee is $190 for those who sign up by May 20 and $250 for others.) Further information on the symposium will be published in the June FSJ. 56 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 You can go Information and home again ! foreign policy Victory in the Persian Gulf con¬ comprehensive list of questions we Richard S. Thompson flict did not bring immediate resolu¬ earlier submitted. Professional Issues Coordinator tion of all the difficulties facing One AFSA initiative paid off just Foreign Service evacuees, but at in time. At our instigation, Ameri¬ The Department of State must least it brought the end into view. can Express proposed to several air¬ find its special niche in the informa¬ Mail service was gradually improv¬ lines special consideration for tion age distilling and analyzing in¬ ing for both military and civilian ad¬ evacuated Foreign Service mem¬ formation, according to Diana Lady dressees, and several of the bers in Washington whose depen¬ Dougan, former assistant secretary drawdowns of personnel were dents were safehavened elsewhere. of State for Communications and In¬ being reversed as the FSJ went to By March 15 American and North¬ formation Policy, who spoke to a press. AFSA asked the department west had responded, American Foreign Service Club audience Feb¬ to speed up decisions on whether eliminating advance-purchase re¬ ruary 21. to allow dependents to return, quirements for discounted fares Dougan noted that technology since school schedules were becom¬ and Northwest extending govern¬ has provided the means to bypass ing critical. ment rates to cover such personal traditional channels. Governments Responding to AFSA’s prompt¬ travel. It was a nice break for can talk directly to one another ing, State management on March those with one last visit with the and also to their own people. 22 initiated an evacuation “lessons kids before returning to post alone. Many agencies are able to bypass learned” review. AFSA expects to Hats off to American Airlines, the traditional discipline of the ex¬ be briefed on the outcome and, at Northwest, and Gale Courtney ecutive branch and the ambassador that time, to receive answers to the Welch of American Express. with their own representatives at F A R A We've Moved! From: Columbia Plaza To: The Statesman 2020 "F" St., NW/DC (2 blocks from Main State) BEAUTIFUL ONE BEDROOM AND EFFICIENCY APARTMENTS. WALL TO WALL CARPETING. ALL NEW FURNISH¬ INGS. COLOR TV, MICROWAVES — QUEEN SIZE BEDS — PRIVATE PHONES — ROOF TOP SUN DECK — LAUNDRY ROOM — 24 HOUR FRONT DESK SERVICE IN LOBBY. For Info/Reservations: Ph: (202) 463-3910 — Fax: (202) 647-5637 HOUSING MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 57 F S N E S embassies and their own travel bud¬ journalists stand in line waiting to ing, telecommunication, data, and gets, phones and faxes. Govern¬ go live on satellite rather than voice technology. Second, don’t be ments can also address people work on stones. The emphasis on intimidated by information technol¬ directly in other countries. Wide¬ real time reporting has reduced ogy, whose use almost always has spread ownership of VCRs is break¬ time for analysis or reflection. a political dimension. It is import¬ ing down government control of Dougan urged policymakers to ant to have a function in the State the media and traditional authority keep three points in mind as they Department that can put the techni¬ in the Gulf states. deal with the information age. cal process in the broader eco¬ Dougan observed that the trans¬ First, don’t underestimate the con¬ nomic and political framework. mission of information in real time tinuing speed of technological The last point is that State must has an obvious impact on decision¬ growth, which will blur the tradi¬ learn to use and understand ad¬ making and on reporting. Many tional distinctions among broadcast¬ vanced technology. CALENDAR May 3 Foreign Service Day May 4: AFSA brunch for Foreign Service Day attendees May 6: State Standing Committee, 12:30 (room to be announced) May 7: AFSA election candidates’ forum, Room 1107 New State May 13: State Standing Committee, 12:30, Room 3524 New State May 16: Ivan Selin, undersecretary for management, gives luncheon address at the Foreign Service Club, 12 noon. For reservations, call Dick Thompson, 338-4045. May 20: State Standing Committee, 12:30, Room 3524 June 7: Deadline for applications for the Federal Employee Education and Assistance Fund scholarships and ed¬ ucational loans. Federal employees and their families are eligible. Contact Steve Bauer, 303/933-7580 June 13: AFSA conference on “American Pharmaceuticals in the World Economy” 1-66 Randy Peeler "O o or o Glebe 1-395 Sherry Miles Next to TOP TWO SALES PROFESSIONALS Ballston Metro (703) 243-4000 We Want To Be YOUR Transportation Consultants JKJ LINCOLN MERCURY/ISUZU/BUICK/MITSUBISH1 r~r—| YES! I would like a brochure on] 640 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22203 ’—' _Lincoln_Mercury_Buick Jsuzu Our Services Include -Mitsubishi Name * Special Discounts for Diplomats Address * Professional & Reliable Technicians * Night Dropoff Service Telephone * Courteous & Friendly Atmosphere Mail to: Randy or Sherry 640 N. Glebe Rd. Call Us Today Arlington, Va. 22203 . J 58 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 N E S A.I.D. Standing Committee and procedures in the recruitment, percent, only a marginal increase GAO may report appointment, assignment, evalua¬ over the past decade. on equal tion and promotion of minorities “In contrast to the State Depart¬ and women in A.I.D. Foreign Ser¬ ment, however, A.I.D. has had no opportunity vice personnel system. long-term comprehensive sex dis¬ Paula Bryan “As you know from your out¬ crimination lawsuit pending against A.I.D. Vice President standing review, ‘State Department: it. Nor had A.I.D. benefited from At AFSA’s instigation, Senator Minorities and Women are Un¬ the remedies and concentrated at¬ Barbara Mikulski (D-Maryland) has derrepresented in the Foreign tention, oversight, and publicity requested that the General Account¬ Service’ (GAO/NSIAD-89-146, June, that the 1976 lawsuit has generated ing Office (GAO) undertake an in¬ 1989), the Foreign Service Act of within the State Department. vestigation of equal employment 1980 (PL96-465) establishes the “I would welcome a statistical opportunity at A.I.D. AFSA initially framework for the Foreign Service analysis that provides a clear pro¬ raised concerns about the continu¬ and its personnel system. While file of the status of women and mi¬ ing underrepresentation of women closely related to the State Depart¬ norities in A.I.D., the trends with and minorities and the need to re¬ ment, A.I.D. has its own separate respect to personnel practices and form policies and practices that Foreign Service personnel system procedures over time and recom¬ may hinder their employment and that has never been reviewed by mendations for how the agency advancement. the GAO. While some problems might confront and solve un¬ Over the past six months, AFSA in A.I.D. may be similar to those derrepresentation of women and has contacted selected members of identified in the Department of ethnic minorities. This analysis Congress regarding the agency’s ap¬ State, hiring practices, personnel should describe grade, duration of parent lack of managerial commit¬ policies and employee assignment time serving in position above ment to and accountability on and evaluation processes differ sub¬ rank, functional work, political ver¬ equal employment opportunity and stantially from the State sus career officers (women and mi¬ affirmative action. Department’s. norities), Executive Position The following is the text of the “There is evidence that person¬ Assignment Panel breakouts, pro¬ letter from Senator Mikulski to the nel practices in A.I.D. may have an motions, time in grade, tandem cou¬ comptroller general of the United adverse impact on the selection ples (dual career couples), and States, General Accounting Office: and advancement of women and other profile data that would show “I am writing to request that the minorities. For example, in fiscal the representation and career pro¬ General Accounting Office under¬ year 1989, the representation of gression of minorities and women take a study of the Agency for In¬ women in A.I.D.’s Foreign Service in the Foreign Service over time. ternational Development’s practices