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THE METAPHYSICAL REALISM OF E. L. MASCALL AND ANGLICAN DOCTRINE Submitted by ROBERT IRELAND B.A., B.Th., M.Th., M.R.Ed., Dip. Ed., A.Mus.A. A Thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Theology Faculty of Arts Australian Catholic University McAuley Brisbane 2010 This Thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No parts of this Thesis have been submitted towards the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. No other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of the Thesis. ……………………………………………………………… iii This Thesis gratefully acknowledges the support and inspiration of Dr D. Casey and Dr A. T. Kelly and is dedicated to Margaret iv ABSTRACT AIMS The twentieth century Anglican theologian, E. L. Mascall, made an important contribution to Anglican theology by incorporating into it the philosophical doctrine of metaphysical realism, developed by Thomas Aquinas. The Thesis asks about the relationship of Mascall‟s theology to Anglicanism and how it may be of benefit to Anglican theology, particularly since he represented an increasingly marginalized party within the Church, that is, Anglo-Catholicism, and also since his writings seem somewhat neglected today. SCOPE In order to assess the significance of Mascall‟s approach within the world of contemporary Anglican theology, this Thesis examines the question of whether the Thirty Nine Articles of Religion – which are salient representative texts of official Anglicanism and a significant exemplar of the so-called Anglican method – intentionally incorporate an ontological understanding into such fundamental accounts as those of the doctrine of God and of Christ. The provisional conclusion is that the Articles include an ontological presumption only, which, within the distinctive Anglican approach to ecclesiology and theological method, puts in jeopardy an ongoing and settled place for such fundamental doctrines. In order to do this, the Thesis examines the distinctive nature of essential Anglicanism, noting its balanced, dialectical, and provisional nature. Such a settled placement of these fundamental and other doctrines is, however, a necessary aspect of the fulfilment of a distinctive Anglican ecclesiology as professed by historic Anglicanism. The doctrines of God and of Christ are part of a fundamental set which necessarily enable the distinctive nature of Anglicanism to achieve its goal of attaining catholicity through apostolicity. At the heart of this goal is a distinction of things deemed necessary for salvation and those not necessary. The Anglican method, therefore, encapsulates what is distinctive about Anglicanism, and so, the identity of the church is created and maintained. Its primary outcome and concern is with a balanced synthesis/symbiosis of scripture, tradition, and reason. In times of cultural change, such fundamental doctrines may be radically questioned in the name of contemporary accounts of reason. Alternative interpretations may in turn place such accounts outside the ambit of catholic faith as it has been traditionally conceived, and v so introduce into Anglicanism irreconcilable pluralities of belief. The balanced synthesis may be ignored and so Anglican comprehensiveness is strained to breaking-point. The question of the benefit of an incorporation of metaphysical realism into Anglican theology is not only discussed with reference to these fundamental doctrines, but also with reference to three contentious doctrines, namely, the doctrines of justification, the Blessed Sacrament, and of Apostolic Succession. The latter three doctrines represent points of contention within historic Anglicanism, but above all they illustrate a lack of an intentional ontological and creational thinking to be found throughout the Articles. The Thesis explores the intellectual integrity of Mascall‟s natural theology. It concludes that Mascall is correct to believe in the fundamental character of being and of our knowledge of it. To support the conclusion, the Thesis presents and answers a major contemporary challenge to this approach in the form of a charge of the historical relativism of natural theology by the Protestant theologian, J. B. Cobb. Taking up the relative nature of personal evaluations as the basis for philosophy, it nevertheless concludes with Mascall that natural theology may be learned by anyone willing and able to do so, and that such people may find that their faith commitments may be realigned as a result. The Thesis concludes with an account of the range of Mascall‟s ontological thinking and how such thinking allows us to appreciate a creational approach to doctrine in general. Finally, there is an attempt to re-state the three contentious doctrines by intentionally incorporating into their expression ontological thinking. The theme is that Grace perfects, but does not destroy or ignore, nature. CONCLUSION The conclusion is that Anglican theology and ecclesiology may significantly benefit from an intentional and intelligent incorporation of metaphysical realism. Such an incorporation fulfils the distinctive Anglican method, and wards off misappropriations of scripture, tradition and reason that may unbalance the synthesis. vi CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DEDICATION. iii ABSTRACT . iv I. REVISITING THE THEOLOGY OF E. L. MASCALL . 