DOCSLIB.ORG

0 PRIMERAS.Qxp

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
0 PRIMERAS.Qxp Population movement in the Spanish Pacific during the 17th century: Travellers from Spain to the Philippines ANTONIO GARCÍA-ABÁSOLO Universidad de Córdoba Recibido: 26 de septiembre de 2007 Aceptado: 15 de octubre de 2007 Abstract This work is part of a wider scope project which deals with the Spanish population movements towards Spain´s Pacific domains from the 16th to the end of the 19th centuries. All the attention is centered around the official inmigration: that which was registered in Seville´s Casa de Contratación, nowadays kept at the Archivo General de Indias. Final results evolve from the study of the conditioning factors of this human flow towards the East in the 17th century. Key words Spanish / settlers / Philippines / 17th century. La aportación pobladora de España a Filipinas en el siglo XVII Resumen Este trabajo forma parte de un proyecto más amplio, dedicado a estudiar la emigración de España a sus dominios del Pacífico desde el siglo XVI hasta fin del siglo XIX. Este trabajo se centra en la emigración oficial de España a Filipinas, la que se registró en la Casa de Contratación de Sevilla y se conserva en el Archivo General de Indias. Los resultados finales van precedidos de un estudio de los factores condicionantes de este movimiento humano hacia Oriente en el siglo XVII. Palabras clave Españoles / pobladores / Filipinas / siglo XVII. 133 Revista Española del Pacífico 2006/2007, 19-20: 133-151 ARTÍCULOS Antonio García-Abásolo I. INTRODUCTION This paper which I present today is included in a larger research project devoted to the study of the Spanish emigration to the territories of Spanish territories in the Pacific Ocean area from the 16th to the 19th centuries1. The object of study are the persons who left with the intention of residing there, either permanently or in order to occupy a post for a long period. They are the ones we can consider to be the Spanish settlers in the Philippines. The dispatch of troops is left out on purpose, especially the large contingents sent during the wartime periods of the 19th century. However, the military men who left as passengers for a post, bringing along their family and servants, are also considered settlers and belong to this study. In fact, it could be misleading to consider this last type of people only as military men, because, even if they did come for this purpose, they are professionally very versatile, and their capacity to adapt led them often to successfully engage in commerce during the first centuries of the Spanish government. Therefore, my findings provide me with the possibility of speaking about the different aspects of the emigration in the 17th century, even though they cannot yet be considered as definitive, especially during the final stage of the Spanish presence in the Philippines. I will develop my study from the quantitative to the qualitative, showing the data in graphs whenever possible, and analyzing the most salient points deserving commentary. My intention in the presentation, still within the general guidelines of the larger research project, is to go from the quantitative data to the persons or, in other words, from the number of passengers to the characteristics of the emigration. That is, I will tackle the ratio between men and women, the age at departure time, the profession and social status they had in Spain, the departure place, and the reasons for migrating. The data about the Spanish settlers in the Far East were gathered from last testaments, letters and other similar documents. All this information makes possible to know their private life, especially for 1 Other works that I have already published belonging to this project are the following: «The Private Environment of the Spaniards in the Philippines in the Colonial Period», Philippine Studies, Vol. 44, Manila, July 1996, pp. 349-373; «Pasajeros España-Filipinas (1800-1841)», in El Lejano Oriente Español: Filipinas (siglo XIX), Castañeda Delgado, Paulino (ed.), Seville, 1997, pp. 721-737; «The Contribution of Southern Spain to European Population Settlement in the Pacific», 18th International Congress of Historical Sciences, Montreal, 1995, published in Las relaciones internacionales en el Pacífico (siglos XVIII-XX), Madrid, 1997, C.S.I.C., pp. 185-200; «Pobladores españoles en Manila 1570-1600», Congreso Internacional Presencia Española en el Pacífico, García-Abásolo A. (ed.), España y el Pacífico, Córdoba, 1997, Dirección General de Relaciones Culturales, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, pp. 143-155. Revista