personnel system remained at 20.4 As the summer transfer season approaches, AFSA encourages employees leaving post to earmark the profits from the sale of private automobiles to the AFSA Scholarship Fund. Profits from the sale of personal property over¬ seas must be contributed to a charitable organization. You can’t take it with you . . . but you can invest it in the future of our children. BECAUSE YOU CAN’T TAKE IT WITH YOU! Please make a lax deductable contribution to the AFSA Scholarship fund (IRS tax code it 23-7045244). Make checks payable to “AFSA Scholarship Programs," 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D C. 20037. MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 59 A F S A • NEWS “I have outlined in an attach¬ Such an option was introduced in ment additional details which I be¬ Schaffer to head 1986, providing reduced rates for lieve warrant investigation by the insurance board personnel serving abroad, but was GAO. Both the GAO review of the terminated by the department as of Teresita Schaffer, deputy assis¬ State Department and the lawsuit December 31, 1988, allegedly be¬ tant secretary for Near Eastern and recommended that an investiga¬ cause of heavy claims and budget¬ South Asian affairs, was recently ap¬ tion should look beyond the nu¬ ary restraints. pointed to chair AFSA’s Board of merical data and examine the With the development of a new Trustees for Insurance Programs. attitudes and informal personnel Disability Income Plan last year Schaffer was a charter member practices which characterize the and with the well-established Per¬ when the board was established in A.I.D. environment in Washington sonal Insurance Plan covering 1981. She replaces Hugh W. Wolff, and at overseas A.I.D. missions. . .” household effects overseas, AFSA who is resigning after having AFSA appreciates Senator members now have access to four served for 13 years as a volunteer Mikulski’s strong support in re¬ group insurance programs that are adviser, committee member, and sponse to our request for congres¬ unexcelled in terms of the cover¬ tmstee for AFSA’s group insurance sional action. age and benefits provided and the programs. costs relative to competing pro¬ When the board was estab¬ grams. lished, then-chairman, Ambassador Wolffs services will be missed. Herman Cohen, Schaffer, Wolff, Copies of AFSA’s Direc¬ As one of two retiree members of and other trustees undertook a se¬ tory of the 102nd Congress the Board of Trustees, he has ries of measures that brought given generously of his time, serv¬ are now available to AFSA about major improvements in the ing as chairman since 1984 and members on request. Write Group Accident and Hospital In¬ also, in effect, as recording secre¬ come Plans. Schaffer also led the to: Congressional Direc¬ tary. In addition, he has provided campaign to persuade the Foreign tory, 2101 E Street, N.W., the board’s principal liaison with Service Protective Association and program administrators and AFSA Washington, D.C 20037. the Department of State to offer an members. These functions are now “overseas option” under the For¬ being assumed by Janet Hedrick, eign Service Health Benefit Plan. AFSA’s membership coordinator. News Briefs Honoring great merit This year the AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards are named in memory of Clifton Reginald Wharton, who died April 23, 1990. During his exemplary, 40-year career in the Foreign Service, Wharton was the first black American to attain the rank of career minister, and the first black career officer to be appointed an ambassador. The Merit Awards were established in 1976 to recognize the outstanding academic and community activities of the sons and daughters of Foreign Service personnel. Applicants submit essays, descriptions of extra-curricu¬ lar activities, references, high school transcripts, and SAT scores. After each applicant is ranked, a final panel coordinates the scoring, and the winners are then announced. — Gail Volk, Scholarship Coordinator Front-loaded leases: As summer transfer time rolls around, AFSA has received many inquires about the front-loaded lease question. (FMP is denying full reimbursement to employees whose leases, structured to take advantage of a per diem that diminishes over time, show “declining” rents.) Although there is a case on this subject currently before the General Accounting Office, we have been told not to expect to receive a rul¬ ing from GAO in the near future. Until GAO rules in favor of front-loaded leases, the department will not pro¬ vide full reimbursement for them. To avoid any unpleasant surprises during upcoming summer transfer, we urge members to avoid front-loading leases. If you have any further questions, please contact AFSA’s Member Services Department. -Deborah M. Leahy, Member Services SF-312 Victory: AFSA recently won an affirmation of its right to attend security awareness briefings to safe¬ guard the rights of our membership. For a year, the State Department denied AFSA the right to attend meet¬ ings in which the SF-312 nondisclosure form is discussed. AFSA filed an unfair labor practice charge against State last October, and in February the Federal Labor Relations Board upheld our position. Official notices now posted around the department affirm AFSA’s right to attend the Security Awareness Briefings and all other official meetings in which conditions of employment are discussed. 60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 ELECTIONS*! 991 Notice from the Elections Committee: This month, all AFSA members will be receiving ballots on which to mark their votes for the AFSA Governing Board. Following are campaign statements and brief biographies submitted by each candidate, according to mles set out by AFSA’s Elections Committee. The candidates’ names appear in alphabetical order by office. Candidates are as follows: President: Hume Horan (Continuity and Outreach Slate); State Vice President: William Kirby (Continuity and Outreach Slate), Richard H. Milton; A.I.D. Vice President-. Priscilla Del Bosque (Continuity and Outreach Slate); USIA Vice President: Bernard Hensgen (Continuity and Outreach Slate); Retiree Vice President Robert Beers, Charles Schmitz (Continuity and Outreach Slate); Secretary: Teresa Chin Jones (Continuity and Outreach Slate); Treasurer. Joseph Huggins (Continuity and Outreach Slate); State Constituency Representatives (five positions): Catherine Barry (Continuity and Outreach Slate), Purnell Delly (Continuity and Outreach Slate), Harry Gallagher, John K. Naland, Robert Perry (Continuity and Outreach Slate), Barbara Reioux (Continuity and Out¬ reach Slate); A.I.D. Constituency Representatives (two positions): William D. McKinney, Michael S. Zak (Continuity and Outreach Slate); USIA Constituency Representative (one position): Lauren Hale; Commerce Department Constituency Representative (one position): No candidate; Department of Agriculture Con¬ stituency Representative (one position): Tom Hamby (Continuity and Outreach Slate); Retiree Constituency Representatives (four positions): Patricia Byrne (Continuity and Outreach Slate), John J. Harter, Daniel New¬ berry (Continuity and Outreach Slate), Donald R. Norland (Continuity and Outreach Slate), David Schneider (Continuity and Outreach Slate) rently under the direction ties for American family ity and Outreach Slate will of former Assistant Secre¬ members overseas. seek to: tary for Administration John My connection with Expand public aware¬ Thomas. management ended before ness of the service: We Director General Ed¬ the start of the electoral pe¬ should raise the profile of ward Perkins afterwards riod. the Foreign Service with the asked me to work with him My hope is that the ben¬ Congress and the public as to implement the recom¬ efit of these initiatives can “torchbearers,” upholding mendations of the Bremer be preserved and increased and promoting U.S. inter¬ President and Thomas reports. You’ll by an informed, alert, and ests around the world. The have seen the results as a involved AFSA leadership. department, for instance, Hume Horan set of measures designed to We can speak to manage¬ could more vigorously and Continuity and “strengthen implementa¬ ment on the need for better effectively have drawn Outreach Slate tion of the 1980 Foreign opportunities and terms of public attention to the per¬ Service Act.” They were an¬ service for all Foreign Ser¬ formance of