WA R D E P RTME T A N , M D OCU EN T No . 863 .

OFFI CE O F CH I EF O F ST A FF .

Th ere are c op ies of th is p ublic ation .

Th is c op y is assigned to

ADDITI ONS AN D C ORRECTION S .

I N S T RUCT I O N S F OR USE OF B LAN K P AGES I N H AN DB OOK .

A t the end of th i s hook bl ank sp ace s a r e p rovi d ed f or new o r suppl e n h n m en t ary i fo r m ation. T ey ar e h eaded A dditi on s and C or rec ti o s . Offi cer s obt ai ni ng suc h i nfor m ati on a r e i ns t r u c ted to t ran smi t it a t onc e h n dd r a on r h r to t e foll owi g a ess : Milit ry M og ap Sfib section , Milita y D iv i n ner f h n n D n e enc e is o e a S a W as o . . I t llig . G l t f, i gt , C Offi cer s sh ould rem ember t h a t s eemingly small bit s of i nfor m a ti on

r m a b e of r ea a e. F or exam e th en h f r d e th e n m e : y g t v lu p l , e l gt o a b i g , u b h n a h n m e r r n of ou ses i a vill ge , t e a of a good guide a e each wo th n oti g and t ran smitti ng to Washi ngt on. R T — NT AL PA 4 , CE R SIBE I R A .

TABLE O F CON TEN TS . — RO UT E L . OMSK T O CHELYA B INSK : List of stations General description Detailed description Petropavlovsk

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Chelyab insk

M — H LY B K T R OUTE . C E A I N S O SYZ RAN : Lis t of stations General desc ription D etailed desc ription Branch l oIetayevo to Kustanai T roitsk

Verkhn e - Uralsk

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

B erdyansh

a r Vy zovaya . B anch to Tir land . Ufa

Buguruslan — Branch Z Krotovka to Surgut Samara

Batraki . Bridge over the Volga . Sy zran

N —M K T : RO UTE . O S O VYATKA List of stations General d esc ription D etailed desc ription

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Yalutorovsk

7978 21 4 TAB L E OF CO NT ENT S .

E MA K T - ROUT N O S O VYATKA Continued . — Detailed description Continued .

Tyu men . Yekaterinburg ~ Branch 1 B ogdanovch to Shadrinsk General description Detailed description k Sinars aya . Shadrinsk Branch 2—Yekaterinburg to Irbit Irbit Bilimb ai

Glazov Vyatka — RO UTE P YEKATE RIN B U R G T O PE R M V I A N I Z H N I -T AGIL List of stations

General description . Detailed descrip tion

N evynsk

P - N v rk - ost road , ei insk to Ve h ne Tagil

N izh ni- Tagil Biser — B ran c h 1 N izh ni- Tagil to Alatay evsk — Branc h Q Goroblagodatskaya to Shakh ta v ia N a d ezhdinski Verkhoturye — l ' B ranch 3 Chusovskaya to So evarm . — R O UTE Q CHELYA B INSK T O YE K AT E RI N B UR G Z List of stations General desc ription Detailed desc ription

Mramorskaya

WA G O N R O A DT OM SK T O PE RM

General description .

D etailed description . TAB LE OF CO NT ENT S .

RO UTE S I N THE KH mGH I z ST E PP E General descri tion —p— Rou te W l Petropavlovsk to Uspenski Mine Detailed description

Sara Su Uspenski

—Z— ar- al Route W Pavlodar to K Kar ins k . —— Route W 3 Kh ak - Chan to Akmolinsk Via B ayandi Kuduk—. — Rou te W 4 B ayan to Aul - Karagand y Coal Mine — — fi Rou tes W 5 and W G Kar- K aralinsk to Karagandy and Uspenski —— Route W 7 Petropavlovsk to Jusali — R O UT E S UFA T O SI MB R I SK : List of stations General description Detail ed description

Simbrisk

OMS K T O CHELYABIN S K .

5 3 s e e « e z & a a 3 a a m 5 m d o 5 S o 2flm é 3 o Q z é m 3 g 6 m fi b o 2fi q i d e z o m s g m Q ‘ m o 0 o fi m5 m m m o fip m o m E l m mE é 4 m$ q g 5 g m o E é o fi m fi m mm m 5 m2 m m mm z 5 o o zo m Ea o fi y S éw éw 8 5 fi5 a fim x m z o p 8 9 2 : m

s 5 fi x 5 a o c m o 5 5 s b 8 fiw m h m o 8 M T O SK O CHELYABINSK .

s a o e g a m m 5 é a 3 o m Q o é o é A é Q mQ d m H n d E q m fi q é N o d m i m m m 5 m m mm m b x a m n m m i m u 5 m m fi P m m m o c fi x é é fi m 2 é a m f Q d é o m m m m m m m m m m m m o fi fi5 a o m fl d fi g m fimfi smx 9 m mfin fi Em ém

2 g 0 o A A

o s x s m o m k mk x a fi fi fl m m x fi a a fi s m m w a m w d fi wm o g m E d w w g E h g w fi e a E w E % E fi fi g s —fl s E m s a g E f E ;E m w d ? wx m s fi M m w w cN m

. z N 6 H fi : 10 M O S K T O C HE LYABINS K .

h a e a s é © e Q é g a a m m m a d 5 o g o 2 . o Q a mm5 m a < $ m 8 u m m o a o M m q fi s mm5 m $ 5 m m8 mm m” E fl 0 fi 9 fi é 5 fi m a 5 2 m m ? > m m m m g8 5 o fim fio z em E 5 mfi?m r

o é h i o x a q a fi w m h s e o 9 mt fl o g fi S a m é > a fi 9 z . p fi m fi . a 9 m m 6 a m m m m m s w w d m a a 3 a m fi w e fi g b fla q 8 5 d fi § 3 q u o 3 x % m fi b fi z e o e g fi 3 o 5 2 z g a s a 5 §5 q z § i ~v w a w s g m fi w 0 m 0 ? 5 d o g w 5 m 8 A 6 A fl : m N “ RO E UT L .

TRAN S - SIBERI AN RAILROAD—OMSK T O H C ELYABINSK.

4 9 m r ( 5 il es, 746 v e s t s . )

GEN ERAL DESCRIPTION .

GENERAL CON D IT ION .

R oute L i s pa rt of the branch of the T ra ns - Siberia n R ai lway M wh ich runs to oscow . T h e region through which i t pa sses i s

fi l s one of the great granaries a nd grazi ng e d of Siberia . I t i s

r A a lso a s densely popu la ted a s a ny othe part . t the weste r n i end t enters the mi neral region of the Ura l s .

N r ume ou s carava n routes from the sou th j oi n the rail road . especi ally at Petropavlovsk a nd Kurgan . In ordinary times herds of cattle , sheep , a nd horses are thu s brough t to ma rket 1 from the dry Ki rghiz Steppes . I n 909 there were no less than

c head of mixed sto k i n western Siberi a , the greater B pa rt of whi ch were accessible along thi s route . efore the wa r , the meat - packing i ndustry was developing along modern lines

u nder B ri tish control , wi th Kurga n a s the chief center . A r e f riger ator rai lway service especially for meat and butter was i n opera tion between western Siberi a and Petrogra d and othe r

B altic ports . During the war the packi ng plants were operated ch iefly for the supply of the R ussia n Army . I t would seem to be a n easy ma tter , therefo re , to revive the mea t packing a nd butter busi ness to meet the nee d s of a new a rmy . T h e reader wh o would get a good i dea of general condi tions R W i n western Si beria i s advi sed to read the a c c ount of oute , and pa ge 133 fi , i ncl uding the G enera l Desc ri ption the De ta i led Description as fa r as Akmol i nsk .

CHARACTER OF THE COUN TR Y . O T h e route crosses a typi cal section of the Siberian plai n . nly river valleys and clumps of woods i nterrupt the level c ha r T acter of the region . Open pra i rie i s common , his consti tu tes 11 1 2 OMSK T O CHELYABI NSK .

w r excellent hea t and g azi ng lands . T h e soil is so deep a nd

fine w r tha t heel transportation after rai ns is g ea tly hi ndered . M I POR TAN T CITIES.

Om s k is one of the most i mporta nt ci ti es i n Si beri a . Sin c e it has a grea t barrack capaci ty a nd i s a busy market for suppl ies of all fi ki nds , i t i s tted to serve a s an importa nt base . I t i s the j unction of the rail roads to Moscow and Petrograd a nd i s the center of n avigation on the Irtysh River . Petropavl ov sk i s a t the head of navigation on the Ishi m R iver a nd i s a poi nt upon whi ch m any carava n routes converge from the Ki rgh iz Steppes at the south . T hi s ci ty a nd Ku rgan a re the most i mporta nt cattl e markets i n Siberi a . Kurga n i s at the head of na viga tio n on the T obo l R iver a nd a - grea t mea t pack ing ci ty .

Chelyab i n sk l ies at the j u nction point of the T ran s- Siberi a n R a ilway wi th one ra ilroa d to Yeka teri nburg ( R oute P ) on the K north a nd a nother to ustani a t the southeast . Express trains E from the Fa r ast often proceed by route P to Petrograd .

D ETAI LED D ESCRIP TION .

D is tanc e fr om

N ovo-N iko l ayevsk.

587 V Omsk . From the Omsk sta tion the route

3 88 M descends i nto the valley of the Irty sh . One and a half miles beyond the sta tion R the Irty sh i ver i s crossed on a hi gh ,

steel bri dge feet long. It consists of

si x spans of 3 50 feet each . T h e emban k

ment on the east i s 68 feet h igh , on the

west 45 . T h e piers a re lai d o n caissons . T h e abutments and piers are made of

gra nite brough t from Chelyabin sk . T h e

- girders are of open hea rth steel . T h e breadth of the river bed i s about

feet . Dams projecting into the ri ver have

been constructed to regula te the current . KAM YSHLOV LAKES . 13

Just beyond the bridge i s a si ding , called P w w o s—t , from hich a bra nch ra i l ay runs one third of a mile down the I rtysh tu

w and - a sa mil l tie preserving pla nt , both of which supply thei r products to the rail fl wa . T wo our i y m l ls sta nd near by . For mos t of the distance between O ms k P k a nd etropavlovs , th e next i mpo r ta nt

sta tion , the ra ilroa d foll ows a valley cut by a river whose course i s now marked udd by a series of m y , sal ty l akes known L as the Kamyshlov akes . T h e valley w w slo ly drains to ard the Irtysh . bu t only near that river i s the draina ge evident w n enough to be called a stream . I t i s kno

a s the Ka myshlovskaya Ri ver . D uring the

r t r summer the lakes are nea rl y d y , and hei

bi tterness i s i ncreased . T hen they bec ome w w h covered with eeds , hich , as t e y rot . produce a rep ulsive odor and an unheal th T a ful conditi on . hi s v lley of lakes con ta ins a series of Cossack settlements a nd is ordi na rily occupied by Siberia n C o s ” T h e sack troops called the bi tter line .

valley is fol lowed by a post road . T M Ku lomz i n o. At this sta tion the rans Siberia n R ai lway fo r Pet r ograd d ive rges

from the T rans - Siberia n R ailway for w Moscow by striki ng to the north est .

R oute L continues westwa rd .

o c t Mari anovk a . Small stati on . C ssa k se tle ment of B urganski 3 miles at the no r th

th e west . Five versts beyond the station w O ra il roa d crosses a h igh ay . ne branch

w w r goes to the south , the other runs est a d T roughly pa rallel wi th the ra ilroad . h ree 14 O MSK TO CHELYAB INSK .

sidings before th e next sta tion . At the

Pokrov ki thi rd siding o r platform stop , s ,

n - the route crosses a orth south road . From Pok rovski a road foll ows the rail

road to a poi nt beyond th e next sta ti on .

M Moskal enki . T h e Village from whi c h the sta

is tion na med i s several mi l es to the south . T h e level country is covered wi th numerous

s birch trees . For the next hund red mil e w the cou ntry is dotted i th sal t lakes , some

w - n of hich a re good sized . T h ree sidings i

rven te e before the next stati on i s reached .

M s - ul h r r n in r I i l K . T e su ou d g, cou ntry is level w yet el l drai ned . C opses of bi rches

abou nd . T h e wa ter supply is from L ake

- 7 Isil Kul , 1} miles from the stati on . In wi nter the lake often freezes to the bot

tom . T wenty fa rming settl ements a re w tributa ry to the station , i th a populatio n

of abou t A north - sou th road i s

crossed a t the sta ti on . T h e route proceeds R to the west . oads are crossed a t about 2 4 L versts 73 a nd 7 9. akes are pa rti cula rly

nu merous . Fou r si di ngs or pla tform stops

i ntervene .

Bulay ev o. Villa ge of sa me na me nea r sta w tion . W ater supply is from s a mps a nd T h w l t wells near station . e route inds to e t w and righ t to a voi d l akes a nd s amps . T h e wagon roa d to P etropa vlovsk c losely fol

lows the rai lroa d to the next station . w T hree sidings i ntervene . T o roads come

i n from the south . At abou t verst 798 the highway to Petro pavlovsk cro sses the railroa d a nd a road

comes i n from the south . PETR OPAVLOVSK . 15

M 8 10V Tok u shi . Settl ement of sa m e na me nea r

A - b 537 M the station . near y la ke fu rni shes a w m w u . k goo d ater s pply S a ps . l a es . a nd bi rch woods ar e scattered between the cul

tivated tracts . In this Vicinity the rai l way reaches its highest point between the

Irtysh and I sh im R i vers . T h e l ine p r o c eeds stright away across flat land to

T r . Petropavlovsk . hree sidings i nte vene

M 84 2 V Petropavlov sk . (Altitude 445 feet . Popu 55 8 M la tion Situa ted a bout 2 miles no r theast of the station on the right ba nk h of the Ishi m . T e city has a medi c al station . h wi th a small hospita l . T e city i s built on

level grou nd . except for a sl ight depression w w o n the south , hich as onc e the bed of

R T m r the Ishi m iver , here a re nu e ou s groves

.

of large ti mber i n the outsk i rts . In the bu si ness section the bu ildi ngs a re p artly of

stone a nd brick and a re c lose together . O therwise the houses are m ostly made of

i c wood , w th i ron roofs , and have open spa es T he c it v about them , at least on one side . w c is ligh ted from a n electri c power plant . hi h T no also opera tes a n ice pla nt . here is

s: a c sewerage system , each house h avi n ess w r m w s pool . Dri nking ater i s obtai ned f o ell w ( See and hauled to th e houses i n agons .

fig.

‘ — c t o l P opulation . Unlike the other i ies P k m s A s i western Siberia , etropavlovs re a in O ne a ti c and i s strongly Mohammedan .

thi rd of the people a re of that r eli gion . B k S r T hey i nclude T artars , u ha rans , a rts f om

T h e r Ki r ghiz . othe T a shkent , and some

- r R two thi rds a e u ssia ns . 16 OMSK TO CHELYABI N SK .

T r an r a i — sp o t t on . T h e c ity li es on the

T - S R w rans iberia n a ilway , here routes from the Ki rghiz Steppes ( Route W ) most readi ly T h converge . e mai n hi gh way from these

w r grazing la nds is follo ed by a teleg aph l ine , a nd is much u sed both by d ri vers of herds

of cattle o n thei r way to ma rket a nd by B travelers . esides this ma i n southern hi gh wa y , several road s and tra il s converge upon P w etropavlovsk from the no rth , ea st , a nd est .

At high water the I shi m fu rnish es wate r w navi gati on north a rd to the I rtysh and Obi.

( See fi . g — T r ades As might be expec ted from the la rge number of routes from the south a nd M the oha mmeda n cha racter of the city . P etropavlovsk carri es on important trade with the d ry grazi ng l ands of the Ki rgh iz A S . w teppes t t o small pla ces , call ed K u ya ndi ( nea r K akardinsk ) a nd A t B aza r H B w ( orse aza r ) , t o or three hu nd red m iles P south of etropavlovsk , great ga theri ngs a re held each year by horse a nd ca ttl e tradi ng

r K i rghiz a nd othe wanderers of the steppes . M ( See R oute W , p . any horse s a re

brought from thes e pla ces to Petropavlovsk . Although the war a t fi rs t d r ew heavily upon w the reserve supply of all except hite horses , the regio n ha s now had a f ew yea rs to r e

r a cup e te , so tha t th ere should be large num

bers still to be had . It is reported tha t before th e war from to head of ca ttl e were annu k h i fl ally a ssembled at Petropavlovs . c e y from the steppes between the rai lroad and T u rke w w Stan . T hey were then sent est a rd o n the hoof or slaughtered a nd sh ipped i n refri ger

18 OMSK T O CHELYAB I N SK .

boundary i s crossed sepa rati ng the Akmo l i nsk te r ri tory from the Petropavlovsk ( lis

tri et . Four sidi ngs i ntervene befo r e th e next

sta ti on i s reached . h M Mam lyutk a . ( Popul atio n T e villa ge

i s close to the station . D ri nking water is

bad . T here a re 10 settlements within 5 h mi les of the station . T e freigh t exports

a mount to tons of g rai n per yea r . T h e l i ne bends gr adually towa r d the north west a nd passes over flat count r y tha t i s

a t ti mes s wa mpy . T hree sidings .

M Py etukh ovo. Py etukh ovo vill age i s 4 mi les w m from station . T h e househ ol d ater co es from a neighboring lake and i s bad i n

winter . Abou t people u se the sta

tion . N i ne th ousa nd tons of grai n are

exported a nnuall y . Several butter f ac tories nea r by have a n a nnual outpu t of

90 tons . A medical sta tion i s ava ilabl e . T h e ra ilroad passes through a sl ightl

hi gher and dri er region . T hree sidings .

M n R w y M k us . . 3 , 796 a h i o a ilroa d restau rant mid a h fr om Petropavlovsk to Kurga n . T e vil

lage li es th ree - fou rths mil e from th e P T h w sta tion . ( opulation e a ter supply i s from the shallow L ake Maku

shi no . In wi nter when it freezes to the

bottom , melted ice i s the sol e sou rc e of

r r suppl y . Abou t people a re t ibuta y to the station a nd expo r t a su rplus of w tons of gra in . Four sid i ngs bet een

th is and the next station .

z a z M V Leby a y . L ebya y a vi llage 4 mi les from P W statio n . ( opula tion ater sup l w w pl y poor , due to shal o ness of ells . KUR GAN . 19

T here a re peopl e tributary to the E sta tion . xport grai n a mounts to a tons nnually , and export butter to 360 T w tons . hree si dings bet een this a nd the

next station . At about verst 1050 th e l i ne reaches its highest point on th e water~ w T shed bet een the Ish im and obol R ivers .

M Varga shi . Vargashi village 3 mi les f rom the

station . Young birch trees a re numer

ou s . Surrou nding country i s level and w ell drai ned . Gr ai n export is abou t 200

tons annua lly . T h e route very gr adually

r descends to the west . A t about ve st 1066

the Utya k R i ver i s crossed on a 70- foot

A r 1 h T bridge . t about ve st 086 t e obol R iver i s crossed on a steel bri d ge of six spa ns ; four of 3 50 feet each and two of w w 70 feet . A roa d ay i s ca rried on i ts lo er

h is c hords . T e heigh t of the embankment

30 feet on the west a nd on the east . h fiv T e e piers a re l ai d on ca issons , whil e the abutments of the retaining wall a re

B r are supported on piles . ridge gi ders li 2 seniip ar abo c . Fig . . P 26 e . M Kurgan . Altitude , 0 fe t opul ation , T he w R a ilroa d restau ra nt . to n of Ku rgan li es 1 mile south of the sta tion

on the ri gh t bank of the T obol R iver , on a

r sub stan l evel , g assy tract . I t ha s many

r tial buildi ngs , a publ ic libra y . and a

r w c bota ni c al ga rden . bu t i s othe ise a typi al 4 Se fi . . . Siberi a n ci ty . ( e g Fig —l L c at S tr ategic imp o r tanc e . o ated the head of steam navigation on the T obol

R iver .

2. A jun c tion point of road s from the

r grazing regions on the south , f om Ishim 20 OMSK T O CHELYBI N SK .

oh the east , from Shadri nsk , Yalutorovsk , n T a d yumen a t the north , a nd from C h e liabin k w s a t the est . A rail road is pro

jected to Sha d rinsk .

Milit r aciliti B ar r a a y f es cks . T wo l a rge flour mills and some wa rehouses be

- longi ng to the Union Col d Storage 00. w ould be a vailabl e for qua rtering soldiers .

C am sites —A p . possible si te i s on the a B l nd s belongi ng to Smoli n ros .

e ir - R p a s . T he rai l road shops .

a r — T r nsp o t. A few horses migh t be ava il

able . — A er oplanes la nd ing p lac a T he fa ir

grou nds . — Hosp itals . Fa irly good . — F ood . T he vici nity of Kurga n is a good

r dai ry regi on . Owing to the la ge pasture

- lands , as well as the gra in growi ng tracts w there ould be no question of supplies , T h e Ural region draws its supplies c h iefly from thi s section ( wh ich extends as far

N - N ea st as ovo ikol ayevsk ) . In Kurga n , as

well a s in P etropavlovsk , th e facili ties for obtai ni ng pork and mutton are e s pecially T h U o good . e nion Cold Sto ra ge C . has a

l arge canning establi shment there , whi ch “ suppli ed the R ussia n A r my wi th bully ” beef .

l — r w F ue . C o d ood . Some coal from

Urals . a h — w ]I e lt . G ood qual ity of ater from

w r Ishim R i ver , h ich i s car ied to the houses w H i n ba rrels . N o se erage system . ealth

conditi ons good . — T r ad e . Kurga n conta ins representatives m w of several E ngl ish fir s. It sends est KUR GAN . 21

wa rd great quantities of butte r . Other ex

ar e r ports g ain , meat ta ll ow hides game , , , , M and fish . any ca ttle a re purchased P through etropavlovsk . N avi gati on on the T obol i s in s mal l ves w sels becau se of the sha ll o ness , a nd is ca r ried on with some diffic ulty because of the

sinuou s channel . Fro m Ku rga n the route crosses the road

from the south , rises ou t of th e va lley of T th e obol , passes a pond on the right , and

w a e runs due est across the n t la nd . B tween Kurgan and the next station there a re fou r si di ngs whose respective loca

r tions are app oxi mately at versts 1097, 1 1 1 T 103 , 1 09, and 1 18 . h e line passes from th e P rovince of T obol sk i nto tha t of Oren burg j ust before the next station is

reached .

Z 1 nk a P L M y y a . . ( opula tion oc ated in the center of a farming region whi ch rai ses

r e w flax eed y , heat , oats , peas , hemp seed , s .

and sugar beets . I n the vici nity of the sta tion there are six settlements with a c ombined population of about T h e a nnual export of fa rm p r oducts i s about

i - tons . T h ere s a beet suga r fa ctory

in th e neighborhood . N ear by there is a forest of N orwegia n pi nes and bi rches which ha s long been d rawn upon for rai l w ay fuel a nd ti es . Sidings a t about verst

r 1134 . At abou t ve st 1137 the line passes from th e Province of T obolsk into tha t of

O renburg .

M m s . S w 3 , 912 Yu rga y h ettlement rou nd station i th w fa r about 400 population . A road ith reach ing connections runs throu gh the to wn 22 M T O SK O CHELYBI N SK.

from north to sou th . I t i s estimated that people l i ve wi thi n a radiu s of 5 mil es

from the station . T h e commu nity supports several stea m gra i n mills a nd butter es li hm n tab s e ts. T hi rty thousand tons of grai n a re a nnu ally forwa rded from th is E station to u ropea n markets . T h e route continues through a d ry , level

cou ntry wi th scattered birch copses . Sid

i ng at about verst 1160, a nd a nother verst

1172.

M s o P a y h k i n . ( opul tion . Mu c h of the i c surroundi ng cou ntry s ul ti va ted , and

the yield is heavy . T h e stati on is reported to send away tons of grai n annu '

ally . T here are several stea m flour mills

i n the vi ci nity . Stockyards at this poi nt collect cattle from the su rroundi ng region

w w s and ship them est a rd . T h ree siding

i ntervene before the next station . l M Shumi k ha . ( Al ti tude , 5 80 feet ; popu a R tion , ai lroad restaura nt . Arte si an well s are th e source of the wa ter

‘ I li h tl r ownish supply . T h e water S s g y b

a nd conta i ns li me . About people north and south of the r ailroad use the N o station for frei gh t sh ipments . less tha n tons of grain are shipped west T wa rd a nnuall y . his section is one of the R richest far ming regions i n Siberia . ye ,

and s are wheat , oats , pea th e favori te

crops . Ra il road r uns th rough r avine s of the T ukm an a nd c rosses the R iver Ka m enka

- T r ar e by a 105 foot bridge . h ee sidings

passed a nd a road crossed . L CHE YABI NSK . 23 M C um . ) h lyak ( Al titude , 5 60 feet . Villa ge of 8 t sa me name mi les from s a tion . Popu

l ation , Station has impo r tant gra in T shipments . wo sidings a re passed be

s fore the next sta tion . T he l ine run th rough a region gener al ly wooded a nd at w ti mes s ampy .

M s . S B i Kaya an ma ll station . eyond t the

Chumlya k R iver is c rossed by a 70- foot

bridge .

M r s . L in fl w Ch e nyav kaya oca ted a at , s ampy

di strict covered with young bi rch . A fa rm

w a ing tract . ith i nh bi ta nts , lies T h tributary to thi s stati on . e wa ter i s in especi ally u nhealthful t his v ici nity . h l n w Shallow l akes a re common . T e ine o departs f r om i ts former strai gh t away

c ourse as the region is l ess h at . Five sid i ngs or platform stops a re passed before

Chel ya binsk i s reached . o ula M Chely ab i nsk . ( Alti tude , 760 feet ; p p 2 nfortified . T he tion , U ci ty i s 9,

mi les from the station on the Miass R iver . N ear the sta tion are large wooden barrack s

( capaci ty to men ) , bu ilt for

- - ar 1904 5 . use du ri ng the Russo Japanese W ,

See fi . ( g — C h ar acter . Although C helyabi nsk i s the l argest and ri c hest ci ty i n the P rovi n c e of

r s O renbu rg , the city i s not prog es ive i n its s s appea rance . T h e street a re unu ually

as f ew b roa d and stra ight , bu t only a of s the ma i n streets a re paved . the ide streets are bog holes i n the rainy season and dusty

W w s . i n the dry season . ooden side alk

th e s k . T he streets a re di rty , hou es ill ept

a nd th e hotels poor . 24 OMSK TO CHELYABI NSK . — Militar y imp or ta nca T he mi lita ry val ue of C helyabinsk l ies in the transporta tion routes whi ch converge upon the ci ty a nd i n

the mi neral deposi ts of the vicin ity . B esides the d irect rail road between Moscow a nd Omsk ( R ou tes L a nd M ) there i s another to

P a etrograd vi a Yekateri nbu rg, a nd still h other to Kusta na i and T roi tsk a t the south T l east . here a re a so roads from the no rth ,

east , and west . T h e minera l deposi ts i nclude i mportant

i ro n and gol d mi nes i n the Urals a t the west . reached by Route M a nd described in con

nection with tha t route i n this handbook . and a coal mi ne 10 mi les distant fr om the h city . T e only means available for trans w w porti ng the coa l a re agons , bu t a ra il ay T h line is u nder construction . e coal li es i n

solid beds nea r the surface of the ground , so

- that i t is mined by the Open pi t method . w w Shafts , ho ever , ill probably be built as h the works develop . T e output resembles w cannel coal , but i t has a lo er i gn ition point

tha n that va ri ety . It i s of poor qu ality a nd

i s not sui table for locomotives .

i r il-i i —B k Mil ta y fac t es . esides the ba rra c s mentioned above there is a good camp site on hi gh ground between the rai lroad station w h and the to n . T e sui tabil i ty of this site depends on th e fact that the city aqu e duct

R w r passes close by . ecent repo rts , ho eve , i ndicate that at the present time the ci ty w w a ter system i s no t i n orkin g order . For tra nsport no moto r trucks or ga soli ne l aunches a re a va i lable no r a re there a ny D gasol ine suppli es on hand . uring the revo lutionar y period great nu mbers of tra nsport

m 26 o sx TO CHEiABI N SK . — I ndustries and tr ad e. Fa rm ing a nd flour w mi lling are the chi ef industri es . T hei r r a

ma teri al s , hides , a nd gra in a re contribu ted by the i mporta nt farming region which sur

rou nds the ci ty . A grai n el evator nea r the

station ha s a capa city of tons . Obelya binsk returns to the farms a gricultu ral im

plem ents . For stori ng these i t ha s large w warehouses . T o of these are Am erica n owned and ordina ri ly hol d products from

o the Interna tional Harvester C . a nd the

Mol ine Plow Go. Abou t head of ca t

tle pass th rough the stocky ards annually . Abou t tons of fa rm products a re w w ordi naril y sent est a rd ea ch yea r .

Z 28 CH ELYAB IN SK TO SY RAN .

a s

C a M e e s é E q é Q a e a Q s H o m d m é m . a Q e E s m a é m a e 5 s 9E 9 Ee mS d a a m . E m H é v h . m fi o s < o 5 5 5 w fl g e z E E m m 0 5 b N 2 a ao o m m 5 fi m ma s fi E s a m e o m k 5 5 s o o x 2 s E5 m q e b n w m é m m s E m z u » mm 6 m : p E. 6 o ” a 4 a : 2 s a

3 0 a 3 B e d a 5 a b Q i s e a 3 o m c i E h 3 x a m e fi E w v fl H s 3 fl o S z d s z r 3 w m fi m M fi ? 4 2 2 T Z CHELYAB IN SK O SY RAN . 29

.

: . b m m 3 . a . c i s s é fi s é s z g é . < z s m . 9 m z e m p x < o E < : m a s a u mu m s Z t m < C m a mm < s m 2 < x E a m m s u Q s t s o m m s S e s m < < < o x : < ~e r s » H q v s q

e $ 3 0 CHELYAB IN SK TO SYZ RAN .

Q é 9 Q d s x a a m e 3 m a E m a i m o a s t d d n S o é « m Q m m m m a dm o O a . s 5 o E u m d m s o e fi a E0 s 5 s o v 4 o q g fi 5 s s E g z s ga m m m s e o 5 c s mmg e . é z gE5 u

o a m w a a a s 5 e s s s a.

3 2 CHELYAB IN SK T O SYZ RAN .

A é H 9 H B g é O 4 m d ? 9 N a d O 5 fi H a 0 « a H éo < é z o o m « d r ? A z mfi a L o E H o o m mm 8 m m mm o 9 H m o m f Q d E m § A fi m m n 9 é x d o mmu mm 5 Ez Q u S H fi 3 fi a 5 i ? < < m Q d fi fi fik 4 N m m a m x 5 i a m m R m a S m 2 m o 2 a e fi m k 4 m m §< m O o fl 8 B o a n fi u é m9 m m?fi c fi 2 0 o . m o m o o m a m 9 2 S m m a o 5 g : m o z : m ; ;

m 3 9 5 ? m d N a m m d 3 o h 9 m 5 6 a ? 8 m aw m m $ a w 5 x q d f o 0 w Q n M w i A K S 9 / z 5 fi g M d m m A i z S fi fi a e 2 S m g E fi fi fi m fi 5 e p m o 3 a m 0 a Q m m m N s é fi fi m fi o o M g o o a n fi m o M 2 w o h n w Z s a e 5 . i . . . g A m m v m 5 s a a c R T V A T T K O O K O SUR GU . 33 ROU TE M.

— E RAILROAD CH LYABINSK T O SYZRAN .

GEN ERAL DESCRIPTION .

MILI TARY VALUE.