1 1. Introducing E. L. Mascall . 2 2. The Anglican Context: Past and Present . 5 3. The Problematic: Mascall and an Anglican Search for Catholicism . 21 4. Mascall‟s Role in the Present Anglican Situation . 48 II. MASCALL AND ANGLICANISM: CLASH OR FULFILMENT? . 49 1. Essential and Articular Anglicanism: a Development. 50 2. The Comparison of Mascall‟s Approach with Anglicanism: Three Test Cases . 59 3. Conclusion: Clash or Fulfilment? . 90 III. MASCALL‟S METAPHYSICAL REALISM . 92 1. Mascall‟s Notion of Being . 93 2. The Radical Interpenetration of Mind and World . 98 3. Our Knowledge of Being . 110 4. The Dependency of Created Being . 115 5. Metaphysical Realism and Christian Doctrine . 123 6. Conclusion . 130 IV. NATURAL THEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS . 133 1. Realism and the Existence of God . 134 2. Escaping the Bounds – When is Reason Natural? . 143 3. Enticing the “Everyman” . 153 4. Conclusion . 164 5. Coda . 168 V. MASCALL AND ANGLICAN THEOLOGY: A RESOURCE FOR THE FUTURE 170 1. Mascall‟s Metaphysical Realism: A Recapitulation . 171 2. The Range of Mascall‟s Metaphysical Thinking . 175 3. An Anglican Neglect of Ontological Intentionality . 180 4. Five Elements of a Creation-Based Pattern of Thinking . 184 5. The Logic of Creation – an Extrapolation of Mascall‟s Approach Applied to Three Anglican Doctrines . 192 6. Conclusion . 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 214 Primary Sources . 214 Secondary Sources . 221 1 CHAPTER I REVISITING THE THEOLOGY OF E. L. MASCALL INTRODUCTION his thesis explores the theology of E. L. Mascall in order to ask how we may determine T its relationship to Anglicanism. To facilitate this principle question, two sub-questions are asked, namely:- what is Mascall‟s most significant contribution to Anglican theology?, and, how may Anglican theology benefit from such a contribution? Why would the principle question be asked? A significant answer is that, at first sight, Mascall‟s theology appears to offer a rational and traditional account of doctrine, but that it does so from the perspective of only one aspect of Anglicanism, namely, Anglo- Catholicism. A way to answer these questions is to compare and contrast Mascall‟s approach with some official and representative statements of Anglican doctrine, that is, the Thirty Nine Articles of Religion. By exploring Mascall‟s theological approach, and, by adopting a method of comparison and contrast, it might be possible to see how Mascall‟s theology may positively contribute to Anglican dogmatic theology. Arguably, the Articles encapsulate an essentially Anglican approach to doctrine.1 Since the Articles represent a defensive gesture in a specific time of contention and uncertainty, some may deem it unsuitable to examine the relationship of Mascall‟s theological approach to that of the Articles. Why not compare Mascall‟s theology to that of Richard Hooker, for example? 1 That the Articles represent an authoritative statement of doctrine is accepted by writers such as O. O‟Donovan, Thirty Nine Articles: A Conversation with Tudor Christianity, (Exeter: The Paternoster Press, 1986), 12. 2 In support of the approach adopted here, it may be said that not only have the Articles attained a significant level of authority and reputation within Anglicanism – positively or negatively – but, as we shall argue, they exhibit an inner structural coherence which illustrates a distinctive methodological intention and that they are an apt account of the way this intention defines and helps to create what the church is for Anglicans. And so, they may be deemed to be of continuing relevance. The choice of the Articles as a partner in a dialogue with Mascall‟s approach need not imply, however, that Mascall‟s approach necessarily conflicts with the principle structures of an Anglican methodological intention. As we shall argue, a dialogue primarily shows a material contrast between the two which may, in turn, not only illustrate Mascall‟s own interpretation of Anglicanism, but also show where such an interpretation could possibly be of benefit to Anglicanism.
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