our embassy The past two years have nounced in May 1990 and vice people-remembering people in Kuwait. been active and productive included the non-coning of that FSO generalists are Expand our recruit¬ for AFSA and for our For¬ junior officers, the creation only one of 16 Foreign Ser¬ ing outreach: We will eign Service. May I have of the multi-functional vice categories. press management to better your support for continuing cone, a language require¬ On another plane, how¬ institutionalize its outreach and enlarging upon the ac¬ ment for entry into the Se¬ ever, AFSA must address is¬ to first-rate men and complishments of Ted Wil¬ nior Foreign Service, a sues that are both women of all ethnic back¬ kinson and his board? combined OC/MC time-in¬ professional and public. We grounds and to include Early in the present ad¬ class (TIC) of 14 years, and must tell a wider constitu¬ more department principals ministration, Under Secre¬ an assurance to Foreign ency, including the Con¬ and offices in this effort. tary for Management Ivan Service officers of a 22- gress, universities, and our Better outreach will en¬ Selin asked Ambassador year career after tenure. fellow citizens, why the hance the effectiveness and Jerry Bremer to chair a Likewise, I’ve worked United States needs a legitimacy of our service at study of FSO generalists. I on personnel initiatives highly expert and represen¬ home and abroad. We’ve was a member of his panel. concerning Foreign Service tative group of men and been working at outreach Jeny Bremer’s report com¬ secretaries, other specialist women to further and pro¬ for a generation. By now, plemented a wider study of categories, plus efforts to tect the republic’s interests our members and the pub¬ our personnel systems that increase outreach and pro¬ in the next decade. lic are right to expect re¬ was proceeding concur- vide greater job opportuni¬ To this end, the Continu¬ sults, not just ongoing MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 61 ELECTIONS *1991 status reports. they represent. Congress uation issues that have Strengthen AFSA’s out¬ and the American people become of especial con¬ State Vice reach to the U.S. business will understand, now more cern to service people President community-. The Foreign than ever, that diplomatic whose lives have been dis¬ Service should take the lead competence is an impera¬ rupted by violence in vari¬ William A. in actively promoting U.S. tive and not just an option. ous regions of the world. Kirby economic policies and in¬ On issues more specific¬ Recognize the role terests, including U.S. trade ally related to our career, and contribution of our Continuity and and investment abroad in we will seek to: Foreign Service Nation¬ Outreach Slate partnership with the U.S. Persuade management als in ways that emphasize Bill Kirby is a counselor business community. This to provide additional re¬ their contribution to the in the Senior Foreign Ser¬ priority reflects our full sources for the conduct of service and their collegiality vice. From 1987 to 1989 he awareness of the fact that our consular functions with our Foreign Service was deputy assistant secre¬ national security depends overseas-and especially for people. tary in the Bureau of Near as much on economic the welfare and protection Maintain and im¬ Eastern and South Asian Af¬ strength as on military of American citizens. prove AFSA’s financial fairs. He has also served on power. This purpose can, in Press for a range of stablility and insure its fi¬ the Policy Planning Staff part, be promoted through improvements in the sec¬ nancial soundness in the and in the Intelligence and a continuation of AFSA’s retarial function: i.e., ex¬ future. conference series, its cor¬ peditious funding and porate memberships, and a implementation of the speakers’ pool of active banding concept for For¬ alumni/ae. eign Service secretaries, es¬ Press management to tablishment of a secretarial develop further a For¬ career ladder to permit ac¬ Hume Horan eign Service that has the quisition of secondary Hume Horan is a Career professionalism our skills, and recognition-in Minister in the Foreign Ser¬ Research Bureau. Overseas country’s interests re¬ job title and description-of vice. He has served over¬ assignments have included quire. Our military col¬ the transformation of secre¬ seas in Africa and the Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, leagues, for instance, tarial work. FS secretaries Middle East. He was Chief Bahrain, and Israel. From planned and prepared well should have an “organiza¬ of Mission to Saudi Arabia 1978 to 1989 Kirby was ac¬ for the challenge of war in tional home” similar to that (1987-88), Sudan (1983- tively involved in Arab-Is- the Middle East. Shall we in of other specialists. The 1986), Cameroon 0980-83) raeli affairs and participated the Foreign Service and die AFSA board will work with and to Equatorial Guinea in most of the negotiations Department of State be as its subcommittee on secre¬ 0980-82; Non-Resident). undertaken during that well prepared for the tarial issues to attain these Previously he served as time. His interests include challenge of peace? What and other reforms. In the principal DAS in the Bureau photography, fishing, and are our plans? Why are push for equity and oppor¬ of Consular Affairs (under touring country inns. The there only eight students tunity for secretaries, AFSA Ms. Barbara Watson). Other Kirbys have three daugh¬ from all agencies now must be at tire forefront. field assignments include ters, the youngest of whom studying Arabic at the For¬ Strengthen AFSA’s Saudi Arabia (DCM), Libya, is a college senior. eign Service Institute—for Constituency with our Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. State Vice an important region that in¬ Retirees: the Foreign Ser¬ Since 1989 he has been cludes 21 Arab countries? vice Reserve Corps should special assistant to Ambas¬ President Press management to be established to facilitate a sador Edward Perkins, the maintain only the high¬ recall of Foreign Service Director General of the For¬ Richard H. est standards with re¬ people to duty as needed, eign Service. Horan speaks Milton gard to presidential especially in times of crisis. Arabic, French, Spanish and Dick Milton is a 26-year nomination of both ca¬ A minor point: Manage¬ German. His interests in¬ veteran of the Foreign Ser¬ reer and non-career ap¬ ment should make it easier, clude bicycle touring, vice. His overseas tours in¬ pointees. As patriotic while mindful of security, swimming, sky diving, and Americans, we believe em¬ for retired Foreign Service literature. He is married; the clude 12 years in ARA, plus phatically that the United people to have access to the Horans have an older son assignments in Warsaw and States must be served department. (captain, USMC), a daugh¬ Bangkok. In the United States he has been a con¬ abroad by ambassadors Seek favorable reso¬ ter (former PCV-Zaire), and who do honor to the nation lution of a ra nge of evac¬ a younger son, 15. gressional fellow, an assis¬ tant professor at the USCG 62 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 ELECTIONS*! 