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Université De Pau Et Des Pays De L'adour Université de P au et des Pays de l’Adour ECOLE DOCTORALE 481 SCIENCES SOCIALES ET HUMANITES Thèse de doctorat L’ART CONTEMPORAIN D U MOYEN-ORIENT ENTRE TRADITIONS ET NOUVEAUX DEFIS Présenté par Madame Susanne DRAKE Sous la direction de Madame Evelyne TOUSSAINT Membres du jury : Madame Evelyne TOUSSAINT, professeur à Aix-Marseille Université, précédemment professeur à l'U niversité de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour Monsieur Rémi LABRUSSE , Professeur d’ Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense Monsieur Dominique DUSSOL , Professeur de l’Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour Monsieur Eric BONNET , Professeur de l’Université de Paris VIII Date de soutenance : 10 Juin 2014 1 Résumé fran çais et mots clefs Dans les pays du Moyen Orient, nous sommes face à une réalité complexe, qui est encore peu comprise en Europe. Les médias nous dépeignent souvent une société majoritairement islamique fondamentaliste. Cette image, qui pourrait relever d’une représentation tardive du Moyen Orient par l’Occident est empreinte de problématiques d’ordre économique et soci étal. Une analyse précise permet de mettre au jour des singularités nationales et intranationales. Les développements artistiques profitent de ces sources multiples. Pour inclure les artistes du Moyen Orient dans l’histoire de l’art du monde , et comprendre les œuvres d’art contemporain, nous nous sommes servis de plusieurs approches. O utre l’analyse esthétique et la recherche d’influences formelles, il s’agit de comprendre les positions politiques de l'artiste, sa psychologie, son rôle dans la société, mais aussi la place de la religion dans la vie publique, la valeur attribuée à l’art contemporain et sa réception dans la société. Les marchés de l’art sont manifestement mondialisés, les critiques et commissaires d’exp ositions influencés par les goûts et jugements occidentaux et pour tout compliquer, nombre d’artistes qui se réclament d’un pays du Moyen Orient sont nés et vivent dans un pays occidental. Nous pouvons, en lien avec tous ces paramètres, constater des développements rapides dans le domaine de la production artistique et celui de sa diffusion dans la région. Notre recherche concerne ici à la production artistique actuelle de six pays et/ou peuples de la région: l’Egypte, la Jordanie, la Syrie, le Liban, la Palestine, Israël, et les Kurdes. Art contemporain Histoire de l’art Moyen-Orient Empire ottoman Iconologie Créolisme Hybridité Diaspora Mondialisation 2 English Summary and key words We face complexe realities in the countries of the Middle East and they are still often ignored in Europe. The media usually show us societies which are basically Muslim fundamentalist. This image is a shadow of the late colonialisation of the Middle East and is influenced by our own social and economic problems. The differences between countries, and inside the actual countries, are analysed in order to understand artistic development and to include the artists of the Middle East in the world’s A rt history. To understand the contemporary works of artists, we used a variety of approaches. Besides the aesthetic analysis and the research of formal influences, we also regarded the political position of the artist, his or her psychology, his or her role in society, but also the place of religion in public life, the value given to contemporary art inside the society and the way it is perceived. The world art markets are globalised, art critics and curators are however influenced by the tastes and judgements of the West, and to complicate the whole matter, a great number of artists who claim to come from a certain place in the Middle East are actually born somewhere else and live in diaspora. We can, in using all these parameters, see the rapid developments in the production of art and its appreciation in the region. This research aims to scrutinize the actual artistic production of six peoples in the region: Egypt, Jordan, Libanon, Palestine, Israel and the Kurds. Contemporary art Art history Middle East Ottoman empire Iconology Bastardization Hybridity Diaspora Globalisation 3 A mes parents Für meine Eltern 4 Remerciements Je voudrais de tout cœur remercier mon professeur, Madame Evelyne Toussaint, qui a su me guider et toujours m’ encourager pendant ces trois années, même dans les moments les plus noirs de ma vi e. J’ai trouvé en elle une interlocutrice qui était vraiment intéressée par mes recherches. Son engagement allait au-delà de ce que j’étais en droit d’attendre. Je n’aurais pas pu terminer ces études sans le soutien de ma famille. Après la mort inopinée de mon mari Gerd Greune en 2012, elle a été d’un appui précieux, sachant que cette thèse était bien plus pour moi qu’un simple défi intellectuel. Mes enfants ont été fantastiques, comme toujours. Merci Leïla, Daniel, Robin. Merci à tous ceux qui m’ont so utenue, amis, voisins, collègues, qui m’ont aidé e avec des traductions de l’arabe , qui m’ont moralement appuyée, qui m’ont aidé e à imprimer. Mes très chaleureux remerciements iront tout spécialement à Pascale Marx pour son grand travail de relecture, sa patience, sa compétence et son dévouement. 