T h e rai lroad from C hely abinsk to Syzran i s of milita ry im i porta nce fo r th e fol lowing reasons : Fi rst , t consti tutes a M section of th e most d i rect route from Siberi a to oscow . Second , i t passes through a secti on of the Ural s pa rticul a rly rich in i ron a M nd copper deposits . o reover , th e deposits a re extensively wo r ked a nd the metal s manufactu re d into fi nish e d products w r a r T i thi n the region t ve sed by th i s route . hi rd , thi s route is one of two which m us t he used as s uppl y lines i f a b attle fr on t

a o r u w e i s m i ntai ned along the Volga f rther est . Fou rth , th

r of region t a versed by th e route o rdi na rily has n. grea t su rplus

an h food products , espec i all y c erea ls d a ni mals . T e su rplus of ~ c ereal s usually exported vari es from 7 to 21 bushels per inhubi

w r taut . Fi fth , thi s i s the shortest ra il ay route f om Siberia to

T r u kesta n . T R w STR ATEGIC CEN E S. I n o rder from ea st to est . P T R L Ch elyab i n sk . ( opulation , rea ted i n ou te .

T h as Z lat oust . ( Population , e val u e of Zla tou st a str ategic center l ies i n th e highly prod uctive i ron mi nes of the w w neighbo rhood , a nd th e i ron ma nufactu ring upon h ich th e to n

th rives . T h e most important ma nufacturing from the mili ta ry

r a w vi ewpoint is ca ried on i n th e Government rsenal , here side

r ifles w a rm s , bayonets , guns , , mach ine guns , a nd other eapons a re made .

T h c r c Uf a . ( Population , e stra tegi i mpo tan e of Ufa a ri ses from its l ocati on a t the j uncti on of three ra i lwa ys and n w fou r i mporta nt roads . O e ra il ay comes from the ea st . a nother w w . Of from th e est , a nd the th i rd from the south est th e fou r

T - roads , one comes from the ea st , pa ralleling the ra ns Siber ian w Ra i lway a nd m eets the one from the south est , Whi ch also para l w T lels tha t ra ilroad . T hese t o constitute the Grea t ra ns 3 4 T ERRAIN . 3 5

H Siberia n ighway . T h e other two come from the north and w f sou th from importa nt to ns . U a also has l a r ge iron a nd

copper works .

S m . P r a ara ( opulation , Sama ra i s the la gest cen

r ter on th is route a nd the most importa nt st ategi c all y . Five

fir s t- cla s s li nes of t r ansporta tion converge upon th e c ity ; a

c r M w k di re t ra il road f om osco , another from Vladivosto , and a

k T h r fi s - c- a s th i rd fr om T u r estan . e fou th r t l ss route i u p th e fif h w na vi gabl e Volga . and the t i s do n the Volga . Sama ra i s

r conside ed th e best port on tha t river . Another phase of th e mili tary i mporta nce of th e c i ty is the many milita ry con m ve nienc es it possesses . A l arge forc e ay be accommodated

n c r k wi th detra i ni ng a d entra ining onveniences , ba rac s , drill

r g ounds . hospi tals , etc . L k S a a S Syzran . ( P opulation , i e a m r , yz ran enjoys

th . B e na vi ga tion on e Vol ga , but i t l acks a good site for a port

h a wo sides th e rai l way from the east , i t s t rail ways from

k r B Moscow . As th e eeper of the Al exa nde ridge across th e

i . Volga , Syzra n i s of hi gh m l i tary i mporta nce

T ERRAIN . ~ O ne fif th of the rou te i s th rough a rugged section of th e

r e Ural Mou nta i ns . Along th is section many of the slopes a

r A f e i Ure n zl steep a nd th e valley s na row. w he gh ts , such a s g

( a ri dge nea r Z latoust ) , reach beyond the tree line , bu t i n general the mountains a nd thei r footh ills a re natu ral ly well

wooded .

T h - fif h s r oht e other four t of th e e , i ncl ud ing a short section “ r between C helyabinsk and the U al s , a re made up of a pla in ,

below wh ich rivers have c ut deep valleys . From the bottom of one of th e deep vall eys the terrai n above may seem al most th e mountai nous , so long a re th e slopes and so rugged does region

B w d th e flat appea r . ut h en viewe from summi t of one of the

th e flat topped hill s , i t is appa rent th at tops of the hi lls a ll li e

in th e same pla ne . T h e hilltops are a thousa nd feet above sea

r r level nea r th e Urals . wherea s th ey a e only a few hu nd red nea P N 6 Sa ma ra . ( hotos os . and 3 6 C H ELYABINS K T O SYZ RAN .

S O IL AN D AGR ICULTUR E.

A thick l ayer of black ea rth covers mos t of the region tra versed by thi s rou te ; hence wi th favori ng clima tic condi tions

a e . O f rmi ng succe ds as a rul e ccasiona lly , however , adverse c c li ma tic ondi tions bring fa ilure of crops a nd fami ne . A t suc h times thousands die from th e hu nger typhus a nd other thousa nds ha ve to migra te i n sea rch of work a long the Volga . T h e e w k leadi ng cr ps a re rye , heat , oats , ba rley , millet , buc wh M nfl eat , a nd pota toes . elons a nd su ower are also extensi vely c L - c T h ultivated . ive stock ra ising comes i n for mu h a ttention . e h i expo rted fa rm products a re c efly th e cereals .

’ MINES .

T h e fif th of the rou te tha t traverses the Ura l Mou nta ins ta ps ma ny i ron a nd copper mines . N ear Mia ss gold is also fou nd . T hi s may be considered one of th e most active mini ng sections of R ussia .

MAN UFACTUR IN G.

M fl r a nufacturi ng centers i n dai ries , creameries , ou mills , a nd

- mea t packing plants , found th roughou t th e entire route , even i n in the mou nta ins , a nd meta l i ndu stries , Wh ich a re sca ttered near the mi nes i n th e Ura ls and a mong the western foothill s .

T h e products ra nge from pig i ron and steel plate to har dwa re , M i mu niti ons of war , a nd bridges . anufacture of mach nery i s not a ttempted . ( Photo N o.

I N HAB ITAN TS.

N ea rly 80 per cent of th e people a re G rea t and L i ttle R us

10 . sia ns , a nd nearly per cent of th e rema i nder a re G ermans M R a ny of these are thoroughly ussia nized , however, since their ancestors came to R ussia abou t 176 2.

STATI STICS.

In readi ng the accou nts of ma nufactu ri ng towns i n th e fol th lowing pages , i t must be remembered tha t e statistics a re ~ misleadi ng . For exa mple , if a given factory is sa i d to employ

men , i t mea ns tha t th is is the total number of entries i n the

’ compa ny s books . T h e sa me na me may appear half a dozen POLET T AY EVO O KUSTAN AI . 37

w f e w w k times i f a ma n orks a ee s a nd then quits , only to c ome

k a . M r bac gain oreove , th e men wh o ar e reported a s em ployed i n a factory m ay actua ll y be a t work mi les a wa y c utti ng wood

r r on th e mounta ins , di gging ore i n th e m ine , o d ivi ng a sledge

c m f r to a rry the ore scores of i l es from mine to a c to y . I t must

ll a lso b e, remembered tha t the methods employed l a ll processes

fi n i h ar r m from the m ine to the s ed product e u su a lly p i itive , so tha t the product per man i s very low.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION .

Miles D istan c e fr om fr om

Vladivos tok . Ch ely abins k.

0 Ch elyabi nsk . ( See R oute L . )

k R M r F r om C hel ya bi ns , oute uns south

M s west nea r the ed ge of the ia s Valley . T he li ne soon ascends to the gold mines of

s n K r a henin ikov. A small branch of the 70 Mia ss , the Bi rgilda , i s spanned by a

foot b ridge . M l 24 V Poletayevo . A branch ra il ro ad ( ) runs

16 M south .

RO UTE M, B RAN CH l .

P O LETAYEV O T O KUSTA NAI.

Pol etay evo I ( Sama r a - Zl atoust Sta ti on ) . From

the Samara - Zla toust station the route runs to the

southern pa rt of the town .

T he Pol etay ev o II ( T roi tsk sta tion ) . l i ne con

tinnes due sou th across a n upland surface .

’ a Y emanzh eli n skaya . N ea r the head of val ley

h r T e, tribu ta ry to the Uvel ka Valley . oute pro

ceeds down the vall ey pa ssi ng the la rge Lake

Sa ri k a l o n the east . 3 8 CHELYABINSK TO SYZR AN .

- N e Uvelska a. R izhn y a ilroa d restau rant . Oh th e

left slope of the Uvelka Valley . A roa d and tel e

graph line come i n from the north west . T h e ra ilroad passes down the valley of th e Uvelka w fol lo i ng the left slope .

T o sk . P R r i t opulation , ai lroad restau ra nt .

Si tuated i n the valley where the Uvelka R i ve r 1 R empties i nto the U iver . T h e ci ty has grown

rapidly i n recent yea rs . Besides the usua l gov ernm n e t bu ildi ngs , i t has 10 c hu rc hes of th e G r M eek reli gion and 6 oh am meda n mosqu es . T here are also a hi'gh school for gi rl s a nd boys M a nd severa l substanti al busi ness houses . ili ta ry barra cks and a hospi tal a re located on the ou t

ski rts . A fai r held fro m July to October has a normal E of. . turnover rubles u ropea n articles ,

such as metallic products , paper , sugar , and

woolen goods , are exch anged for products of t he W 1 Steppes , such as ra w 00 , fel t , fu rs , h ides , horses . n a sheep , a d fru its from irri gated lands . D ri ng the fai r the town i s able to supply a large volume

of these goods . T here i s a small volu me of trade i n food products for the Ura l gold m ines at the

west . Abou t 40 i ndustrial establish ments employ

men a nd women .

T anning , the maki ng of leathe r good s , and iron

working are the ch ief i ndustri al activi ties .

T roi tsk i s a n i mporta nt transportati on center . A road a nd telegraph line come i n from Verkhne w Uralsk at the west . Another road goes east ard

down the Uvelka Valley . A thi rd comes i n from w a the north . Sti ll another follo s the r ilroad to

T roitsk a nd beyond to Kustana i . It i s reported that a railroa d proj ected from k 315 T roi tsk through Varsh avs aya to Orenburg ,

4 0 C HELYABINSK TO SYZRAN .

in Ki rghiz cattl e , sheep , a nd potatoes . T here

are tanneries and tal low works . Fai rs are held w a t hich ca ttl e are sold . T h e town h as a

cathedral and a nu mber of school s . T he ad

j oi ni ng steppe is ferti le .

U F C O NTIN ATIO N O R OUTE M .

‘ v om h e l insk I r C y ab . From Poletayevo R oute M diverges from the M ia ss Valley and ru ns du e west . In th is vicin ity a broad upland tract i s crossed Where gold i s w mi ned from vei ns , h il e i n th e valleys gravel

w 4 - i s ashed for gold . A 1 0foot bri dge takes the

railroad across th e small B i shki l R iver .

B i shk i l . T h e h ighway from C helyabi nsk strikes h southwest from the village . T e ra ilroad as

cends a s i t conti nues west . At abou t verst 63 i t k enters a branch valley of the Ubed a R iver .

Ch ebark u l . T h e village i s nea r the statio n on L C hebarku l ake . F rom Chebarkul th e railro ad follows the narrow and u neven i sth mu s between L ake C hebarkul a nd L ake Yelovy and th en b e i gi ns to climb the I lmen r idge , Wh ch forms part

of the footh i lls of the Ura l Mountai ns proper . B eyo nd th e height of land th e road descends

into the Mi ass Va lley . Mi a ss. ( Alti tude , feet . ) R ailroad r estau

- h rant . A busy gold mining center situated i n t e M ia ss Va lley o n L ake Ilmen . T h e high way

from C helyabi nsk enters Miass from th e south .

T he surroundi ng region i s rugged a nd forested . A small force might efi ectively cu t the route a t T h M in th i s point . e iass metal works , founded ‘ 1777, stand 4 miles ffom the sta ti on i n a deep

valley i nclosed by th e C h ashk ov Mountai ns .

Formerly th e works smelted copper , bu t now MIASS . 4 1

r - they are ope ated by the gold mi ning c ompany . At w k is w w the or s there a to n i th many shops ,

stores , an d stone houses . T here are also two

libraries and a club . I n ordina ry ti mes the workmen number about and the population exceeds

T h e w Ilmen mi nes , hich are near the sta tion , are connected W i th the Mi ass works by a nar

- w row gauge li ne , amply provided ith trucks a nd

- engines . T h e gold bearing strata contai n clayey

r sa nd with a mixtu e of pebbles and gravel . I n a them are fou nd fragments of qu rtz , gnei ss , and fiin 21 ty slate . A ten of gravel yi elds from 9 to a gr i ns of gold . From C helyabinsk to Mia ss the ra ilroad i s sin M gle tracked . At ia ss , however , the track be comes double and so continues for 153 miles to

h M Simskaya . O leavi ng ia ss the ra il road crosses

the Miass R iver on a 175 - foot bridge and cli mbs

T h re i nto the Ural Mou nta ins proper . e grades a w heavy , and ma ny i ndi ngs and zigzags a re made

h w r to keep them with i n normal li mits . T e ate shed between the Miass a nd Atlian R ivers i s soon A tl ian crossed , a nd the line descends i nto the 105 Valley . T he Atlian R iver is spanned by a w foot bridge . Another atershed is then cl imbed a nd descent i s made i nto the val ley of the L ittle

w c L Sy rostan . T h e line t i e crosses the ittl e

f 1 m . Syrostan R iver , e fecting a ci rcu i t of } iles T hen the cli mb c onti nues in the mos t rugge d

a r pa rt of the Ural s c rossed by thi s r i l oad .

. Syro stan . Smal l station , surrounded by mountains T he vi llage of th e sa m e name is l ocated wi thin

- one half mile . T h e ra il road begins an a scent along the right

T he ba nk of the B olshaya ( Great ) Syrosta n . ba re

stone ridges , wh ich constitute the summit of Alex 42 C H E LYABIN S K T O SYZ RAN .

t ( a n ler Jone , al titud e feet , soon come into

w r m h vi e , a nd e a i n vi sibl e for some time . T e

R B - r M i ver ol shaya Sy rostan , a b a nch of the ia ss ,

’ i c 126 - a s rossed by a toot bridge of three sp ns , one

of 70 feet a nd two of 28 feet . H er e the rai l road

begi ns i ts a s c en t to the ma in su mm i t of the l ine by

zigza gs of abou t 3 miles in length . B eyond vers t

13 1 th e m r I k sum i t is ea c hed . t is ma r ed by a

stone py ra mid ins c ribed Europe on the west “ ” i side a nd As a on th e east . Jus t beyond i s

Urzh nik u a. k h Urz h um a . ( Al ti tude feet . ) T e stati on stand s i n a pl a c e remote f r om a ll habi ta tion i n a M h ro c ky recess of the Ura l ountains . T e route th en s wi ngs do wn i nto the P esma Vall ey a nd c rosses th e ri ver of that name on a 161-foot

bridge of th ree spa ns , one 105 feet long a nd two

28 feet l ong . ( Photo N o. B eyond . the route

agai n ri ses over ridge a fter ri dge .

Z latou st . ( Alti tude of sta tion of town

feet ; popula tion ( Photo N o .

R a il roa d restau rant . T h e to wn i s 3 mi les to the w w south est , si tua ted i n th e val ley of the Ai , hich i s here dammed so a s to form a considerabl e A la ke . T h e town spreads from the i Va lley i nto

r m kh T the valleys of G a otu a esma . Kamenka ,

C huvashka , a nd T a tarka . I t i s domi na ted by

r n K osotur , an impo si ng h ill , a nd U e ga, the north

ern end of a long ri dge by tha t name . A roa d runs west a nd southwest to the Satka I r on

wa a Wo rks ( photo N o. thence to a ra il y st ti on S called ul eya . — ill amzfac tar es B ecause of th e proximi ty of

t i ron mi nes , Zlatoust ha s l ong been importan i n a i ron m nufactures . I n the la rge G overnment a rsenal loca ted her e alloy steel i s made i nto

r ifles i side arms , bayonets . guns , , a nd ma ch ne L Z AT OUST . 4 3

k gu ns , and chrome and nic el steel are made i nto D shells of al l descriptions . etona tors a nd shrap nel a re reported to have been ma de to the qua n

r tity of about per month . I n ordi na y times

“f i r th e Z latoust orks produ c e p g i on , open

m r w r hearth steel , ra il roa d equ ip ent , ha d a e ,

k r k . O r t a ni ves , and fo s the i ndus ries are so p

‘ m n r i r h works , textil e i lls , a d bake ies . l o fu el t e

town uses crude o il from B a ku or T a sh ken t and

n z B coke from the D o et a sin .

T h e meta l produ c ts have latel y had the f o l lowine: destina tion s : p ig iron to N i z hni - N o vgorod :

‘ side a r m s to Mos c ow and l etr og ' ad ; shell s to

M c w P r o a r a wa os o , Ka za n , a nd e m , to be l ded ; i l y l equi pment to C he ya binsk .

T h e ave ra ge yea rly o utput of th e Z h i to us t from 1914 to 1917 wa s abou t 50000 tons

c of rolled steel , tons of a st steel .

tons of tool steel . — H ospita la Som e of th e Gove rnment i ron

r wn T h e w wo r ks have hospitals of thei o . to n

s r supports a small hospi tal a nd d ispen a y . T h e route from Zla toust fol lows down the

val ley of the Ai . C u ttings i n the va lley side

r n r often reveal chal k . F i a d pi ne trees p odomi

na te in the fo r ests whi c h clothe th e hi l ls . At abou t verst 16 0 i s a pl atfo r m stop n amed T h w h i fl r t . e K usin sk . used c e y for f eigh to n of th is name i s lo c ated about 9 miles a wa y

e tila tio n is down the val ley of the Ai . Its p p abou t G overnm ent i ron wo r ks a nd foun

r T h e w ar e dries are loca ted he e . orks supplied

ns wi th ore from the Akh te k mi ne . si tua ted

T h or e is zllm ll t e r abou t 10 miles beyond . e p t cent oxi de of i ron o r about 50 per c ent me al .

T h e ou tput of th e work s i s e spe c iall y f o r the navy and G overnment a rtillery works a t va ri 4 4 EL B CH YA IN SK T O SYZRAN .

ous centers . W ood and cha rc o al a re employed

a s fuels . T h e route conti nues down the vall ey of th e

c Ai , bei ng per hed i n the mai n high upon the

valley slope . T h e valley makes a grea t sweep w w to th e north est and no rth , hile the ra ilroad w A continues to bear es t. t abou t verst 176 th e

R 21 - Ai iver i s crossed by a 0foot bridge , and a

steep cl imb is made ou t of the valley .

Tun du sh . T h e route now passes through a less

a rugged regi on a nd pproaches the Sul eya ri dge .

- B er dyau sh . From thi s sta tion a b road gauge

a w wa w branch r il road inds south rd , pa rallel i th

the Suleya rid ge , to the i mportant Satka I ron " lVor k S k 1 and c s, a t at a ( population , then e

w th e a B k m 4 sou th est to f mous a a l i ne ( 9 versts , h o r 33 mi les ) . T e Sa tka Iro n Steel W orks h w employ operatives . T e orks consi st of

a several bla st furn ces , rolli ng mi ll s , steel mi ll s ,

- and foun dry a nd machine shops . T h e pig i ron

production i s tons annually . Shells of all w descri ptions a re ma de , a s ell a s g uns , gu n c ar i a r ages, and l rge forgi ngs . T hese muni tions a re suppli ed ordi nari ly to the navy and a rtillery tle

r m n n p a t e ts . a d charc oa l from the neigh w bori ng forests are u sed a s fuel i n the i ron orks . h B T e i ron ore i s brought from akal by ra i lroad . T h e B aka l mi ne o n the B ula ndikha Mountains i s i n one of the most extensive iron deposits in

R ussi a . T h e a nalysi s of th e ore shows per

cent oxi de of i ron , per cent metallic i ron ,

i c . per cent s l i a , a nd per cent a lumi nu m T h e mi ne supplies ore no t only to Sa tka but to

Si mskaya , Zlatoust , and other centers . It i s reported tha t prisoners of war have bu il t a noth er rai lroa d from B erdyaush northward

through Zlokazovo a nd Grobovo to Kuzi no , a VYAZ VAYA . 4 5

w d R N w ne ly erecte stati on on oute , bet een Yeka r in r te bu g and K ourovka. From B erdy au sh R ou te M 1 crosses the Satka

R 700- 448 210 i ver on a foot bridge ( spans of , , 42 a nd feet ) , and makes a grea t sweep to the north to avoi d the northern end of the Suleya

ri dge . T h e line then conti nues sou thwest pa ral w lel ith the ridge . T h e country to the west

opens up broa dly .

Suleya . From here a roa d ru ns 12}1 miles across W k the Su leya ridge to the Satka Iro n or s ,

r thence to the northea st to Z la toust . Anothe roa d wi th a telephone l ine runs to the no r th wes t

w r - s i th f a reach ing co nnec tions . W i thi n 3 mile o f the sta tion is a quarry which tu rns out slate i h shingles for root ng buildings . T e rou te sti l l c ontinues to the southwest i n nearly a st rai gh t

l . T h e I sh l l ine , pa ralle wi th the Su leya ridge e ga

R - r h iver i s c rossed by a 70foot bridge . B efo e t e next stati on i s reached two more—rivers , the i z Uluir and S kia , a re crossed by 70foot bridges . m Mu rsa l i ki n o . Sm all station . B roa d views are

obta i ned at the west . T h e line continues to the w sou th est , Wi th fores ted mou nta i ns on the left

a nd far - stretching fi eld s and mea dows on the

a ri ght . T he level land on the ri ght i s occasion lly

cut by deep ravi nes a nd valleys . m ta Vyaz ovaya . ( Alti tude , fee l . ) I por nt sta

r f or tio n . I n c losed by h i l l s c l ad wi th eve gree n

T he Yureza n ests . T h e sc enery i s parklike .

a is c s R iver , wi th i ts steep slopes a nd isl nds , lo e

by . From Vyazovaya a bran c h rail roa d mics «luv sou th u p the Yurezan R iver on its l eft ba n k to

H r a r e In ( 11 versts , 8 miles ) e e T catea th e Yurez an Iron Steel W orks . hey

consi st of 6 blast furnaces and la rge steel mills . 46 EL CH YABI N SK TO SYZRAN .

T hey roll commerci a l sizes of structural steel as

well a s steel rai ls , fastenings , a nd bridge steel . T h e a nnu al ou tput i s abou t tons . As las t

reported , the i ron ore was brough t i n carts from B 24 w the a ka l m ine , miles a ay . I t i s probabl e

th at now i t is received by ra ilway . F rom Yur ez anski the bra nch line c u rves to the

Yur z an 2 southwest ou t of the e Valley ( 3 versts , 22 a ' h mi les ) to Z mudovka . T e rou te cli mbs over the wa tershed separati ng the two rivers a nd de

y 24 scends into th e Ka tav Va lle ( 3 5 versts , m iles )

a av- i K t I vanovsk . T hi s is a nother i ron a nd steel

w . T w to n h e orks consi st of 7 b last furna c es .

B c rolling mil ls , essemer converters . ma hine shops ,

r i fo rge. a nd sa wmill . T he e s also all electri cal L w pla nt . a rge arehouses a nd sheds for the stor age of meta l and i ron products h ave been buil t T h nea r th e station . e ore comes from the B akal

mines . B efor e th e war tons of ra ils were

lo w . annually produced , bu t they were of grade Du r i ng th e war the works ma nu fa ctured am

mu ni ti on of great va ri ety , bu t especi ally shel ls

from 3 i nches to 6 i nches . About 77 m iles sou th of Ka tav - I vanovski i s w k i . T irland , wi th more steel a nd ron or s T heir

outpu t is about tons of pi g i ron a nd steel . T hi rteen miles beyond T irland i s lo c a ted the

l r sk w town of B y e o y et , i th still more i ron and

steel works . T hey ha ve a ca paci ty of a bou t

tons of ca st i r on annually . T h e produ c ts of both T irland a nd B y elory e tsk a re forwa rded

to Ka ta v to be sent a way by rail . . R M From Vyazovaya , the ma in l ine , oute , ru ns to the north a nd northwest following down the T h Yur ez an Vall ey on the right m p e . e sl ope i s

so steep tha t bare rocks a re nu merous . Occa ll siona y they rise a lmost perpend icularly .

4 8 CHELYABI N SK T O SYZRAN .

the next 37 mi les o r beyond thé Ulu-T eliak sta

tion . Before the next station i s reached the

' ra ilroa d crosses the Sima R iver f our tim es on s 24 bridge whose respec tive lengths a re 5 , 175 , 7 280 T h fi rs 1 5 . e t , a nd feet bridge has 3 spa ns , 17 3 5 , 5 , a nd 3 5 feet . M r i ny a . (Al titude, 5 20 feet . ) T h e Mi nya r Stee l

Works are located 15 m iles fro m the station . T h e reported war ou tput was abou t tons of cast i ron a nd tons of steel a nnually wi th a maxi mum worki ng force of T heir speci alty is sheet work a nd steel pla tes of all -(le

scriptions. T h e route cu rves gradually to the southwes t

and runs between two mounta i n ridges , the Vorovei on the right and the Anjigord ak on

the left . At about verst 3 49 the railway track i s bui lt i nto the s ide of a perpendicular li mestone

rock , the K azaramen, whose ba se i s washed by

the waters of the Si ma . B efore the next station i s reached exi t i s

made from the Ura l Mou nta i ns . Beyond thi s

point there i s much ruggedness , bu t i t i s cau sed by valleys cut by rivers below the upla nd sur face rather tha n by h ills a nd ri dges r ising above d th e upla n surface .

s - as s A ha Bal h ev kaya . ( Al ti tude , 435 feet . ) Ra il

roa d restaurant . Close to the statio n i s a steel

‘

plant with a large blast turna e . T h e route con w ti nnes to the south est , crossi ng the ri ver Ash a

- on a 105 foot b ri dge .

- Ulu T e lya k . Small stati on . T h e line now crosse s

th e strea m s T elya k a nd Ulu on 70- foot bridges

and cl imbs out of the Sima Va lley . I t soon reaches the h ighest point between the Si ma

Valley and th e Ufa Valley . l UFA . 4 9

T avtima nov o. H igh on the wa te r shed between the two T h va lley s . e route gradual ly des c ends towa rd the Uf a Val ley a s i t swings from the

no rthwest to the southwest .

I gli no. Smal l station on the left slope of the Ufa

- Valley . Well forested section . T wo stream saw h mi ll s a re located nea r the station . T e line now

cu rves to the west .

S s a. N f hak h ea r the bottom of the U a Vall ey .

T h e T auzh 7 - r river i s crossed by a O foot b idge .

T h f is w e left ba nk of the U a fol lo ed .

h r v a N C e nik o k . ea rby i s a grea t t allow fa ctory

w h a ith an a nnual capacity of tons . T e r il

wa y soon crosses the Ufa R iver on a - foot N 1 steel bridge ( photo o. 0) a nd a scends the ri gh t f w f slope of th e U a Valley to the to n of U a .

Uf a. R r . 1 . ailroad restau ant ( Alti tude , 3 0 feet ) P L opu lation , ocated on the right bank of the river B yelaya near its ju nction with the f h B 4 a. T e 1 U statio n lies on the yelaya , miles

to the north of the town . Uf a i s the capita l of h w ~ a provi nce . T e better part of the to n con ta i ns two ca thedral s and a f ew chu rc hes ;th e re maind er i s a sca ttered aggrega tion of smal l

w is wooden houses . I n the middle of th e to n a la rge squ ar e and a little to the south a re rec rea

B m . tion grou nds . oth a re sui ta bl e for ca p si tes

r ta i — i T r ans po t on . B esides the m ain ra l road

M Uf a w r w c ( R ou te ) , has a ne ly buil t ail ay di re t T R R u X . to Simbi rsk , on the Vol ga iver ( o te ) hi s

m th e c rai lway lea ves R oute M a t C hi sh y , se ond

f . S rs sta tion west of U a, on th e ma in l ine tea me B w pl y from Uf a down the yelaya , thence do n

- O n . th e Kama to K azan in 21 days . the avera ge the ri ver is open for na vigation by th e 1i th o f

Apri l a nd freezes over by the 4 th of N ovember . 5 0 L B CHE YA IN SK T O SYZRAN .

I n su m mer the ri ver i s someti m es so low tha t

m ca n a B k stea ers not proceed bove i rs , abou t 50

w r r Uf in r miles do n st ea m f om a a st a igh t l ine ,

bu t nea rl y twi c e as f a r by the river . Above Uf a the ri ver i s naviga ble a t hi gh water to the

B lor tsk a y e y e W o rks . A ro adw y run s no rth to th e i mportant town of B i rsk a nd anot her goes south m w to Sterli ta a k . T elephone lines fol lo each roa d . I i — nd us tr es . T her e are several pri vate mining en terpri ses i n the vi c i nity whose products a re

niam i fac tur ed i n the c ity . T here ar e 15 c opper

c and 13 w c fa tories i ron a nd steel mi lls, hi h em

ploy together several thousand men . T here ar e

c wax also many small fa tori es making ca ndl es , w L c a c . ndies , rope . a nd ooden produ ts arge gaso li ne reservoi rs nea r the stati on might well serve

r m ilita ry pu poses . L eavi ng Ufa the route almost i mmedi ately

B - crosses the yel aya on a foot bridge , h avi ng P N 6 span s of 3 50 feet each . ( hoto o. 11) T h e a rches are semip ar abolic and the track is on th e

w r h lo er cho d . T e pier s a nd abu tments are la id on cai ssons l owered to the depth of 5 7 feet bel ow

the ordin ary water level . T h e ra il road pro c eeds

r r fl B st ai ght ac oss the ood plai n of the yelaya . A Y u matovo . t the mouth of the Dema Vall ey . m For th e next 5 8 i les , o r u ntil R ayevka st ation is

r w D ea ched , the rai lroad follo s no the ema Val ley . T h e valley a nd the upla nd support occasi ona l

farm ing settlements . T h e forests a re of young h D growth . T e steep slopes of the ema Vall ey consist of friabl e schi sto se sa ndstone conta ini ng R copper ores . ema ins of mi nes a re occasional ly

l r seen a ong the va lley . Mi nes in operation a re

r arely seen . Mu c h of the sur rou ndi ng cou nt r y i is of l mestone , a nd a s i s usual i n such regions , “ caves and clep ressmns called funnels a re CHI SHMY . 51

common . T hese are places where percolating

water ha s dissolved the limestone , forming caves , the surface of which h as fallen i n so as to form

a hollow .

T h e Uz a K ol m sh route crosses the a nd th e o y ,

14 - branches of th e Dema , on 0foot bridges .

Chi shmy . From C hishmy a newly bui lt rail way

( R oute X ) r uns due west to Si mbirsk . R ou te

M conti nues to the southwest . T h e River Daly

shl 7 y , a branch of the Dema , is crossed on a 0 e foot bridg .

- Kul . Sh i n gak Small station . Conti nu ing , the line R Urdiak crosses the iver , a branch of the Dema , A on a bri dge of 175 feet . t a sidi ng or plat form stop called K ar akalinsk copper ores a re successfully taken from the friable schistose

sandstone of the Dema Valley .

D avlekanovo. T h e station i s near Itkulovo , a

small B ashki r settlement . T rade i s confined to

the wi nter season , when travel i s easy over th e

snow and i ce . N ot far from the station are a

number of farmi ng estates of cons iderable size . A station gra i n elevator ha s a capacity of 540 P tons . roceedi ng , the route crosses the R iver

T i l n 4 - u e , a branch of th e Dema , on a 1 0foot

bridge . R a y evka . ( Altitude , 380 feet . ) R ai lroa d restan b ra nt . A wi de vi ew of the Dema Valley is o

tained at the east . T h e rou te soon leaves the

Dema Valley by curvi ng to the west . T h e R iver

- Kyly is crossed by a 175 foot bridge .

Shafran ovo . T h e li ne wi nd s considerably across

several valleys , whi ch a re tributary to the Dema .

Ak sen ovo . T h e route climbs to the west and north .