991 Academy, deputy assistant tiate. If elected, I will en¬ USA.I.D./El Salvador and director of ACDA, a Pear¬ sure that every member has assistant program officer in son Program fellow, and ample opportunity to be USA.I.D./Costa Rica. Her Political Advisor at the U.S. heard on these important interest in and commitment Space Command/NORAD. topics and I will keep in to development began 23 He served as president of mind always that the exclu¬ years ago when she served the Consular Officers Asso¬ sive bargaining agent for as a Peace Corps Volunteer ciation in 1982. His BA and the Foreign Service will be in Honduras. Since then MA degrees are from Mar¬ AFSA only as long as we re¬ she has spent a total of 19 Council has mandated a re¬ shall University. Dick’s wife member our reason for ex- years living and working in view of international broad¬ and two children live with istence-to preserve, protect Latin American countries. casting that could result in him in Arlington, Virginia. and advance the interests of She is married to another an independent Voice of His principal hobby is try¬ our members. A.I.D. Foreign Service offi¬ America and a crippled ing to get his 1954 Packard The 1990-91 initiatives I cer, and they have two USIA. to run. Evy tells friends she will continue working on if sons, ages 20 and 15. She Built on the twin pillars approves of his avocation, returned to office include: enjoys reading, cooking, of the nation’s desire to “tell saying ,“It keeps him off the Pressuring for decent and relaxing with friends. America’s story to the mail service to all posts. world” and the need to Blocking arbitrary USIA Vice combat communist ideol¬ changes in tour-of-duty ogy, the agency now finds policies. President itself struggling in a domes¬ Insisting upon real ca¬ Bernard tic political climate that reer ladders, more training questions every dollar options, and an official ad¬ Hensgen spent by government, and vocate/home in the depart¬ Continuity and it appears somehow star¬ ment for secretaries. Outreach Slate tled by a brand new world streets!” Bernard Hensgen has with little need for ideolog¬ Statement: I have been a Foreign Service of¬ ical cold warriors. served as AFSA Vice Presi¬ ficer with USIA for 22 years. The world has changed dent (State) since the end of He has served in Panama, around us, and it is high August 1990, when I was Colombia, England, and time that we, through appointed by the Govern¬ Germany, most frequently AFSA, speak up for our¬ ing Board to fill the unex¬ as information officer/press selves and take a hand in pired term of George Jones. attache. In Munich, Ger¬ shaping our future. In the It fell to me to lead the A.I.D. Vice many, he was branch pub¬ coming months, we should organization’s responses to lic affairs officer and suggest priorities for the fu¬ two crises for the Foreign President director of the U.S. Cultural ture. In particular, we Service- the furlough threat Center. He is presently should put USIA in the fore¬ of September/October and Priscilla Del chief of the Office of Media front of the country’s efforts the Middle East/African Bosque Reaction in Washington. He to further democracy evacuation airmoil. is married and has two chil¬ around the world. As this statement went to Continuity and dren. Together with our For¬ print, I was preparing for Outreach Slate Statement: The US In¬ eign Service colleagues Priscilla Del Bosque our anxiously awaited formation Agency is expe¬ from the State Depaitment, March ’91 “lessons-learned” began working for A.I.D. in riencing a time of threat A.I.D., and other foreign review with management 1979 and became a direct- and opportunity. The USIA service agencies, we should hire Foreign Service officer of the Open Assignments AFSA Standing Committee reach out to tell a wider in 1983- An FO-02, she cur¬ and Promotion Board poli¬ should be a vehicle for For¬ constituency, including the rently works as the coordi¬ cies that were negotiated in eign Service officers to U.S. Congress, why the na¬ nator for Asia and Private May of last year. I believe know better what is going tion needs an adequately Enterprise and for Security the changes made went too on and to contribute to the funded public diplomacy Assistance in the Bureau for far. In this round we can future shape of the agency. agency in the 1990s. Program and Policy Coordi¬ only “consult” under the The agency has entered At the same time, the nation. Previously, she terms of the State/AFSA the fifth year of budget cuts, USIA AFSA standing com¬ served as chief of the Proj¬ 1990-92 agreement, but in with more likely to come. mittee should challenge ect Development Office in March 1992 we will renego¬ The National Security AFGE as the exclusive bar- MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 63 ELECTIONS -1991 gaining agent in USIA. A and Vietnam. Retiree Vice Bureau will put hundreds unified Foreign Service bar¬ After retirement, I served of our well-informed gaining unit, including as the national vice presi¬ President alumni on podiums and be¬ State, USIA, and A.I.D., will dent of the National Asso¬ fore cameras around the bring a stronger voice to the ciation of Retired Federal Charles A. United States to help fellow labor-management bargain¬ Employees, dealing with Schmitz Americans understand front ing table for Foreign Ser¬ the Congress and the old page international news. vice officers. Civil Service Commission With AFSA’s encourage¬ on the full range of retire¬ ment, Foreign Service ment issues, following alumni are organizing to which I came to AFSA in create a first-class interna¬ 1979. tional business consul¬ In my years with AFSA, tancy, separate from AFSA I served as executive direc¬ but to which all Foreign tor until 1983, when I be¬ Service alumni are wel¬ came AFSA’s congressional come. We have done all this Continuity and liaison officer, working on and still have maintained Outreach Slate Retiree Vice the development of the AFSA’s traditional flow of Charles A. Schmitz, cur¬ Federal Employees Retire¬ vital information about in¬ President rent AFSA vice president ment System (including die surance, Medicare and pen¬ (Retirees), U.S. Foreign Ser¬ Foreign Service Pension sions. Robert Beers vice, 1965-1989, minister- System); retiree tax and If I am elected as vice This is the first opportu¬ counselor (retired). Served budget issues; the preserva¬ president, you can count on nity for AFSA’s membership in Germany, Panama, tion of the annual COLA; me and on the Continuity (rather than AFSA's Gov¬ Japan, Morocco, and and participating in studies and Outreach Slate to con¬ erning Board) to elect an USUN. Domestic assign¬ leading to the eventual re¬ tinue to develop these en¬ AFSA retiree vice president. ments in East Asia Bureau, vision of the Federal Em¬ ergetic and promising new I have announced my can¬ Personnel, and Office of ployees Health Benefits programs. didacy for this office be¬ the Legal Adviser; two Su¬ cause I believe that the Program. I am a regular panelist in the State perior Honor Awards. Ger¬ paramount concern of the man, Spanish, and French. person holding this posi¬ Department’s pre-retire¬ ment seminars. Yale College (BA, Magna tion should be the interests cum laude), Yale Law of AFSA’s retired members, I inaugurated AFSA’s Re¬ tiree Letter, established School (LLB). Married, four rather than the manage¬ children. ment of other AFSA pro¬ AFSA’s Retirement Desk to respond to members’ per¬ Statement: As AFSA’s grams. current (and first) Vice Pres¬ For the past 15 years I sonal inquiries, set up a community speakers’ pro¬ ident for the Retired Con¬ have been working in the stituency, a position created field of federal retirement gram, and assisted mem¬ Secretary bers in establishing by the membership only and disability. I thus can two years ago, I have bring extensive experience regional and state Foreign Teresa Chin Service redree groups. Con¬ worked to benefit both the and in-depth knowledge to retirees and the Foreign Jones serving effectively as currently, I am completing Service by new approaches Continuity and AFSA’s retiree vice presi¬ two terms as a member of and programs. Our Jour¬ Outreach Slate dent. the Governing Board of nal, bimonthly Newsletter; After a career as a re¬ I retired in 1970 as a DACOR (Diplomatic & and Directory keep retirees search chemist in industry USIO after 27 years’ gov¬ Consular Officers Retired). better informed than ever and government, I entered ernment service in the Of¬ My program as a candi¬ before. Our push for a true the Foreign Service in 1974. fice of the Secretary of date: to continue to devote Foreign Service Reserve in 1 have served as a consular Defense, the International all of my efforts to serving State, Commerce, A.I.D., officer in Brussels, as a sci¬ Division of the Bureau of the best interests of all and USIA will make possi¬ ence officer in ACDA (arms the Budget, the old ILA area members of AFSA’s present ble an orderly and rational control verification), in INR of the Department of State and prospective retiree recall of needed experts to (strategic technologies), in and its successor agency, community. the colors when future for¬ EB (technology transfer), USIA, with overseas assign¬ eign affairs crises emerge. and twice in OES (non-pro- ments in Karachi, London, Our Bald Eagles Speakers 64 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 ELECTIONS*! 