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Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology Voluntary FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 40, Number 1, Spring 2012 VOLUNTARY SERFDOM: AN IDEOLOGICAL JOURNEY INTO DUAL-CLASS LABOR CONFLICTS AND POSSIBLE WORKERS' SOLUTIONS * Ralph G. O'Sullivan Chillicothe, IL ABSTRACT This article identifies my paradigm shift toward greater acceptance of conflicts and alienation sociologies from Marx and from Seeman. Having never been a follower of their sets of ideas, ample evidence has been found in recreational and sociological literatures, and at work, to support the contention that they are more important that I had previously thought. The conclusion is derived from reviewing a variety of novels, poems, a travelogue, sociological findings on dual­ and antagonistic-class structures, data about alienation, and putting a theore­ tical twist to Merton's goals-means model of adaptation. *Originally printed in Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology 2002 30(2). "Nothing like division of labor." nal which encourages creative socio­ (Harriett Beecher Stowe, logy. Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1984) In spite of these modest suc­ cesses, I left higher education due the uncertainty of contracts from one term INTRODUCTION to another, where paychecks were unevenly distributed, in pursuit of other I have hardly been a great fan of opportunities. My current employment certain elements of conflict and alien­ in a privately-owned and non-union ation sociologies because I never real­ factory, and reflection on my twenty­ ly felt deprived. When I was young my five-something years as a scholastic family oymed a cartage company in outsider, have enticed me to rethink Chicago and we lived in a historic sub­ my favorite sociologies, forging a finer urban village. Drafted into the army, I understanding of, and appreciation for, had cozy duty in Texas when other the conflict and alienation perspectives troops when to Viet Nam. In college in sociology as they are related to the my expenses were covered by veter­ real presence of a dual-class and ans' assistance programs, graduate tension-based bourgeoisie-proletariat and research assistantships and sepa­ structure with its separate outlook of rate teaching contracts. Without ever "rank has its privileges." The dramatic having a tenurable job, I was pub­ changes in employment core values lished, sat on M.A. thesis committees, and treatment of workers serve as the was active in sociology associations, basis for this ideological journey. and was an Associate Editor for a jour- Besides the normal library re- 15 FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 40, Number 1, Spring 2012 search for a project like this, there We can eavesdrop on the customers were two related methods of gathering of a restaurant in Chicago's Hyde Park information. The first of these was eth­ district as they tell each tall tales, nography, "the native's point of view" friendly lies, and solve the world's (Harris 1968 572), which consisted of problems over coffee and food field observations and conversations (Duneier 1992). Finally, we can ride with my fellow workers. This method is with an outlaw motorcycle gang by in agreement with the emic tradition in reading about the experiences of "I, socio-cultural anthropology wherein the biker-journalist" (Thompson 1967). testimony is acquired from a speaker This analytic-experiential and inclusion who uses the voice of the "I" or the method of data gathering is in accord first-person singular. However, since with a famous invitation for the socio­ the orator is often untrained in con­ logist to take an unfamiliar look at a textual analysis the research puts the familiar world (Berger 1963)- one idiographic accounts into nomothetic wherein the investigator is first a parti­ frames of reference as the etic heri­ cipant in society, who then becomes tage of anthropology allows (Geyer an invigorated spectator whose own 2001; Harris 1968). observations become the objects of The second method of investigation study. for this article was the use of auto-eth­ There are four facets to this study nography or "reflective observation" which lead to its successful comple­ (Forsyth and Palmer 1999), an "interi­ tion. There is a need to identify how or vantage point" (Hummel 1994), and dual-class structures have been pre­ "opportunities research" (Reimer 1977; sented in the mass and popular me­ Ronal-Rambo and Ellis 1989). This dia, for two reasons: First, it is through "complete-member-researcher" meth­ such entertainment outlets that many od (Adler and Adler 1987; Ronai-Ram­ of the public's perceptions of social bo and Ellis 1989), the joining of the stratification are derived; and second, actor-orientation and the observer-ori­ those mediated realities lend support entation as the combined voices of the to the arguments made at the end of first- and the third-person singular, al­ this article. Then, specific sociological lows us to view the