A h Glukh ov skaya . ( Alti tude , feet . ) upland w stati on . H ere the line reaches the a tersh ed

between the B yelaya and Kama R iver sy stems . 52 L CHE YAB IN SK TO SYZRAN .

T h e route descends as it swings a round a semi

ci rcle .

s . O n Ak akovo the edge of the upla nd . A branch railroad ru ns 13 versts ( 9 miles ) to th e north to B elebei , a di strict town , wi th a population of I t is on the left ba nk of the B eleb eika R iver . T he surrounding region i s extensively M cultivated . uch grai n is exported from Aksa kovo; R y e flour also i s sent away i n considerable

qu anti ties . It i s milled by small water wheels of

primi tive constructi on . T h e route descends to the southwest through

rough country . P ri y utovo . Small station . T h e surroundi ng region

contains many small farms .

T d - B al y ulak . In th e valley of th e R iver I h . T h e

va lley is well cultivated . T h e R iver I h i s crossed

by a 105 - foot steel bridge and passes from the f a U di stri ct to tha t of Samara .

Ab duli no . ( Altitude 530 feet ; population

Rai lroad restaurant . W ater power i s here avail

fl r able a nd is used by ou mills . F our of these ,

not fa r from the station , have a reported outp u t flo of tons of ur yearly . T hey belong, re s e iv l M p ct e y to merchants named arkov , Sviridov ,

R ogov , a nd Zhidk ov . A stea m h our m ill pro 22 ' duces about tons of flour per day . A grain elevator nea r the stati on ha s a capacity of 5 50

tons .

T h e sur rou ndi ng country i s h ighly p roductive ,

especi ally of cereals . About 70 per cent of the l h e grai n fie ds are planted wi th rye , which i s t

chi ef crop . B uckwheat comes next . A good har vest yi elds no less than tons of buckwhea t

i n the region tributary .to Abduli no . A road goes

north down the I R Valley . Another goes sou th . ' 5 B UGURUSLAN . 3

T h e route cl i mbs ou t of the 1k Val ley {l il tl w conti nues to the south est .

- Gir . l 2 Sara i ( A ti tude 8 5 feet . ) H ere the wa ter w shed i s crossed bet een the Kama and the Volga .

- w A north south road passes through the to n . T he

route descends as i t proceeds to the west .

Ph ili ov a. a pp k A sm ll station . Descent continues .

s k R w A e ey ev o. Small station . ai l road follo s down the valley slope of the Ki sl a and crosses the ri ver

21 - on a 0foot steel bridge .

Zaglya di n o. In the Kisl a Valley a roa d c omes i n

from the southeast . T h e route now turns to the northwest a nd follows clown the Kisl a on its left

slope .

' B ugur u sla n . T he town of B ugu ruslan lies 2 miles

north of the station . ( Popul ation It is P a di strict town of th e rovi nce of Samara . B ugur uslan stands on a bench above the R iver

Ki nel , wi th long slopes rising steeply to the up w T h l an d surface on the est , north ; and east . e

T arkha nka j oi ns the K inel at th is poi nt . T h e

flo r town trades extensi vely i n grai n a nd u , espe

fl r cially rye . As much as tons of rye ou is milled annually by water power i n a plant

w h belongi ng to Mr . Shuvalov . T he to n ships a w nually tons of buck heat meal . A large w gra i n elevator serves both to n a nd station . One road ru ns due south about 100versts to the

i mportant town of B uzuluk . a nother goes north n east and north about 100 versts to B utur usla . a nother i mporta nt town on the Uf a- Simb irsl: R ail T h e road . A thi rd road runs to the northwest . railroa d continu es down the Ki nel Vall ey due w est . P 22 R okhvi stn evo . ( Altitude 0feet . ) ail roa d rosta u

- is rant . Just beyond a north south road crossed . w T h e li ne cu rves to the sou th est . 54 CHELYABINSK TO SYZRAN .

P odb ey lsk ay a . Sm all station . T h e region i s well

cul tiva ted . T h e route soon crosses the R i ver

M - 2 al ay a Kinel , a bra nch of th e Ki nel , by a 10

foot bridge . T l ai T h w o k . e i mportant to n of Kinel i s nea r by . It

is the center of the loca l trade i n grai n , especiall y h rye . T e route proceeds sou thwestward .

Muk ha nov o. Smal l station on left slope of Ki nel ‘

Valley . T h e rou te soon cros ses the R iver Kur

r 70- tamak , a smal l b a nch of the Ki nel , by a foot

bridge .

- Kr ot ovka . Ju nction of a narrow gau ge branch R ra ilway ( oute M . 8 ) tha t runs to the north .

ROUTE M, B R AN CH 2.

Kr ot ovka . T he rai lroa d strikes due north and R soon crosses the K inel iver on a long bridge . T he route then follows up a br anch valley of the

Kinel .

T i ma sh ev o. At thi s poi nt i s located the T i mashevo

R fin r Suga r e e y . It produces both gra nul ated and l e af sugar to the extent of tons an n ll a ua y . G sol ine from Sama ra is used a s the

source of power in the r efinery . T h e route soon climbs from the left to the right slope of the

bra nch val ley .

Sar b ai . H igh up on the valley slope . T h e rou te

soon reaches the upla nd su rfa ce .

Kaba novka . Ah upla nd town . Abou t the hi ghes t

poi nt on the route . After cro ss ing the upla nd , the route begins th e d escent along the valley of

w r flowin the Surgut , a north a d g stream .

Surgu t . B eyond thi s termi nal station a cross the

r 01: w r k R i ve 8 l ies the to n of Se giyevs . It i s famed

6 5 CH ELYAB I N SK T O SYZRAN . —~ S tr a t i ll c eg c T e c i ty i s o i. hi gh s tra tegi i mpo r ta n c e : ( 1 ) I t l ies ne a r the j unc tion of the

' ‘ l r l

a di rect l i ne to Mosc o w. ( 2) T hese rou tes a re met a t Sa ma ra by the g reat no r th a nd sou th

w R T h r a ter hi ghway , the i ver Vol ga . ( 3 ) e po t h 4 T h he re i s t e best one on the r iver . ( ) e ci ty li es at the poi nt where the Volga Valley

contracts to i ts smallest di mensions , and thus the ci ty i s su rrou nded by h ills ih fla s tead of being i n a t pl ai n , a s a re most R ussi an cities . Si nce the five li nes of trans — p or tation d i vergi ng from Samara th ree by ra i l

— - a nd two by water are all of firs t class impor

c tance , the control of the ci ty i s of vital ne essi ty

to a ny mili ta ry expedi tion i n thi s regi on . I n order to hold the ci ty the enti re B ow of

h e Sama ra would h ave to be held strongly , el se t

ci ty would be put i n seri ou s haza rd , a s the heigh t of la nd i n the ea stern pa r t of the how could domi M n ate the c i ty with heavy arti llery . oreover , if w the neck of the b o i s held , Syz ra n would be w T w i thin the li ne . hi s ould be desirable , si nce

Syzra n consti tutes . the western bridgehead of E w Samara . lse here the open Volga makes a n

effective mili tary ba rrier , since the river is n early

a mile wi de .

ilit r i n e — M a y co nven e c s. As headquarters of

T - th e wenty fourth Army Corps , Sama ra has i n

o rdina ry times ma ny mili tary conveni ences , such ” r k skl as bar a c s , ad s ( storehou ses ) , hospi tal s .

an r d dril l grounds . As no repa i s have been made

r o n the ba rracks si nce the wa began , they are

now so dilapida ted tha t they can not be used . w T h e theaters a nd factories , ho ever , are ava il h able . T e Zemstvo Hospi tal , i n the northern wn T qu arter of the to , conta ins 250 beds . here SAMARA . 57 i s al so a r a i lway hospi tal a nd a ba c te ri ologi c al

S k uin ss sta t ion . evera l y establ ish m en ts p ar

a a T r t ke of the natu re of hospi t ls . he e a re

w r r sanita ri a , he e the sou mi lk of the A sia ti c

S a r teppes i s used s a resto a tive . togethe r with

c a r baths a nd other devi es . A l ge one . Post

' nik ov s . l ies in a p a rk on th e hi gh ba n k of the

wo- r m \ I Volga . t thi d s of a mile fro the ri er . t c onsists of isolated cotta ges .

T h r w e city contai ns a large facto y , here ca r

r w wa r t iages ere made duri ng the .

T h w s s e rai l ay ya rds a nd iding , about a mil e

east of the ci ty . are extensive enou gh to speed ily

r I n entra i n a l a ge body of troops . April , 1918 ,

w r n there ere i n these ya ds . bu t not on cars . seve

— w - fi ld i 8 i nch ho i tzers , ei gh t 60pou nd e p eces . ni ne

i n fi l n wo r r r a r { uss a e d pieces , a d t cate pi lla t c to s .

M w r new any of the guns e e . a nd th e mounti ngs .

s w w r h e pecially of the ho itzers , e e of t e best .

m M o T C . hey bore the na e of the idvale Steel , of

P ennsylvania . — C linm te . Although th e average yearly tem ° ' r r L t 11 N i p e atur e a t Sama a ( a . 53 . ) s only ° 4 ° F . 7 392 , the July average rises to 0 a nd the M Ja nu ary average falls to oreover , the ma xi mum summer temperatu res wh il e they are

r r T h w a t thei r wo st a re dep essingly hot . e i nter

s bri ngs severe frosts with many snowstorm .

w r is no t T h e accumu lation of snow. ho eve .

T h a r heavy . e Vol ga north of Sam ra f eezes i n

' m i l- c om mun ic zttio n w t N ovember , bu t through ith

' l e t rograd by rive r a nd c a na l usually c l o s es l ate

T h e i n Oc tober a nd does not open u nti l May .

r ic e as r . Vol ga nea r Sama r a i s free f om , a ul e 1 13 from Apri l 6 to December .

s o t — i r w Tr an 1) r ta i0n. B es (les the th ee rai l ay s

r r al ready mentioned , Sama a i s se ved by roads 58 CHELYABINSK T O SYZRAN .

' both to the north and south . W i th i n th e c i ty

e r ar r r goods a nd passeng s e t a nspo ted by ho rses ,

r a w m r el ect i c c rs , a l auto obi l es . F om t h e Vol ga side the streets ri se steeply to the cente r o f the

r city . T he streets a e wel l paved wi th grani t e

h r blocks . T e grai n supply is b ought i nto the city from th e outly i ng di stri cts on sledges or lo w O carts , accordi ng to the season . ften camel s

a s well a s horses are used for transportation . T h e cou ntry roads are so i mpassable i n the spri ng tha t the ci ty people are often wi thou t

bread for weeks a t a ti me . T h e mouth of the Sama ra R iver forms a deep

w w r a nd broa d bay , h ich i th the po t on the Volga

n c c a a c om modate 5 0 vessel s . Sama ra h as the m w ost conveni en t harves of the Volga towns . Pa ssengers a nd li gh t ca rgoes ar e taken from the w w Volga side of the to n , hile grai n and other heavy cargoes are l oaded on the Sa m a ra R iver

side . A municipa l gra i n elevator , capaci ty abou t n to s , faci li tates the loadi ng . — Jt/[am cfac tur es and tr ade Sama ra i s su r rounded by an i mportant grai n - raisi ng and graz

’ ing region . H ence the ci ty s chief trade i s i n h cerea ls . ou r , a nd hi des , a nd the l eadi ng i ndu s

flo l T h h tri es a re ur mi l ing a nd tanning . e ou r mi ll s i n the town a nd its vici nity h ave a tota l T h capa city of about tons annual ly . e

su rplu s gra in of the regi on , especi ally to the P east , is collected a t Samara and sent to etro

grad . mainly by river and ca nal . O ther i ndus

f ac tri es are i ron fou nd ries , so ap a nd c andle

T a re tories , and wagon works . hree great fai rs

held every year . From the Sama ra Stati on the rail roa d cu rves

floo r to the south . descends to th e r of the Sama a

R iver Valley , and crosses the river by a steel — B EZENGIIUK . 59

4 l bridge , 8 0 feet ong . ( P hoto N o. I t then c u w rves to th e est .

A h r Kryaz h . i ndustrial subu b of Samar a . A large

w M r h i l . kh o v flour mill , o ned by S b a o , ha s

re a capaci ty of tons annually . N ea r by a

stockya rds and slau ghterhouses , wh i c h ordi narily f h andle h ead o cattle , sheep , a nd hogs r h i per year . T hese a e c efly brought on the ra il T M road from u rkestan . u c h gra i n a nd other

ar f m products a re exported from K ry azh . T he

r r a route uns west roughl y pa al lel wi th the Vol g .

L . S ar i pyag i ma l l sta tio n i n a fertile f ming region .

N r w ea by i s the vill a ge of Voskresenskoye , ith a popula ti on of T h e route stri kes to the w south est .

T om o P y l v o. ( opulati on . Good agricultural

r di strict i n the Vol ga Valley . T h e route c osses

the Mochu R iver on a 280- foot bridge a nd curves w to th e est .

B ez e n c h u k . T h e annual exports of fa rm products

from thi s station amount to tons . T he large B ashkirova h our mi l ] wi th a capaci ty of , ~ T h v 5 4 ton s per da y , lies near the stati on . e Go er nm ent mai ntai ns an agricultural exper i ment i station and fa rm , whi ch is equ pped wi th large

bu ildings , repai r shops , and loading pl atforms T h r is for heavy tractors , etc . e loa di ng platfo m the only one where c r a nes are found between

Samara and th e Volga R i ver . B eyond B ezen chuk th e rai l road crosses a small ri ver a nd con n w ti ues west a rd .

My lnay a. Fertile farming cou ntry in the Vol ga

w as i Valley . T h e li ne bends to the north est t

passes over flat country . One of th e largest

shell - loading a nd chemi ca l works i n R ussi a was 1 1 T h establi shed here by th e Government i n 9 5 . e works covered hundreds of acres on both sides 6 0 CHELYABINSK T O SYZRAN .

of the rai l road . I n 1917 they were so far com l w w w p eted tha t they ere provi ded i th aterworks ,

r paved streets , and many substanti al b ick bu ild

i ngs , as wel l as wi th large reservoi rs for oi l a nd

chemi cals .

Ob shar ovka . N ot far from the sta ti on i s the town

N - of ovy Kostychi , wi th a population of Many flour mill s h ave a combi ned a nnua l ca i p ac ty of ton s . T h e route conti nues across the flood plain of th e Volga a nd soon rea ch es the

imposing Alex ander B ridge over the Volga . P N T ( hoto o. his steel bri dge i s feet T h long and consi sts of 13 spans . e supporti ng pilla rs a re hi gh enough to allow th e passage oi wa l arge steamers o n the Volga . T h e bridge s B 1 1 i nj ured by the olshevi ki i n the fall of 9 8 , bu t

appears to h ave been soon repai red . B atraki . ( Alti tude . 130 feet ; population , n k O the right bank of the Volga . B atra i i s a

river port of some importa nce . N early

tons of gasoli ne and kerosene are h andled yearly . T hese are stored i n large reservoi rs nea r the a station . Severa l flour mil ls h ave a combi ned c i B p ac ty of 50 tons dai ly . atraki i s i mportant because i t immediately controls the great Alex B E a nder ridge . ast of the river the bridge i s w approached a cross a lo , level plai n abou t 75 h feet above the ma in l evel of the river . T e

river banks are steep , but a re cut here a nd 01 there by r avi nes , whi ch break the continui ty

B w c the plai n . a traki lies on a narro terra e wes t

of the river . T hi s terrace is abou t th e same hei ght as the plai n on the east si de ; it vari es

i n width from a f ew hundred feet to one - half

A B - mi le . t atrak i i t is abou t one fourth of a

mile . B ack of the terrace there i s a grassy

bluff about 50 feet hi gh , and at th e top of th i s SYZ RAN . 6 1

lies the great plai n of th e Volga Valley . I n the town of Ba traki the rai lroad swi ngs through an angle of 4 5 ° or more an d ru ns along the west

bank of the Volga .

L ike all the town s a long the Volga , B atraki

has no rea l wharves , bu t ha s several large land

i ngs . P assengers are u su ally landed on small w fl in k . oat g doc s Freight , ho ever , i s simply car ri ed by hand from the deck of the steamer to

th e land across long gangplanks . N either here nor elsewhere along the river i s frei ght handled '

by docks or cranes .

r P N s 1 w Syz a n . ( Population ( hotos o . 5 a l T h e chief town i n a di strict of the P rov

i i h w i nce of Sin b rsk . T e center of the to n lies

- one half mi le south of the station . w Syzran lies o n t o s mal l rivers , the Syzran

z h Vol osh ka a nd the K r y um a. T e ravi ne of the w latter divi des the to n into two parts .

a ur in —N w Manuf c t g . o fe er tha n oper

s a ti ves are employed i n cotton mills . T anneri e T and leather facto ries are a lso important . here fl w T h a re severa l our mills i th in the ci ty . e large vi llages of the surroundi ng regi on engage

i n a vari ety of petty domesti c ma nufactures ,

the aggregate of which is impor tant . — T r anszaor ta tion . From Syzra n two rail roads M conti nue west a nd northwest to oscow , one by P way of ensa , the other far ther north . Syzran T h also enjoy s transportati on on the Volga . e landin g place for steamer s i s usually at the T h e island of R akov , 3 5 mi les from the town . town ma y be regarded as one of the strategi c w points o n the Volga , si nce i t ould need to be hel d i f B a tra ki and the Alexa nder B ridge a re

to be protected .

6 4 T O MSK O VYATKA .

d d m m o A m fi B . u V w m A H b O fi . m . m m c B < c 4 O m & fi m E

o f

mo é é k d z a a s a i u o fl fi m o s m > fi N fi . g a c c o x H g 2 5 w s m m c v a m w c m “ w 9 c ? m fi a w fi fi E a E a £ a 3 E a m n fi m v m 5 z m S x E o b § fi a 5 o a Ma m m m 5 w m . . N m m d g A N m m m m OMSK TO VYATKA . 6 5

S . m 9 K m a 8 8 T S m Q 5 a fi 3 w 2 S 9 2 w E m r z 5 . e E w m E 5 2 E E é fi 5 E 0 S 5 w m w fi m W 5 m5 B 5

. . m 5 d m Q m m v v v 6 6 O MSK TO VYATKA .

é d h d A z x 5 A fi u 0 0 s x g m4 9 3 o m c a fi 5 5 S fl g w Q“ 2 a m m g c x o m A w o c ? s m h “ 9 fi 5 fi fi a o v £ G E w 5 c 5 e 8 fi a d 5 E s fi fi o wM w sw 5 5 fi 5 o a w 5 E

. N 8 n 8 M T O SK O VYATKA . 6 7

i 5 4 5 m 3 . g é d m S N o fi gm Q m fi § . m < a b fi s m m 4 S < m . m m o o E fi fi w N a m < m 5 E o e fi § mt m Q § a o m a z fi < m E 4 m a wfi mm E e w m < m n d

m Q w o w m w m S u n 6 8 OMSK T O VYATKA .

Q u a k 2 A é H fi d . 4 M o m md _ A m O md mo H < § o H o E fi o fim m zm 9 m s m m Eo z m m fi g i m5 m E i m z 0 m o s fi § p m d m5 m 2 m m m m

m m “m o m a 3 8 E m 2 fl3 2 5

A “ é S h o A d é > E o rm fi d z x E m : a s q f x S m § u w “ fin fi S m M fl w o w x s fi o o s z o o s w—g mmfi m §h l i N Cf b fi ‘ lO Ct — RAILROAD OMSK T O VYATKA .

GEN ERAL DESCRIPTION .

MILI TAR Y IMPORTAN CE. T h e railroad from Omsk to Vyatka is i mportant for fou r

chief reasons of a m ili tary ch aracter : Fi rst , by this route forces from Vladivostok would naturally effect a j unction with the allied forces from Al ch angel a nd Murmansk . Second , the ~ route is the easiest outlet for the platinum p roducing regions w of the C entral Urals . One rai l ay runs from Yekaterinburg P h i nto the mi ning region a nd a nother from erm . T e control of the platinu m outpu t of the C entral Urals is a valuable milita ry 90 ’ prize , since over per cent of the world s supply comes from w here and si nce pla ti num is essential i n ar manufactu res . T hird . the mining regions tapped by this rou te also turn ou t a great supply of ir onu It is reported that du ri ng the war theUral iron mines were so speeded up that abou t 45 per cent of Russia ’s supply was from that regi on . Fou rth , the route i s part of the only rai lway tha t leads d i rectly from Siberi a to Petrograd , the most i mportant center i n R ussi a .

STRATEGI C CEN TERS. ~— R M om sk . (P opulation , ( See ou te . ) k — P T h Y e ateri nburg . ( opula tion , e j unction of fou r — ra ilways the Perm li ne on the west , the Omsk li ne on the east , the C helyabi nsk line on the south , and the mi ning ra ilway to the Central Urals on the north . T h e city is also strategicall y located at the entrance to a n easy pass over the Ura l Mountains .

— T - R Perm . ( Popula ti on . 011 the ra ns Siberi an ail way to Petrograd at i ts j unction with the western rai lway out let of the C entra l Ural m in i ng district . T h e center of river

navigation i n fou r di rections .

~ - R Vyatka . 011 the T ra ns Siberi a n a i l

way a t a poi nt where that route i s j o in ed by a river - railway

route fro m Archangel . Since Vyatka i s also on the navigable 69 0 OM SK TO VYATKA .

R flows hw Vya tka iver which sout ard , i t h as easy communica tion i n fou r di recti ons .

E w s m a ch of the follo i ng seconda ry strategi c centers , I h i ,

u sk T m Yal torov , and yu en, lies on the rai lway where i t is

- fl in crossed by a northwa rd ow g navi gable river .

F RELIE .

' — — T h e first thi rd of the 1oute from Omsk to T yu men traverses a flat regi on varied only by slight swelli ngs above the general level and by shallow val leys cu t by the ri vers below the general

e: T h fi om T P lev l e secon d thi rd , yumen to erm , i s rough . F rom thelow eastern footh ills of the Ural Mou nta ins i t rises i nto the mountains proper a nd then descends to an upland wh ich i s h thoroughly cut up by river valleys . T e last th ird , from Perm

‘ to Vyatka , traverses a typi cal po rtion of the great Ru ssia n plai n .

FOR ESTS.

T hroughou t the rou te trees a re to be seen , bu t they vary greatly in size a nd numbers . I n the first third the trees a re small and general ly scattered i n grovelike clu mps . T i mber is en pl tiful h ere for fuel a nd light construction . In the second thi rd the forest as a rule is dense , especially i n the Ural Moun n tains , a d can supply heavy ti mber for extensive engineering

work . The last thi rd of the route resembles the first i n having h i fl bi rches and sma ll pi nes c e y , but here they occupy n early all o f the country except Where i t has been clea red fo r cultivation .

SO IL AN D AGRI CULTURE.

All along the route the fertile so il permits excellent crops to s be ra i ed wherever the forest is cleared . E ast of the mountai ns w the soi l is bla ck a nd ell drai ned for the most part . In th e second thi rd of the route a thick sheet of rich hu mu s covers

the valley s , the upla nds , and even the lower slope of the moun

tai ns . In the last thi rd much of the soil is li ght and ma de up

of a sandy , red clay , but even i n this crops do well . T rench di g ging i s easy throughout the route , except on the steeper slopes in the Urals where gra nite is found .

2 OM SK T O VYATKA .

H m ence , a t least th e la rger cities are equipped to make ili

r ir ta y . r ep a s of va rious sorts . However , since local sta nda rds mm i are not h igh , th e more seri ous repai rs shoul d h ave the i ed u ate s pervision of American mechani cs . An i mpo rtant gun fac tory on the outski rts of Perm i s a possibl e sou rce of new sup

r pl ies as wel l a s a repai depot .

STATISTICS. R See note on th is subject u nder oute M , page 36 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION .

m s r t O k . ( See Statio n 155 , R oute K . ) Fo r the fi s 5 versts the route runs west along the T rans R Siberi a n ailway , crossing th e I rtysh on the l ong

bri dge des c ribed fully i n notes on R oute M .

Ku lomz i n o. A t thi s stati on the route lea ves the

Moscow branch of the T rans - Siberi an R a il wa y a nd

strikes to th e northwest . It follows th e valley of

the I rtysh for 30 miles to Lyubi nskaya . T h e land is extensively cultivated and the fields are well

grazed by herds of cattle . An immense a mou nt of n f m l n hay i s take no the meadows . Unu sua ly fi e crops of oats a re rai sed along thi s pa rt of the

route .

Ly ubi n skaya . At Ly ubinskaya the railroad comes ou t of the valley of th e Irty sh and ri ses to the level

of the general pla in . H ere a north a nd south h igh

way i s crossed . T hi s highway connects a t the

north wi th the mai n roa d from Omsk to T yu men . T h e railroad connects the two centers by a shorter h l i ne . T e route then stri kes across the plai n fo r a d i stance of 233 versts before descending i nto the

next important valley .

r s —B i Ve t 67. rch trees a re of good size . Some

of the trunks might be u sed for engi neeri ng work . T h w e land i s high a nd wel l dra ined , ith more ex

tensive culti vation , especially whea t , ba rl ey , and MAN GUT . 73

l w oats . Soi i s dark bro n and abou t 16 inches

deep . In the v icini ty of verst 82 th e l and i s mo re open r B l w a nd free fro m bushes . ar ey , oa ts , a nd hea t

are commonly raised along here , a nd herds of l cattle are to be seen i n the fie ds .

D ragu nskay a . T hree lakes are passed a t the north

j ust before thi s town i s reached . L arge patches of

pra irie all along the route , with a dense growth of W grass . herever the land i s cul tivated , good c rops

B r r a re raised , especi ally of rye . ushy st etc hes a e

common .

N . R azyvay ev skaya a il road restaurant . C attle rai s A i ng and butter district . t thi s point engi nes w T w and cre s are ordi narily changed . o lakes lie

near the town . A typical portion of the monoto

iv r ifi nous plai n i s crossed , d e s ed only by clumps of T h bushes . e route bends more to the northwest .

Mangut . Situated on the shores of a lake of the

n iv r ifie same name . A long u d e s d stretch is trav M i w ersed . uch of this region s open prairi e , ith

occasional l arge patches of white birch . In the vici ni ty of verst 193 the country i s very

flat and qu ite free from tr ees . T here i s no cu lti w vation , but the l and supports a h eavy gro th of w gra ss . Soil i s only 6 to 8 i nches deep , ith a gray

a clay subsoil . In some pl ces the soi l looks very

dry and alkali ne .

Maslyanskay a. A town on the edge of the val ley of T h w the Ishi m , a branch of the Irtysh . e rai l ay now runs due west roughly para llel to the Ishi m

Val ley . C a ttle breeding is a n important occupation

throughout the valley . T here is practica lly no cul

tivation.

At abou t 25 0versts the rou te dips into the valley ,

crosses the r iver , a nd on the opposi te bank reaches h is the town of Ishi m . T e bridge a cross the Ish im

900feet long and h as four spans . 74 OMSK TO VYATKA .

s R I h im . ailroad restaura nt . ( Popula ti on ,

- f h ta A one ti t T ar rs . ) typi c a l Siberian c ity in a

- c - ca ttle grazi n g ou ntry . Important as a meat pro n duci g center . T h e river lies on three sides of the T h e i 10 12 city . river valley s to miles wi de , wi th

hay meadows o ccupyi ng the river flats . al — H e th . Goo

sewage system . H ea lth conditions very good . — l. w Fue C ord ood . Coal from Omsk . ~— F oo d . Since Ishim i s i n the m idst of a dairy

- country and not fa r from gr ain producing regions ,

food is norma lly abunda nt .

Mi i r a ili i — uar r in r s — l ta y f c t es Q te g t oop . I n a ddi c tion to the usual ba rra ks , a number of booths used l at the a nnua fai r are available a s quarters . A camp site migh t be found close to the bridge across

the River Ishi m . — R ep air . T here are no adequate railway shops or

other conveniences for repa irs . — T r ansp or t H orses a nd oxen may be ha d for

transport , but there are no motor vehicles or gaso

line . m — I ndustr y and com erc e T here a re ta nneries , flour T h e soap and candle factories , a nd mills .

la st use the power of windmills . In N ovember a nd December fai rs are held at wh ich peasants ex f or t change cattle , horses , and farm products o her ’ w necessiti es of life . Abou t rubles orth

of property changes hands i n this way annually . T h e Ishi m River i s navigable for small steamers as far as Ishim during the high water of May a nd A June . t other times th e shallows make it d ith

cult to reach the ci ty . From Ish im a hi ghway runs southward abou t 153 m P versts up the va lley of the Ishi to etropavlovsk , on the Moscow branch of the T ra ns - Siberi an R a il

way . Another highway , in only fai r condition , I SHIM. 75

goes southwest about 3 10 versts to Ku r gan and

other towns on the same ra ilway . A large lake

li es to the sou thwest of Ishim . From Ishi m to the Ural Mounta ins the railroad roughly foll ows the

Government highway .

th 27 r I n e vici nity of verst 3 i s a large level p airie , w ith no trees i n si ght and l ittle cultivation . H l w ouses i n th e vil lage a re o a nd weather beaten ,

with heavily tha tched hay roofs . A t verst 300the soil is brown a nd good for grain . M T h u ch of the land i s cul tivated . e land conti nues fl w B w at wi th sligh t s ellings . ecause these s ell ings

ar e better dra ined , they are more cul tiva ted tha n w the lo er stretches .

s l kn K ar asul sk ay a . Soon after passi ng K ara u s y a a

broad marshy stretch is c rossed . B rush and smal l w w . hite birch a re abundan t . H ay meado s prevail w Goly shman ovo . H ere higher , drier land i th normal

cultivation is reached . T h e town li es on the right

bank of the Vaga i R iver , wh ich the route crosses h w d irectly . T e ra ilroad conti nues north est i n the n midst of a broad agricultural regi o . T his region i s flanked on both the north and sou th by partia lly

wooded swamps that cover great area s. H ay i s th e

chief crop . Such d istricts are common throughout the west

r ern part of the Sibe ian pla in . T hey l i e i n th e

i nterstrea m spaces . T h e b anks of the ri vers and l b roa d be ts o n ei ther si de are the hi gher , better T dra i ned a rea s . hese a re therefore taken over fo r n fa rming, a d a re the inhabi ted sec tions . T hey l ook

D a a 2 r c l ike the akota pr iries . bou t 5 pe ent cul ti v ated . T h e soi l consists of 1 foot of da rk l oam w i th grayish clay subsoil .

Om utinska a. W y i th a Cossack gua rdhouse . Along thi s stretch the route follows up a smal l western

bra nch of the Va ga i . T h e ra ilroad towns a re usu 76 OM SK T O VYATKA .

T h w ally on the highway a nd also on a r iver . e to ns from which the sta tions take their names a re often w B ou t of sigh t of the ra il ay l ine . rush and popla r w cover i de a rea s .

Vaga i . R ail road restaura nt . Vagai i s also located on

h e a th e Vaga i R iver . T route then p sses to the h headwaters of anot her small stream . T e l and i s fl w at a s far as the eye can reach , ith about one

h - fourth u nder cultiva tion . T e o ther th ree fou rths

a re i n pasture and hay . T h e only ti mber i s fa i r

sized wh ite birch .

- k sk T h r Zav od o U ov aya . e T obol R i ver i s c ossed by a

r bridge mo e tha n feet long .

r Yal ut or ov sk . ( Population , 5 per cent T a

R a k i l c te il tars . ) a il road restau rant . Y lu to rovs s o a a t the j un c tion of the T obol and I set R ivers on the

north ba nk . T h e sta tion ordinarily has a Cossack R guard . iver boats ply the T obol from Ku rgan on the south pa st Yaluto rovsk to T obolsk on the

north , but are apt to be hi ndered by sand ba rs ex

cept in the la te spring . Fairs are held i n Jannary , M D arch , September , and ecember . A fa i r highway runs due west from Ya lutorovsk and follows up the R 2 Iset i ver for over 00 miles to Ostrovskay a , whence a bra nch ra ilway ru ns north abou t 28 m iles B R to ogda novich , on the mai n ra ilroad , oute N . Our route proceeds northwest from Yalu torovsk on a li ne roughly separati ng the swampy la nd a t the northeast from th e highly cultiva ted l and at w the south est . A goo d h ighway runs i n the same i T h d irection a s the ra ilroa d a nd not fa r from t . e

is a l w r s h soi l occ sionally sa ndy and in o i dge . T e

w il r trees a re small h ite bi rch a nd p or a .