991 liferation and S&T negotia¬ graphic areas: Mexico City istration, as a special agent orously represent the inter¬ tions). I had long-term eco¬ (1977-79), Quebec City and member of the Hispa¬ ests of all of its members. nomic training at FSI. (1980-82), Seoul (1982-84), nic Agents Association. I Joining State in 1986, I Despite my rather “special¬ and Jerusalem (1988-pres- currently serve on the AFSA have served two overseas ized” assignments, I have ent). In Washington, she Board of Governors as a tours (one consular and always been very interested worked in the Operations State representative and one admin). I received a in general issues, including Center, the Citizens’ Emer¬ would like to continue. In Meritorious Honor Award personnel and manage¬ gency Center, and the addition to the goals of at Embassy Bogota, where ment. My AFSA experience Cuban Desk. Through Continuity and Outreach, I I was also the elected AFSA includes three years on the these assignments she has encouraged my colleagues post rep. I am now in Wash¬ Foreign Service Journal and other specialists to take ington in S/P (the Editorial Board (1984-7) an interest in AFSA. Secretary’s Policy Planning and FSJ articles on EER sur¬ Other Experience: I Staff) and transfer this fall to vival, hi-tech diplomacy, negotiated a labor contract, S/S-O (the Operations Cen¬ economic training, and S&T as the chief negotiator and ter). I ask for your vote. agreements. I am married lobbied on Capitol Hill for to a fellow Foreign Service special interests. officer and have three daughters. experienced the demands State of large visa operations, Constituency Treasurer handled politically sensitive consular issues, partici¬ Representative Joseph pated in task forces, and Huggins experienced the tragedy of John K. Naland Continuity and inter-communal violence. During my five years as Outreach Slate Ms. Barry attended the Uni¬ an AFSA member (includ¬ ing service as an AFSA post Joseph Huggins is an FS- versity of Illinois and the rep. overseas) I have often 2 officer in the Foreign Ser¬ Fletcher School of Law and been disappointed with the vice. His field assignments Diplomacy. She speaks performance of our organi¬ include Moscow, Nairobi, French and Spanish. zation. Despite having a Conakry, and Lome. Pre¬ large Governing Board and viously he served in the Ex¬ a paid professional staff of ecutive Office of the Bureau of African Affairs. 25, my experience has been State that AFSA is sometimes Since 1989, he has worked slow to respond to our con¬ Constituency in FMP/BP as division chief cerns. This slowness results of the Regional Overseas Representative from three causes: an ap¬ Analysis Division. His AFSA parent timidity on the part Robert Perry experience includes AFSA of AFSA’s elected leader¬ representative for Nairobi Continuity and ship in confronting man¬ (1980-81). Outreach Slate State agement on some issues, an Bob Perry is an FS-1 cur¬ occasional lack of follow- rently serving in the Bureau Constituency through by AFSA’s profes¬ of International Narcotics Representative sional staff, and AFSA’s matters as Division Chief State sometime over-concentra¬ for Mexico, Central America Constituency Harry tion on the problems of one and the Caribbean. He at¬ membership group to the tended the National War Representative Gallagher detriment of others. College in 1989-90, follow¬ I joined the Foreign Ser¬ I seek election to voice ing his 1986-89 assignment Catherine Barry vice and AFSA in 1985. Be¬ these and related concerns. as DCM in Mauritus. Other Continuity and fore beginning my career as If elected, I will ask the foreign assignments in¬ Outreach Slate a security officer with the tough questions which clude Mexico City, Asmara, Serving as a Consular of¬ Diplomatic Security Ser¬ many feel need to be asked Santiago, and Vietnam. His ficer, Catherine Barry has vice, I worked with the at AFSA board meetings State Department assign¬ worked in several geo¬ Drug Enforcement Admin¬ and will push AFSA to vig¬ ments have included South- MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 65 ELECTIONS *19 9 1 ern African Affairs, Cuban State USIA Outreach Slate Affairs, INR Latin American Thomas Hamby is cur¬ analyst, and special assis¬ Constituency Constituency rently the deputy assistant tant to the under secretary administrator for foreign for Political Affairs. He Representative Representative agricultural affairs, Foreign speaks Spanish and French. Barbara Lauren Hale Agricultural Service (FAS), He is married to Blossom U.S.D.A. In this capacity, Continuity and Perry, FS-5. They have two Reioux his primary responsibility is Outreach Slate teenage children. Bob Perry Continuity and to support the FAS’s For¬ Lauren Hale, an FO-01, has been a member of Outreach Slate eign Service field opera¬ joined USIA in 1978 and has AFSA since the early 1970s. Barbara Reioux, a mem¬ tions. He joined the FAS in been a member of AFSA ber of the AFSA Subcom¬ 1977 and is a career mem¬ since die early 1980’s. She mittee for Secretarial Issues, ber of the Foreign Service. began her Foreign Service His overseas service in¬ joined the Foreign Service career in Morocco. She has in 1980. She has served in cludes assignments as Chief served as Assistant Public La Paz, Rome, and Jakarta, of Section to Moscow Affairs Officer in Sudan, In¬ and is currently assigned to (1986-88) and Taipei (1982- formation Officer in Camer¬ AF/S as director’s secretary 84) and to Tokyo (1980-82). oon and Public Affairs and office manager. She He is married and has two Officer in Chad. Her most speaks Spanish and Italian. children. recent overseas assignment State was as Information Officer A.I.D. in Colombia. In Washing¬ Constituency ton, she has worked at Constituency Representative USLA’s Foreign Press Center Representative as well as at agency head¬ Purnell Delly quarters; she is currently on a short assignment at the Continuity and William D. Foreign Service Board of Outreach Slate McKinney Examiners. Prior to joining Mr. Delly entered the No statement submitted. the Foreign Service, she Foreign Service in 1983, Retiree was a Peace Corps teacher and has served in El Salva¬ in Cote d’Ivoire, a contract dor, Scotland, and Washing¬ A.I.D. Representative French/English interpreter ton. He is now country for USIA’s International Vis¬ Patricia M. desk officer for Sri Lanka in Constituency itor program, and a free¬ NEA’s Office of India, Byrne Representative lance writer. She has a B.S. Nepal, and Sri Lanka Af¬ Continuity and in Journalism from North¬ fairs. A life member of Michael Zak Outreach Slate western University and an AFSA, Mr. Delly served as a Continuity and Pat Byrne retired in June M.A. in Educational Media State representative on the Outreach Slate 1990 after a long career in from Columbia University. last board, and would like Michael Zak has served the Foreign Service. She to continue working for a in A.I.D. overseas in Latin Commerce served as ambassador to better Foreign Service on America and Africa. He re¬ Mali from November 1976 the new one. He received cently completed an ex¬ Constituency to October 1979 and to long-term training in eco¬ tended tour in Burkina Faso Representative Burma from January 1980 nomics at FSI, and is a grad¬ and is currently in Yugosla¬ to September 1983 and was No Candidates uate of Dartmouth, the via helping the embassy deputy representative in University of Chicago, and shape the new assistance the United Nations Security William and Mary Law program. Agriculture Council at USUN in New School. He is married with Mr. Zak, a life member Constituency York from September 1985 two children. of AFSA, was on the AFSA to September 1989. Other Governing Board as A.I.D. Representative assignments overseas in¬ vice president and constit¬ cluded Athens, Saigon, uency representative (1986- Thomas A. Izmir, Ankara, Vientiane, 88) and was AFSA key Hamby Paris (Asian Affairs officer), person in Burkina Faso and Colombo (deputy chief (1988-90). Continuity and 66 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 ELECTIONS -1991 of mission). In the Depart¬ should help us to do better president of the American ment she served in EAP and during the next two years. Friends of Turkey. IO and as special assistant Retirees now comprise to the deputy under secre¬ more than one-third of our tary for administration. She membership. We obviously is a graduate of the National need an expanded “Retir¬ War College and the Senior ees Department.” If re¬ Seminar, and was a foreign elected, I shall press again affairs fellow at the Institute for a comprehensive ques¬ for the Study of Diplomacy tionnaire to inventory re¬ at Georgetown University’s tiree interests