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Spanish Immigration to the United States Author(S): R Spanish Immigration to the United States Author(s): R. A. Gomez Reviewed work(s): Source: The Americas, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Jul., 1962), pp. 59-78 Published by: Academy of American Franciscan History Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/979406 . Accessed: 04/12/2012 23:37 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Academy of American Franciscan History is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Americas. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.78 on Tue, 4 Dec 2012 23:37:58 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SPANISHIMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES* IN our preoccupationwith the Spaniardsof earliercenturies and their subsequentirnpact on the historyof the United States,we havetended to overlookthe Spanishimmigrants of moderndecades. The presenceof largenumbers of Spanishfamily names in the United States,pariicularly in New York City and in westernstates, has ob- scuredthe fact thatvery few Spaniardshave come to the UnitedStates directlyfrom Spain.1It is the purposeof this paperto investigatethe dataon modernmovements of Spaniardsto the Americasin general, with specialemphasis on the UnitedStates, and to considerthe pattern of Spanishsettlement in the United Statesthat resultedfrom these movements. The emigrationof greatnumbers of Spaniardsfrom Spain during the lastdecades of the nineteenthcentury and the firstdecades of the twen- tieth centurywas significantenough to place Spainamong the most activemigratory peoples of Europe,ranking behind the UnitedKing- dom and Italy and rankingclosely with Austria-Hungaryand Ger- many.2So greatwas the exodusthat much Spanish literature has been concernedwith the subject:official reports, university studies, gener- ally distributedbooks, and occasional treatment in regionalnovels.3 The tenorof someof this writingis sufficientlysoul-searching in its nature to placeit in the generalcategory of the introspectivewriting of the " generationof 98." By the turnof the twentiethcentury enough atten- tion hadbeen focused on the problemthat legislationwas soon passed attemptingto preventunnecessary emigration and to lessensome of the evilsof it. # The authoris indebtedto the AmericanPhilosophical Society for a travel grant which greatlyfacilitated research in the United Statesand Spain. This paperis intended as a frameworkfor a book on the subject. 1 The terms " Spaniard" and " Spanish,"when used hereafterin this paper,refer to Spaniardswho have come directly from Spain or who have come after only reason- able transitorymovement through other countries. 2 League of Nations, InternationalLabor Office, MigrationIn Its VariousForms (Geneva,1926), pp. 7-9. Preparedfor the InternationalEconomic Conference, 1927. 3 Some representativetitles: Vicente Borregon Ribes, La emigracionespcmola a America (Vigo, 1952);Ramon Bullon Fernandez,El problemade la emigracion.Los crgmenesde ella (Barcelona,1914); Jose Casaisy Santalo, Emigracionespannola y particularmentegallega a Ultramar(Madrid, 1915); Domingo Villar Grangel,La emi- gracio'ngallega (Santiago,1901); Eduardo Vincenti, Estudio sobre emigracio'n(Madrids 1908); and special publicationsof the Consejo Superiorde Emigracionsuch as Lor emigracionespzzola transoceanica, 1911-191S. 59 This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.78 on Tue, 4 Dec 2012 23:37:58 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions IN UNITEDSTATES 60 SPANISH sinceSpan- officialmachinery for emigration Eventoday there exists forty yearsago. althoughin far lessernumbers than iardsstill leave, SpanishInstitute of Emigra- the Ministryof Laboris foundthe Under throughoutthe countrywhere providedwith provincialoffices tion availablefor prospectiveemigrants. andassistance are made of information interestin the broaderproblems Spainhas long demonstratedan hasbeen an active member of the Intergovern- Europeanmigrations and Churchhas often for EuropeanMigrations.4 The mentalCommittee and moralproblems con- its concernfor the manyspiritual expressed in Spain,where the Church with emigrationto foreignplaces; nected this hasmeant close coordinanon isan exceptionally active institution, betweenthe