B o d s . u gan i n kaya O the smal l river Py sh na . About 10 versts bey ond the station a large l ake is pa ssed h on the right . T e country is very flat and bushy w i thou t much cul ti va tion . TYUMEN . 77

2 Ty umen . (Al titude 80 feet , popula tion T w R ai lroa d restau rant . yumen is si tua ted here the chief highway from Ru ssi a across the Ura l s

fi r touches the st navigabl e river of Siberia , the w w T ura . T h e to n is ell bui l t and sta nds on both T banks of the T u ra . here spanned by a bridge . yn men is a district town of the government of T o

N o 17 P N o b olsk . ( P hoto . . . hoto . .

i it —~ r c lc — Militar y fac l ies. B a m s. As this ci ty wa s once the point of embarkatio n for all exiles a nd d prisoners going east , a ll bu il dings use a s pri sons T w wou ld be ava ilable for barracks . hese ou ld be

i n a ddi tion to the regula r barracks . — C am p sites . T he best camp si te woul d be on the left bank of the T u ra R iver nea r wh ich i s a n

w M . I na ev r nd isla nd , here essrs g ty ha ve a shipy a d a

shop . T h e race cou rse on the outski rts of the

town would be ava ilable for aeropla ne la nding . — T r anspor t. N o au tomobil es and not many horses

are ava il abl e . C h ief dependence i s on the river . — R ep air facilities Fa i rly modern equipment in

the ra i lroad shops .

‘ s t H o m al fa ci lities fa i r .

r —M R r L abo . ostly u ssians a nd f iend ly . T h it —T h e c y . e streets are broa d and strai gh t .

As i n all Siberia n ci ties , onl y the m ai n streets a re

paved . H — al h . R w e t iver ater i s supplied , bu t a s i t i s l muddy i t must be n ter ed . T here is no sewa ge T h e w n system . se a ge i s ca rried ou t of the ci ty a d n dumped i to pi ts . N o twi thstanding these condi

tions , the genera l heal th i s fai rly good . — F d . oo Si nce this i s a dai ry region , food suppl i es

a re fa irly abunda nt . — F uel. C T ordwood . hi s is cu t above the ci ty on

flo ted the r iver a nd a down on rafts . Poo r coal may M a lso be h ad from the Ural ountai ns . 78 OM SK T O VYATKA .

‘ — Manufactumng. T h e people of T yu men are well ‘ L known for thei r i ndustri al skil l . ocal i ndustries fiv i nclude fou r lumber mills , e shipbuilding ya rd s handli ng a nnually abou t worth of river

w fl r cra ft a nd ba rges , t o ou mi lls ( ou tpu t tons

w - per year ) , bell fa ctory , bre ery , sheep lea ther fac

’ tory , cloth factory for soldiers u ni forms , fu r fa c

h iefl r i l tory , three machine shops handl ing c y ag cu

tural machinery , potteries , soa p factories , and

ma tch a nd veneer factori es . A l arge shipya rd , si t ua tea o n the l eft bank of the river T ura a nd b e T longi ng to rapeznikova , h as stationa ry and marine m boilers , a machine shop , foundry , bla cks i th shop , fl and woodworking shop . A large our mil l 1 mil e

r own f om the ci ty has i ts repa i r machine shop . — T r ansmr tatiow T he banks of the river T u ra have been strengthened so tha t railroad cars may be brought direct to the steamers to facilitate loa d L i ng a nd u nloading . a nding places belong to the T I n v Ship rading C o. , Ku rbatov g atye , and sev w T eral others . Steamers go do n the ura for 273 miles ( 412 versts ) to T obolsk ( popula tion a nd 755 miles versts ) u p a nother bra nch of Ob i R O T the i ver to msk , a nd from obolsk , i mil es versts ) , up the Ob proper to T omsk

1 92 P . w w ( pp . 9 and , a rt II I ) A good h igh ay follo s

down th e T u ra to T obol sk . Another roa d fol lows R up the T ura i ver . From T y uni en the route stri kes due west across

h w fie l t e ferti le pla i n a mid hea t d s, pasture lands ,

s and wooded tra c t . It runs to the north of the i P ishma Ri ver a nd roughly para ll el to t .

Pody om . h w Karmak . O n a small stream . T e route no passes l w 4 through grea t whea t fie d s . wh ich stretch a a y o r

5 mi les on both si des of the track .

80 OM SK TO VYATKA .

R Bog danovi c h . ( Al titude , 550 feet . ) a il roa d res

r taur ant. T h e station expo ts tons annually R N of va ri ous produ c ts . A branch railroa d ( oute , B ranch 1 ) ru ns south and southeast to Shadrinsk

o n the Iset R iver . B roa d views are obtained of w ll the cou ntry , h ich i s nearly a u nder cultivation

as fa r a s the eye ca n reach . Oats are a favori te

crop here .

Gryaznov skaya . T h e town lies on the h i ghway well

to the north of the station . w Bazh enovo . ( Alti tude , 785 feet . ) The to n i s lo

- cated on the B olshoi R eft . T wenty three mil es to

th e north are emerald mi nes . Forests a re scat

tered a nd trees small .

Kosuli no . T h e route winds considerably to find the w w best grades . Soil i s a bro nish clay , i th j ust a

tinge of red .

‘ w I stok . I n the bottom of a vall ey . Pi ne ood s pre w vai l here , i th some trees as large as 10 i nches i n

dia meter . b S a Y ek at eri n urg t tion , i n the ea stern end of the ci ty .

r 7 Y ekat e i nb urg. ( Altitude , 8 0 feet ; population ,

R a i l r oa d r estau rant . T h e chief statio n P is at the northern end of the ci ty . ( hoto . a ~— w L ti n . oc o Yekateri nbu rg , a d i strict to n i n th e P G overnment of erm , lies on both sides of the Iset Obi R iver , a branch of the a t the eastern base of

the Ural Mounta i ns . ( P hoto N o. 21 a nd P hoto

N o. — D etails c it . T h e of y mai n streets , broad a nd w stra igh t , a re cobbled a nd generally have side alks , but the clay side streets and cou ntry roads are T very muddy a fter rai n . here a re no street cars , and pa ssenger tr affic depends on several hu ndred

- 4 wheeled cabs . T h e houses i n the center of town a re brick or V stone ; those on the ou tskirts , log. R oofs ar c E TE N Y KA R I BUR G . 8 1

e and w r fin r sha p d covered i th oo g i ron o boards .

L c i ghti ng is u sua ll y by el e trici ty , bu t kerosene is used i n the poorer houses . W ood is mai nly used for fuel i n h eati ng th e houses and cooking . C oal is abundant

L ar e w a rge ba rracks on th e est s ide of th e town . m 't e — [ p m a nc . Yekaterinburg is the most impo r M tant place i n the Ural ou nta ins . T his i s due pri ma rily to its location a t the eastern ent r ance of a

r c onveni ent pa ss over the U a l Mounta i ns . B ecau se of thi s locati on th e ma in ra ilroa d from Petrograd h to Vladi vostok passes th rough this ci ty . T e im portance of the City i s further enhanced by the r ich

r mineral deposits of the Central U als . It is a tra d in r g center for many mi ning towns .

' — — Milita ry fac ilities B nr m cica T h e number o f m en that ca n be qua rtered i n ba rracks is not as

e great as a t Chelyabi nsk , although there are a larg number of bui ldings i n course of construction and M some have been finish ed . ention may be made of in the Gost y Dvor , a l a rge concrete bui l ding hold ing

to soldiers . i —A B llets . la rge, number of priva te houses a re

availabl e . — Camp Sima Ma ny good c a m p sites ca n be w formed i n the nei ghborhood of the to n . Schert 3 w tash i n pa rticula r , a su mmer resort miles a ay . k w w on a lake with good dri n i ng ater , ould furni sh by far the best camp si te .

air — Y k a er inbu r m anuf actur R ep . Since e t ng i s a T h e a . ing city , good facili ties exi st for rep i rs

Z avo ll and Ver k hn i - I se ts k i wo rk s are but two of ad many i r on works with modern equ ipment . In

. di ti on , a large shop i s opera ted by the railroad

r r —M are T anspo t . echani cal means of transport very li mited and tran sport an imals are not avail

a f or . able , as they have been u sed of l te food 8 2 OM SK T O VYATKA .

L a b —P h i fl on lenty of labor i s ava i lable , c e y peas

tnts , wh o a re for the most pa rt G rea t Russia ns .

' ‘ a a i — r A er op l ne l n d ng 7d ac es . l h e l a ge hippo

t rom and l e , u sed for horse raci ng other sports ,

wou ld fu rnish a good si te fo r aeropl ane landi ngs .

' T h is li es betwee n th e Verkhni - I setski I ron W orks and the tow—n . H ospitals . Fa cili ties very good . T hree pri vate

hospitals , belongi ng to local physici ans , may be

li i a noted . T he eye oSp t l i s of unusual excellence

fo r R u ssia . — I nhabitan ts T h e i ntelli gent classes would be w fri endly , but si nce thi s i s a factory to n i t h as

been th e center of B ol shevik a c tivi ty . h —T h w H ealt . e ater supply i s obtained from w w spri ngs and ells on the ou tski rt s of the to n . T here are nei ther well s nor ci sterns a ttached to

h w . i ndividual hou ses . T e a ter i s hard , bu t good

in ffi i n c w Si nce the pumping i s su c e t, mu h ater has

to be carted i nto the c i ty . T here is no sewerage

system . T he health conditions a re unusually good . — C ommunicationsr A telephone system covers the n w 800 town a d outlyi ng di stricts , ith abou t sub

scribers . W ooden poles a re used to support the R wi res . Service fai r . egula r G overnment tele

graph service . — T ra nwor tatiaw B esides the m ai n east a nd w w t o . est rai l road , the city has others From Yeka teri nbu rg a branch ra ilroad runs north ( see

r R oute P ) to many mi ning centers . T hese a e. i n

w P B issersk . turn , connected by ra i l ith erm via Another rai l r oad runs sou th and ski rts th e ea stern b as e of the Ural Mou ntai ns from Yekater inb urgr to H k R M. C helyabins . ( For deta ils see oute ) ere i t c onnects wi th th e mai n li ne from Omsk to Mos w cow . Some tra in s bet een Petrograd a nd Vladi vostok use thi s Yekaterinbu rg- C helyabinsk con YEKAT ER IN BUR G. 83

nection. A Government hi ghway also runs along th e ra i lroad . Another highwa y runs north from

r h Yek ateri nbu g . T e country roads ar e very good

r and motor t ansport could be used . — I ndus tr iasa T r ar e flour l he e three la rge m il s , a

w r - r w k found ry and machi ne shop , i e ope or s . match

- factory ( ou tpu t boxes ) , a si x story stea m m w r i l l almost i n center of to n nea a pond , a

‘ r m anuta t ri s cl oth facto y , and several oi l c o e . In

r k - wa w k Ve hni Iset . l ess th an a mile a y , a re or s r e finin consi sti ng of bla st , g, and puddl ing fur n naces , rol l in g mill s , a d mach i ne shops . T hese a re on a lake 7 mi les long by 2 m iles wide . O utpu t of works is about tons of steel a nd tons

r of commercial shaped steel . R oof i on is a lso sup

v pli ed . One thou sand fi e hu ndred men are em h ployed . T e Yates fou ndry and shops are nea r the rai lroad stati on . — S tr ategic center . From a mi litary poi nt of view fir Yekateri nburg i s a strategi c poi nt of the st rank . I t gu ards a ma i n rai lway ro ute over th e Urals a nd taps mi neral regions whi ch produce war necessi T h ties , especi ally platinu m . e forces that hold the city a nd th e surroundi ng hei ghts are li kely to domi nate the four rai lroads a nd two highways that i converge upon t . Moreover , the pl a ins , both a t the

to east and west of the Central Urals , are likely be domi nated for consi derable di stances by the po s

r sessors of th is city . T here is no center of greate strategi c value between Omsk a nd Perm .

i tion — nf r tifi u F or t flca . Although the ci ty i s u o e i n the ordi nary sense , yet the la rge iron works wi th thei r grea t pi les of ore , scrap i ron , and pi g i ron were u sed as fortresses i n the revolution .

s trenches havi ng been dug a t many places . Force w controlling these could domi nate the to n , a nd Wi th th e grea t sluices a t the i ron wor ks could i nun date it. RO T N B RA N C H l . U E , — RAILROAD BO GDAN OVICH T O SHADRI N SK .

GEN ERA L DESCRIFTION .

T his b ra n c h rai l way r u ns to the ag r icultu ral and mini ng re

gion south a nd southea st of B ogdanovich , passing th rough h illy

country wh i ch slopes to th e pl ains a t the east .

T h 3 25 in r ka e li ne runs southwest 8 versts ( miles ) to S a s ya, fl c h ie y over upl and . then tu rns sharply to the sou theast and fol lows down the Iset Val ley . a tributa ry of the T ura . It

r r c ro sses the Iset o i ts tribu ta ies at i ntervals , bu t never i s fa r from the river .

r A telegraph line and post oa d ru n parallel to th e rail road . Occasionally th ey lie on the opposi te side of the river from the h w ra ilroad . T e telegraph conti nues do n th e valley to Kres m ov ko 20 w s y e , abou t versts beyond the termi nal of th e ra il ay . a nd the post roa d follows the Iset to Yalutorovsk . Other post roads con nect this line wi th sta tions on th e Siberian railways .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION .

B ogdan ovic h . From Bogda novi ch the railway goes w sou th est , crosses a small valley , and ru ns a long B a n u pland su rface called a rsuchy a Steppe . It descends i nto th e Iset Valley a t th e junction of R T h the Ka menaya and Iset ivers . e country i s h i c efly agri cultura l . Abou t 20 per cent i s for n m ested . with bi rch a d pine predo i nating .

Sinar sk ay a. Ou the north si de of the R iver Iset . T his station exports tons of i ron , steel ,

and agri cultu ral products a nnual ly . T h e town

of' ha s a popula tion It has four chu rches , SI N AR SKAYA. 8 5

several schools , a small hospital with 15 beds , 16 0 w and about li ttl e domestic shops , hose out

o pu t a mou nts to annually . Several fl ur

mi lls are not fa r dista nt . D istrict fai rs a re held

here fou r times a yea r . A f ew mi les up th e river a re located the gov

r nm en e t i ron and steel works of Kam ennaya . H ere , too , a re machi ne and blacksmith shops , n where some gu parts and shells a re made .

N ea r by are a sbesto s , gold , and tungsten mines

a nd small deposits of hard coal . Du ring the

rti war so e tungsten steel was made , bu t to wha t

e xtent is not known . Post roa ds ru n from Sinar skay a to Yekaterin

bu rg and B ogdanovich . A thi rd goes to the w w southeast , pa rallel i th the rai l a y . A railroad i s under constructi on to the i mportant mines of

in r i S a sk , at the south . T h e rail way crosses the I set R iver a nd con

tinue s southeast . h Kol c h edan . T e l i ne continues southeast , close to

the river . l Chu ga . O u the river a t the junction wi th a smal

branch . T h e line turns to the ea st , keeping close

to th e river .

Kataisk . A post road runs south to Chelyabinsk .

T h e l ine bends to th e southeast , then east . D lm v P n R a ato . ( opulation , O the iver I set w at the junction of a small branch . T he to n l ies on the opposi te si de of the ri ver from the sta

tion . It has several churches , public schools , and

a la rge monastery . H ome industries have a n annual output of D istrict fai r s a re held

twice a year . T h e town i s the center of an agri

cul tura l region . w s T h e railway conti nues do n the valley , cro ses

the river , and follows the left valley slope . 6 8 YEKATER IN B UR G TO IRB IT .

- Lesh ev o Zamar ay ev o. T he vill age l ies sou th of the

s tati on .

r ‘ P Sha d i nsk . R ai lroad restaurant . ( opula ti on . T h e town l ies on the north bank of the

ltiver Iset . I t has a la rge monastery and sev

r c era l chu hes a nd school s , i ncl udi ng a high

r sc hool for boys and gi rl s . T h e e a re abou t 308

m c u c a nufa t ri ng establ i shments , i n l udi ng several

‘ fl r ou m il ls , wi th a n annual outpu t valued a t Most of the industries a re of th e

m c do esti type , employ ing only the members of

the fa mi l y . T hree ti mes a yea r fai rs a re held .

A c t su c h ti mes loca l agricultu ral produ ts . such

as gra ins , butter , hemp , horses , a nd ca ttl e are exchanged for si mple m anufactu red good s from

western Eu rope . Salt is found nea r by . About

r 20 per cent of the su rroundi ng region i s fo ested .

r w P ost roa ds run no th est to Ka my shlov , sou th n east to Yu rgamy sh , a d northeast down th e Iset

c to Yalutorovsk . T h e rai l road i s proj e ted to

Ku r gan on R oute L .

ROU N B RA N CH 2. TE ,

YEKATERI NBURG T O I RBIT .

D istanc e fr om, Yeka terinbur n r ough ly tim ted es a . ) s s Mil e . V er t s

0 0 k aterinb ur g. T hi s line curves a round the south .

end of a ri d ge and runs north east . It cros ses a

r smal l va ll ey , rises to the upla nd . and c osses it . M 28 on etnay a . A stati on on the upland . T h e roa d conti nues no r theast along the upl and and de

scends i nto a small valley .

5 sk a a a 4 R udy an y . A station in a sm l l valley . T he

road foll ows the val ley a short d ista nce . then

8 8 OMSK TO VYATKA .

kus ar ni ( t ) l eather goods , a nd fel t are bough t

and sold . A post road run s south from I rbi t to Kamysh

r R w lov on the Sibe ia n ail ay , and a nother north west to V e rh otury e ( R oute U I t is reported tha t the conti nuation of Route N B 2 T a a , ra nch , northeas t to uri nsk , on the R iver , h as recentl y been compl eted .

C ONTINUA N C E OF ROUTE N .

From the northern station of Yekateri nbu rg the route fi r st runs northwest abou t 10 versts ( 7 miles ) along the eastern borders of a large

lake . Along this stretch the track is used i n common wi th the ra i lroad nor th to the C entra l

Urals . T h e gr ades a re so heavy tha t two eu

gines a re requi red to pull the tra in . I t often h happens , however , t a t th e casual traveler c rosses U in it the rals thi s secti on withou t realizing . ” T h e mountai ns a s seen from th e trai n a re less i mposing tha n the Berkshi re H ills of west

ern Ma ssach usetts . T h e approa ch from th e east i s much steeper tha n th e descent towa rd the

west . T h e forests of th e Centra l Ural s a re fl ch ie y evergreens , wi th a scattering of bi rches

\ of fair size . T h e evergreens y ield logs up to 15

a nd 20 i nches i n diameter . T h e la rger lumber ,

however , ha s alrea dy been taken from the for w ests nea r th e ra il ay .

Khru stalnaya . In the vi ci nity of the watershed between the headwa ters of the Oh flowing i nto th e Arcti c Ocea n and those of the Volga flowing

i nto the Ca spia n Sea.

R ev da . T h e ra ilroad wi nds i nto the Chusovaya

Valley and finds thi s town on its slopes . T h e va lley and its sma ll swift river a re crossed to the

left bank . T h e li ne follows down the Chusovaya BI LI MBAI . 89

2 Vall ey for 5 versts ( 17 miles ) . T he l and i s very

fertile a nd well cultiva ted .

R ai lroad Si di ng N o. 70. A bra nch rai lroad runs south for 6 versts up a mountai n valley to B ar n a ovskaya .

Bi i ai l mb . In the C hu sovay a Val ley . T he town of B ilim i ba , of consi derable s ize ( Popula tion 7

lies on the opposi te si de of th e ri ver . N ea r the stati on on th e sma ll R iver B iiimb ay a a re large

steel a nd i ron works . Abou t 3 miles from the R works , on the iver C husovay a i s a wharf b e

longing to th e works , from wh ich more than tons of steel a re exported i nto the i nterior R of ussia . I n the vi cinity of th e station a re

la rge deposi ts of gold and i ron o re. N ear by i s n i a hospi tal . Farther o , a h ighway from B li m

ba i crosses th e river a nd the ra i lroad .

K our ovk a. R ai lroad restau ran t ( popul ation On the high left slope of the C husovaya Valley ,

c R k lose to the iver Ut . T h e Utk Iron Steel

W orks , nea r station on th e C husovay a R iver.

export tons of steel a nnually . F arther

down on the Chusovaya R iver th e Utk - D enidova Steel Iron Works are si tuated i n a village o f N w 7, 000 persons . earby i s a ha rf, al so a small

shipyard for bu ilding barges a nd tugs . Soon the

ra ilroa d leaves th e C husovay a Valley , turns to th e west a nd rises with heavy grades towa rd the

K irgish an Pa ss . On the other side of the pass a broad view of the country reveals a h igh plai n i nto wh ich an i ntrica te river system has cut a n n equally i ntri cate system of val leys , va ryi ng i

depth accordi ng to the volume of water .

Sab i k . T h e rou te descends gradually . An occa

sional broa d view westwa rd i s obta i ned . T he

rai lroa d keeps to the su rface of the upla nd plain ,

and bends to the northwest to avoid valleys . 90 OMSK TO VYATKA .

Sarga . Deep valleys extend from the town both and h to the northeast south . Four mil es sout w w of the sta tion i s a to n of peopl e , hich

is r m r w k L suppo ted by i po tant i ron or s . a rge i ron deposi ts wi th ore runni ng from 4 5 to 5 5 per

c ent of i ron lie nea r by .

R r r Shalya . a i l road rest a u an t . Sti ll anothe up w T h th l and to n . e vall ey of the Sylva lies to , T h R north . e Sylva i ver rises i n a la ke a t th e

r no thea st . About 3 mil es from the stati on , on

the ba nk of the Sylva Ri ver , a re steel a nd i ron

w k w c r - or s , hi ch manufa tu e open hea rth steel and

sheet steel . Soon after l eaving Sha lya th e ra i l

wa y crosses a val l ey .

a ac Vogu lka . In the center of a la rge u pl nd tr t . From the m a rgins of th is t r a c t the l a nd slopes

r ab uptly i nto va lle ys .

Shamary . T his town is loca ted at the j un c ti on l of th e valley s of th e Sylva and the Volgu ka. T h e ra i lroad ri ses out of the valley by a cu rve a nd c r osses a nother upla nd surface i n about 20 w versts . It then crosses a sha llo val ley to Kor

don on the opposi te slope .

r Kordon . R a il oa d restaura nt . Stil l a nother up l and su rfa ce is traversed a nd a noth er shallow

valley crossed .

' T u lumb a sy . In the center of a smal l upland t rac t . T h e line goes to th e edge of the mi niatu re pla tea u a nd g ra du ally desc ends i nto th e va lley

of the Sylva .

' Sh u mk ovo . T h e Sylva R iver is crossed and K ish ei t

is rea ched down th e valley .

Ki sh ert . A v alley town . Leaving Ki shert th e — rai l road cr osses the Syl va on a 70foot steel i w S bri dge a nd cont nu es do n the yl va to Ku ngu r .

Ku ngur . ( P opulation Kun gu r li es i n a fer tile va lley a t th e j unction of th e Iren with KUN GUR . 91

the Sylva . It is the most importa nt town be w m w t een Yekateri nburg and Per . H i gh a ys run f m w S r u . p Kung r to the south , east , and est ti l l another runs northwest to P erm pa rallel to the n ra ilroad . Unl ike most i mportant r a il roads i R ussi a the section from Yekater inb uigar to Kun w w gu r i s not follo ed by a h igh ay . In th e spring a nd early summer Kungu r ha s

transportati on by side - wheel steame r s down the P T h Sylva to erm . e ri ver cu rves so much tha t the distance by water i s about twice as grea t

E w w y as by rail , xports by this ater a a mou nt to

long tons a nnua l ly . In ordinary ti mes Ku ngu r manu fac tu r es

r c s l eathe , boots , gloves . overcoats . i ron a stin g .

r r a nd machinery . T h e e a re 3 3 ta nne i es , 3 so ap

r flo r r k rd . fa c tories . seve a l u mill s . a nd 3 b ic ya s N ea rly fa m il ies ar e engaged in m aki ng

o shoes a nd gl oves . T here a re Usually st red i n

the city qu antities of cerea ls , ta llow , li nseed , a nd

tea .

r r w w F om Kungu the rai l ay stri kes to the est , l ea ves the val ley of the Syl va and fol l ow s up

the val ley of a sma ll b r a nch stream . As it pro w c eed s i t gradually bends to the north est .

Yergac h . A small town located between the rai l w h road a nd th e strea m . Seven mi l es est are t e B Savle w h il ls called Ostraya , ela ya , a nd ith cop

A r per deposi ts . t thei r foot i s a coppe smel tin g

h r r y . vi ll age of people . T e oute g adual l ri ses w Kuku shtan . T hi s town is on the strea m here

r it i s crossed by the ra il road . In the neighbo

is 1 r hood a l a rge copper smelter . Abou t 0 ve sts beyond the rai l r oa d reaches the level of the up

- is r h . l and . Abou t one thi d of t e re g ion forested

P r 11 ) Muly a n ka . ( opula tion A oad runs

the southwest to a town 7 miles awa y , conta ining 92 M O SK TO VYATKA .

i mportant copper smel ters . A shall ow valley i s

c rossed , a stretch of the upl and is tra versed , and P erm i s reached .

Pe m . r ( Alti tude , 3 00 feet ; population ,

L cati n and c har c tc r —P o o a . erm , th e capital of P P the rovince of erm , stands on the left bank of

the navi gabl e Ka ma . T h e town i s mostly bu ilt of wood wi th broa d streets and wide squares but h as a somewhat dil apidated aspect . ( Photo N o. — C hief buildings T h e most important bu il di ngs

im P er m a re barracks , capabl e of hol di ng _ soldi ers ; a n a rtill ery school ; th e di strict and Perm government bu ildings ' large fa ir bu ild

’ ings ; several boy s a nd girls hi gh schools ; th e Perm di strict drug store a nd warehouse ; a nd

th e warehouse at th e wharf on the R iver Kama . N ( P hoto o.

r s ati n - T an mr t o . B esi des bein g on the chi ef

rai lroad from Petrogra d to Siberia , Perm i s the western termi nus of a rai lway network of the mini ng towns of the central Ural s ( see route P w Y ) , of h ich ekateri nburg i s the southern ter M P minu s . oreover , erm i s the focus of four navi w w w w gable water ays , south est ard do n the Ka ma . h u northward up the Kama , ea stward up the C

w S . sovay a, and southeast a rd up th e ylva Dur

- l i ng the ice free seasons . especia ly i n the spring w when the rivers a re deepest , these water ays are

h i fl c bu sy routes . T hey are used c e y to onvey

h ea vy i ron goods into R ussia . Dur ing the sum mer regula r steamboat communi ca tion i s - mai n w tained wi th Ka zan , 6 05 miles to the south est . P erm i s al so served by three Government hi gh w ways . One runs north roughly pa ra llel ith the

w r Ka ma . Another runs south est to the i mpo tant

w war B town of Okh ansk , thence est d . oth of PERM . 93

r t these a e followed by telephone l ines. T h e hi rd w w runs south ith th e ra ilroad e have foll owed . T h e city a nnually exports by ra i l tons B of goods and i mports tons . y the Kam a R iver i t i mports tons a nd exports tons . — I ndustries P erm has such close touch with the i ron , copper , a nd coa l mi nes and forests of the centra l Urals th at i t has na tu rall y become a

ma nufactu ring center for i ron , copper , and w h w ooden goods . T e city has i mporta nt sa mills , w sh ipbu ilding ya rds , mach inery orks , copper T foundries , a nd chemical factories . anneries

r w also a re impo tant , as ell a s soap a nd candle

factori es . A phosphorou s pla nt , situa ted j ust outside th e city o n the ba nk of the R iver Dan

ilikh R . B y , is one of th e largest i n u ssia efore the w r w a it sent goods even to Germa ny , S eden , and

England . About 3 miles northeast from th e city is situ M a ted otovilikha , a large Government arsenal , P employ ing about men i n 1916 . opulation of th e town i s over Enlargement of th e l h p ant duri ng th e wa r , with t e add ition of equ ip E ment from th e United States a nd ngla nd , ha s

’ made i t o ne of Ru ssi a s modern arsena ls . I ts bu ildings i nclude a shell and shrapnel plant a nd a ma in ma chine shop equipped wi th la rge stea m h ha mmers with a capacity of 50 l ong tons . T e ou tput consi sted of 3 - i nch field g uns ( about 32

4 1 17 r fl o r 3 ba tteries , 9 , per month ) , i es ( abou t 1 a month ) , mach i ne gu ns ( abou t 00 per

- r fl month ) , 16 i nch i e cannon , shell s from 3 to 6

i nches , sh rapnel , detonators ( abou t per

T h e month ) , ha nd grenades , a nd time fuses . la wa p nt s also building shi ps , tugs , ma rine a nd

e was stationa ry boilers , a nd steam engi n s . It 4 9 O MSK T O VYATKA .

being ru n by the B olshevi k i in the su m mer of

1 - l 19 8 . Abou t one half mi le from the a rsena on w J R i o . the i ver Kan a a re t i sl a nds ust opposi te , R m N on the left ba nk of the i ver Ka a , are the obel

’ l s rv n‘ O i C o. s kerosene and gasol i ne r e e o s . N ea r P erm i s a copper smel ting pl ant bel ongi ng to the G overnment a nd u nder the same ma na ge

ment as the gun pl ant . Copper ore is brough t

to th e smel ter from h y e di fferent copper mi nes ,

r o si tuated from 4 to 21 m iles di stant . Annual p i T h duction of th s plant i s 90 tons . e copper M smelted i s th e best from th e Ura l ou nta ins .

It is used by G overnment mints . — S tr ategic valua Perm possesses high strate h gic value . T hi s resul ts c iefly from the fact

tha t th e city is such a center of t r a nspo rta tion . T h e forces holdi ng i t would be abl e to cu t the chief ra ilwa y from P etrograd and no r thern R us

M w c om si a to Siberi a . oreover , such forces ou ld mand th e ea si est exi ts of th e mineral resou rces P w n of th e centra l Ural s . erm ould make a excel w h l ent base for troops opera ting a t th e est . T e richness of the regions to which i t has easy ac

cess m akes th e city economically val uable .

C O NTINUA N CE OF THE ROUTE .

T h e route leaves the sta tion i n th e western par t of Perm a nd soon crosses the Kama on a 7 h bridge 9 0ya rds long . T e bridge a fford s a com

w w r manding vie of to n . From the hei ght nea th e western bridgehea d l igh t arti ller y might readil y w sweep the hole city . T h e ra il road soon turns down the valley of th e Kama a nd gradually rises to hi gher l evel s on th e

righ t slope . At abou t verst 3 70 th e rou te bends w to the north est . leaves the Ka ma Valley , and

96 OMSK TO VYATKA .

Kuzma . On the bou ndary li ne between the Perm

. T h e w a nd Vyatka d istricts route follo s alon g .

the edge of a mi nor valley , crosses a n upland

stretch , and descends i nto a mi nor valley to Kez .

K ez . N ear the station i s the vi lla ge of Yuski . Pop ul tion h a , T e rail road climbs ou t of the

valley to the upland , across wh ich i t strikes du e

west for 13 versts . T hi n forests of bi rch a nd pi ne

prevai l .