Española del Pacífico 134 2006/2007, 19-20: 133-151 Population movement in the Spanish Pacific ARTÍCULOS the case of the settlers of the Manila community. Through their lives one can look into the creation of that community, the relationship among the ethnic groups, the different professional occupations, the level of wealth and religious devotions. In a nutshell, there appears a whole new world, which ordinarily is difficult to detect because it is not contained in official documents. After spending several years researching on this kind of documents, I do not hesitate to say that the authentic cultural transfer from Spain to the world was carried through the settlers who left their birth places in order to establish themselves in the West and East Indies. We can attribute to them the development of customs, techniques, beliefs, and life styles, which oftentimes were typical of their place of origin. These settlers formed an active and dynamic foundation, which was capable of adapting to the new conditions and of receiving features characteristic of the colonial environment2. The data for this paper come from the Archivo General de Indias, especially from the division of Contratación. Within the latter, the three most consulted subdivisions were the Libros de pasajeros, Informaciones y licencias, and Autos de bienes de difuntos. Other additional divisions that were also consulted are Arribadas, Ultramar and Indiferente General. Aside from the Archivo General de Indias, I have incorporated partially some documentation from the Archivo Historico Nacional (Madrid). The information gathered from those sources serves very well to meet my objectives, since it makes possible studying the Spaniards in the Far East on two accounts: the passengers who went to the Philippines, and the settlers who lived in the Philippines. These can be studied because we have their last wills, or they are mentioned in others’ last testaments, property inventories, auction sales, records of law-suits. In short, it is a documentation that contains a great deal of qualitative information, and that indirectly can also provide demographic data. I will divide my work in two sections. The first will be dedicated to show the reasons behind the population movements toward Manila. The second part will bring up the outcome of this flow by means of graphs, allowing us to get to know a little better what kind of people were the ones willing to embark in the galleons of the Pacific route. 2 Regarding the research possibilities of this kind of documentation and the methodology applied to deal with it see García-Abásolo, Antonio: La vida y la muerte en Indias, Córdoba, 1992. 135 Revista Española del Pacífico 2006/2007, 19-20: 133-151 ARTÍCULOS Antonio García-Abásolo II. FIRST PART: MOTIVATIONS FOR POPULATION MOVEMENT FROM SPAIN TO THE PHILIPPINES 2.1. Stimulus to Emigration. State of Affairs in Spain The 17th century is marked by an evident decline of Spanish emigration around 1640-1650. This was related to the policy of the royal government that was averse to granting exit permits from a Spain demographically in need. Many people had left Spain in the 16th century: Many families with young children, especially during the second half of the century; many single youth in marrying age. Most likely those who left were those more capable of taking risk and engaging in business. Spain suffered the quantitative and qualitative effects of these migrations, and also those caused by the constant human requirements of the foreign policy of the grand Habsburg monarchs. Among the causes of the Spanish political decline in the 17th century, there is a proliferation of contemporary references to the scarcity of population, which caused, together with other types of reasons, a decrease in the productive capacity of the Spanish kingdoms. The situation aggravated after 1640, due to the revolts in Catalonia and Portugal, and above all, owing to the terrible epidemics that followed in uninterrupted succession until the end of the century. During the 16th and 18th centuries Spain also suffered plague epidemics, however, the ones in the 17th had especially catastrophic consequences, up to the point of being comparable with those that flogged Europe in the 14th century, which were the most terrible and devastating among those known3. Listing of epidemics in the 17th century: 1596-1602: It entered through Santander and spread throughout the whole Spain up to Andalusia. There were 8.000 deaths in Seville and 2.138 in Córdoba. Cabrera de Córdoba (Relaciones de las cosas sucedidas en la Corte de España) gives the estimate of 500.000 deaths (for the whole of Spain). 