to point the School of Foreign Service way. Retiree between her assignments to My reelection will ensure Retiree Representative Rangoon and New York. continuity and an indepen¬ Representative dent voice in the new Gov¬ Dave erning Board. Donald R. Schneider Norland Continuity and Continuity and Outreach Slate Outreach Slate Dave Schneider was ap¬ Don Norland spent 29 pointed to fill a vacancy on years in the Foreign Ser¬ the AFSA Board in 1987, vice, nearly 20 of them was elected to the Board in Retiree abroad. His overseas as¬ 1989 and now is seeking Representative signments include Morocco election for the second Retiree (1952-56), Ivory Coast time. Thus he will provide John Harter (1958-60), the U.S. Mission a strong element of conti¬ Representative to NATO (1961-63), the Education: B.A in his¬ nuity on the Board. As a re¬ Netherlands (1964-69), tory, master’s in library sci¬ Daniel O. tiree representative he has Guinea (1970-72), Botsw¬ ence, U.S.C.; master’s in believed that AFSA should Newberry ana, Lesotho and Swaziland economics, Harvard. pursue retiree economic Continuity and (1976-79) and Chad (1979- Pre-Foreign Service: benefits and find ways in Outreach Slate 81). The last two assign¬ lecturer (History), U.S.C.; which those retirees who Dan Newberry was one ments were as ambassador. division chief, D.C. Public desire it can help build sup¬ of the group of 18 “Young His department assign¬ Library. port for the Foreign Service Turks” who brought AFSA ments include Personnel Foreign Service: Con¬ in their local communities. into the modern age in and “M” where he was the sular officer in South Africa; Dave retired from the Ser¬ 1968. He has served as first executive director of GSO in Chile; UN economic vice in 1984 when he was chairman of the editorial the Policy Priorities Group affairs specialist (IO); finan¬ senior deputy in NEA and board of the Foreign Service (PPG). cial analyst in Thailand; a career minister. He had Journal, as first vice presi¬ Since retiring he has Bulgarian language trainee, previously served as am¬ dent of AFSA, and chaired served as a consultant, for¬ FSI; trade negotiator bassador to Bangladesh the AFSA elections commit¬ eign affairs lecturer and as (GATT); UNCTAD liaison and spent much of his ca¬ tee in 1988-89. During his acting director of African officer; writer/editor (eco¬ reer in positions related to 36-year career in the For¬ Studies at the Foreign Ser¬ nomics), USIA. South Asia. He was chair¬ eign Service Newberry vice Institute (1987-89). In Other: Member, AFSA man of the Editorial Board worked in every “cone,” 1990, he was program di¬ Board, 1960-61, 1989-91. of the Foreign Service some of them even before rector of the “Center for In¬ Vestry secretary, American Journal for two years dur¬ cones were concocted, ternational Private church, Geneva, 1969-70. ing the late 1960s. from an FSS-13 consular Enterprise” at the U.S. Statement: I have clerk to the Senior Foreign Chamber of Commerce. He worked diligently for AFSA Service, concluding his ca¬ is married with two sons in since July 1989, principally reer as principal officer at the Foreign Service and a in conceptualizing, organiz¬ Istanbul, from 1981 to 1983. daughter who is complet¬ ing, and financing a series In retirement he is in his ing a book on some leading of Outreach conferences. sixth year as executive vice women in Vietnam. The lessons I have learned MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 67 ELECTIONS *1991 given to this association by duct of the affairs of the as¬ any person or persons, sociation. Note from the Elec¬ group or groups, and to uti¬ Section 3- Associate tions Committee: lize or dispose of the same Members: Individuals or or¬ This proposed bylaw revi¬ for the purposes of this as¬ ganizations closely associ¬ Lift a sion will be referred to the sociation, or as directed by ated with or interested in membershipfora vote along said donors; the foreign affairs of the with the ballots. 5. To maintain and oper¬ U.S. but not eligible for reg¬ Cup to ate a scholarship fund and ular membership may be¬ THE AMERICAN FOR such other funds as may be come associate members EIGN SERVICE ASSOCIA¬ established by the board upon the acceptance of AFSA! TION BYLAWS as commensurate with the their application by the amended July 1991 purposes and objectives of board and the payment of ARTICLE I the association; dues, and shall be permit¬ Name and Place 6. To publish the Foreign ted to maintain member¬ of Business Service Journal and other ship so long as they The name of this organi¬ official organs of the asso¬ maintain current dues pay¬ zation shall be the AMERI¬ ciation; and ments. CAN FOREIGN SERVICE 7. To carry on such other Section 4. Honorary ASSOCIATION, a nonprofit activities as may be deemed Members: The board may corporation incorporated in practicable in order to serve invite to become honorary the District of Columbia. the interests of the associa¬ members such individuals ARTICLE II tion or its members. as it deems proper. Honor¬ Purposes and ARTICLE III ary members shall be ex¬ Objectives Membership empt from the payment of In accordance with the Section 1. General Pro¬ dues. general purposes and ob¬ visions: The association Section 5. Removal of jectives set forth in the Cer¬ shall be composed of reg¬ Members: Members may be tificate of Incorporation, ular members, associate expelled or otherwise disci¬ the following are declared members, and honorary plined by the association to be the primaiy puiposes members. The board shall for engaging in conduct and objectives of this asso¬ establish terms, conditions, which discredits or brings ciation: and privileges for the asso¬ into disrepute the associa¬ 1. To further the interests ciate and honorary member tion or the Foreign Service, and well-being of the mem¬ categories. or for taking legal or admin¬ bers of the association; Section 2. Regular Mem¬ istrative agency action Get your own 2. To represent the mem¬ bers: Regular membership against the association AFSA mug, in bers of the Foreign Service is limited to current or for¬ without exhausting all rea¬ of the United States, in ac¬ mer members of the For¬ sonable internal administra- slate blue, with cordance with Chapters 10 eign Service as defined by tive procedures. No the association (Labor-Management Rela¬ Sections 103 (paragraphs 1 member may be disciplined logo stamped in tions) and 11 (Grievances) to 5) and 202 of the Foreign by the association without of the Foreign Service Act Service Act of 1980, or suc¬ being served with specific white. Send of 1980; cessor legislation. Individu¬ charges, given a reason¬ $6.50 for the 3. To work closely with als eligible for regular able time to prepare a de¬ the foreign affairs agencies, membership may be so ad¬ fense, and permitted due mug and the Congress, and other in¬ mitted upon application hearing. The board shall es¬ postage and terested institutions and in¬ and payment of dues, and tablish procedures for re¬ handling to: dividuals to strengthen the shall be permitted to main¬ moval or disciplinary ability of the foreign affairs tain their membership as actions, and its decisions AFSA community to contribute to long as they remain eligible shall be final and binding. 2101 E St., N.W. effective foreign policies; and maintain current dues ARTICLE IV 4. To accept and receive payments. Only regular Dues Washington, gifts, grants, devises, be¬ members may vote, hold The board shall establish D.C. 20037 quests, and funds as may office, or exercise other the dues to be paid by be donated or otherwise rights regarding the con¬ members, and may alter 68 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 ELECTIONS*! 