A t about verst 551 a road runs south . T h e route

th en descends i nto the C heptsa Valley , the la rgest

encou ntered si nce leaving the Kama . T he river

is crossed by a 105 - foot steel bridge a nd the town

of C heptsa is reached on the opposite slope .

Ch ept sa . T h e station exports tons of farm

and forest products . A glass factory i s lo c ated h w nea rby . Fi ne forests abou nd . T e ra ilroa d no follows down the valley of the Cheptsa on the

B w . left slope . roa d vi e s are obtai ned on th e right

B al ezi no . T h e sta tio n i s on the left bank of the

river . T h e town i tself i s 6 miles down the river h on the right bank . Population , T e farm and forest products exported a mou nt to 900 tons K sm m a nnually . At abou t verst 5 90 i s the e y ,

B T h e from which a road runs east to alez ino .

rou te now ri ses ou t of th e valley , crosses several

branch valleys , a nd returns to the ma i n Cheptsa

Valley a t G lazov .

Glaz ov . ( Popula ti on , R a ilroad restau rant . L ocated midwa y from Perm and Vya tka and the w w h w most i mportant to n bet een th em . T e to n

’ ’ has a boys and girls hi gh school . Glazov is a t R th e h ea d of navigation of th e C heptsa iver . Du ri ng the summer small boa ts pl y between here h 4 2 a nd Vyat a . From Glazov a roa d ru ns north l 110 mi es , then westerly for miles to Vyatka ,

connecti ng many towns en route . Z AL N I O Z N N SK I R ON W ORKS. 97

District fairs a re held from the l st to the 6 th of D h ecember . T e station exports tons of a va ri ety of products by rai l a nd by the R iver

C heptsa . About 40 miles north of the ci ty a re the Verkhne N iz hne Z alozninski I ron Steel W o rks , located near i ron deposits . From Glazov the rai lroa d ru ns to the north west a nd follows the Cheptsa Valley pra ctically wa all the y to Vyatka . It i s usually located wel l up o n the left slope and often crosses stretches

of th e upland . T h e valley is from 3 to 4 m iles broad a nd from 75 to 100 feet below the upland

su rface . T hroughou t thi s route from Glazov to Vyatka wooded land alternates wi th well - cul ti

y w ated stretches i n hich villages a re numerous . W omen ordi narily do much of the fa rm wo rk

with pri mi tive implements . G rai n i s generally

h a rvested with a si ckl e , then ga thered a nd bound

by hand . Ma ny ca ttle a re grazed i n the wet meadows of

floor 0 the valley s, and cr ps a re commonly rai sed

w r on the valley slopes . G rai n , ho eve , does best

on th e upl and surface . w Yar . O n a spur of the upl and bet een the mai n

valley a nd a branch . N i ne hundred tons of fa rm w products a re exported . T here a re i ron orks not

r fa r away . T h e branch valley and seve a l others

are soon crossed .

T h e r Fa l enki . On the left valley sl ope . ou te w now bends to the west and traverses pine oods .

Zuy evka . R ai l road resta u r a nt . In a b ranch val

ley nea r i ts junction wi th the mai n va lley . Seven miles from the station on th e right ba nk w w r of th e R iver Kosy is th e to n of Kosa , he e

h e now dis tri ct fa i rs ar e h el d in Ma r c h . T rou te 98 OMSK T O VYATKA .

pa sses th rough a well - settled a nd well - cul tivated

T h e is section . soi l a li ght , sa ndy , red clay .

d s . n c Ar a hi O a n u pl a nd stret h . Fou r hundred

tons of farm prod ucts are sent a way y early . T h e

route gra dua lly diverges from the C heptsa Valley .

P s ro ni t sa . N ea r the head of a small branch val

ley . Fi ve hundred tons of fa rm products a re

exported .

P - ol oi . In the mi dst of a well set tled fa rming c oun

try . T h ree hund red tons of products are ex ported At about verst 791 a roa d comes i n from w w the south and j oins the high ay , hich continu w w a lly follo s ou r ra i l ay route . T his road comes

a r w w from K zan , abou t 36 0 ve sts a a y . I t ou ld bec ome of grea t i m portance if a battl e li ne were establi shed from Murm ansk to Soroka a nd thence

to Vyatka , Kaza n , a nd the Volga . From Polo i th e route gra dua lly c urves to the ri ght a nd swi ngs th rough th e C hepts a Valley to

the southern part of Vya tka . T hroughou t thi s last section of the route the town of Vyatka i s

Vi sible from the tra in .

V . 44 a yatka ( Altitude , 0 feet ; popul t ion . k C api ta l of Vy at a P rovi nce . Situa ted on the l eft bank of the navigable C heptsa . —T h D etails of city . e ci ty is bu ilt u pon the val ley slope and r eaches from the r iver bank to th e

r M edge of the u pla nd su fa ce . ost of th e streets therefore a re steep and badly gull ied except

where ca refully pa ved . I t i s reported tha t 500 h of th e hou ses ar e of stone . T e rest a re of wood . T h e upla nd surface a dj acent to the town is not m bui l t up except fo r th e G overn ent bui ldi n gs . w M T h e upland is pa rti al ly ooded . uch of the T h rest i s i n ga rdens a nd pa rks . e hei ght to the north of th e town would be a su itable loca tion for ligh t a rtillery to comma nd the h igh way s tha t

'

YEKATER I N BURG To PERM. 101

d m4 m fi o o m e s d 9 fl 0 q fi o é8 d g u i h w5 ée m o 5 m . m e e m m fi m 8 5 o m m m 6 ; s s m >

5 N w O 0 o N m : 2 w N m

a h e x Z m q d b 3 A i m x a a fi 3 e m d d m a a m 8 g q h a o S b e s e 5 e fi E g E o —fl 2 a m O a o Q am M we s 3

m m m c m m v m m m m 5 m m. m 102 Y EKATER IN B UR G T O PER M .

m a . a m 5 o d d m 5 d n d m é s mm mh o a m < s mm s e z fi d mm s o a m 5 a s m5 m s d m é 5 n m s < < m m a a fi s c m ms fi s s m o 5 gmmm . mm s m m

M m 3 N o s a . 3 8 a s 1 5 : : 2 2 . 1 1 1 1 . . .

0 i 3 £ 1 3 s 3 3 3 1 1 5 3 3 1 5 1 2 5 ? > 5 4 a . 3 s a

104 YEKATER IN BURG T O PERM.

GEN ERAL DESCRIPTION .

MILI TAR Y VALUE. I n ordinary ti mes thi s route is u sed pri ncipally a s a m ining r a ilroad . T h e mai n li ne makes a great northward sweep fro m P w Yeka teri nburg to erm , hi le branches diverge to a large number of mi nes . T h e mai n li ne i s of such qual ity th at i n spi te of the grades and curves i t could be u sed a s a substi tute for the T ran s - Siberia n li ne in ca se the l atter were cu t or congested between Yeka terinburg a nd Perm . I n times of war , a s i n

peace , however , the chief function of the route is to get out ores .

TER RAIN . For the fi r st quarter of th e di sta nce the rai lroad follows th e w w va lley s of the N ei va a nd T agi l , h ich are approached by a lo T h N w ri dge . e eiva Valley i s a rolling country , through h ich the ri ver makes many turns among lakes and swamps . Abou t

h alf of th e regi on i s wooded , but cultivated area s are common . B oth the N eiva and the T agi l Valleys ar e i mportant mini ng regions. Af ter crossi ng the T agil Valley the railroad cli mbs the ea st wi . i ern slope of the Ura ls I t makes many turns , th increa s ng w grades , to the pa ss , hi ch has a n a ltitude of feet at its ki hi ghest poi nt near Kh rebet Ur als . T hi s poi nt i s abou t half P h way between Yekateri nburg and erm . T e mou ntains are

- not h igh , bei ng merely good sized hi lls .

Down th e western slope , wh ich forms th e third quarter , the grades a re steep and th e cou ntry mountainou s as far as th e

Chusovaya River . T h e last quarter almost parallels th e C huso 10 P vaya to i ts j unction wi th th e Kama , about miles from erm . i T h e country s gently rolling and partly ti mbered . T h e ra i l road cuts have abrupt , rocky slopes .

RESOURC ES AN D IN D USTR IES. — ’ - P latinum r N i nety five per cent of the world s supply of platinu m comes from R ussi a . Although small quan titi es of th is

precious meta l have been fou nd i n a number of places , th e commercially i mporta nt fi eld s are lim ited to s mall areas on RESOUR CES. 106 both si des of the Ural Mountai n s i n the region tapped by thi s M rail road . ost of the pl ati nu m i s found i n the a l luvi al deposi ts T h of the ri ver beds . e most i mportant a re the deposits along R w U the Is iver , o n th e est slope of the northern rals , and T T a long the ura , on the ea st slope . hese regions supply about

80 er p cent of the tota l Ural outpu t . O ther deposits are found in w N evi nsk con nection i th the gol d mi nes i n th e a y , Verkh ni I setski B elinib a evski Ala a vski S sser n M , y , p y e , y t Kyshty m . a d ia ss p roperti es . 1912 w I n the productio n of pla ti nu m as ounces . Si n ce then i t h as decrea sed so tha t i n 1917 i t probably did not amoun t w ’ a to ounces , i n spite of the orld s i ncre sing demand .

T h e fi rst w reasons for the decrea se i n producti on are , , th e ith ar awal i of labor for mili tary mobi lizat on , and , second , labor demoraliza tion si nce th e overthrow of the Imperi al G overn R ment of ussia . A little placer washi ng by hand has been c arried o n by the local inhabitants . In the summer of 1918 it was reported that the d redges were not working. — I r 0n . M anganese , magneti te , and pyri te ores a re mined a t i H several poi nts i n th i s reg on . ence smelters , steel mi lls , a nd machi ne shop s a re di stributed a long the railroad . Asi de from l Yekateri nburg , the most important centers for i ron a nd stee

v nsh N i - T B P products a re N e y a , izh n agil , a ranchinskay a , a sh iya , n a nd Chusovskaya. H undreds of thousands of tons of i ro products are ordi narily manufactured i n these regi ons each n year , a d these centers are well prepared to manufacture al l sorts of muni tions of wa r . — Oth er or es . Copper , gold , coal , a nd sal t are also found i n

s - thi s regi on . T y oplay a G ora is th e mo t i mportant gol d pro ducing region . Coa l of comparatively poor quality i s found o n the west slope of th e Ur als a nd i s reached by a branch rai l roa d runni ng north from C husovskaya. — w w oy F or ests . T h e country a long th e ra i l ay as origi nally c i h fl . T ered with scrubby trees , c e y birch and pine hese have

' been the ch ief source of buildi ng material , fuel , an d ch arcoal off for the iron work s . T hus the forests h ave been cut and now coa l i s being i ntrodu ced by rai l to replace the wood and char c oal i n hea ti ng and smelting. 106 Y EKATER IN B UR G T O PER M . — il and. m a a M fi ld s So e d ow s any e are cultiva ted , a nd natural w k i M meado s ma e cattl e ra isi n g prof table . ost of th e peopl e ,

w r ar e n in i ho eve , enga ged i n mi ning a d related ndustries .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION . D IS NIJ IC'G fr om e k e in bur a t r g . Vl il s V e r s e . t s . 0 0 e e R Y kat ri nbu rg. See stati on 3 1 of Rou te N . out e

P sta rts from th e no r th sta tion of Yekateri nbu rg .

w N i h r c In common i th Rou te , t uses t e st et h of track whi ch ski rts th e easte r n shores of La ke ' w Iset . Just beyond the la ke th e t o routes sep R P w a rate . oute c ontinues to the north est . " 1 s . m L k I et S all sta tion nea r a e Iset . Ra il road crosses smal l ri ver by a steel brid g e abou t 3 8

f eet long soon after l eavi ng the sta tion . N ea r B l h by i s ye ory ec ansk . a pyri te mi ne on Verkhni k I sets estate . i L 39 Tavatu . Sma ll station near sou th end of ake

T va i w 2 18 a tu , h ich stretch es abou t 1 m iles ( T versts ) to the north . h e rai lroa d now bend s L v i to th e north on the west side of ake T a atu , N w which ca n be seen occasionally . ot f ar a ay are reddi sh h ills from wh ich i r on ore ha s been

taken .

- l 6 N . 7 o u a 0 Verkhn e e i vi n sk ( Altitude . 8 5 feet ; p p T h R . e tion , ai l roa d restau ra nt station i T h w is near th e no rth end of La ke T avatu . e to n

is about a mile east on th e river N eiva . A h ill

ea st of the town a ffor d s a very good camp si te . A bra nch post roa d runs west to Shu rala and — on thence to th e vill age of Verkhni T agil , th e

T agil R iver . T h e post road i s generall y i n fa i r m cond iti on . A gravel surface ha s ade i t better w w tha n th e avera ge . T hi s road conti nues est a rd

to R oute N and i s sui tabl e for motor transport .

Verkhne - N ei vi nsk ha s steel and i ron works

108 Y EKATER IN BUR G T O PERM .

P a stu rage i s pl entiful and good . W ood , of in whi ch there are l arge suppl ies the vici ni ty , .

furn ishes the ch ief fuel . Coal and petroleu m H products are la cking . eal th i s generally good , w bu t i n i nter contagious d i sease s . such as sca rlet

fever , a re prevalent . N w evyansk has a n old i ron smelter , ell equi pped machine shops for maki ng fuses for w l arge shel l s , and a foundry hich before the

w r - a made a speci al ty of ca st iron pipe . Five thousand workmen are employed a nd over tons of i ron and steel produ cts a re exported nn u a ua y . Abou t 2 mi les north of N evyansk th e B yn g ovski I ron Steel W orks are loca ted on th e

N . in w eiva C h arcoal i s u sed the orks , a lthough

war during the some Siberia n coal was u sed . T h e neighbori ng village ha s a popula tion of over

N evyan sk i s connected by a post road with the mai n hi ghway o r Verkh otur e ekaterinb urg ” N T rakt . Another post road connects evyansk with the mi ning settlement a t Kala ta and th e

- village of Verkhni T agil . T his roa d i s described below :

' - P osr R OAD FROM N EVYAN S K T O VERK HNI T AGIL .

O ne m ile : T h e road passes some reddi sh iron

hi lls from whi ch i ron ore has been mi ned . I t crosses th e ra ilroad a nd passes over a table land with cul tivated fields on the north and

- scrub covered pa stures on th e south , a nd de R T h scends i nto th e va lley of the Shurala iver . e

ri ver i s sma ll and never has much water . It i s

spanned by two wooden bri dges , both i n fai r con

T h . di tion . e ol d da m i s broken N E - POST R OAD : N EVYA SK T O V R KHN I TAGIL. 109

T S : T hree mi les , hu rala his village , on the

wa . ri ver , s formerly th e site of i ron smel ters It

has wooden houses wi th wooden roofs . A la rge

- two story house , occupied by the manager , has

th e lower story of brick a nd the upper of logs . T h e post road mentioned u nder Ver kh ne N ei

Vinsk comes i n a t thi s poi nt . C onti nu ation of

ma i n ra ilway .

Fou r a nd one - h alf mi les : A branch road turns w N north , s ings around to evyansk station , and back to the post roa d agai n abou t 1 m ile south

west of N evyansk . It passes a cement plant on T the river north of Shu ral a . his road i s much

used i n wi nter .

- a i k Eight miles : Kalata K lat ns y works . Here are located a smelter and a mach ine shop for

ordinary repa irs , i ncludi ng a foundry . At K a

- I k lata i s a pyri te mi ne on the Verkhni sets estate . In recent years ( report 1912) there have been

extracted about tons of ore , contai ni ng

about 25 per cent copper . T h i s has been shipped

a nd sold for its sulphu r and copper contents .

Magnetite also occu rs here . T h e road cli mbs the

ri dge to the west , then descends sh arply i nto the

T R r V a r k - T a agi l ive l ley to Ve hni gil .

r - T T hi teen miles : T own of Verkhni a gil , wi th i ron and steel works employi ng over work

men . Iron ore ( magneti te ) i s obta ined from the h Vy sokoi H ill near by . T e houses are mostly of

w - T logs , i th wooden roofs , West of Verkhn i agil w h i fl win there a re many ood roads , u sed c e y i n

ter for hauling ti mber and charcoal . From N evyansk the rai l roa d leaves th e vall ey

N T h e of th e eiva and swings close to the Ural s . east ba nk of the ri dge i s ascended and a low

pass i s crossed. 110 YEKAT ER IN BUR G T O PER M .

Anat ol skaya . Smal l sta tion i n a wooded Cou nt ry h on the west. slope of the ri dge . T e val ley of the

a w T h T gil lies a t the est . e route proceeds no rth w into the T agil Valley and follo s the ri ght slope .

i r Sh a tank a. ( Popul a ti on , T he e a re i ron

and steel works abou t 3 mi les from the sta ti on . h T T e route conti nues north i n the a gi l Valley .

- o l i n N T . 3 0 u at m . iz hni agi l ( Alti tude , 7 feet ; p p

- R a il way restaura nt . N izh ni T agil has w importa nt G overnment i ron and steel orks , wi th a modern pla nt equ ipped wi th new Ameri

i r T ca n rnach ne y and tools . here a re l arge ad

mi nistra tion bu ildings , houses for employees , a nd M a modern hospital . ore th an tons of

i ron a nd steel products a re exported annually . M w i ron ount Vysokaya , a t th e est , ha s “la rge T h ore deposi ts (65 to 70per cent i ron ) . e mines w w employ orkmen . Stati stics sho tha t

tons were mi ned i n 1913 . O f thi s amount

tons were used by the N izhni - T agil sm el

ters .

N ea r N izhni - T agi l a re gold and plati nu m w mi nes , the most i mportant of hi ch a re Avro

- An l y ski i ov ki P y rimski , P avlo ato y e . So s f s . a nd a

lovski. Abou t men are engaged i n th ese

mines . using 160 horses . Up to 1913 . 180 pou nds of platinum were mi ned a nd pounds of

gold .

N izh ni - T a gil i s the j u nction point of two n 2 121 branch railroa ds . O e ru ns ea st 8 miles ( W k Ala evsl; S . versts ) , to the pay Iron teel or s w P— T h and i s described belo a s R oute l . e other w 53 branch runs south est 35 miles ( versts ) , to

- w the Yisino Utkinski mi nes . here i ron a nd steel

works a re located . T h i s rou te i s not described fu rther in this

ha ndbook .

112 YEKAT ER IN BUR G T O PERM.

Azi at skaya . La st stop on Asi atic sid e of Urals .

c A forested country . T h e pe ople ma ke cha r oa l

fo r steel works a nd carry on some fa rmi ng .

T h e a scent continu es . “ T h K hreb et Uralski. Summ it of th e Urals . e railroad makes ma ny tu rns throu gh the h ill s and w mounta ins from here west a rd . B efore the next

sta tion i s reached la rge foundries a re passed .

Evr opeisk ay a. T he mountai ns a re low ;the ti mber w i s small . T h e people make charcoal and ork

i n various i ron plants . T h e line descends west

wa rd . F irst stop on Eu ropea n side .

s T s K oiv U t i ko s. Small stati on , overlooking the y

Va lley . T h e peopl e are engaged in ma king char h R K oiv coal . T e ra ilroad crosses the iver y , K iv descends i nto the o y Va lley , crosses the ri ver ,

a nd cli mbs ou t toward the northwest .

Ty oplay a Gora . Ou th e western edge of the K oivy w Valley . A ma rshy di strict extends to the es t. About half a mile from the sta tio n a re th e T ep

laya r Iron 8: Steel Works , wh ich a re suppli ed

r z n f om the Vo nese skoi i ron mi nes nea r by . Ex

po rt from station , tons annually . W i th in

4 mi les nor th of the station , near the j unction of P n the olube k and K oivy R ivers . i s K re stovozd

izh n v e skoe villa ge . N ea r thi s villa ge gold and

pla tinu m a re found . In 1914 the ou tpu t of gold 40 wa s 5 pound s , of plati num 3 6 pounds . Si nce 1880statistics show tha t pou nds of platinum w ere mi ned here . A large part of the platinum w was found nea r the River I s , i n hi ch region w orkmen were employed i n 1914 . T h e li ne next cli mbs out of the K oiy y Va lley w a nd strikes estward .

B se . i r ( Alti tude , feet ; population , R a ilroa d restau ra nt . At the southern en d of a n R B ri dge . O the i ver iser , 8 miles south of the B ISER . 118

B a T h sta tion a re th e iser iron nd steel works . e annu al output i s over tons of iron and

steel products . Iron ore comes from ei ght mines ' e near by , th e m st i mporta nt of which are the

K ur vinsk Vor onzh esk P L , an d etrovsk . Fo r the

next 57 miles (85 versts ) , or until Yermak i s

rea ched , th e rou te runs southwest over an upl and surfa c e between the Vizh ai Va lley on the north iv Valle n and the Ko y y o the south .

Vizh ai. In a forested cou ntry . C harcoal making

i s the ch ief occupation . T h Koiva . e forests a nd charcoal m aking continue . s Pa hi ya . R ai lroad restau ra nt . Forested region .

Abou t 6 mi les north are the Ar kha ngelo - Pash iski

Iro n W orks . T h e Vill age nea r by has f people . Eigh t mi les south o the statio n are

- Al xan r ovski the Kuse e d Iron W orks , i n a vill age

P r r of people . a shiy a expo ts mo e than

tons of i ron and steel products annually . From th is stati on to Yerma k the rail road swi ngs

arou nd the heads of several valleys , tribu taries

of the K oivy Valley . B aguL

Vsesvy at skaya . N ear the head of a valley .

Arkh i povka . T h e upland su rface becomes rough

and rocky .

Y ermak . I n rocky cou ntry . T h e valley of the C husovay a soon opens out westward and the

descent begi ns .

h so ska a. 4 5 . R C u v y ( Al titude , 0 feet ) ailroa d res h taur ant . T e town is located on the right bank h of th e Chusovaya . T h e C usovskaya I ron and w Steel W orks are nea r the station , hich exports over tons of iron and steel products an n uaHy . 114 YEKAT ER IN B UR G T O PER M .

A b r a nch ra i lroad whi ch ru ns no r th from

C h usovskaya 13 0 m iles ( 196 versts ) to Sole . l "— y a rni is desi gna ted R oute 3 in thi s ha ndbook . R I ’ oute runs south , c rosses the C husovaya R iver by a st e el bridge a nd travers es a stretch fla R L of t l and . I t then crosses the iver ysva , a

c a bra n h of the C husov ya . and c l imbs ou t of the

v a ll ey .

r Kali no. Ra il road restau a nt . Si tuated nearly on s a the upla nd u rf c e . T h e station exports

c tons of i ron and steel produ ts . B ranch line

L vins ki south eas t to e s Z a vod ( popula ti on , 2 w 0 versts m iles ) . h ere there a re ma ch ine

n s a d fou nd ry shop . T h e rou te c rosses a po r tion of the upland

su rface . w Se lyanka . A t the h ea d of the vall ey opening est

w r T h ard . Forested c ou nt y . e rou te continues

on th e upland .

r Komari k h i n skaya . Small station i n a valley . F o n w es ted cou ntry . T he route o desc ends in to the valley and follows i t to i ts j unction wi th the

S a 17 m ylva V l ley , iles beyond .

Val ezhnaya . A town i n the vall ey . T h e station

r s r r T h e expo ts ton of a v a iety of p od ucts . r a i l way c ross es the Syl va Ri ve r over a steel

'

b r iclae .

2 r R . Sy lva . ( Altitude . 3 5 feet . ) a il oad restau rant

On the left bank of the navi gable Sylva R i ve r .

T h e st ation expo r ts tons of va rious prod

uc s T h r r w w R t . e a il oad fol lo s do n the Sylva iver .

Ly ady . A t the j uncti on of the Sylva with the Ch u

v T w r so ay a . here is a te transporta ti on to the s w ea t . sou th . a nd est .

Lev sh i no. A t the j un c t ion of th e C husovay a and R A Ka ma ivers . bronze factory i s located here . La r ge wa rehouses a re nea r the wharves on the

116 GOR OBLAGODATSKAYA T O SHAKHTA .

T he route cu rves to the sou theast th rough roll

i ng country .

Ya sa sh naya . A small sta ti on . A bran c h ra ilroad runs fo r a short di stance ea stward to Verkne

ldinski w Sa , hich ha s i mportant steel a nd i ron R — works . oute P 1 conti nues northea st .

Ala a vsk . P R p y ( opulation , a il road res a r n t u a t. A m ini ng a nd smelti ng town on the

N ei va R iver . T here a re several i ron and steel w orks with i n a rad ius of 25 mi les . A newly constructed extension of R ou te P—l crosses the N ei va River a nd continues southeast across up

la nds and va lleys .

Y e ovsh insk o e . I n the neighborhood there a re i ron g y — ore smel ti ng pl ants . At this point R ou te P 1 meets the newly constructed rail road from Yeka

terinburg to Irbit . I t i s reported tha t the rai l road of R oute P—1 has been extended th rou gh h in k B Yegovs s oye to ogda novich . I t may not be

fully completed .

P B R ROUTE , ANCH 2.

GOROB LA GODATSKAYA TO SHAKHTA VI A N AD EZHDIN SKI.

D istance fr om

G or oblagod atskay a. M . V .

sk r la d a ka a R 0 0 Gor oblagodat ay a. From G o ob go ts y oute P—2 goes to the northeast th rough a low pa ss i n a

h illy ridge .

Ku shv a. R ailroad station nea r severa l Government

i ron and steel plants , a mong them the Ku shva .

- T his plant has fou r bla st furnaces , open hearth

- a . furnaces , a rolli ng mill , a nd lumber mi ll I t ha s a mach ine shop equi pped with modern Ameri h ca n mach ines , tools , automatic a nd tu rret l at es

fo r the manufacture of 3 - i nch to 6 -i nch shells a nd VYYA. 117

r detonators . T he iron ore c omes f om Mount

B lagoda t nearby .

B la godat Si di ng . At f oot of B lagodat H i l l . A branch railway runs a short distance northwest

to Verkhnaya . k V er k hnaya . N ea rby a re G overnment iro n wor s ,

r r inski Ve khny T u , a nd a foundry . Some of the Government arti llery equ ipment was made here h w du ring the wa r . T e ra il ay conti nues north w east a nd gradually s i ngs to the north .

Vyya . From here a branch rai l road runs 12 versts

w N T ur ins ki ( 8 mi les ) north est to i zhni Zavod ,

a n importa nt mini ng a nd manufacturi ng town . Another branch runs 28 miles north to L esop is l naya , a n i ron a nd copper mining center ( popu a

tion , H ere are located Government steel

a nd i ron works , consisti ng of severa l blast fur

- na ces , open hearth fu rnaces , a steel mill , foundry ,

and machi ne shop . T hey produce cast i ron a nd

sheet steel . From Vyy a Route P—2 strikes to the northeast th rough a low pa ss i n a hilly ridge a nd ru ns

a cross uplands and valleys . P latina si ding i nter

venes . li K or e ho. Small station . T h e T ura Valley lies a t k th e no rth . Just before Ver hoturye i s reached the route descends i nto th e T u ra Valley a nd

crosses the river .

e r e. P V rkhotu y ( opula ti on , R ail roa d res n A taur a t. t the h ead of navi ga tion of the T ura R i ver . C apital of a district of the P erm P rovince . H eadqu arters for th e pl ati num working of the w su rrou nding region , hi ch suppl ies about half R of the tota l ussia n output . M w any roads converge here . T hey follo along the uplands a nd tap the rive r s a t numerous

poi nts . T here i s a post roa d from Yekateri nbu rg , 11 LA A 8 GOR OB GODAT SKAY T O SHAKHTA .

whi c h wa s formerly a ma in highway before the

is o r ra il road was bui l t . It general ly open f wheel ed t raffi c from abou t Apri l 1 to N ovember 1 l h , and for s ei ghs the rest of the year . T e road is c l ayey a nd would be nea rly i mpassable f o r

hea vy moto rs a fter heavy or prolonged ra ins . T h e route proceeds northwesterly from Yerk

h r otu y e across an upla nd .

Lyalya . In the valley of the Lyaly a where the

a is ra il ro d c rosses the ri ver . Another upla nd

crossed . L ob va . In the Lobva Va lley where th e ra il ro ad

c bridges the river . A sma ll va ll ey i s a s ended .

Vagranskaya . N ea r th e head of the valley . A short bra nch line runs southwes t to the K op ty a

k y sk a a L R . o y iron mines , on the obva i ver R P—2 oute run s north a cross a n upland , d e

c s ends i nto th e Ka kva Val l ey , crosses th e river , and reach es N a dezhdi nski Za vod on the opposite

slope .

r N a dezh di nski Zav od . A n i mpo ta nt i r on and steel

c T w enter . his to n supplies mo re ra ils for the

r Siberia n Rai l oa d tha n a ny othe r . Passenger k trai ns do not ru n beyond N adezhdi ns i Zavod , but freight is ca rried on 011 two sma ll bra nches ;

s s t one bra nch ru ns ea t 9 miles to F illi in kay a. a th e j unction of the river s Ka kva and Sosva and

the c enter of a mini ng regi on . N ea r by a re

c w T h ement works , ith tons outpu t . e other

r w r b a nch , hich is con s ide ed a s a c onti nuation of —2 w Route P ru ns north est alo ng a v all ey slope .

S . N . hakhta Junction . ea r the head of the valley A bra nc h rai lro ad runs 10 mi les no rth west to

s w B ogo lovsk i Z avod ( populati on . here copper and gol d mining a nd smel ti ng a re carried

o n . T h e gol d mines yield 200to ou nces p er

annu m .

R P—2 s oute goes north a cro s a n upl and .

120 CHUSOVSKAYA T O SOLEVAR N I .

N o n a. h ag r ay Small upla nd station . T e rail road

soon descends i nto the Kosva Valley , cros se s to

the ri gh t sl ope , a nd a scends the val ley a few

versts to Gubakh a .

Gubakh a . ( Popula tion , N ea r the sta tion

a re l igni te coal min es . Abou t tons were

sh ipped i n 1913 . P a rt went down the Chusovay a R w w an d Ka ma ivers to the est , pa rt ent by ra il T h to the ma nufa ctu ri ng centers in the Urals . e

rou te crosses a n upland . P h ol ovi nka . Small upl and sta tion . T e rou te pro

ceeds across a rolli ng upla nd . P Kiz el . ( opulation , Station exports T h tons of i ron and steel and other products . e i ron and steel work s obta in o re ( 52 per cent

- to 62 per cent i ron ) from nea r by mines . A bra nch ra il road leads to lignite c oa l mines 3

m iles distant . Annual coal output , tons . The rou te now diverges from the ra nge i t has

been following .

Ko P A n e pi . ( opula tion , i ron and ste l pla nt

uses i ron o re from nea rb y mines . A branch rail L w roa d ru ns 7 miles to u nevka , here a re l igni te

coa l mi nes a t the base of a conspicuous h il l . T h e route now goes towa rd the southwest a nd

then cu rves to th e northwest .

- P V sev ol odo Vi lva . ( opula tion , T here is a n

n - i ron a d steel pla nt one half mile from sta tion ,

which turns out tons of products a nnually .

Yaiva . In the Ya iva Val l ey . Sta tio n export s T h tons of minera l products . e ra ilroad crosses immedi ately the small ri ver Ya iva by a

steel bri dge . It then cl imbs ou t of the valley

a nd runs due west across a n upland . “ w Shi sh i . Small upla nd station . T h e route no

descends i nto the Ka ma Va lley . SOLEVARN I . 121

Usolskay a. Important i ron and steel center on the

navigable Kama R iver . T here a re large i ron

a nd steel pla nts i n the nei ghborhood . lsk Solevarni. Wi th Uso ay a thi s town forms i n

r e d ukh in an r reality a pa t of D y , i mpo tan t iron W n and steel center . i th Sol i kamsk a d C herdyn , D d ukh in l arge river ports up the Kama , e y has l ivel y trade in products from the Ural mi ning

c enters a nd foodstuffs fo r them . A post road w con nects the th ree to ns .