1629-1631: Epidemic outbreak blamed on the Frenchmen (living in Spain), which was an absurdity that reached the point of asking for a census of Frenchmen in Madrid as one of the means in the program to combat the pest. 1647-1652: In 1647, Levante (the lower West of Spain) and Andalusia were especially hit. In 1649 in Seville, it started in March and it lasted until July. This city was stricken more than ever before, so that this epidemic marked the end of Seville’s era of highest demographic and economic grandeur. No less 3 Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio: La sociedad española del siglo XVII. Madrid: CSIC., 1963. pp. 66 y ss.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • J. A. G. Ardila* Metapragmatic First-Order Politeness in Peninsular
    199 J. A. G. Ardila* Metapragmatic First-Order Politeness in Peninsular Spanish Abstract Research on Spanish politeness has developed dramatically in the past decade. One of the most infl uential theses regarding Spanish politeness was posited by Hickey (1991), who, in comparing Spanish to English, concluded that Peninsular Spanish has a positive politeness model. Subsequently, a number of linguists have further compared politeness in Spain to politeness in Britain. In analysing countless samples of expressive politeness (i.e. requests, apologies, terms of address, etc.), these authors have come to the conclusion that positive politeness predominates in Spain. However, such critical tendencies ignore the latest trends in politeness studies: one year after the publication of Hickey´s (1991) essay, Watts et al. (1992) vindicated the need to discern fi rst-order politeness from second-order politeness, and put forward the relevance of metapragmatic discussions of politeness. Descriptivist assessments of Spanish politeness prevent linguists from attempting a metapragmatic methodology that help to determine where Spanish speakers stand in the politeness-impoliteness continuum. Nonetheless, current research on general politeness studies clearly envisages that this is a task that Spanish linguistics will need to fulfi l in the long run. This paper offers a metapragmatic examination of linguistic politeness in Spain, based on the data obtained from 100 informants in Extremadura, aged 14 to 20. The information drawn from the survey indicates that, whilst the informants are fully aware of the politeness norms they have been taught by their parents and teachers, their linguistic performance seldom abides by such parameters. * J. A. G. Ardila University of Edinburgh Dept of European Languages and Cultures David Hume Tower George Square Edinburgh EH8 9JX Great Britain [email protected] Hermes – Journal of Language and Communication Studies no 40-2008 200 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Basques in the Americas from 1492 To1892: a Chronology
    Basques in the Americas From 1492 to1892: A Chronology “Spanish Conquistador” by Frederic Remington Stephen T. Bass Most Recent Addendum: May 2010 FOREWORD The Basques have been a successful minority for centuries, keeping their unique culture, physiology and language alive and distinct longer than any other Western European population. In addition, outside of the Basque homeland, their efforts in the development of the New World were instrumental in helping make the U.S., Mexico, Central and South America what they are today. Most history books, however, have generally referred to these early Basque adventurers either as Spanish or French. Rarely was the term “Basque” used to identify these pioneers. Recently, interested scholars have been much more definitive in their descriptions of the origins of these Argonauts. They have identified Basque fishermen, sailors, explorers, soldiers of fortune, settlers, clergymen, frontiersmen and politicians who were involved in the discovery and development of the Americas from before Columbus’ first voyage through colonization and beyond. This also includes generations of men and women of Basque descent born in these new lands. As examples, we now know that the first map to ever show the Americas was drawn by a Basque and that the first Thanksgiving meal shared in what was to become the United States was actually done so by Basques 25 years before the Pilgrims. We also now recognize that many familiar cities and features in the New World were named by early Basques. These facts and others are shared on the following pages in a chronological review of some, but by no means all, of the involvement and accomplishments of Basques in the exploration, development and settlement of the Americas.