world of the "I" and interpretations of class data are reof­ the "the ... " in a variety of ways We can fered through the writings of scholars walk with my good friend Dick Hummel like Weber (1978) and Edwards (1979) when he engages in, and writes about, with targeted emphases placed on the blood sports as "I, the hunter-scholar." contributions of Marx (1959) and See­ We can sit in a night club and watch man (1959, 2001) which identify dancers hustle customers as "I, the various dimensions of workers' econo­ table dancer-sociologist" (Ronai-Ram­ mic alienation. These debilitating ex­ bo and Ellis 1989). We can sit in a periences are discussed in detail be­ room and listen as a sports writer at­ cause factory workers are subjected to tends weekly meetings with his dying varieties of devaluation and social former sociology professor as "I, the indifference by an owner-managerial reawakened-student" (Alborn 1997). social class. The data about alienation 16 FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 40, Number 1, Spring 2012 are followed by identifying the means read, and then find additional confir­ by which workers can adjust to a mation in new publications. The illus­ harsh environment using the assorted trations come from a variety of sour­ methods of adaptation offered by ces including general thematic novels, Merton (1968). The body of the article poetry, a travelogue, a book about is concluded with summary and cau­ sports, and several movies and televi­ tious remarks about the presence and sion shows as they collectively identi­ outcomes of the tensions between the fy the universality and the diversity of "haves" and the "have-nots." The two-dimensional class structures. So, assembly of arguments begins by pro­ just who are these storytellers who viding evidence from classical and have the audacity to be sociologists contemporary literatures, as well as sine qua non, and what are the shows visual media, which underline the which have the gumption to teach so­ contention that there are many and ciology outside the classroom? varied forms of criteria for dual-class Some of the writers who were stratified systems. selected for quotation include such noted Euro-Russian authors as Victor RECREATIONAL SOURCE Hugo of Les Miserables; Fyodor Dos­ EVIDENCE toyevsky who wrote Crime and Pun­ ishment; Leo Tolstoy who composed All literature reviews are undertak­ the short story "Master and Man," and en with the purpose of supporting the the controversial social conscience of author's point of view. With that in Victorian England, Rudyard Kipling, mind, let me remind the reader that who masterminded the poem "The social classes are not just categorical Ballad of East and West." Reliance is differences in lifestyles led by associa­ also placed on Harriet Beecher tions of people. If that were the case Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Theodore then the divisions would exist on a Roosevelt's exploits from Through the horizontal plane as simple nominal Brazilian Wilderness, as well as classifications. However, when some Charles Nordhoff and James Norman sort of moral worth or social impor­ Hall's trilogy of books about the mutiny tance, is assigned to the groupings aboard the H.M.S. Bounty. Unfor­ they are turned ninety degrees, a verti­ tunately, only snippets from these vol­ cal angle to the original plane, now umes can be used because of space existing as ordinal categories- hence limitations, but additional sociology socially stratified. can be found in them. The pieces of work used here do Four thematic novels are also re­ not represent all possible identifica­ viewed, and they include Stowe's book tions of social-class systems; instead, again, Alan Paton's Cry the Beloved they were chosen because they offer Country, as well as Alexander examples of bipolar arrangements. Waugh's Island in the Sun, all of which The search for evidence was enter­ are woven around racial politics. Then taining because I had to locate appro­ Leon Uris' Trinity is concerned with the priate passages in books I had already politics of religion in strife-torn Ireland. 17 FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 40, Number 1, Spring 2012 Several stanzas from Dr. Seuss' "The I am not blaming him; please Sneetches" are also important, as are don't think that; besides, it's the contents of several movies and old not my business. A special television series, but first I begin with little theory came in, too -a analyses from Hugo's Novel. theory of a sort- dividing Les Miserables is a story with mankind, you see, into ma­ which I became familiar as a seventh­ terial and superior persons, grade student. One of my teachers that are persons to whom the had an extra class period with us, and law does not apply owing to during it he would tell us about the ad­ their superiority, and who ventures and the flights of the hound­ makes laws for the rest of ed Jean Valjean as he fled from the mankind, the material, that is dogged detective Javert.
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