124 CHELYABIN SK T O Y EK ATER I N BUB G.

GEN ERA L DESCRIPTION .

MI LITAR Y IMPOR TAN CE. T h is rou te is of high i mportan c e mili ta r i ly f or two reasons

Fi rst , i t forms a n alterna tive route from O msk to eith er Moscow

P - r or etrogra d . If the O ni sk Yekateri nburg l ine we e overl oaded

or cu t by the destruction of a bridge , for i nst an ce , R oute Q woul d relieve the difficulty by ma i nta i nin g ra il communi cation w fli ul es P . d i c t i th etrograd It would act si mila rly to rel ieve, on

- the Omsk C helyabin sk l ine . Second , i t taps a bu sy i ron region th at cou ld turn ou t many products i nd ispensable to mil ita r y opera tions . Iron i s mined , smelted , and manufactu red a t ma ny places . T hese a ctivi ties a re becomi ng mo r e a nd more dependent w w a upon coal , si nce the local forests h ich ere formerl y, bundan t w ha ve been dra n upon al most to th e point of exh austion . At

O 1918 r present , ctober , , th e coal i s being brou ght. f om the east , R w N thus hel ping to overloa d th e Si beri a n a il ay. orma ll y , i t

w e comes from the sou th est . from th e great coa l fi ld s of the

D onetz B asin .

TER RAIN .

' T h e first two - fifth s of the route ru ns a c r oss a n uplan d cut by

ma ny ri ver valleys . T h e rema inder i s a mong the Ural Moun B w ta ins . ut becau se th e rou te follo s i n the main the di rection of the mou ntai n ri dges there are no difficul t engi nee r i ng str uc

tures l i ke tunnel s o r long bridges . T h e Ura l Mountai ns seen

r from th e rou te would be called me e hills by th e casual traveler .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION .

Ch elyabi n sk . F r o m C helya bi nsk thi s route runs no rthwest a nd north for mi les to Yek ater

in r A r . bu g. t abou t ve st 5 the KYSHTYM . 125

line crosses the river Miass by a

2 - r 80foot steel b idge , then a s cends toward the watershed of

the R iver Uf a and Miass . L eav

i ng the la tter , i t crosses the R iver Z yuzelga a nd reaches the w fir st sta tion . A post hi gh ay connects C helyabinsk wi th Yeka

ter inburg.

16 M 24 V Essaulsk ay a. From here the l ine runs through the steppe adjoin T ing the Ural . hi s steppe i s

dotted by lakes of various sizes .

4 076 3 5 M 52 V s . S . , Argay a h mall station Is situ a ted the P e t r o v s k i machine B name . eyond i t the ra ilroad leaves th e Orenburg Government a nd enter s into the confines of the Perm government ( Yekater n w i bur g di strict ) , here it passes through forest regions before

rea ch ing the Ural Mountai ns .

4 s m R 4 , 098 8 V Ky hty . a ilroad r e s t a u r a n t .

( Alti tude , feet . ) A mi le

a nd one - h alf from the station i s situa ted the industri al center of

- V e r k h n i Kyshtym . Popul ation about T h e Kyshtym i ron w works , making a ter pipes , tele

gra ph a nd lamp posts , some ma w chi nery , stoves , a nd ra il ay sup T h plies , a re s ituated here . e

works employ abou t people,

men and women . T here is a lso

- a ca st iron foundry . B oth con

cerns produce pi g iron , steel , d if f erent ki nds of machi nery a nd ' B 126 CH ELYABIN SK T O Y EKAT ER IN UR G.

a m m uniti on . about to

tons of pig i ron annually ,

and about tons of steel . All the Kyshty m dist ric t con tiguous to th e works where the Ilm en Mountai ns st r etch north wa rd is ric hly p r ovided wi th minera l deposi ts a nd contai ns de

posits of c opper , i ron , nickel , and

s many other mi ner al . From here the ra il road on i ts cli mb to Mauk

r sta tion , crosses nu me ous val ley s

and strea ms , and as c ends a long a steep and broken slope towa rd the wa tershed of the R ive r s Mauk a nd Uf aleika a t a height

of feet a bove sea level . 0 M ) 70 M 1 6 auk . ( A l t i t u d e , f e e t . Abou t 12 miles east of the s ta tion a nd between L ake B ol shoi Ka sli to the north and Lake

i c I r sy at to the sou th , onnected v k i by th e small R iver Vy azo s o , a re the K aslinski steel and i ron

wo rks . T hese works employ persons a nd produce about 2 7 00 tons of pig iron annually . From here th e ra il road c rosses “ the grea t swa mps called Con ” stantine dale . then enters a

rough , broken cou ntry . T 4 130 133 V Ufal e i . ( Alti tude . feet . ) h is station a nnually exports abou t

tons of steel products .

Among the hi lls , abou t one

fourth mile from the station . nea r the sma l lRivers Uf aleika

128 CHELYABIN SK T O YEKATER IN BURG.

From here th e ra il road runs north a nd twi c e crosses the R iver K or d ad in ; then i t asc ends to the watershed of the R ivers Uf a a nd L C husovaya . eaving the latter, i t p r oceeds along the Pol dnevaya

R i ver .

M 1 2 P . 108 6 V oldnevaya ( Altitude , feet ;

popula tion , Stands i n a w deserted and ooded country . h T e fa mous chrysoli te m ines ,

- unique i n the T ra ns Ural , are situa ted on the right bank of the R C husovaya iver , on land he

P l y k w longi ng to the o e s orks . P roceeding farther th rough a w level country , the ra il road t i ce crosses the upper reac hes of the C 1 husovay a on bridges , 70a nd 05

feet each , a nd en ters the distr ict conta ining the Sysert mi ni ng w orks .

’ 127 M M m s ra or kaya . ( A l t i t u d e .

l r feet . ) C ose by i s the M amor w marble o rks , employi ng w orkers . T he marble qua r ries are situa ted about 3 m iles from

the vi ll age . Althou gh l iving i n a

heal thfu l cl imate , a large per centa ge of the popula tion is af f ected by tuberculosis , owing to w the bad a i r i n the orkshops . T h e Sysert works a re situa ted abou t 14 mi les to the southeast . , and fa rther on the Verkhni

S I l insk w r w ysert and y o ks . hich , together with the Sysert and MRAMORSKAYA . 129

P l y k w o e s orks , employ T h e neighborhood contains about 50 di fferent iron a nd c opper f ac ~ w tor ies . D ur ing the ar they were equ ipped to make artillery

suppl ies and munitions . T here

a re bla st furna ces , puddl i ng , a nd w w elding orks . Over tons of pig i ron and tons of

c r i ron produ ts a e produced . T h e works are provided with a

h e centra l electrical station . T

- w r Verkh ni Sysert o ks , contai ni ng

puddling and weldi ng furnaces , stand 6 miles southwest of those T of Sysert . hey employ about T h men . e a nnual output

s h of i ron is a bout ton . T e I l in k w y s orks , ma nufactu ri ng

only sheet i ron , a re si tua ted on

th e R iver Sysert . about 4 miles

' w h from the Sysert orks . T e w Seversk o rks (population , with 500wo r kmen and over supplementa ry h ands ) lie sou th west of the ra il way wi thi n abou t 8 miles of the Mramor w orks . T hey conta i n three blast .

fu rnaces , one puddl i ng furnace .

M c two ar tens furna es , and a m a h chi ne shop . T e annual produc ti on of pi g i r on exc eeds tons T h e P olevsk wo r ks l ie about 4 miles from th e Mram or

w r n r o ks , a d a re su rou nded by a

popula tion of Puddl ed . 180 CH ELYAB IN SK TO Y EKATEB I N BUR G.

fagoted , a nd rol led i ron a re

m anufactu red a t th e works . T he Seversk works supply the

pi g i ron requi red . After leavi ng the Mra mor sta

tion , the ra ilroad runs along the watershed of the Chu sovay a a nd Iset R ivers through a level coun

try , wh ich fa rther nor th becomes

more mounta inou s .

4 s. . 4 , 189 1 7 M Uktu ( Al titude , feet ) In

a treeless pl ain . T h e villa ge of in Uktu s is 1 mile away . Its habita nts a re enga ged i n fa rm

ing a nd domestic industries ,

mai nly pottery maki ng , which is

carried on i n about 30 shops . T h e wa res are of good qual i ty n h a nd fi d a ready sale . T e

N izh ni - Iset Government works

( populat ion , a re situ ated withi n abou t 3 miles of the sta

tion . T h e a nnua l production

amou nts to tons of pig i ron .

21 - 6 tons cast i ron . and about 270

tons of sheet i ron . From here the ra il roa d ru ns across a pla in covered wi th w n d a rf bushes , a d after having c r ossed the R iver Iset by a 10 bridge 5 feet long, j oi ns the ma i n l ine to Petrogra d ( R ou te

N Y r ) a t eka te i nbu rg .

e e b u . See n Y kat ri n rg sta ti o 3 1, R ou te N .

— M 132 WAGON R OAD OMSK TO PER .

T he Ty umen ( see R oute N ) . steppe comes to a n l avin r th e w end a t T yu men . After e g, to n the A 50 r oad approa ches th e forest . t versts from T yumen th e trees rneet ove r the roa d and fo r m w a wa . T r a cool , sh dy y hi ty versts fa rther est

the r oad c o m es out of t h e woods i nto c lea r in gs

l s M a nd fie d . any u ndu lati ons , depressions , and the crossin g of u n steady l i ttle wooden b rid ges

a ma ke the ro d very poor .

l v h r K amy sch o . T e way i s very st ai gh t beyond w lo w th is to n . After pa ssi ng over some hill s

c k t i on a fa irly good road , a thi pine forest , yp

r M is . T cal of the U a l ou nta ins , entered hrough

out are a f ew cl ea rings .

910 Y ek at er i nb urg ( see R oute N ) . From here a post roa d runs north i nto the Ura l Mounta ins L and a nother south to C helyabi nsk . eavi ng Yeka terinbu rg the route crosses the Ura l

Mountai ns i nto E u rope . T h e road i s very

broad , good , a nd qui te straigh t . It runs for a few miles through the forest a nd then out upon

the open grassy plai n .

r w 980 T he road he e passes south of the ra ilroad , hich A is not rejoi ned u ntil Kungur is reached . t its

r most distant poi nt i t i s 32 m iles to the no th .

T h e road often becomes muddy a nd difficult . A f ew steep h ills may be avoided by going over

the grass on th e clowns . E R 980 T h e roa d here passes i nto uropea n ussia , the fronti er li ne bei ng marked by a wh ite stone at th e summi t on which i s i nscribed ' Asia on

one side a nd Europe on the other . 4 Ac hi t . A branch road runs sou th , mil es to

- Krasno Ufim sk.

Kun gur . See R oute N

Perm . See R oute N . ROU T E W .

R OUTES IN THE KIRGHIZ STEPPE.

GEN ERAL DESCRIPTION .

T h e rou tes des c ribed below lie i n the region bounded on th e

w r R no r th by the Siberian R ai l ay , on the ea st by the I tysh i ver , and on the south by L ake B alkash . T hey are important from three points of view :

r Fi r st . In propo tion to the popula tion the number of horses i s la r ger here tha n a nywhere else i n Siberia . T h e annual sum mer gatheri ngs of h orse tra ders a t At B azar and especially at B aya n Aul a re probably the most important gatheri ngs of ‘ the ki nd i n R ussi a or even in the world . If horses a re to be pur

c . hased , agents should be sent to these places “

T . Second . h i s regio n contai ns a nu mber of coal mines Coal fr om the V osk r eseuski mines ca n be sent by rai l to Pavlodar

on th e Irtysh R ive r . T h e Kara ga ndy mine is too fa r from rail

r roa d transpo tatio n to be i mportant .

T hi r d . Some of the largest copper mi nes of Siberia are located

i n this region , and their development might be an i mportant help

11 the r ehabil i tation of Siberi a .

R O W P ROP O K T O U P KI MI . U TE . ET AVL VS S ENS NE

— T erm in N ea r the Siberi an R ailway the la nd i s flat and fa irly 2 ferti le . F or about 00 miles towa rd the south i t i s a well w w h watered pra irie , i th l ittl e forest but much heat . T e most a A B i mportant forest rea i s that surroundi ng t aza r , abou t 260

T he 10 2 miles south . next 0 or 00 mi les i s steppe cou ntry , l M rolling a nd fai rly wel wa tered . uch of i t i s devoted to

r w ho ses and ca ttle , although good crops of heat a re rai sed i n w nd fa vorable years . Still farther south , to th e est a northwest

f L lk sh o ake B a a , i s a desert area wi th practi c ally no water and few settl ed inhabita nts . O nly th e ru nni ng water i s good , k a ll the stil l water being brac i sh . In the vi lla ges practically w every house has its own ell , the settlements being built along

small wa ter courses or subterra nea n flows or basi ns . T h e cou n

133 3 4 K I R GHIZ STEPPE . t r c w y i s composed of sedimentary ro ks , broken i th i slands of

o . T h e gran ite , some f. wh ich a re la rge sedi menta ry rocks a re c fl and c w h ie y sandstones onglomera tes , i th some beds of slate

r and li mestone . T h e general elevation is highe than i n the north , and the su rfa ce i s broken by rocky hills . i t —T h a win C l m a e. e su mmer cli mate i s dry and f i rly hot , the

ter very cold and severe , the mercury someti mes goi ng a s low a s ° n 6 0 below zero . T ypical Siberi an bl izza rds of grea t i tensity ar e encou ntered a nd must be reckoned upon . At such ti mes the wind a ttai ns a veloci ty of from 80 to 100miles a n hou r , a nd the l igh t snow is sometimes whi rled 100 feet in the ai r a nd drifte d w badly . T he ba rometer i s said to i nva ri ably give arni ng, a nd from conti nuou s record s one observer states tha t the intervals between blows a re from 10 days to 2 weeks . An y cuts on

north and sou th rai lroa ds would be u nworkable . T h e first frosts

w i N . are i n September , i th gradually i ncrea s ng cold to ovember From then until spring there i s co nti nued i ntense cold a d ay w A 4 warm enough to thaw bei ng almost u nkno n . t 8 north M w the spri ng thaw is u sually i n arch , a nd the change , hi ch generall y follows an extremely cold spell , i s precipitate . F rom ° ° T h 48 to 52 north i t occurs abou t two weeks later . e change from extreme cold to full spri ng weather wi thout a ny fro st

’

w . T h nd occurs in a eek s ti me e snow melts qu i ckly , a for weeks h and s ometimes a month tra veling i s i mpossible . T e postal

service ha s been held up for si x weeks . T h e watercourses are fl ooded , a nd small streams become great rivers . As boats a re w 11 no here available , large bodies of men could ea sily be cut 0

a nd marooned .

- H ealth . T h e c hi ef disea se is typhoid , due la rgely to the

water . Smallpox also occurs , bu t appa rently ha s not recently

1 1 —17 w w s been epi demic . I n 9 6 yello j aundi ce a very prevalent ,

due to food condi tions . A trouble like scurvy a l so takes hold w of everyone , perhaps because of the u nfa vorable inter condi

tion s , i ncluding frozen mea ts . lack of fresh vegetables . and T h unventilated . overheated hou ses . e symptoms are abnormal . h swelling of the li mbs a nd fles y pa rts of th e body . T h e disea se

i s not fatal . T h e eati ng of fish from shallow lakes i s sai d to

186 KIR GHIZ STEPPE.

wi nter , driving them north i n the sp r ing after the th aw and w i retu rni ng south i th them n the fa ll . T he beef and mutton are

ea ta ble bu t tou gh and stringy a nd seem to la ck nutri ment . H ogs a re sca rce , bei ng kept , if a t a l l , on ly by the G ermans and R a M m w v u ussi n s , a s the oha medan i ll not h a e them abo t . ’ — {I im beoz r r o b Fo r th e most pa t , the c ou nt y is ba re f ti m er . A

w r li ttle bi rch i s fou nd near the rai l ay , a nd one a ea of pine be tween B aya n Aul and K ar kar ali a nd anothe r abou t 15 0 mi les A ktnolin k w s . W h north of hen possibl e , ood is t e only fuel u sed . x When not a va ilable , o droppings a re utilized . H r n e — ses a d am ls. T o c hese are plenti ful . L ike the dom estic w a ni mals , they are o ned i n h erd s by th e Ki rghi z a nd are d r iven

r north and south , accordi ng to sea son . All these he d s a re . for

Akm lin lc the most pa rt , located south of o s . T h e numbe r of horses i s sa i d to ha ve grea tly dec rea sed si nce the war but ca mel s are a s numerous a s ever .

fif n — r M c s . T h e cou nt y conta ins i mportant deposi ts of coa l a nd

T h m ar e copper . e most prominent ines those of th e Spasski C op per Mi ne ( Ltd ) ( coa l a nd c0pp er ) and th ose of the VOs k rese nski

Eki a tus P . T h Co. a t b s , nea r avloda r e latter belong to a n Engl ish

w th e R company a nd a re connected ith I rtysh iver by a rail road . T hey a re near enough to th e river to b e a m actic al source of coal

w r k supply , but the works e e ta en over by the B olshevi ki March

3 1918 O . T h e as ski . , and peration stopped mi nes of the Sp C o. M 1 1 were acti vely operated up to ay , 9 7, but t hei r present condi w h ti on i s u nkno n . T e coa l a nd copper deposits offer grea t pros

ec ts . C t h p of development lay , li mestone , qua rtz ( for e brick ) , a nd sal t are also plentiful .

T r ans r tati n — See p o o . ( al so general introduction . ) Al though w the ro ad s a re only trail s , they a re u sua lly good , o i ng to the

presence of sil icious rocks . In fact , one ca n generally travel

c w r r from pl a ce to pla e even here there a e no roa d s . T avel i s w usual ly i n smal l ca rts or sleighs dra n by one horse , one ca mel . h or a pa i r of oxen . T e latter are used in the northern a rea as A B m fa r a s t azar , while ca el s a re more commonly employed M fa rther south . otor ca rs ca n be empl oyed l ocal l y from May to K IR GHIZ STEPPE. 18 7

w September , bu t not i n i nter . and even i n su mmer the sandy river crossings offer serious difficulties . T h e Sp asski Co. tr ied

r steam t action engines for hauling coal , bu t aba ndoned them .

T h c w 25 0 G - w 2- e ompany o n s good erman ma de agons , inch trea d

r r w c m T h i on ti es , i th pol es o pl ete . e l ocal type of freight wagon is the h i gh two- wheeled ca rt f o r c a m els and the fo ur - wheel ed

f o wagon for c amel s or oxen . C amp sites r l a rge bodies of men i a re a va l able a l ong the routes . P ki 4 T h e dista nce between etropavlovsk a nd Spass i s 77 miles . In 1913 th e ordi na ry ti me of tra nsi t for the mining company ’s

r w s T h c f ei gh t a 3 0 to 3 3 days . e avera ge time onsumed by the

’ n iii r k r compa y s o c e s i n ma i ng the t ip was 6 0 hours , th e quickest

r 2 w c t ip on reco rd bei ng 4 hours , of hi h 36 were actually con

r R su med i n t avel ing . ( See section on oads , under Akmolinsk ,

T h e R i ver Irtysh is an i mporta nt h ighway . L a rge steamers r un from Semipalati nsk to T obol sk duri ng the open months and smal ler stea m ers a scend fu rther i nto the Al ta i region .

na m s —T P lac e e . hese are very c onfusing, as there a re t re

or quently fou r i n u se f a ny one pla ce . viz , the posta l designation . t he R ussia n pea sant name . the Ki rghiz name , a nd i n some ca ses a G erman name .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION .

M P o o s . P See R . etr pavl v k opula tion , about ( oute , p

w r L eavi ng th e to n from i ts sou the n section , the road bea rs

- in l . south , c rossi ng the ra il road abou t one fourth of a mi e

1 T he r e i s a sl ight down - gr ade to a wooden pile bri dge about one

r h r 100 half mi le f om P etropavlovsk . T e b i dge is about feet L long a nd i s sa id to be i n poor repai r . oad s of 3 tons can ordi

n T h e w arily pa ss . strea m i s shal lo , except during th e spring

w h 10 . tha . T e banks a re about feet hi gh A pumping plant is

located by the strea m bed about one - fourth of a mile west of the

r 3 roa d . From the b ridge , th e oad passes for abou t miles ove N w f r w . o l at count y , hich is a n ol d river bottom ork is ever 188 KIRGHIZ STEPPE.

A d one on the road , and a n ordinary ra i n causes deep mud . t

about 3 miles from Petropavlovsk , a sl ight upgra de bri ngs one to a s ma ll Ki rghiz camp , on the west side of th e road . Along the fir s t 14 mi les there a re a f ew ranch houses h ere and th ere o ff

nd c . the road , a some s attered small timber

Mil es .

14 . A Government post sta ti o n a nd small Ki rghi z settlemen t

of a dozen houses situa ted in a sligh t hollow . Water

is deri ved from well s a nd small spri ngs , a nd th ere are

ma ny l a rge trees . A good , covered corral sta nds on

the east side of th e roa d .

r 28 K ar atama . A Government post s tation .

k a. w Kamy sh l ov G overnment post station , i th co rra l 300

yard s south on the road . Also la rge cover ed c orra l o n

west side . T h e country is level and flat , and the road

is firm and ca n be tra vel ed a t all sea sons . T h e water

from wells i n i nclosu res is good , a nd there i s good grass .

T hi s stretch has no trees or farms .

Emantus. Government post station . A few dwelli ngs on the west si de of the road a nd rui ned turf h ou ses on B each side of the post house . ehi nd i t i s a well wi th

a long weighted sweep . T here is a new low gr owth of

trees . N umerou s Ki rghiz fa rms a nd corrals along the

route , short di sta nces from th e roa d . A mile sou th i s a village of about 20 log houses wi th thatched roofs a nd and corrals . T here a re ca ttle horses . Water is from

h fi rm wells . T e roa d i s , with pa sture on each side .

76 Mizgily . Government post station . N ea r th is sta tion P the telegraph li ne from et ropavlovsk , whi ch follows h the roa d thus fa r , turns off . T e sta tion i s i n a sma ll n w w w forest of low , e gro th , and consists of t o houses

r W and a corral . C lose by a e some fenced fields . ater

w w l T h i m] i s plentifu l from shallo el s . e road n the

media te vi cinity i s soft and boggy . From thi s station for nea rly 20 miles i t passes through a Government

fo rest re servation of good ti mber . T h e forest i s la id

14 9 KIRGHIZ ST EPPE.

is T ss k Akmoli nsk c ut . he Sp a i C o . h a ve con cession s

an w w m c there d o n a sa mill . So e gold mi ning is a r ri e d

on i n the hill s .

T he road from h ere swi ngs a r ound th e weste r n e nd of th e l ake a nd follows the ba nks of its ou tlet over a fine m N stretch of country for a bout 5 iles . o timber . A R ussia n settlement a nd th e h alfway station to Aknio

l w r li nsk , located a t the foot of a o , t eeless hi ll . I t is

a 0 an c mm well lai d out , ha s bout 6 houses , and c a c o o

W r r da te many men . ate is obtai ned f om wells and from underground d rai nage from the lake described

above . Abou t 3 mi les beyond the road c rosses a s m all strea m h on a wooden bri dge abou t 50 feet long . T e brid ge i s

a m set on pil es a nd is i n ba d shape . I n su mmer the stre has only a foot of water a nd there i s a fo r d beside t h

h r bridge . Abou t 2 m iles beyond t e b idge a nd a l i ttl e off the roa d is a G overnment hospital bu ilding not in T h n w use . e roa d i s good here a d on some ha t h i gher

r level grou nd , It pa sses through nume ous villages sca t

tered a 10 15 s r a t dist nces from to mil e , All a re p os

‘ r w p e ous farming communi ties , u sual ly i th pl enty o f

T h r b e hay . W ater i s obtained from wells . e count y

w w a . c omes some ha t more rolli ng , i th some sm ll ti mber T h e extremely wide road is wel l m a r ked a nd c an not

w r m be mi ssed . I t ould ea sily be d isti nguishable f o

aeropla nes .

r Matinski. A R ussian Villa ge . T h e road con t i nues th ough a ti mbered district a nd i s muddy and rough i n bad w w a . ea ther , althou gh al ys passable w r A Russian vi ll age of abou t 20 houses , i t h good c ove ed w G W r . corrals . a ter f om el ls ood feed and a good

T h e road th rou gh sl ightly wooded . r ot ah c ountry .

O msk R oa d j oi ns the roa d f r om P etr opavlosk nea r here . AKMOLIN SK . 141

ek s e sk . 10 r Al ey v i About hou ses , l oca ted on hi gh g ound .

r T Good haysta cks and pastu e . h e roa d from he r e is w f along bumpy grou nd , ith ewtrees . Occ asiona l houses

are passed . Vi ll age on the edge of a sma ll la ke abou t a mile long and w a ha lf mi le ide . Open level cou ntry wi thout trees . T h e mai n telegraph line p asses through here and there

T h - r is a sta tion . e village conta ins a good sized chu ch . h w T e road , hich continues good , passes over rolli ng

ground .

Kush aki . T h e village h as one long street a nd i s on the w ed ge of a forest of small trees , hich begi ns j ust b e

h i nd the houses on h igher grou nd . T his is the li mit in

thi s di rection for trees of a ny ki nd , except such a s

have been planted a round houses and cared for . T he

street is abou t a mile long, with houses a t i nterva ls on R both s ides . A u ssia n church is located abou t ha lf

‘

w u . T ay p o the north of the vi ll age , abou t 2 mil es w a ay , i n a s ma l l clump of trees o n a knoll . is a wooden w w to er . hich has been there many yea rs , and seems to

- ha ve been a wel l dri lli ng frame . T h e road fr om here i s practically level and runs over a b road steppe dotted occa sionally with houses or small

. T h e w settl ements grass is good , bu t ater i s sca rce .

km sk A ol i n . Popul ation probably to Cos h sacks and K i rgh iz . T e town i s loca ted i n a slight

depressio n of the rolling ground of the steppe . T he

c ountry i s grass grown a nd there i s good feeding to ox a tr nsport . bu t i t is ba rren of trees . Aeropl anes n w . T h e w cou ld la nd a y here to n i s prosperou s , a nd is r m P the sea t of gove n ent fo r the Akmol insk rovince . I t t contains a telegraph sta tion . post o hee , bra nch of the

B u r Imperial ank , poli ce hea dq arters , l a rge sto es , a tal low w fl factory , a soap factory , a po er ou r m ill , a nd 100 a w r is ni ill about sm l l i nd g t s . T hese a re of the Dutch type and a re the most striki ng featu re of the

r vi ll age , bei ng g ouped on h igh ground a t the eastern 14 2 K IR GHIZ STEPPE.

w end . T here i s a sma ll mach ine shop i th small swi ng fi h out t . T l a the , shaper , dril l presses , and blacksmi th e w power is a ga sol ine engine . A fa i r i th a tu rnover of

rubles i s held each year . T he chief trade i s h w 200 i n ca ttle . T e d elli ngs a re abou t feet apa rt on

- T h lai d ou t street , wi th i nclosed ya rds . e roofs a re gen

erally of i ron wi th a 30per cent pi tch. T h e village al so w has a number of chu rches , th e domes of hich a re

visible for a long distance . Camp sites a re ava ilabl e

anywhere outside th e city , but water is not very abun

da nt . T here are a number of town wells with power and w ha nd pu mps , a nd th e a ter is deli vered i n wa gons .

Fuel is not rea dily ava ilable , the nearest timber being

about 46 m iles north . C attle a re numerou s i n all the d su rroun i ng country , a nd i n all d irecti ons a re fa rms

and ranches worked by R ussia ns and K irghiz . Good

stocks of food suppl ies a re kept here . T here i s d irect telegraph connection north to P etropa vlosk a nd Omsk

a nd south to K aragandy . I n 1915 a nd 1916 the town was a mobi lizati on center

' i I n A s 1 for the d strict drafts sent north . ugu t, 916 ,

th ere were troops i n the i mmediate vi ci nity , to prevent Kirghiz uprisi ng i n protest to the mobi l iz ation h of the Ki rghi z w o were exempt by treaty . Abou t 100 nfi G erma n officer pri soners were co ned here . R oads ra di ate from here i n all di rections ; eastwa rd coveri ng th e I rtysh R iver section ; southwa rd to the n rich farming country , the copper and coal m ines , a d fa rther to the wool a nd h ide section ; westwa rd to ’ wa rd At B aza r . T hey are merely the natu ral surface

w . of the steppe , no ork ever having been do ne on them T w hey a re fai r i n dry eather , bu t generally muddy and

’ r w H o t w . boggy i n et, and a fter the sp i ng tha undreds

wagons pa ss over th e ma i n roa ds i n a day , but owing to th e fact tha t they do not tra ck and because of th e

wobbly wooden wheels there a re no ruts . T h e road

R KI GHIZ STEPPE .

T h e roa d from here goes up a sli ght gradual grade

th rough a good grass country to Karaga ndy . About d m ha lfway is a pa rtly e ol ish ed h ouse a nd stabl e .

nd . P 300 Karaga y opulation abou t normal ly , mostly

a n - K i rgh iz m iners , R u ssia ns , d a n Engl ish spea ki ng h w . T e f w staff bui ldi ngs i nclude d ellings for sta f, ork ’ w men s barracks , store a rehou ses , a nd stabl es . T h e

latter have accommodations for 3 0 ani mals i n winter . 50 T Abou t 0 men could be housed . h is i s the coal a k mini ng camp of the Sp ss i C o. , furni shi ng all coa l w i used for po er , hea ti ng , smelting, etc . , at Sp as sk , u k h Sa ra S , and Uspen s i . T e equi pment i ncl udes t wo

hoi sting engines , good for 500 feet ; 4 B abcock W il

cox tubula r boi lers , of approxi mately 100 horsepower each ; a compressor of about feet of free ai r per w mi nute ; complete blacksmi th shop , ith 1 small la the ,

20- w r r T h i nch s i ng drill p ess , g inders . etc . e mi ne is

operated by two sh afts . 300 feet deep , both fully

equipped , bu t only one i n u se . I t i s capable of furni sh i ng a mi ni mum of tons a yea r by conti nuous

w T h e ork . coa l i s a gaseous lignite , 25 to 30 per cent

a sh , and practically free from sulphur . Th e wa ter supply i s good and sufficient for

men . It is capable of qui ck development . 1 w- w 2 A na rro gauge rai l a y , 71; miles long, runs to

ki. 4 fla Sp ass I t h as 3 locomotives , about t ca rs ( abou t

- 10ton capaci ty ) , a nd 20botto m dump . T hey a re al l in

fai r condi tion only . T h e track is goo d , ra i ls about 75

pou nds . Karagandy i s the termi nus of the post road from P etropa vlovsk a nd of the telegraph line from

Akmolinsk and the north . A telephone li ne runs south R w sski . to Sp a . Sa ra Su, a nd Uspenski oa ds follo the ground formation westwa rd to nu merous settle R ments of ussi ans , Germans . a nd Ki rgh iz , a nd south to ki Sp ass a nd beyond . T h e Sp asski road proceeds over the nearly level

w r steppe , follo ing the rai l oa d closely a nd pa ssi ng many SPASSKI . 14 5

i fa rms . T here are two water sta tions on the ra l road , T h w about 8 miles apart . e a ter is pumped by connect

i ng the steam of th e locomotives to small pumps . Abou t 13 miles south th e roa d and ra ilroad cross the R iver

Sokar , the former by a ford a nd the latter o n a trestle .

T h e ford is good , but the river ha s caused the rai lroad 2 much trouble i n flood ti me . A t about 0 miles the

’ asski . Sp Co . s farm is located to the west of the road ki T h is i s fully equipped . Just before reach ing Sp a ss there i s a long h ill with abou t a 10 per cent grade to

the top .