    [Show full text]
  • Andalucía Flamenca: Music, Regionalism and Identity in Southern Spain
    Andalucía flamenca: Music, Regionalism and Identity in Southern Spain A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology by Matthew Machin-Autenrieth © Matthew Machin-Autenrieth 2013 Tables of Contents Table of Contents i List of Plates iv List of Examples iv List of Figures v Conventions vi Acknowledgments viii Abstract x Introduction 1 PART ONE Chapter One: An Overview of Flamenco 6 The Identities of Flamenco 9 The Materials of Flamenco 12 The Geographies of Flamenco 19 The Scholars of Flamenco 25 Chapter Two: Music, Regionalism and Political Geography 36 Political Geography and Music 37 Region, Regionalisation and Regionalism 43 Regionalism and Music 51 The Theoretical Framework 61 Conclusions 68 Chapter Three: Methodology 70 Virtual Ethnography: In Theory 70 Virtual Ethnography: In Practice 79 Field Research in Granada 86 Conclusions 97 Chapter Four: Regionalism, Nationalism and Ethnicity in the History of Flamenco 98 Flamenco and the Emergence of Andalucismo (1800s–1900s) 99 Flamenco and the Nation: Commercialisation, Salvation and Antiflamenquismo 113 Flamenco and Political Andalucismo (1900–1936) 117 Flamenco during the Franco Regime (1939–75) 122 Flamenco since the Transition to Democracy (1975 onwards) 127 Conclusions 131 i Chapter Five: Flamenco for Andalusia, Flamenco for Humanity 133 Flamenco for Andalusia: The Statute of Autonomy 134 Flamenco for Humanity: Intangible Cultural Heritage 141 The Regionalisation of Flamenco in Andalusia 152 Conclusions 169 PART
    [Show full text]
  • The Pain in Spain: Examining Andalusia's Youth Unemployment Crisis
    Salve Regina University Digital Commons @ Salve Regina Pell Scholars and Senior Theses Salve's Dissertations and Theses 12-2018 The Pain in Spain: Examining Andalusia's Youth Unemployment Crisis Bianca D. Lennon Salve Regina University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses Part of the Economic Policy Commons, International Economics Commons, Labor Economics Commons, Other International and Area Studies Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Lennon, Bianca D., "The Pain in Spain: Examining Andalusia's Youth Unemployment Crisis" (2018). Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. 122. https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/122 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Salve's Dissertations and Theses at Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pell Scholars and Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PAIN IN SPAIN: EXAMINING ANDALUSIA’S YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT CRISIS Bianca Lennon Salve Regina University December 2018 Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….…....4 1.1 Background…………………………………………………………………...4 1.2 Definition of the Problem…………………………………………………......5 1.3 Risk Factors for the European Union………………………………...……….6 1.4 Risk Factors for Spain…………………………………………………………8 1.5 Risk Factors for Andalusia……………………………………..…………......9 1.6 Statement of Purpose………………………………………………...………10
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Emotions
    Imperial Emotions LUP, Krauel, Imperial Emotions.indd 1 21/10/2013 12:57:14 Contemporary Hispanic and Lusophone Cultures Series Editor L. Elena Delgado, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Richard Rosa, Duke University Series Editorial Board Jo Labanyi, New York University Chris Perriam, University of Manchester Lisa Shaw, University of Liverpool Paul Julian Smith, CUNY Graduate Center This series aims to provide a forum for new research on modern and contemporary hispanic and lusophone cultures and writing. The volumes published in Contemporary Hispanic and Lusophone Cultures reflect a wide variety of critical practices and theoretical approaches, in harmony with the intellectual, cultural and social developments that have taken place over the past few decades. All manifestations of contemporary hispanic and lusophone culture and expression are considered, including literature, cinema, popular culture, theory. The volumes in the series will participate in the wider debate on key aspects of contemporary culture. 1 Jonathan Mayhew, The Twilight of the Avant-Garde: Contemporary Spanish Poetry 1980–2000 2 Mary S. Gossy, Empire on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown 3 Paul Julian Smith, Spanish Screen Fiction: Between Cinema and Television 4 David Vilaseca, Queer Events: Post-Deconstructive Subjectivities in Spanish Writing and Film, 1960s to 1990s 5 Kirsty Hooper, Writing Galicia into the World: New Cartographies, New Poetics 6 Ann Davies, Spanish Spaces: Landscape, Space and Place in Contemporary Spanish Culture 7 Edgar Illas, Thinking
    [Show full text]
  • Metapragmatic First-Order Politeness in Peninsular Spanish
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Metapragmatic First-Order Politeness in Peninsular Spanish Citation for published version: Ardila, J 2008, 'Metapragmatic First-Order Politeness in Peninsular Spanish', Hermes - Journal of Language and Communication Studies, vol. 40, pp. 199-216. Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Hermes - Journal of Language and Communication Studies Publisher Rights Statement: Ardila, J. (2008). Metapragmatic First-Order Politeness in Peninsular Spanish. Hermes - Journal of Language and Communication Studies, 40, 199-216 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 199 J. A. G. Ardila* Metapragmatic First-Order Politeness in Peninsular Spanish Abstract Research on Spanish politeness has developed dramatically in the past decade. One of the most infl uential theses regarding Spanish politeness was posited by Hickey (1991), who, in comparing Spanish to English, concluded that Peninsular Spanish has a positive politeness model. Subsequently, a number of linguists have further compared politeness in Spain to politeness in Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Are the Spanish Speakers?