991 such dues at its discretion; regular financial reports or membership at the same stituency vice president. In except that any increase in summaries to the member¬ time as other members of addition, each constituency dues for regular members ship; the board. shall be entitled to one rep¬ shall not exceed the cumu¬ (d) to the extent practi¬ (b) The constituency resentative for each 1,000 lative increase in the na¬ cable, keeping the mem¬ vice presidents and repre¬ members or fraction thereof tional Consumer Price bership currently informed sentatives shall be elected as of the last working day Index (CPI), as published on, seeking its advice be¬ from constituencies com¬ of the calendar year before by the U.S. Department of fore making decisions on, posed of the regular mem¬ the election year, provided Labor, since the effective and informing it promptly bers belonging to the that any constituency that date of the last previous of its decisions on import¬ Foreign Service in each of for three consecutive dues increase. Any pro¬ ant matters affecting the the departments or agen¬ months has a membership posal to increase dues of membership, the Foreign cies to which Chapter 10 of which would on that date regular members by more Service, and the associa¬ the Foreign Service Act of have entitled it to an addi¬ than the CPI must be sub¬ tion; 1980 applies, pursuant to tional representative shall mitted to a referendum and (e) facilitating communi¬ Sec. 1003(a), and a single have an additional repre¬ approved by a majority of cation from any member(s) retired constituency for all sentative, who shall be ap¬ those members voting by to the membership, or any former members of the ser¬ pointed by the board. secret ballot. practicable portion thereof, vice from all such depart¬ Section 5. Meetings and ARTICLE V on association business, at ments and agencies. voting: The Governing Board the expense of the mem- Each constituency hav¬ (a) Meetings: The board Section 1. General: This ber(s) initiating the commu¬ ing a minimum of 100 shall meet at least once association shall be gov¬ nication; members as of the last each month. The board erned by a Governing (0 ensuring that persons working day of the calen¬ shall also meet to consider Board (herein called “the in any position of authority dar year before the election a particular subject or sub¬ board”) consisting of regu¬ at any level of the associa¬ shall be entitled to a con¬ jects upon the written re- lar members in good stand¬ tion do not engage in busi¬ ing, elected by the regular ness or financial activities Advertisement membership biennially for or have financial interests Foreign Service Alumni! two-year terms as officers which conflict with their or representatives in the duties to the association or Jhen we mark our ballots in mid-May for the manner provided in Section its members; and AFSA election, let’s be sure to re-elect 4 below. (g) reporting to the Section 2. Authority and membership annually on its responsibility: The board is management of the empowered to promulgate association’s affairs and fi¬ Charles A. Schmitz and implement the regula¬ nances, and its plans and Retiree Vice tions and policies of the as- budget for the succeeding President sociation; appoint and year. oversee its committees and Section 3- Officers: The AFSA needs Continuity and Outreach. We get both publications; actively pur¬ officers of the association with Schmitz: AFSA’s current Vice President for sue its objectives; and su¬ shall be a president, constit¬ Retirees and Director for Outreach—Schmitz has pervise the disbursement of uency vice presidents, a brought us the Foreign Service Reserves, the Bald its funds. The board is re¬ secretary, and a treasurer. F.agles Speakers Bureau, new business consultancy sponsible for: They shall be elected as de¬ opportunities for alumni of all the Foreign Service. All (a) managing the prop¬ scribed in Section 4, below. this, while continuing and improving individual services for our retirees: increasing the information flow in the erty and affairs of the asso¬ They shall have the powers Newsletter for retirees, and improving the Directory of ciation; and duties specifically con¬ Retired Members and the Congressional Directory. (b) adopting rules and ferred on them by applica¬ Record retiree contributions to the Legislative Action policies for the conduct of ble law and regulation, Fund and AFSA’s Scholarships. association business; these bylaws, and the Vote for Schmitz as AFSA Vice President and (c) maintaining fiscal in¬ board. keep AFSA strong, vigorous, and imaginative in the tegrity in the conduct of the Section 4. Manner of service of the Foreign Service. affairs of the association, in¬ election: This is a paid advertisement—Pat Byrne, Dan Newberry, cluding provisions for ac¬ (a) The president, secre¬ Don Norland, Dave Schneider, members of AFSA, candidates counting and financial tary, and treasurer shall be for Retiree Representatives for the Continuity and Outreach controls, and for providing elected by the regular Slate. MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 69 ELECTIONS -1991 quest of the president, one- bership has no confidence. tions shall be composed of VICE JOURNAL. third of the board members, Two-thirds of the board or at least five members, in¬ (d) Committee on Edu¬ an overseas chapter, or 25 5 per cent of the member¬ cluding a chair and at least cation: The board shall ap¬ regular members, submit¬ ship concerned may recom¬ one member from each point and determine the ted at least five days prior mend such recall by written constituency. The board terms of the chair and to the date of the proposed request and supporting shall appoint the chair and members of the Committee meeting. statement to the Standing members of the committee on Education who, under Meetings shall be an¬ Committee on Elections. for two-year terms begin¬ the overall guidance of the nounced and open to any The committee shall submit ning July 15 of each even- board, shall develop poli¬ regular member, provided the recall proposal, sup¬ numbered year, and shall cies and criteria for awards that the board may adopt porting statements and fill vacancies occurring dur¬ under the association’s regulations to preserve statements, if any, submit¬ ing such term, but may not scholarship programs. good order, and may go ted in favor of the board remove committee mem¬ Section 2: The board into executive session. Min¬ member in question to the bers except on recommen¬ shall have the authority to utes, except of executive membership concerned for dation of the committee or establish and appoint and sessions, shall be available vote by secret ballot. in accordance with disci¬ determine the terms of to members on request. Section 8. Residency: plinary procedures. Com¬ members of other commit¬ (b) Voting: Each board Board members shall be mittee members shall be tees as it deems necessary member shall have one resident in the Washington impartial in the perfor¬ for the efficient operation vote. A majority of the area within 60 days of ap¬ mance of their duties while of the association and to members of the board shall pointment or election to of¬ serving, and for six months further its purposes and ob¬ constitute a quorum and fice and shall remain thereafter they shall not be jectives. The board shall must be present for any resident in the Washington board members or candi¬ provide overall guidance to vote, board members who area throughout their term dates or nominators such committees, but may will be outside the Wash¬ in office. Board members thereof, or accept appoint¬ delegate to them such au¬ ington area for a board who cease to be resident in ment to the chair of any thority as it deems neces¬ meeting may leave a writ¬ the Washington area during other committee. sary. Where practicable, the ten proxy with another their term shall submit their (b) Constituency Stand¬ membership and authori¬ board member who shall resignations to the board. ing Committees: Standing ties of such committees vote that proxy in accor¬ committees for each con¬ should be spelled out in dance with the wishes of ARTICLE VI stituency shall have primary writing and approved by the absent member or, ab¬ Internal Organization responsibility, subject to the the board. sent indication of such pref¬ Section 1. The following overall guidance of the Section 3- Chapters and erences, in accordance with committees and boards board, for the interests of Representatives: Regular his or her own preference. shall exist on a permanent members of said constitu¬ members assigned outside- Section 6. Vacancies: Va¬ basis: encies in general and in of the Washington Area cancies occurring during (a) Committee on Elec¬ particular for members as¬ may organize chapters at the term of the board shall tions: The Committee on signed in the Washington their post, under the gen¬ be filled by the board by Elections shall have full area. The board shall ap¬ eral direction of the board. appointment from the reg¬ power within the associa¬ point, and determine the Chapters may adopt by¬ ular membership, provided tion, subject to