Spasski. Popula tion about T his i s the h eadq uar

M T y il ters of the Sp asski C opper i nes C o. ( Ltd ) . h e la ge is loca ted a t the foot of a consi derable hi ll ( 200 to

w r l . 3 00 feet high ) , hich commands the enti e sett ement T h e mai n road traverses the hill and enters th e town 2 on a 1 per cent gra de from i ts top . T h e railroad enters w h by a curve o n the level ground from the north est . T e k grou nd i s roc y a nd there a re no trees , but to th e south w w a nd sou th est i t is level a nd ell grassed . Ai rcraft

w r could la nd a ny here i n tho se di rections . T o th e no th a nd northwest are large field s of natural hay a nd numer w w ous farms o n hich fodder co rn , heat , a nd oats are

rai sed . T h e vil lage contai ns the va rious mi ning buil d ings , a

’ R s r u s ia n bath , company s sto e , labo ra tory , a nd el ectri c

flour r l ight power sta tion , mill , b ick plant , c hurch , work ’ ’ w men s ba rracks , staff hou ses , doctor s house . po der n magaz ine ( o the h ill ) , a hospita l , a nd other build ings .

' T h e t w n i h roo s a re of i ron i th a 30 per c e t p tch . T e w hospi tal i s ell equipped for 100patients . It i s a la rge w w bri ck bu i ldi ng ith su n porches on the south a nd est , and M 1 1 ha s a complete kitchen . In a rch , 9 7, th e stock of medici nes wa s Very complete except for iodine a nd T h ’ a spi rin . e company s pla nt i n c ludes a c ompl ete

and - blacksmith machine shop , smal l ( 300pou nd ) i ron 14 6 KIRGHIZ STEPPE.

sh - cupola , carpenter Op with electric dri ven saws , planes , fir a nd edger , common red , sil ica , a nd e brick pla nts a nd

ki lns , wi th accompanyi ng cru shing and grindi ng pla nt ,

electri c light and power , complete copper smel ting , con fin n 7 verting a nd re i g pla nt , a concrete stack 5 feet h igh 4 flour and i ron stacks 50 feet high , a small mill , l ime w kilns , hay harvesting and baling mach ines , a gons ,

sleds , traveli ng carria ges , slei ghs , a ll necessary ha r 2 10 ness , about 150head of camels , 00oxen , and 0ho rses .

N fi r - earby are excellent deposi ts of e cl ay , red brick n cla y , silica , a d lime . w Wa ter is obta ined from ell s a nd carted , bu t there i s a l ck of surface d rainage , a nd th e shallow wells are

easily pollu ted . T yphoid i s very prevalent at ti mes ,

and all water should be boil ed . O therwi se general

health condi tions are good . T h e roa d proceeds th rough

- a gra ss country. About 11 miles ou t i s a well buil t

covered ca mel corra l wi th a wel l and good water . At abou t 20 miles the route pa sses over some h i lls ( grades

8 per cent ) a nd down i nto th e valley of the N ura River .

- N ura crossi ng. T h e stream i s crossed on a low piled 4 l bri dge abou t 0 feet long . It is also fordab e except i n T freshets . here i s a good covered ca mel shed here . From the crossing to D ar r ier the road is good and h parallel s a fa irly hi gh range of mountai ns . T e grass

conti nues good .

- w a B arri er . T hi s is a ca mel shed stati on , wi th ater t w w . T shall o d epth here a re ell s and splendid gra ss .

T h e roa d passes over a sligh t ri se to the next village .

R u ssi an vi llage . T hi s straggles from the roa d back for

a m il e or so over an underground water channel . It

h as a . good covered ca mel shed . T h e roa d conti nues up a sl ight grade and then over a mile or so of soft w e ground to a poi nt here i t divi d s , a bra nch go ing to

U . Sara Su, a nd the ma i n roa d proceedi ng to spensk i - R us Sara Su. ( Popula tion abou t Abou t one third

- sia ns a nd two thirds Ki rghiz , all employed at the com

148 R KI GHIZ STEPPE.

inerous layers of compact cla y . I t i s pumped a nd de l ivered to a heigh t of 125 feet to the works th rough

200 6 - 3 feet of. i nch iron pipe by a 12 by 14 gea red t r iplex

. T h e electric pump pipe is bu ri ed 4 feet and freezes . N o fuel i s ava il able except ox d roppings and coal from

Ka ra gandy . H erds of ca ttle , horses , sheep , a nd camels a re pastured i n all di rections except i n wi nter when they a re dri ven h sou th . T e pastu re is good i n spring a nd summer and

well i nto the fall . T h e telephone li ne from Spasski passes through h ere

and , by swi tchboard , to Uspenski . T h e w country i s open rolling steppe , ithout trees , and

aeroplanes could land a nywhere . T h e Sara Su R i ver flows ea st to wes t abou t 300 feet south of the works a nd i s o rdi narily a smal l stream f w w only a e feet i n i dth , bu t duri ng the spri ng freshets is from 50 feet to a half mi le wide varying with the

rapi di ty of the th aw a nd the a mount of snow . Abou t 40mi les to the east on the river is a large Ger m an colonist settlement a nd another about 3 6 miles to

the no rthwest . In 1916 a motor car traveled west to

Jez Kaaga n , followi ng th e river for th e first 70 mi les

- th rough a seri es of R usso German vi llages . Af ter leav

i ng the river there were no villages o r farm in g , a nd the

route crossed the open steppe, broken only by a few

camel carava n routes .

Uspen ski . Popul ati on about 700 ( about 600 Ki rghiz ,

wi th R ussian a nd English staff ) . T his vi llage i s the

farthest outpost of modern civi lization . R oads lea d to

l . the south a nd west , but on y Ki rghiz camps are found

T h e most i mportant copper mi ne of the Uspenski C o.

i s located here . T h e mi ne and Village are situated o n 0 a long , low h ill s1 pe with lower ground to the north i and east and higher to th e west . T he highest poi nt s T abou t 200 yards from th e mai n roa d . here a re no

trees , bu t natural hay grows everywhere outs i de the

town . Ai rcraft could land anywhere . USPEN SKI . 149

T h e ba rracks are wel l bu ilt of brick and stone , with i ron roofs . T h e company has a store and a well equ ipped hospital . A dynami te magazine i s located about one - fou rth of a mi le northeast and i s protected

- with 20foot poles ca rryi ng lightning rods . T he bu ild i ng i s short - ci rcuited to th e ground by a n envelope of

- 4 - 3 i nch i ron rods , bound together at inch i ntervals .

T h e water supply is very limited and poor . Fuel i s hauled from Karagandy . Forage for ani mals i s not to n be counted o , but pastu re i s good a nd unl imi ted from

Ap ril to September . T h l w e m i ne produces only o 6 per cent copper , the

- T h high grade ore bei ng exh austed . e life of the mi ne i s now sai d to be li mi ted u nless new deposits are dis T covered . here a re two hoi sti ng steam engi nes , good for 700 feet with 2- ton l ift ; fou r B abcock W ilcox

l l 1 0 - tubu a r boi ers , 0 horsepower each ;a cubi c feet free - ai r Ingersoll R and compound steam and a i r com pressor ;and two - cubic feet f ree air I ngersoll Rand si ngle - steam a nd compound a i r compressor in fa i r shape ; a i r - dri ll sh arpeners ( new ) ; abou t twenty 22 ai r d rills and si x small jack hammer drills ; and com plete blacksmi th shOp fo r all work . Abou t a half mile south of the town is a quarry of good sandstone for bu ilding . T here are also l ime de posits withi n a couple of miles and clay for bricks a s well as kilns for bu rn ing both . T o the south runs a road wh ich eventually strikes the

Kara Su River , which lea ds to the T urkesta n R a il road from Samara to T ashkent . T hi s road is seldom used and i s not suitable for th e movement of troops . T o th e sou theast the country toward Lake B alkash is

sandy and extremely alkaline . W ater i s very sca rce . and partly for th i s reason and partly owing to the scarci ty of pasture and th e u nreliabi lity of gu ides , th e country is dangerous for travel ing . T here i s some travel i n i t i n the springtime between T ashkent and 150 KIR GHIZ STEPPE.

u n i th e la rge horse fai r hel d a t K y a d . I n L ake B alkash the water i s sa id to be sweet on th e north si de and some

wha t brackish o n the south .

O —— R U TE W 2 PAVLODAR T O KARKAR ALIN SK .

P od . P . . L avl ar ( See t I II , p eaving the town the R T he road crosses the iver Irty sh by mea ns of a ferry .

roa d passes over dry , ba rren cou ntry i nterspersed wi th

many salt lakes . At 14 miles i t crosses the railroad which connects the coal mi nes of th e Vosk resenski

R osk r n ki L C o. wi th the iver Irtysh at V ese s anding, 2 4 miles by river above Pavloda r . R oad good .

K alk om an . A Government post station . R oad conti nues

through a dry , barren la nd .

Jer m antus. A Government post station o n the shore of

an i ntensely sal t lake , the beach of which is incrusted

with heavy deposits of salt . T hese are removed annu a ally , but grow aga i n by n tural processes .

' - Kai da ul. A Government post sta tion . R oad conti nues

through same type of country .

Chak Ch an . A G overnment post station i n bar ren , roll

i ng steppe . At this point a roa d branches off to the west to the mi nes at B ayandi Ku duk and thence to h Akmolinsk . ( See Route W . T e mou nta ins a round

B ayan Aul a re fai ntly visible from here .

Ka ndi Kara $11. A Government po st statio n nea r the foot of the Gra ni te range of mounta ins which domi R nates Baya n Aul . oa d passes a round mounta ins , a nd

i n bad weather i s heavy a nd rough .

Bay an Aul . A C ossack town i n a valley i n the Grani te

Mounta ins which are thi ckly wooded . Very beau ti ful

- cou ntry wi th numerous fresh water la kes .

Kar karali nsk . A C ossack town . T he headquarters of a

large forestry i ndustry under Government control . T h e K n road passes through the site of the uya di fai r , the

largest fai r for the sal e of li ve stock i n Siberia , prob

ably i n the world .

152 KIRGHIZ STEPPE.

W D istan c es a re only estima ted . After leaving the timber area the roa d proceeds west over a n open cou ntry wi thou t any settlement except the hu ts of a

few K i rgh iz .

Karagandy c oal mi ne . A point on the Petropavlovsk

e R —l T h e Uspenski road . ( S e ou te W . ) reporter made w M 1 the j ou rney i n severe wi nter ea ther i n arch , 19 3 ;

the sto rms were bad .

T otal lapsed ti me on trip T ota l actual tra vel ti me

Made the same trip on 2l st May ( after spring th aw )

in 70hours l apsed ti me wi thout effort .

T here a re no obstructions on thi s route , except tha t the River N ura (N orth Fork ) must be crossed a t

Sannikoff , near Ka ragandy . Crossing i mpossible i n fl ood times ;not ba d at other times .

— A N D W —6 R RA R R OU TES W 5 , KA KA LIN S K TO KA AGAN DY AN D

L KAR KAR A IN SK T O USPENSKI .

Karkarali n sk is th e term inal station of th e post road from

Pavlodar to Karka rali nsk . ( See Route W

d - i Kara gan y is a station on the Akmoli nsk Uspensk road . R —l ( See oute W . ) Usp enski i s th e termi nal station on the post road from Akmo l — i nsk to Uspenski . ( See Route W l . ) T hese rou tes need no speci al description . T hey ru n through the u sual open country of the Steppes and are constantly u sed

by the timber carri ers , who bring timber from the forested a rea arou nd Karkarali nsk to the mines of the Sp asski C o. T hey are also used by the general publi c for transport of produce w bet een Semipalati nsk , Akmoli nsk , etc . D istance , abou t 150 mi les . AT BAZAR . 153

R OU W — P ROP T TE 7, ET AVLOVSK O JU SALI .

P o o s u R R etr pavl v k . O the Si beria n ailway ( oute M ) . Azat ski ( vi a R oute \V At this poi nt the mai n Gov ernment post road swerves to the west toward At B w azar , whence it runs to ard Akmolinsk .

K ok ch etovsk . At B P azar . opul ation , abou t except during a week Ma T h i n y , when there i s a la rge fai r . e Kirghiz l from the south then exchange woo , ca ttle , horses ,

w w . T heat , etc . , fo r i mported ares of all kinds here

i s a bank , stores , etc . During th e fai rs th e deali ngs

tota l sever a l mill ion rubles . From At B azar the post w k road s ings east to A molinsk . I t passes through a 2 seri es of vi llages 20 to 5 versts apart . T hese villages

w . A B a rai se heat , cattle , and horses From t az r to Jes K asgan the country i s i nhabi ted only by nomadic

Kirghiz , wh o travel wi th their horses , camels , sheep , T l and goats . here i s a fair a mou nt of grass u nti

within abou t 100 versts ( 66 m iles ) of Jes K aSgan,

where the sagebrush country begi ns .

Jes Ke sgan . At Jes K asgan a re si tu ated the mines of i A . assk the t Bazar C o , owned by the Sp Copper Fields L T w ( td ) . hey are ell developed , bu t not produci ng ,

as the enterpri se i s new . T here are quarters for abou t

500 men , wi th ga s power hou se , a small machi ne

shop , etc .

Pai . 4 s K as an T K assar k Abou t 0 mi les sou th of Je g . hi s i s the si te of the u ncompleted works for the redue

tion of the copper ore from the Jes K asgan mines .

It i s local headquarter s of the Spasski C o. and con 20 tai ns offices , houses for about fami li es belongi ng to f ’ 500 the sta f, and workmen s qu arters for abou t to

h u - - men . T e works consist of an p to date machine

shop , carpenter shop ru n by electrici ty , and partially

completed concentration , ga s , power , a nd smel ti ng

plants . T here i s a reservoi r reported capable of hold 4 15 KIR GHIZ STEPPE.

ing gal lons of wa ter colle c ted «luri ng tlu ‘ m spri ng freshets oi the Ku ala R iver wa tershed . At

B i 2 w K ass rk a Ka nu r , 5 miles south est of a P ai, i s the h site of the coal mines of thi s enterprise . T e deposi t B T h e i s ligni tic , of abou t ri ti sh thermal un its .

' in - m es ar e wel l developed . A 3 foot ra i lway connecting n K P i B i Jes K asga , assark a , and a Ka nu r i s u nder

construction .

- Jusali . A station a t F ort N o. 2 on the O renburg T ash

kent R ai lwa y . T hi s rail road was bu il t primarily for

J sali mi li tary pu rposes . u ha s extensive side tracks ,

e tc . u l arge station , bu ildings , I t is sit ated on the

R e . Sara Su i ver , wh ich empties into th e S a of Aral Between K assark Pai a nd Jusali th e country is sandy T w and i s covered wi th sagebrush . here i s li ttle ater , h and most of i t i s brackish . T e transport i s en ti rely

l r by came , o , i n summer , by motor cars .

156 FA U TO SIM BI R SK . 57 UFA TO SIM BIRSK . 1

GEN ERAL D ESCRIPT ION .

MILITARY IMPORTAN CE . T hi s route woul d furni sh an important supply li ne if a battle front were mai nta ined along the 2 th Volga or fa rther west . ( ) It runs through a region at ordi marily ha s a surplus of food products , especi ally cereals , honey , w a nd anima ls . ( 3 ) I t furnishes an alternative route bet een f Moscow a nd Uf a . ( 4 ) It o fers a nother crossing of the Volga

z n by bri dge i n a ddition to the bridge at Sy ra . — l w TERRAIN . T h e first third of the route runs through a o

pl ateau , broken by broad river val leys several hu ndred feet deep .

r r h T he e a e no great elevations , bu t someti mes the sides of t e va ll eys are qu i te steep where they have been u ndercut by the w ater . l I n the second thi rd the va leys broaden , the slopes become gentler , a nd the country a ssumes the a spect of a rolli ng plai n sloping to the west . In the last part of the route the rolli ng pla i n merges i nto the flat lowland of the Volga val ley Wi th w M gentle , isolated hi ll s bet een the rivers . uch of the country

is forested , bu t still la rger areas a re in fields. C MM T — O UN ICA I ON S. From Uf a to C hi shmy th i s route i s iden w w tical i th the mai n ra il ay from Zlatoust to Samara ( R oute M ) . At C hishmy i t diverges to the west and ru ns th rough B ugulma to Simb irsk on the Volga . T hroughout i ts Whole length the ra il d way i s roughly parallele by a telegraph li ne and post road ,

r wh ile othe post roads meet i t from the north and sou th . B oth

Uf a S ar e f and i mbir sk ri ver ports , U a being the hea d of navi gation on the B yelaya R iver and Simbi rsk being one of the im porta nt Volga ports . N DUSTR E —T h I I S. e region traversed by this route i s c h iefly

a . G flax gricultu ra l ra i n s , hemp , , and frui ts are the ch ief crops . B n ees are kept by ma y of the farmers . G raz ing interests a re t a i mpor nt , and sheep , horses , and ca ttle a re numerous . 158 UFA TO SIM BIRSK .

D ETAI LED D ESCRI PTI O N .

Miles D istan c e fr om fr om o Vlad/ivost k . C h ish my . ii Uf a R M f m ( oute ) . From U a to C hish y the li ne i s identical wi th the Zla toust- Sama ru

li ne .

4 s m R M , 3 69 M 0 V Ch i h y I ( ou te M ) . ai n station on

- 0 M the Z la toust Sa mara line .

4 1 M 4 s m , 37 V Ch i h y I I . A stati on on the Simbi rsk

3 M R a ilway . T he Si mbi rsk l i ne fol lows a w small valley to the north est , while the

ma i n li ne runs southwest .

i i V B lag ovar . T h e li ne cr osses a low d ivide “1 M a nd~descends into a small valley . 4 4 10 2 uz h v , M 6 V B dy ak . T e line follows the smal l ul 41 M w w ley to the sou th est a nd est , then con tinues to the northwes t a nd crosses a low

d ivide .

4 430 M 92 d . T h , Kan ry e l i ne runs to the west and fol

61 M lows a small valley i nto the I k Valley .

4 44 M 2 T i az , 9 1 1 V u m a. I n th e I R Valley . T h e li ne as n w 80 M ce d s th e west slope of th e va lley , follo

ing a sma ll tributa ry to the northwest .

4 47 M 1 . T h r , 0 53 Yutaza e l i ne runs to the no thwest , 1 1 w 0 then turns to the south est , leavi ng the

small valley . I t crosses a low divide a nd

descends i nto the Z ai Va lley .

DI 18 4 V Z ai . Ou th e Za i R iver near its headwaters . M T h e l ine runs to the southwest a nd avoid s

a bi g tu rn of th e river . B m 4 , 503 M V ugu l a . ( Populati on , n e a r l y

134 M R a i lway resta urant . T his town o n the

Za i R iver has 6 schools , i ncl udi ng a n a ricul indu strial school , a Government g

tura l station . a hospital , a nd disti lleries . h Fa irs a re hel d h ere twi ce a yea r . T e

160 F U A T O SIM BIRSK .

Miles D 'is ta/nc e fr om fr om Vla i s o d v t k . o Ch is hmy . 4 6 5 1 , M V Yakushka . T he l i ne runs along the fi at 282 M valley of the C heremsha n to the southwest

a nd west . 4 671 M l 45 6 V e e ess. P , k ( opula tion , Railway

M restau rant . A t own in th e d istrict of Stavrop olsk i n the Government of Sa

mara , located a t the j unction of the Mele

kess a nd Cheremsha n Rivers . T he town b nk has a a , Government hospital , a store

f flo r for arm machi nery , a drug store , 8 u

r mills , a di sti lle y , a nd 50 sma ll establish

ments . About 10miles sou thwest of the town i s M ll the village of y ovka , with a populatio n of abou t N ea rby i s a li nen mill em ployi ng 800 men a nd a distillery employ

i ng 60 men . T h is i s a gra i n and fru i t

a r i si ng cou ntry . T h e ra ilway ascends the bluff s o n th e west si de of the river a nd runs northwest

a long the high land .

4 B d . T h n w M 78 V ryan i no e li ne tur s tothe est , con

317 M tinni ng on the divide , a nd then descends

to the flat of the valley . P Volkovo . latform stop . fl T h i 512 V C e d . On at. e 4 , 708 M h r ak ly the valley l ne

839 M conti nues west to the river .

- 4 1 531 V C s e k . R w , 72 M ha ovnya V r h nay a a i l a y r e s t a n

. T h 3 52 M rant . Oh th e east ba nk of the Volga e li ne crosses the ri ver by a long steel fe T r uc u . bridge , a modern st t his bridge

was i nj ured by the B olsheviki i n October ,

1918 , but wa s reported to have been sp eed

ily repa ired . SIMBI RSK . 16 1

D istance fr om

Olnshmy .

54 1 V Si mbir sk . ( P opul a tion Capital of k 3 59 M the G overnment of Si mbi rs . — S tr ategic im p or tance ( l ) Fro m its height the ci ty comma nds the surrounding

region . ( 2) I t gua rds the bridge across l the Vo ga , a very i mportant structu re . ( 3 ) ' Simbirsk i s the mai n statio n on the Uf a

- w C hishmy Si mbirsk l i ne , hi ch ru ns west to connect with the mai n line of the T rans

Siberian route a t I nz a . T h e city i s also the terminal of pos t roa ds from d ifferent ai ree

tions . It i s i mporta nt i n the river trade of

the Volga . ( 4 ) Simbi rsk i s surrou nded by

—r a food p oduc ing region , from whi ch sup

plies could be obta i ned in la rge qua ntities . — L ati n. T h e 0 oc o ci ty i s on a hill , 56 feet w above sea level , between the est ba nk of i the Volga and the Sv y aga R ivers . It i s

about mi dway between Samar a and Kazan . et il it —T h D a s of th e c y . e best part of the

city is on the hill . T h e commerci al qu ar

ters , i ncludi ng the wa rehouses and the poor est subu rbs a re on the slopes between the

h ill and the ri vers . I n 1901 the city had 30Gover nment build L i ngs , stone houses , 1 utheran , 1 2 Catholic , and 9 G reek O rthodox Chu rches, w a Je ish Syna gogue , and a T arta r Moham M T h medan osque . e city has 39 schools , i ncluding a hi gh school for boys and girls

and a mi li tary school . Almost 9 mi l es from the ci ty i s the Karamzi n Hospital with 120

beds . 16 2 UFA T O SI MI LR I SK . — I ndustr ies. T he regio n around Si mb irsk

i r s a g icul tura l . N ot fa r from the ci ty i s

- a n 800acre orch a rd . D uri ng the fai r held w h ere , h i c h ha s a n annual turnover of the trade in gra i n is the mos t

i mportant . Other a rticles of exchange a re w w pota sh , wood a nd ooden ares , wool ,

hi des , fruits , ca ttle , horses , and small manu

f ac tured products . Only 37 i ndu stri al es i tablish m ents were reg stered i n 1900, Which

together employed 500 men .

r t i — T m nsp o at on . Simbi rsk h as ra ilway communication wi th Russi a by a li ne to the

I nz w west th rou gh a , i th Siberia by the l ine

r f to the east th ou gh U a . P ost roads extend to Syzra n a nd Samara w on the south , to Karsu n o n the est , to

Kazan on the north , and to Ufa on the east . T h e ch ief tra de i s carried on by water on n w the Volga . O e large ha rf recei ves l Miles D istanc e tons of l umber , sal t , and crude oil annua ly , fr om fr om an d distributes up th e ri ver tons of VladivostOk C’liS hmy g m in a nd other agricultu ral products.

4 V ind ak ovk a w h 5 K . R . T 4 , 730 M 5 y ai l ay resta u ra nt e mai n

3 6 1 M station of the ra ilwa y in Simbi rsk . I t is

i n the south pa rt of the city .

11 I ND EX.

: 11 a o ar : 158 . A uyo , 86 . Bl g v IV , k : IV 15 a o eshchen k I 9 Azats i 3 . s : 15 9 , Bl g vy , ;II , 5 , 5 ,

A z : 22 100 n ot 178 . ei II , . , , B a o h h n k ran h k a . 112 e c A a s a . l g vy s e s B c : zi t y IV , — a i C o M n s : 111 5 . oa : I 1 B ach tsk al i e , 0 B t s , 36 .

ado: 8 1 1. oa s s a r B II , 8 , 5 B t and t e me s

I 21 22. O n n a k k : 1 : . B i al N ec , ;III , Ye isei River III , 33

a nn s : 62. r sh r : 111 69 B ikal Tu el II , I t y Rive , .

ai ono k : 25 . O r : B r v a I II , bi Rive III ,

- an an : 127. Lena r : 1021 16 . B g Ki g II , Rive III , , 8

m r : 99 1 1. an o: 8 . B jy II , 8 A u II , , 05

no : 96 L ake aika : 6 6 69. B alezi III , . B l II , 1 0 , 1 h a 2 n h a a: 11 . oc ro o: . B ara c insk y I V , 1 B v II , 5

ar : 6 . B ochk r ovo: 9 62. B im II , 3 e y II , 5 , d arna : 75 77 806 92 1051 108f. o a o: 98 I 511. B ul III , , , , , . B ib III , ; , d h a h n : 19. o an nska a: 76 . B as m c y III , 1 B g i y I V , d k a 9. B o aro o : 7 B askay : IV , 11 g s ye II , 10 6 B o danovit h : B at raki : I V , 0. g c IV , 80.

n B o odov k Z ay d . B aya : g s i o : IV , 118

' — a an A ul 150 15 1. o o o : 41 1. B y IV , , B g t l III ,

a a d ai: H I 1 1. B ob rovski: 119. B y n , 0 III , ’ - - — d d : . ok n k o: 2 a an i k 15 1 B ti l 1 . B y Ku u IV , e II , 7 h -M a h no o : 80. o s ikai lov ko : 7. B z e v IV , B l e s ye II , 10

- : 11 . o h o At an k : 9 B agul IV , 3 B l s i m s i III , 11 . i n o h a- rin ka a: 94 B t e : 85 . s s e I I , B l ay U y III ,

B k t ova: 111 B on—in -nao: e e II , v g

- 3 a a h : . o o na a: 2. B el g c III , 8 B l t y III , 5

d an k : 44 orod no: 9 . B er y s IV , B uli IV , 5

B rsk : 77. oshn ako o: 27. e III , B y v III , d : o a 8 r ko 105 . r : 12 . B e s ye III , B zi II ,

B rikulska a: 4 B O ar kay a: . e y III , 3 . y s IV , 8 7

ozov ki oal n : d : I . B ery s c mi es I II , B ri ges , 58 n h k : 9 ana r : " B ez e c u I 5 . B r y Rive II , 15

- n and 2 and no: 16 . a Ki : 1 . 0 Bi g II , 5 B ry i IV , i 6 f da o o: 2 k : 77 l o8 110 3 . Bi s III , , , Bu g v III , h o e sk rses t z I a : 1 . Bii , , 3 Bugulm IV , 58 w sk a a : 7 1. ur s an : . Bii R il y III , 5 Bug u l I V , 53

ik : 2. B iss B ka: 14 1. II , 5 uir II , i bai: 9 B il m I V , 8 . B ukkai :

ra: . B b rov ins ko : 9 . Bi II , 5 7 u ye I II , 5 y a d r s er . 25 . h : 3 . Bi u Riv III , Buk e u II , 7

r sa er r d e o er : 2 B ulaninsko e : 109. Bi yu Riv , b i g v III , 5 . y I II ,

s r : 112. Bi e IV , Bulayev o: IV , 14 .

sh k : 40. k oa n Bi il IV , B ungur i c l mi es : da d a o in : 1 7. n 86 . Bl g t Si g IV , 1 B un za : I I , IN D EX.

a hi chi a ure : 58 63 . C : . B y II , , pu II , 90

r a er : 99 110. Chickatka: 65 Bu ey Riv II , , II ,

r e a m o h oiz 110. Ch k : 62 Bu y , ut II , i III , .

B ur atsk : 142. ( ?hikuansh an : 11 0 y II , , 9 .

h n - ch w h l i z . C o : B u u e 66 74 . s II , i II ,

a h n s a n way v : 11 . C e e s er a : B usye II , 1 i E t R il I 54 h . C nnan Buz dyak : IV , 158 i po:

B ankin o: 69. Chin son: 88 y II , II , .

B e a a er r d e o er : 111 18 . Chish m : I 11 y l y Riv , b i g v , y , , IV ,

B elo lazovoz 107. Chist umka: y g III , y III , 107.

B lokamenski : 120. Chi a: 13 1 1 1 5 e 9 4 4411 1 1 1 . y III , t II , , , , 79; , hi a Came s: I 41 142 136 154 . C h orses at : I l ;II ; IV , 39. , , , t , , 5 C ar en ers: I 4 45 . h a r p t , , C it , Rive : II , 97. Carr in ca aci increasm of: 1 7 6 Ch osen ai r ad : H 8 see a y g p t y , g , 0 . R l o , 82, 6 ( Kore n I l d C ar s: 43 . i t , Ra roa ) . Ca 124 142 I 41 21 Ch o an : e: . 86 ttl II , , ; , ;III . t II , .

‘ an 15 h - h - ( hak Ch : 0 15 1. C o s : IV , , u ui tzu II , 74 .

- Chan Ch n: 78 . Chr so e mines: 128 g u II , y lit IV , . Chan : 65 Chuiska a e e: II I 1131 y III , . y St pp , . ka a: 112 Ch hasovin . m : 63. C y II , ul y III , C a n a erkhn a a: IV 1 Ch m i r : 1 h so 60 e 39 4 . v y V y , uly R v III , , C a : 40 Ch ak : h rk . ml 23 eb ul IV , u y IV , . C an—r a ass: 115 Ch uso a a: 114 heg Bu g zi P III , . v y IV , . 1 h a a i 12 ln a: 59. C so r: Ch e IV , u v y R ve IV , 8 . C a n k : I 16 1 Ch u v ka a: 11 he i s 23 24 so s 3 . ly b , ;IV , , . y IV , Ch a nsk h orses at : I 39 Ch a: 85 ely bi , , . uy IV , .

an un : C wa . nh i 91. h : 88 Che s gp II , u II , C a: 96 h h a an n : h epts IV , . C z l tu (Jalantun ) II , 36 .

C dak : 16 Ch zh aromte ar m te : 37. h er ly IV , 0. (J o ) II , hniki : a 1 1 C r m s 4 . C im e : 34 0 I 8 . he e o III , 7 l t IV , ; III , 7 ; ,

C ano a: 77. ( m a e : I 1 herep v III , fu t , 8 . C a: 11 I k k : 16 h r 0 r s 5 . e g III , . ut II , C a a a: 11 a an Vr a D r c : 123 e ko sk 9 s . h rl v y III , . K lg g i t i t II ,

- na y a: 111 1 9 ans a ka a ea : H 139 159. Cher y e II , , 7 . Tr B i l P l t u , , vka: IV 4 C h n : 1 461 Ch erniko , 9. l ot i g , .

‘ n hensln : 11 C a : 16 I 6 16 Ch r or ec 9 . e v III , . o l III , ; , n r echinska a: 38 a mines: Cher o y y III , . Co l k 11 A n h : C ars i: 9. z er 44 hernoy III , III , . A h : 44 n a ka a: 23 nz erski . Cher y vs y IV , . III ,

Ch er omk ova: 171 16 107. B ach atski: 50. y II , ;III , , III , min s: II 1 B 3 anur : 154 Cher omkova coa e I 6 1 . y l , , 9. 1K IV , h v k : 118 Ber ozovski : 50 Cher muk o s i . yo III , . y III , u h v : 11 120 Bun uiki: 50 Cher m k o ski 8 . . yo III , , g III ,

Chiaot n: 90 Ch er omkova: 16 19 171. o II , . y III , , ; II , G x C h it 1 olo m ka a: 20. hj : III . 1 3 . s y III , N D EX iv I .