    HJBXXX10.1177/0739986319899735Hispanic Journal of Behavioral SciencesArdila 899735research-article2020 Article Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 1 –21 Who Are the Spanish © The Author(s) 2020 Article reuse guidelines: Speakers? An sagepub.com/journals-permissions https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986319899735DOI: 10.1177/0739986319899735 Examination of Their journals.sagepub.com/home/hjb Linguistic, Cultural, and Societal Commonalities and Differences Alfredo Ardila1,2 Abstract In this article, three different aspects of the Spanish-speaking community are analyzed: (1) The idiosyncratic characteristics of the Spanish language, (2) the social dimension of the Spanish speakers, and finally, (3) their cultural manifestations. Two major Hispanic subcultures are distinguished: Iberian Spanish culture and Hispano American culture. Initially, the distribution of Spanish speakers in the world and the major oral and written characteristics of Spanish language are presented. The social characteristics of the Spanish- speaking countries, including economic development, literacy, life expectancy, and Human Development Index, are later discussed. It is emphasized that they represent a group of countries with a significant degree of heterogeneity. Finally, the Iberian Spanish and the Hispano American cultures are analyzed. Five cultural elements are reviewed: (1) ethnic group, (2) language, (3) religion, (4) level of development, and (5) level of schooling. It is concluded that regardless that in Spain, there are important regional differences, it is possible to consider that there is a cultural background common to all Spaniards, which may have specific nuances in each region. Hispano America, on the other hand, from the point of view of its ethnic origin, is 50% descended from 1Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia 2North American Academy of Spanish Language, New York, NY, USA Corresponding Author: Alfredo Ardila, 12230 NW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33182, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • As Andalusia
    THE SPANISH OF ANDALUSIA Perhaps no other dialect zone of Spain has received as much attention--from scholars and in the popular press--as Andalusia. The pronunciation of Andalusian Spanish is so unmistakable as to constitute the most widely-employed dialect stereotype in literature and popular culture. Historical linguists debate the reasons for the drastic differences between Andalusian and Castilian varieties, variously attributing the dialect differentiation to Arab/Mozarab influence, repopulation from northwestern Spain, and linguistic drift. Nearly all theories of the formation of Latin American Spanish stress the heavy Andalusian contribution, most noticeable in the phonetics of Caribbean and coastal (northwestern) South American dialects, but found in more attenuated fashion throughout the Americas. The distinctive Andalusian subculture, at once joyful and mournful, but always proud of its heritage, has done much to promote the notion of andalucismo within Spain. The most extreme position is that andaluz is a regional Ibero- Romance language, similar to Leonese, Aragonese, Galician, or Catalan. Objectively, there is little to recommend this stance, since for all intents and purposes Andalusian is a phonetic accent superimposed on a pan-Castilian grammatical base, with only the expected amount of regional lexical differences. There is not a single grammatical feature (e.g. verb cojugation, use of preposition, syntactic pattern) which separates Andalusian from Castilian. At the vernacular level, Andalusian Spanish contains most of the features of castellano vulgar. The full reality of Andalusian Spanish is, inevitably, much greater than the sum of its parts, and regardless of the indisputable genealogical ties between andaluz and castellano, Andalusian speech deserves study as one of the most striking forms of Peninsular Spanish expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Prejudices in Spain
    Prejudices in Spain Index ❏ Photo of the communities ❏ Andalusia ❏ Basque Country ❏ Galicia ❏ Canary Islands ❏ Catalonia ❏ Spain’s mainland from the point of view of Canarians Photo of the communities Andalusia It’s located in the south of the Iberian peninsula and the political capital is Sevilla. It’s the most populated autonomous community of Spain. Andalusia The Andalusians have a reputation for always being partying and making others laugh. When they talk about things they tend to distort reality, increasing it. People from Spain usually think that Andalusian people are lazy. They usually are hospitable, religious, superstitious and generous. Basque Country The Basque Country is an autonomous community in northern Spain. The political capital is Vitoria. Of the Basques there are two generalized prejudices, that they all are separatist and tough people. They are hard, frank, robust, lovers of their land, separatists, gross and they never laugh. A possible explanation for this, if it is true, is that traditional Basque sports stand out for being very physical, for the need to use quite a lot of force. On the other hand, the fact that they are separatists comes from political issues due to the nationalist thoughts of a part of the population. Galicia Galicia is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. It’s Located in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. The political capital is Santiago de Compostela, in the province of A Coruña. Galicians are considered closed, distrustful, indecisive, superstitious and traditionalists. Canary Islands The Canary Islands is a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean, 100 kilometres west of Morocco at the closest point.