5 Sommaire Avant propos 1 Introduction 3 a. Méthodologie 3 b. Glossaire 10 c. Histoire et influences 24 1. Mythes et fantasmes du Moyen-Orient 24 2. Art islamique ? Art arabe ? 28 3. Changements religieux 38 4. L’interaction des différents styles 49 5. Développement politique et débuts de l’art contemporain 61 Chapitre 1 - Les Messagers 92 a. Territoires, identité et diaspora 94 b. Symboles hybrides 97 c. Message pour le monde 117 d. Nul n’est prophète en son pays 129 e. Conclusion 137 Chapitre 2 - La rencontre de la reli gion et de l’art dans les rues 141 a. La période ottomane 142 b. Images d’Orient(s) 144 c. Le culte du monument public 147 d. Nationalisme et gigantisme 149 e. Le grand héros du Moyen-Orient 153 f. La question de l’acceptation 155 g. La Postmodernité 159 h. Conclusion 171 Chapitre 3 – le Verbe 174 a. La chemise talismanique 181 b. L’écriture trompe l’œil 186 c. Le verbe venu du fond des temps 192 d. Le verbe compris dans toutes les langues 197 e. Le verbe devenu image pure 203 f. Le message sur le mur 207 g. L’icône abstraite 214 h. Conclusion 217 Chapitre 4 – la Caricature 219 a. Histoire 222 6 b. Caricature de la société 239 c. Caricature des chefs d’états 244 d. Caricature de la pratique de l’islam 246 e. Caricature d’Israël 247 f. Caricature des États-Unis et de l’Europe 250 g. Conclusion 251 Chapitre 5 – Ce regard sur soi 253 a. L’histoire du portrait 253 b. Du Moyen âge à la Renaissance 256 c. Baroque et temps modernes 261 d. Ce sot projet 264 e. L’impact des étrangers 267 f. Les artistes chrétiens 271 g. L’art contemporain 281 h. Conclusion 289 Chapitre 6 – Terre promise, terre perdue 292 a. Histoire 292 b. Développement de l’art contemporain 303 c. Le paysage et la terre perdue 317 d. Conclusion 338 Chapitre 7- L’espace féminin 342 a. Introduction 342 b. Historique 343 c. L’art contemporain 364 d. Conclusion 395 Conclusion 399 Bibliographie 434 Index des noms propres 449 Annexe - Répertoire des artistes et des illustrations 7 Avant Propos Cette thèse se base en premier lieu sur le travail des artistes que j’ai pu voir entre 2008 et 2011 au Moyen-Orient. J’habitais alors Jérusalem-Est (Al Quds), et je travaillais avec des ONGs1 locales, œuvrant pour la paix et les Droits de l’H omme. J’étais donc amenée à voyager dans toute la région : j’ai parcouru en voiture l’état d’Israël, la Jordanie, la Syrie et l’Egypte. J’ai visité Beyrouth , le Caire, Amman, Damas et Diyarbakir à plusieurs reprises . J’ai séjourné dans d’autres villes maj oritairement kurdes de Turquie. J’ ai eu aussi l’occasion de rencontrer les artistes, des galeristes, des historiens, et de mener des interviews. Ce séjour avait été précédé de visites, parfois longues, dont le but était de gérer des projets politiques et humanitaires, un milieu professionnel dans lequel j’ai été active pendant quinze ans. Mon travail de recherche, notamment le choix de certains artistes, a certainement été influencé par les préceptes de droit international et les conventions signées par les États de la région. Le contact régulier avec des groupes locaux appelés «d’ opposition » ou « de défense des droits de l’homme » a évidemment eu un impact sur mon appréciation de la situation actuelle. Mon origine allemande et l’histoire de ma famille m’avaient particulièrement sensibilisée aux horreurs de la Shoah et à la fondation de l’état d’Israël. Je suis reconnaissante à mes amis israéliens de m’avoir ouvert le s yeux sur les conflits intérieurs de la société israélienne. Cet état de choses est illustré par le travail d’artistes contemporains qui montre bien toute l’étendue d u champ des divergences, tant du côté israélien que du côté arabophone. La relation avec les différentes sociétés civiles des pays de la rive Sud-est de la Méditerranée a été marquée par le respect et l’écoute reciproque. Le fait de ne maitriser aucune des langues locales n’a pas perturbé mon travail outre mesure. J’ai bénéficié de l’aide d’amis et de collaborateurs pour les textes écrits en arabe, en hébreu, en kurde ou en turc. Les peuples du Moyen-Orient parlent en général depuis l’aube des temps plus ieurs langues, souvent également une des langues européennes que je maîtrise aussi.
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