— D m ka 15 l min n i n ed . : 9. C oa es Co t u y IV, an a Il ska : 27. Em antus : 139 y III , IV, . Ji d o : 11 88 , . n ine h o ses: I 58 E g u , . V ara and y : I 133 152 ' K g , , Er- n - U- La II 12 Ku g U , 8 . K erom ovo: 111 5 1 , . E rtseid antsz I r-c hen- an- ze 4 y y ( ti t ) . II , 3 K isel nsk : 111 50 e i , . s a la a 1 E s uk y : IV , 25 . K etat usi : III 50 p s , .

Evro c iska a: 112. p y IV, K olch ugino: I I I 5 1 , — airs: 1 48 1. K n k I II 15 48 6 F , uz ets : , , e e : 9 Fen h uan h n II 8 . Lehedinskoi: I I I . 45 g g g , 1 — erries: I 451 11 17 18 . Malta: F , ; , a a a v k z I II 45 Fi li ovk : IV 53 . M z lo l . p , s . p

M n in k : I II 41 Filkinskaya: IV 118 i us s , , r O s novsk : 50 Filte s: I 47. i III , ,

P nh h u: 90 es: I 271. e si . Fli II , ,

- m s: 164 . e ro sk Za od : I I 152 Flour ill II , P t v i v ,

o s: 109. Prokopy evski: F g II ,

n n : 11 1 1 ood : I 471. a h a I a d 6 . S k li sl , 0 F ,

dz h nka: I I I 16 17 44 ora e: I 42. Su e , , , F g , n : 2 I 14 I II 17 45 IV 7 2 . ores s: 0 Tulu III , F t , ; , , ; , , V n IV 15 o kr se ski: 4 r os es: I 28 . s e , F tbit , Z i I I I 2 1 ab t 0. an: 9 . , Fu II , 2 3 : 21 0 1111 . chin : 9 . III , Fu II , C ch n : 85 1 3 o ii . e : II , Fu l , 8 . C m ressmn of k ar c es: I ivalents I o F el e : 64 . p bul y ti l u q u , C er 136 1446 15 1 153 o : . e a e: I 666 . pp IV , , , Fu l t bl , C r es: I 5 5 ko 5 u v . F u : II , 8 . D a ren D l 73 . 9 : rs: I 4 . i ( a ny) II , Fu , D a e nd s r s: 75 . r san: 83 . i y i u t i III , Fu II , D a m a o : 85 . F sanch in : 83 . l t v IV, u II , D a T a h a m o e III 100 a ch . See uc . a s n Z pu p G nyu hki o i vy , .

D arrier 14 K -t - tze : 6 . Gaolintszi an in : 33 . IV, ( ) II ,

D a a: 141. a o ur i II , Gl z v : IV , 96 . D avIekanovo 5 1 k a 5 : IV, . Glukh ovs ay : IV , 1. D C as r B a : 11 108 l h ovskoi 120 e t i y , . G uk : III , . in 21 III 4 D ed k : 1 . aden: 0. yu h IV, Gly , D 2 D eser 119 1 1. sease: I 23 . o : i , G bi t II , ,

D o s: 103 . o d m nes I fhm en: 4 1. g II , G l i IV, D o o: 7 enk jy II , 8 . G ol i : II , 30. D om ika a n: 58 . o inska : 20. II , G ol v y III , I D orm don o ka: 53 o o inska a coa m n es: II 20. i t v II , . G l v y l i , ka a 2 D ra s : 73 . or sa: 11 . gun y IV, G bit II , 5 D rink n wa r I . o o 1 2 i g te : , 23 G rkh n: II , . D i in h an h am an vo ts s : 35 . Gol s o : 75 . u II , y IV , D enska a 63 ond atti: 63 upl y : III , . G II , . vi IN D EX .

s - : 14 . ansk : 1 I il Kul IV, K III , 9 , 94 . Is ok: IV 80 a k-Y n t . ns e iseiski: I II 27. , K ,

I a : 42. an o: t t III , K p II . 87. hm orska a : 43 . r : 2 e . Iz y III , Kan Riv III , 7 Izilbash ski 1 K aolin n I 9 : 18 . e : I . III, , 0 es ko ara d : 120. an : 144 152. Izv t vy III , K g y IV , , Jak Karano oku: 84 . r : 128 . ub II, II , Jarkul: 39 K arasulska a: IV, . y IV , 75 . Jerm ant K aratam ar us: 15 : 139. IV, 0. IV , Jes K as a ar a : 6 n: 15 3 . K g t III 3 . g IV, , J arkara n do: 80. sk : 1 1 2. i II, K li I V , 50, 5

Jun- an armak : 78 z II 88 . K I V , . , — J ar mska a: usal: 154 14 . IV , . K y y II , 3 K a ano ka: 4 assark P ai: 153 . K b v I V , 5 . IV , K a ai a an k : t sk : 85 . K b s II , 180. I V , h K a and i h orse et z I 9 ac a: s 3 III 29 . K III , 37. y , , ; ,

- - - Ka chi ka sao: 2 a asan : 23 . II , 1 7. K y IV , R R ach rsk : 9 e en . . : 86 . K i i III , 11 . K ig II , K o K aoh u : 6 ei : 86 5 1. g III , 100 . jy I I , ;III ,

- a da l: K emcku : 38 . K i u I V , 150. g II I ,

K ai o e se : 87. z . jy I I , 8 7 K i l I I ,

a nsk : 9 erak : 64 . K i III , 5 . K II ,

- K a n k o ereinovo Coa Mines: 5 1. s msk : 6 41. K i T i III , l II I ,

- Kai n : 7 Kez: 96 . pi g II , 5 . IV ,

aisen : 88 . h a aro sk : I 15 5 4 95 96 98 K II , K b v , ;II , , , , , 99,

a ach inska : 6 100 106 175 176 178 . K l ya III , 6 . , , , , h a a k h r a an : 12 6 ro s o ses at : I 39. K lg II , 0 . K b v , , Kh ada lak a a an b u : 141. c r r o e : I . Kalgan , v ut , 10 II ,

- a an Ur a di r 2 ha ar : 38 . s : 1 . K lg g t ict II , 3 K il II ,

- —— K alko an Kh andaokh ets H on tau o tze : m : IV , 150. y ( g h ) II a K li no: I V , 114 . 33 .

a anka: 2 h ank a L a 41. m 8 . H ke 1 K l III , K ( anka) : II , 7 M a m sk e c : 107. hi ok : 151. K l yt iy y y III , K l II ,

am a er : 114 . Khinh ui : 2 . K Riv I V , III , 3

ama a: 28 . hj an: . K l III , K ng II , 3 7

a arch a a: 29. hin an unn : 16 K m g III , K g T el II , .

n o o o ka a II I . ame : 174 7 . h m o s : 1 1 K Ryb l v II , , 1 5 K ut v y , 0

am sh e : 24 . hr e Uralski 112. K y t III , K eb t : IV ,

am sh o : 9. Kh r a na a: 88 . K y l v I V , 7 ust l y IV ,

a h ak h d ako o: 8 . K m ys lov L es : IV , 13 . K u y v IV , 7 2 a h o : 1 2. d o an k : 3 . K mys l v IV , 3 Kh u yel s aya III ,

a h o ka: 1 9 . K m ys l v IV , 3 . Kibi : II , 84

Ka ho a: 9 n: II 83 . m ys v III , 5 . Kih o st atio ,

d III . an ara uz 150. : 1 K i K S IV , Kimiltei , 2

andr : 1 8 . . K y I V , 5 Kim kan: II , 57 I N D EX .

K ur vk : K mdysnovka: IV , 162. o o a IV , 89. l : K r k: Kine IV , 55 . oye a IV , 39. n n n : : 11 Ki i River area , iro mi es III Koyu , 89.

nk : 1 h r : 111 . Ki o 1 , 87. Koz u l a , 64 : sn : 111 Kinsen II , 84 . Kr a aya , 94 . n n K I i s : . : 15 . K o II , 86 rasnoyarsk , ir n : r asno arsk : 15 1 11 K i II , 79. K y III , , 7 3 1, 89 , 94 .

sel nski i : 5 . r sno rsk y : 111 1 1 Ki e coal m nes III , 0 K a ya a a , 108 ;IV , 3 . sh r : r h : 5 Ki e t IV , 90. K yaz IV , 9.

- n 1 Kitaiski z z : 42 Kn vi ski: 1 1 2 . Ra ye d II , 1 . , 1 0 t i n Kita us s coa mi es: 50. r osh ch eko o: 111 2. p l III , K iv v , 6 er: 111 1 r h v : Kito Riv , 8 . K op ao e o IV , 47.

K er: 111 43 . : iya Riv , Krotovka IV , 54 . : 2 r: 111 Kiz el IV , 1 0. Krutsya , 40. ’ l ch : 1 - hi-k - : K u II , 78 . Ksa c e t u

l che sk : 111 94 . n k : K u v aya , Kse yevs aya II , 65 .

Kluchinska a: 111 26 . K u eh sk : 143 . y , b IV ,

’

l a l no: 158 . d ll : 11 K y v i IV , Ku a V a ey , 173 .

u : 28 . n : 11 Kly kvennaya III , Kue ga , ’ - K o b al: 11 128 . u n : 111 21 , K itu , .

o do: 77. K uk ki n : 11 K b III , , 83 .

11 2. n och eno o: 1 6 k sh : 1. K v , Ku u t a IV , 9 ’ ’ — - - - Koinovo: 111 106 . K l l : 1 , u e pan t on e K ai 1 , 128 . ’ - - —- : . K u lj n de re: 11 2 . Koiva IV , 113 a , 1 8

k n: om ino: 13 . Ko a II , 85 . Kul z IV ,

K k h k: . k: 11 1 211. o c etovs IV , 153 Kultu , 6

kk : . K m rsk : Ko yo II , 88 u a aya II , 111.

: 5 . nd : Kolchedan IV , 8 Ku ur II , 57. l : 111 51 n —ch in : 11 Ko chugino , . Ku g ul g , 78 . l m n : n : o o o 72. r 9 1 132. K zi IV , Ku gu IV , 0,

l n r an: 86 19. Ko o iya: Ku g III , ;IV ,

r khinsk : 11 r an r d e o er : 111 23 . Koma i aya IV , 4. Ku z River , b i g v ,

v : . Kushaki: 141. K op e o III , 40 IV ,

: 2 k : 111 94 . Kopi IV , 1 0. Kus unskaya ,

rd n: sh a: 116 . Ko o IV , 90. Ku v IV ,

K ilr d : 1 : 20. orean R a oa , 10. Kutulik III ,

- ’ — sh : Ku luz 12 . Ko u II , 88 . t u II , 7

os : 11 . : 9. K ui , 87 Kustanai IV , 3

’

Korehno: 11 . m : 9 . IV , 7 Kuz a IV , 6

or o ska : 53 . uz : 111 K f v ya II , K netsk , il : 111 1 orn o ka: 66 . z coa 15 48 1 . K v III , Ku netsk l mines , ,

- sh c 111 1 R xl 1 . Ko A ga h : , 109, 113 . Ku znetsk a way : III , 48

os lino: 80. K kus n: 11 9. K u IV , wa a , 8

os l er: 111 42. k : 11 121 II 129. K u Riv , Kya hta , ,

ti v : 11 . K 53 . at : 1 39 o ko o , Kyakhta, horses , v i I DEX ii N .

K ht m : 125 . Manch r a a ion: I 39 II 8 ys y IV , u i St t , ; 3 ;II I — — , L k B aika : 157 159 11 169 173 1V 11 41 a e l II , , , ; , , 1 . Man r k 133 . chu s a a: 1 y III , 01.

Lak B : 11 164 . : a 7 . e aikal , city , M ngat I V, 3

L k U n k : 64 - s o e . r : a e bi y III , Ma ni tu II , 128 . M L Ust antsev : 65 . r no a a ka: 1 . ake y III , i v IV , 3 M La a: 111. ii : 11 107 43 94 y IV , ar nsk , ; III , , . z M c a h a: 18 . : y y IV , aslyans kay a IV , 73 .

c odins ko e l mi : 45 . k : 2 y coa nes III , Matsyao he II , 3 . L k M efins a a: 11 175 . atins : 40 y , ki IV , 1 . L ld : 1 1 M o d fie s 1 98 . atsi evska a: 14 1. ena g l , y y II ,

L G l t Co . : 1 5011. 2 : 1 6 . enskoye o d Indus rial , Mauk I V, L - M Z : 86 . azalovski mi : 45 eshevo amarayevo IV , coal nes III , . L o : 0 es isna a 117. t : 2 11. p y IV , Mea IV, , M L e shino: 114 . z k ed v e hs o e : 106 . v IV , y y III ,

- L : 11 75 . : 160 iao yang , Melekess IV , . L : I 241 M n l v . e de e e oz 95 . ice , y IV , L M k . 90. henin 11 46 e o ka: 1 . ienshan uan II , z v ,

- ~- Ll ovt : . Me r k ao 2 s 3 1 a s : 1 7. p y II , i II ,

M - L a : 59. a n : o ta 126 . i py gi IV , i II ,

n : M : . Litvi ov o III , 48 . iass IV , 401 L l 2 - o onska a: 1 0. Mikh a o Sem on vsk : y III , il y o ay a II , 109. M kh : 11 1 L 11 . o a: 8 a e o 64 . vly IV , i l v , L Mi : 1 fi : 57 49 . ondoko II, . nes , Mi ni n : L on ma o: 1 5 . . g y II , 7 o III , 37 L M : 1 w am o sko e: 109. i in k coa mi s 11 41 o er T b v y II , nus s l ne , . L n A : 11 Minusinsk: 111 41 umber, alo g mur River , 100. , . n k 20 in t: I Lu ev a: IV , 1 . M usinsk, horses a , 39. Min r: L urins d i : 119. a 4 . ki Ru n k IV , y IV , 8

L : 114 . t yady IV, Minyar S eel Works . Mi — s v : II 15 fi 1 . Lyalya: IV, 118 . o aya , 7 80

'

L b k : 2 i : 83 . y ms aya IV , 7 . M tsuyo II ,

L Mi z il : I . yedyzmaya: 11 63 . g y 139 ,— , Moch r : 11 9. : 1 49 11. 8 Machinery , u i ,

: 6 Modaoshi : 11 33 . Magda II , 3 . ,

M M ch a: 65 . ago: II 106 . ogo II , — , Mo otni : 142. Mw : 26 . hi tu II , 1 g II , M n: 5 n 130. Mo o 1 1. aimaiche : II , gz II ,

Mo t a a : . Makk o: 143 . 86 aveyev II , ne n y IV ,

- - M n wu sh u: 128 . Makushino : IV 18 . o II , — , Ma o M kh a o sko e: 11 107. : IV 14 . l i il v y , Moskalenki ,

M : 1 26 . a : 111 1 93 . lta , 8, Mosq uitoes ,

M t vflkh : 115 . i : 1 . o o i a Malta coal m nes III , 8 IV ,

M m u k 8 of th e Sun aoh a: 175 . a a: 1 . l y t IV , Mouth g II ,

I N D EX.

Po ru na a: 9 . P etukhovo: 94 . g n y IV , 15 y III ,

: I V 53 . i : 109 . Pokhvistnevo , Pyrite m ne at Kalata IV ,

09. a a 9. R dd : 11 1 Pok levsk y : IV , 7 a ye ,

ok o ka: 56 . R axlroads : P r v II ,

P a : 111 118 . a : 75 . okrovskay , Alt i II I , '

P ok k : 111 A er a road : I I 178 . rovs i II , . mur Riv R il ,

P k : 11 9 Ch osen a road : 2 86 . o rovski , 17 . R il II , 8 ,

P n a a 28 . r ad : 6 old ev y : IV , 1 Keigen Rail o II , 8 .

Po o: 3 7. e en a a e l : 118 . let ayev IV , S l g V ll y Rai road II , 29 M n r a a oad : 82 Polevsk W orks : IV , 1 . South a ch u i R il r II , , o o : 9 P l i I V , 98 . 0.

- — P o l h : 126 . T : 15 166 . on c e II , omsk III , ,

- o o na 18 . T B kalz 11 143 144 1621. P l vi : III , rans al , , ,

o n ka: 12 Uss r a r ad: 11 1 4 . P lovi IV , 0. u i R il o , 7

Polovinskoi C l : 11 107. : 1 20. hanne , Rain ,

- - P o l : 11 127 aska kh a: 51. a ting , . R ti III , : 11 1 9 a 51 Pompeyevka , 0 . Rayevk : IV , .

PO tion : 76 1101 1141: R azdoln oi: 174 . p ula III , 70, , 83 , , IV II ,

4 148 a do n o : 11 29. 135 , 1 3 , . R z l ye , on A r 11 a n: 25 Al g mu River , , 100. R z go III , .

Ch l ta: 14 . e d : 11 89 II , 5 R i i , .

I rkut k : 16 . R einovo: 179 s II , 5 II , .

- B k t : 11 1 9 R einov o J : 11 111. Trans ai al Pla eau , 3 , , alinda ,

or a F arr r : 1 1 r : 11 87. P t bl e reight C ie s , 71. Reise Rive ,

t Arth r o n : 4 u h s: 1 561 111 34 53 6 7. Por u ( Ry ju ) II , 7 . Repa s op , ; , , ,

Pos elikh a: 111 82. e da: 88 . p y , R v IV ,

« fr o ansk V rkh kih o: 11 8 . Post road m N evy to e ne Ri , 8 a l 1 81 : 1 46 2 3 T gi : IV , 0 . Rivers , 3 , 7 ;III , 3 . P ost stations: I 3 2 li 01: , . Rivers, st

oso ska a: 1 Am r : 956 100 1046 1766 . P l y II , 57. u II , , , ,

o a kh a: 77 A : 1641 18 881. P v li III , , 106 . ngara I I , ;III , , 2 Povaro na a: 1 2. A on : 11 9 . t y II , 1 rg , 7, 11 P ozd ka: 111 ye yev II , 58 . Biryusa: , 25 .

r ko a a: 111 69. B r : 152 P iis v y , igna II , . t 2 : . a: 110 Priyu ovo IV , 5 Burey II , . P oko n ki C oa Min : r s 50. : 7 p ye l es III , Chita II , 9 .

rokh asko: 5 1. C m : 111 9 92. P II , hul y , 3 ,

’

Pro m a: 98 . C 1 4 s ts IV , huya: III, 1 .

P sn : 111 119. 11 rye y , Ingoda: , 97.

- — Eu : 74 . : II 1641 1676 lan tiers II , Ir kut , , .

P m : 1 56 . t : 691 83 6 118 . u ps , Ir ysh III , , ,

urch ase : 1 42. 111 P agents , Kan : , 27 P at o zh ski: 119 : y ry III , . Khilok II , 151.

P a o arski: 111 1 8 . y t y , 0 Lena : III , 1011. P e h anov ka a: 1 9 y sc s y III , 1 . Nercha: II , 97. I ND EX .

R v list of—C d i ers , ontinue ar a: 0. S g IV , 9 Obi: 111 1 , 78 886 . t r on W , Sa ka I orks : IV , 44 . O non: II , 97. Saush kov 111 1 o: , 07.

Orkh on: - - II 121. Sa wu sh : 11 1 , u , 28 .

: 131 132 153 157 1 0. Selenga II , , 8 Sb e a: 11 66 . , , , y g , hi k a: 97 112. S l II easons: 1 21. , , S , i 11 : 95 99 1091. e d : 4 Sungar , , , S i o II , 8 , 87.

a: 121. Tul II e ke : 88 . , S i i II , Uda : 152 153 . Seis xri II, , e : II , 85 . U ss r : 109 175 . e en 11 u i II , , S l ga: , 157.

o a: 157 162. V lg IV e en a er : 11 13 1 132 153 1 7 180. , , S l g Riv , , , , 5 , Yenise : 2 26 9 3 6 . 88 a e a lroad : 11 118 . i III, , , Selenga V ll y R i , Z : 11 9 7 99 178 . e ank a: eya , , , S ly IV, 114 .

oad ed : I 55 . Sekik 11 R b , a: , 89.

: 1 32. m l : 111 836 Road markers 108 120. , Se ipa atinsk , , ,

Roads in summer : 1 30. m l h orses at : I 39 111 836 , Se ipa atinsk, , ; , , w t : 1 1 Roads in in er , 3 . Ca : r e 10 . emi sk Rogati, p I I, 3 S ya aya: III , 120. : Roka II , 89. Sensen : 11, 89. o n : I 1 e ersk R lli g stock , 59 . S v Works : IV , 129.

or oshin : h n h . R y II, 86 . S abu ic i : IV , 95

o en ar o h dr 107. ka: 5 . a na: R z g t v II , 3 S i III ,

a : 111 hadr nsk : 86 . Rubtsovk , 83 . S i IV,

ukhlo o: 6 h rano o: 51. R v II , 4 . S af v IV , 0 s : 2 . h ah ochen : 9 . Rybin koye III , 8 S IV ,

r d o er : 2 Shaitan ka: 110. Rybnaya River, b i ge v III , 8 . IV ,

R ozh : : 49. y I V, 87. Shaksha IV ,

R osaku: : IV 118 . 89. y II, Shakhta ,

z : 6 h a a: IV 90. Ryu an II , 8 . S ly ,

- Rud ans ka a: hamar D a an ass : 11 156 . y y IV , 86 . S b P ,

hamar : 90. Sabik : IV, 89. S y IV ,

- - 11 8 h an ven h ao: 11 127. , 8, 89. S g ,

akha in s n 1 Sh arenkwan: 11 89. S l I la d : 1 , 1016 . ,

- - - - i m : 11 88 . Sa la h o shan: 11 128 . Shar — — , , : Sh eash nikovo: 159. Sai shan tan II , 128 . IV ,

: Sh eblina: 111 110. Salka IV, 115 . ,

: I 161 35 : 1 11 124 . Samara , ;IV, , 556 . Sheep , ,

- Sh emona evska af 107. Samara Zlatoust Rai lway : 1, 55 . y y III ,

- - - S h tala : 159. an shih li . S puz II , 74 en IV ,

- S h r : 22. an chin : 11, 128 . S e agul III ,

- - San n 1 7. hih chiao : 91. pu la g: II , 2 S tzu II ,

nr k 86 . Sa oshin : II , 83 . Shi o: II ,

- r G : 11 8 . Sa ai ir : IV , 53 . Shikusan , 8 ’ - - - ’ - 128 . r S 4 . h : Sa a uz IV , 1 66 Shi li u t uk II ,

S 0. arbal : IV , 54 . Shilka: II , 7 ii I N D EX .

r 1 112 S asski: 1446 . Shilka Rive : 1 , 97, p IV , S assk i : I V 446 S . i w 1 153 . hilkj no: II , 112 p ron orks , , i 1 22 i k 7. n : . Sh mb a u : II , 8 S pr g ,

h n 11 1. t : 2 S akovka: 5 s 95 11 79. i , Sr ye en k , , 1

- hi a h . S alat n I 2 S : 88 emi i ski: I I 1 0. n ns u I I , Staro p , 1 24 : 84 . : 56 . Shindo II , Stations , ;III ,

- h in ak : 5 1. : I I 16 1V 6 9 S g Kul IV , Strategic centers , : ,

— - h n sh : 8 9. Su ch a tun: I I 6 . S i gi u II , i , 7

- h n N ansh in: 85 . d h enka: I II 43 7. S i II , Su z , , 1 1 d h nka oa : 1 5 . e : 44 . Shinsen , 8 Su z c l mines III ,

' h in : 1 35 1. z n l m il d 10 I II S ipp g centers , Sud he ka coa ines , ra roa

h n I . 44 . S ippi g system : , 71

i n v : 82. en : 11 8 Sh pu o o III , Suig , 5 i z shok : 86 Sh ra Sui u II ,

h ish : 120. kho ska a: I II 18 S i IV , Su v y , 4 h h no 111 . e a . S is i : , 51 Sul y : IV , 5 9 I 22 b : 10 . : . Shu enka III , Summer ,

Sh f r : 4 . un i r : 11 11 u u ei 8 e 95 99 1 9 . II , S gar Riv , , , 0

h n ko 108 . t 4 . S ulbi s ye: III , Surgu : IV , 5 22 l 1 2 h h a . Sus vo 1 1 4 . S umik : IV , e : , h a o 9 a ino S um kov : IV , 0. Sviy g :

h h 1 91. .: 114 . S us i : IV , 3 Sylva IV ,

: 9. lv : 114 . Siberia , eastern entrances to I I . S y a River IV ,

r an a n S ronstan: 4 1. Sibe i Pl i : III , 15 . y IV ,

r an t : I 13 1 t w : 128 . Sibe i Plain , rou es across , Syser orks IV ,

d n s : 1 . ran : 35 61. Si i g , 55 S yz IV , ,

- rn: T a—b a: Sil be II ,

Sil nkh e: 32. : 11 85 . i II , Taiden , w 111 S a ron : 4 7. a a: 17 45 . im i orks IV , T ig , ,

: 15 1606 . k 84 Simbirsk IV , 7, Tai yu: II , .

a - — w D mska : 47 84 . T ai Ma K o aim o on 2 Si y IV , , ( g ) II , 3 .

d I 44 a she : 25 . Sle ges: , . T i t III, a sh n 11 : 84 . S myshlyayevka : IV , 55 . T i i , w 2 a dan: 11 : 1 0 3 1. 63 . Sno , , T l , n 2 a d - k o o a a 11 . a : 52 S b li y : II , T l y Bul IV , . T a i k o h ond o: 11 15 1. l ts i: I II 108 S c , , . T alm en ka ofi k 8 . s a: 111 1 . S is : II , 10 y , 06 T an Sh an hen II Sokur : III , 53 . g c g: , 90.

21 - - z l va n . So e r i: IV , 1 Tang kang t u: II , 75 .

Son: 4 . T ank ai: 11 1 2 III , 0 , 6 .

o ok no: 29. S r i III , Tanks : 1, 56 .

- Sosifovsk : 110. T ao la 11 1 i IV , : , 28 . ’ Manc h un a l d : 1 10 T ao-la- - -k Southern Rai roa , ; h u tu ez II , 127. 2 T ao-Iai-c hao: 79 S , 90. II , . xiv N EX I D .

l I ] Vo ull' a: I V 0 d : 9 . 9 Un en , 8 g ,

U er T amb ovsko o: I I 109. V olkovor 160. pp y , IV ,

Ura F n: 1 14 . o och a e ka: I I 56 . l a , V l y v , k I I : 111 II 119 12 6 1296 . V oznesens i . 109. Urga , 17; , , 0 , , i V zzha vkaz 11 l : 5 o c 59. Ur II , 8 . y ,

l k 9. s s a ska : 1 Ur ut u s a a: 11 e a 1 3 . y y p y III , V vy t y IV, - l : 11 0. se o od o a: 120. Uru ga , 7 V v l Vilv IV ,

Urwsha: 11 64 . : I 17 981. , Vyatka , , ko r m : 42 . a s e : 109. U zhu ka I V, Vy t y II,

- San: . V azc ms ka a: 53 . U II , 85 y y II ,

: 63 . a : 5 . Ushumun II , Vy zovaya IV , 4 1

Usofska a: 121. V crino: 5 . y IV , y II , 3

Us ens k : 148 152. a: 1 p i IV, , V y y IV , 1 7.

: 5 1. n : Ussuri II , W ago s 1, 40, 43 .

Uss r er : 11 109 175 . k n : u i Riv , , W a wa II , 84. i R : I 54 25 26 1 . 10 Ussur y , ;III , ;III , ; , , Water sup pl y : 1, 56 .

- 11 174 . : 2 , Wei chen II , 1 8 .

- U I ska a: 112. st l y II , Western Siberi a: IV , 111. ~ ' 1n az 1121. : 1 Ust y III , Wheeled vehi cles , 40.

- K : I 9 111 77 : 1 Ust amenogorsk , 3 ; , Wind , 21.

- t : 47. : 1 1 Us Kotav I V, Winter , 21 .

- Ordinska a: 111 101. r : I 1 1. Ust y , Winter q ua t ers , 7

- m - - al en ka a: 77. Ust T s y III , W u chu erz II , 128 .

- - - - : 112. II . Ust Tiskos IV, W u lan hu tuk : , 128

: 119. Usv a IV , W ul ungpet: II , 90.

: 119. Y l n : . Utyos IV , ab o ovay a II , 150

- W : 89 k hi : Utk Iron orks IV , Ya es II , 37.

U h ar: 111 40. Y k shka: 159. z , a u IV ,

Y r k 131. ai : 76 . a o o s : 76 Vag IV , lut v IV , , k : III ka : 11 . Y oro s 86 . Vagrans ya IV, 8 alut v ,

2 Y hienhutum : 11 91. Valai : II 8 . aoc , , — : 114 . Y : 9. Vale zhnaya IV, ao Men II , 7

d : 11 . 19. Y ei o 85 Vargas hi : IV , ,

no: 95 Ya a: 120. Veresh ch agi IV , . iv IV ,

Y ar : 97. Verkhnaya: IV , 117. IV ,

Yasash na a: 116 . Verkhne y IV ,

Ye orshj nsko e: 116 . : 06 . N eivinsk IV , 1 g y IV ,

rshjn : IV 87. U nsk : I 15 11 118 141 1536 180. Y e o o di , ; , , , , g ,

Y : 86 . : 9. Uralsk IV , 3 eitoho II ,

Y n r : IV 886 130 132. Verkhni : ekateri bu g , , ,

Y k r n r : 1 17. : 1251. e a e Kyshtym IV, t i bu g , - Y ka er no ikolska a: II 110. a da: 115 . e t i N y S l IV , , ‘

W : 12 katen noslavka: II 58 . Sysert orks IV , 8 . Ye ,

Y : 111 107. r e: 117. Verkh otu y IV , ekaterinskoye ,

iti : 11 11 Yel a e nsk : 111 118 . V m a ea 8 . iz v ti i Pl t u , ,

Y erm ale: 113 . 11 . Vizh ai: IV , 3 IV ,

: . adi os ok: I 14 11 166 111 4 5 6 Yemanzh elinskoyo IV , 37 Vl v t , ; , ; , , , ,

Y : 111 29. 7 8 15 28 174 . enisei , , , , , I ND EX . XV

: 111 Z z : 111 Yenisei River , 29, 326 . am or , 25 . Y r d e er: 111 Z -oz orna a: 2 enisei River , B i g ov a y y III , 8 . : IV : Yer ash 91. Z avitaya II 58 . g , — , Y r 1 i ich : 11 4 . Z a od o ko sk : e o e P avlov , 6 v u v aya IV , 76 .

n k : 5 1. Z er: 11 9 Y 9 . evge yev a II , eya Riv , 97, , 178 Y n : 111 Z h el ezinsk : 111 1 evsi o , 77. y , 1 9. n kus : 5 . Zhilino: . Y o e II , 8 III , 109 : Z l : 11 Yum at ovo IV, 50. i ovo , 66 . : : Yur ga III , 48, 51. Zim a III , 21.

Y K olchu insk : 51. Z coa mi : 21 urga ( g ) III , ima l nes III , .

Y r am sh : 21. Z minska a: u g y IV , i y III , 93 . Yu : 111 25 Z immerm novk : 11 rty , . a a , 109.

- Yusen: 84 . Zl : IV 34 II , ato ust , , 426 .

Y : IV 9. Z m in rsk : ushala , 7 ye ogo III , 107.

Y z : 15 . r : 11 uta a IV , 8 Zuba evo , 70. Z itui : 111 z h : 1 ab , 20. Z ul ac a 1 , 130. Z abitui coa i : 111 20 Z nk : l m nes , i o II , 87.

Z a adino: 53 . k : gly IV , Zuyev a IV , 97.

2 3 1: 158 . d r n : IV , Zvo I o Works IV , 8 1.

Z a ra e o: 152. k : 111 ig y v II , Zy ovo , 29.

Z alar : 20. k : i III , Zyryan a IV , 21.

XVIII A D DITI ONS AN D C O RRE C TI ONS .

C ORR E C TI ONS ;

A DDIT IONS C O RREC TIO NS .

C O RR E C TI O NS .

A T N DDI I O S C O RRECTI ONS . ADDI TI ONS COR RE C TI ON S. XXXVI AD DITI ON S

COR R E T ON C I S.