applicable terms of, the chair and laws, which must be ap¬ that constituency vice pres¬ law, regulation, these by¬ members of each constitu¬ proved by the board. The idents and representatives laws and the association ency standing committee president of any such chap¬ shall be chosen from the budget, to conduct regular from among the members ter shall be the principal constituency of the vacancy elections for Governing within each such constitu¬ AFSA representative at that as defined in Section 4, Board, recall elections, ref¬ ency. post, entitled to represent above. erenda, and any vote on (c) Journal Editorial AFSA to post management Section 7. Recall: The amendments to these by¬ Board: The board shall ap¬ in accordance with applica¬ membership has the right laws. The committee shall point and determine the ble agreements between to recall the president, sec¬ establish regulations for terms of the chair and AFSA and the foreign affairs retary, and treasurer, and these procedures and inter¬ members of the Journal Ed¬ agencies and agency regu¬ the membership of any pret relevant sections of the itorial Board who, under lations. Where a formal constituency has the right bylaws, resolve disputes the overall guidance of the chapter does not exist, to recall any constituency and determine and declare board, shall be specifically members may nevertheless vice president or represen¬ election results. responsible for the editorial elect an AFSA representa¬ tative in whom said mem¬ The Committee on Elec¬ policy of the FOREIGN SER¬ tive for their post or, in the 70 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 ELECTIONS'1 991 absence of such election, each position and an¬ close of business the last the FOREIGN SERVICE JOUR¬ the board may appoint nounce candidates’ names working day of June. Can¬ NAL and other appropriate such a representative. The on or about April 1. didates or their representa¬ media. The committee shall board will from time to time (d) The committee shall tives may observe counting accept, for 45 days follow¬ issue guidance to its post receive campaign state¬ procedures and are entitled ing the date of publication representatives and for the ments from candidates to challenge the validity of of the proposed amend¬ organization and function¬ and/or slates and distribute any vote or the eligibility of ment, statements of appro¬ ing of chapters. The activi¬ them to the concerned any voter. priate length submitted in ties of both representatives membership at association (i) The committee will opposition thereto and and chapters shall in all re¬ expense pursuant to proce¬ decide on challenges and signed by not less than 10 spects be consistent with dures it shall establish for declare elected the candi¬ members. No two state¬ these bylaws, the board’s that purpose. The commit¬ dates receiving the greatest ments shall be signed by guidance, and the tee shall also facilitate the number of valid votes for the same member. association’s agreements distribution, during a cam¬ each position. (c) Members may distrib¬ with the foreign affairs paign period of not less (j) The new board shall ute, at their own expense, agencies. than 30 days, of additional take office on July 15. additional statements re¬ material related to the elec¬ garding a proposed amend¬ ARTICLE VII tion which candidates, ARTICLE VIII ment. To facilitate this Elections slates and/or other mem¬ Referendum process, the association Section 1. Candidates: bers wish to distribute at Section 1. The member¬ shall make available on re¬ All regular members of the their own expense. Those ship may, by majority vote quest the membership list association in good stand¬ initiating such statements in a referendum, determine or address labels, for which ing are eligible to be can¬ and materials shall assume the association’s policy on it shall be reimbursed for all didates for the officer or full legal responsibility for any matter within the scope related expenses. representative positions on their contents. of the association’s pur¬ (d) The committee shall the board. (e) The committee shall poses and objectives. commence a poll of the Section 2. Procedures: mail the official ballot bear¬ Section 2. One-third of membership on the pro¬ (a) In odd-numbered ing the names of all quali¬ the board, 10 chapters, or posed amendment within years the Committee on fied candidates, slate 100 regular members may 90 days following the date Elections shall issue to all identifications when appli¬ initiate a referendum by of its publication, and shall Members an election call cable, and voting instruc¬ submitting a specific pro¬ conclude the poll within 45 prescribing the terms and tions to each regular posal to the Committee on days. The committee shall conditions of the election member on or about May Elections. The Committee provide, along with ballots, and soliciting candidacies 15. on Elections will submit it the statements in support of in the February FOREIGN (f) Each regular member to the regular membership and in opposition to the SERVICE JOURNAL and in may cast one vote each for for decision in a secret bal¬ proposed amendment. other appropriate media. president, secretary and lot under procedures estab¬ Section 2. Adoption of a (b) All nominations shall treasurer, one vote for the lished by it for that proposed amendment will be in writing and must be appropriate constituency purpose. require the affirmative received by the Committee vice president and one vote votes of not less than two- on Elections not later than for each representative po¬ ARTICLE LX thirds of the valid votes re¬ 30 days following the date sition available in the Amendments ceived and will be effective of the election call. Nomi¬ member’s constituency. Section 1. Procedures: immediately. nations must be accompa¬ Members may vote for can¬ (a) One hundred regular nied by evidence of didates as individuals or as members or the board may ARTICLE X eligibility as of June 30 of a slate, or may write in the propose, in writing and ac¬ Parliamentary Au¬ the year of the election. name(s) of any regular companied by a statement thority Nominations may be indi¬ memberfs) who fulfills the of justification, an amend¬ The association’s parlia¬ vidual or by slate, and can¬ eligibility requirements as ment to these bylaws by mentary authority shall be didates may be prescribed. submission to the Commit¬ the most recent edition of self-nominated or nomi¬ (g) The committee shall tee on Elections. Robert’s Rules of Order nated by any regular mem¬ ensure the secrecy of each (b) The committee shall Newly Revised, except as ber. member’s vote. promptly circulate to the otherwise provided by ap¬ (c) The Committee on (h) The committee shall membership each such pro¬ plicable law, regulation, or Elections shall verify the el¬ count on or about July 1 all posed amendment and jus¬ decision of the Governing igibility of candidates for ballots received as of the tification by publication in Board. MAY 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 71 UNWIND WITH THE WIND CALVERT SCHOOL Sail a tranquil For your free HOME STUDY COURSES sea of turquoise to Great Adventure ♦ teach your child at home treasure islands Brochure write: ♦ complete curriculum k-8 rich with emerald Windjammer 4- no experience necessary trees and falls of Barefoot Cruises, ♦ traditional education diamonds. Sail a P.0. 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Duties include: • Providing representation and counsel to members at all stages of the Foreign Service griev¬ ance process. • Assisting employees with career counseling, resolving payroll/administrative problems, obtaining benefits and allowances that have been denied, etc. • Participating in labor-management negotiations and other facets of AFSA’s union respon¬ sibilities (e.g., drafting proposals and monitoring compliance in agreements with man¬ agement) • Maintaining expertise in personnel policies and statutory/regulatory provisions involving foreign affairs agencies Knowledge of the Foreign Service, grievance procedures, federal sector labor relations, and association management is caicial for the successful candidate; strong writing and interpersonal skills are also important. Interested parties are encouraged to send resumes to: Executive Director, AFSA, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. 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