    [Show full text]
  • The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1995 The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco Beebe Bahrami University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ethnic Studies Commons, European History Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Bahrami, Beebe, "The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco" (1995). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1176. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1176 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1176 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco Abstract This thesis investigates the problem of how an historical identity persists within a community in Rabat, Morocco, that traces its ancestry to Spain. Called Andalusians, these Moroccans are descended from Spanish Muslims who were first forced to convert to Christianity after 1492, and were expelled from the Iberian peninsula in the early seventeenth century. I conducted both ethnographic and historical archival research among Rabati Andalusian families. There are four main reasons for the persistence of the Andalusian identity in spite of the strong acculturative forces of religion, language, and culture in Moroccan society. First, the presence of a strong historical continuity of the Andalusian heritage in North Africa has provided a dominant history into which the exiled communities could integrate themselves. Second, the predominant practice of endogamy, as well as other social practices, reinforces an intergenerational continuity among Rabati Andalusians. Third, the Andalusian identity is a single identity that has a complex range of sociocultural contexts in which it is both meaningful and flexible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basque Case
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Groningen University of Groningen Group identity, ethnic separatism and multiple out-groups Martinovic, B.; Verkuyten, M.J.A.M.; Weesie, H.M. Published in: Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology DOI: 10.1002/casp.1053 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2010 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Martinovic, B., Verkuyten, M. J. A. M., & Weesie, H. M. (2010). Group identity, ethnic separatism and multiple out-groups: the Basque case. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 21(4), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.1053 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialectal Variations in Spanish Phonology: a Literature Review
    DIALECTAL VARIATIONS IN SPANISH PHONOLOGY: A LITERATURE REVIEW Silvia Martinez, EdD, CAS, CCC-SLP Howard University Washington, DC INTRODUCTION There are many linguistic differences between Spanish t is a well established ethical and procedural understanding speaking groups. Differences appear in semantics, where the Ithat speech and language diversity may not be the basis for Mexican ‘papalote’ and Puerto Rican ‘chiringa’ stand for ‘kite’, diagnosing communication problems in individuals. The or the more interesting case of using the verb ‘to bring’ by American Speech-Language and Hearing Association (1993) Salvadorans instead of the verb ‘to pick up’ such as in “Vine a states that “ A speaker of any language or dialect may exhibit a traer la pizza.“ (I came to bring the pizza.) for the expected language disorder unrelated to his or her use of the native ”Vine a recoger la pizza.“ (I came to pick up the pizza.) at a dialect. An essential step toward making accurate assessments of pizza take out. Similarly, an example of linguistic variety with communication disorders is to distinguish between those aspects regard to morphemes may be found in Guatemala. The verb of linguistic variation that represent regular patterns in the form ‘to have’ appears as ‘tenés’ (accented on the final syllable) speaker's dialect and those that represent true disorders in when accompanied by the second person singular informal speech and language (p. 2).” To effectively enforce this aim, pronoun ‘vos’ as in “¿ Tenés vos (pronoun optional) mi libro?” dialectal differences must be studied, identified and presented in (Do you have my book?). But, in Puerto Rico, the same forums for clinicians to use.
    [Show full text]