Churchand official agencies. STATISTICSONSPANISH EMIGRATION left as to the numberof Spaniardswho It is impossibleto be precise Official arrivingin any particularcountry.5 Spainor as to the number officialsthemselves are not precisefor reasonsSpanish Spanishfigures by largenumbers who left pointedout: the difficultyrepresented have keepingrecords on only third- countryillegally; the practiceof the ports (in accordancewith the legal classpassengers leaving Spanish years, the lack of disiinction,for some definitionof "emigrant"); Spain;occasional and alienswho emigratedfrom betweenSpaniards to Africaand Euro- as to whetherfigures include emigrants confusion of tallyingimmigrants coming peancountries; and, finally, the problem of receivingcountries in the Americas backinto Spain. Also, the figures offermany complications. to placethe totalnumber 1882to 1947it is reasonablyadequate From 5 million.6However, during this ofSpanish emigrants at approximately 1961. See ABC, Madrid, was held in Madridin September, 4 The mostrecent meeting and 30, 1961. forSeptember 19, 23, In 1922 the Internaiional for any migratorymovement. 5 The problemis difficult and Immigration Methodsof CompilingEmigration LaborOice tried to assistwith Statistics. andfollowing paragraphs represent Spanishmigration presented in this from 6 The figureson (1) Spanishofficial figures those found in the followingsources: 1923 (but a comparisonof de Espanafrom 1891 through de la emigracione inmigracion statistical Estadistica nine volumesby the oilcial Spanish fromthe year 1882),published in Geograficoy covering as Direccion General del Insiituto agency known from 1891 to 1919 U. S. figures taken from estadisticode Espoma,1960. (2) Estadistico;also, Anuario and 1924. (3) Argeniinefigures of the Secretaryof Laborfor 1923 the AnnualReport estadisticodel movimientomigratorio Generalde Inmigracion,Resumeo Bureauof the from Direccion (4) Cubanfigures from U. S. RepublicaArgentina, 18S7-1924. Cuba, Censo de en la Resources,1907 and Republicof Census,Cuba. Population,History, 1943. This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.78 on Tue, 4 Dec 2012 23:37:58 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions R. A. GOMEZ 6t period,approximately 3.8 millionreturned to Spain. A useablefigure for net emigraiion,then, might be 1.2 million.The greatbulk of this emigrationtook place in thequarter-century from 1900 to 1924;roughly two-thirdsof all Spanishemigration from 1882to 1947 (approximately 700,000net) took placedunng that short period. A certainpattern of movementsto andfrom Spain from 1882 to 1947 is observableas follows: 1882-1898: Heavy net emigrationto Argentinaand Cuba 1899- 1900: Decline(Spanish-American War) 1901-1913: Heavy net emigration;beginning of substantialmovement to the U. S. 191+1918: Net immigration(World War I) 1919-1930: Heavynet emigrationbut virtualdisappearance of emigra- tion to the U. S. after 1921 1931-1947: Decline;net immigration1931-1934 (depression);followed by CivilWar, World War II SPANISHMOVEMENT TO LATIN AMERICA Quitenaturally, Spaniards flocked to LatinAmerica in exceptionally greatnumbers, especially to Argentinaand Cuba. Cuba was, of course, a Spanishcolony until the end of the Spanish-AmericanWar and it served,therefore, as an outletfor Spaniardswishing to go to familiar surroundingsin the westernhemisphere. Furthermore, inducements were beingextended to agriculturalworkers.7 Argentina was a much greaterattraciion, having made a determinedbid for immigrants.8 Argentina,indeed, in the recordsof internationalmigraiion, ranks secondonly to the UnitedStates in termsof immigration,both gross andnet.9 To a muchlesser extent stood Brazil, Mexico, and Uruguay as attractionsfor Spaniardswishing to emigrateto LaiinAmerica. Argentinahas accounted for as muchSpanish emigration as all other countriescombined (and more, if the entiremovement from the 1850's is considered).A comparisonof Spanishand Argentine reports indicates that approximatelyhalf of the entirenumber of Spaniardsemigraiing from1882 to 1947is clearlyattributable to Argentina'spowerful attrac- tion-about600,000 net, with the possibiligrof a higherfigure approach- 7 On the attractionsof Cuba,see ConsejoSuperior de Emigracion(Spain), Emigra- cion transoceanica, 1911-19lS, pp. 135-136. Also, J. M. Alvarez Acevedo, La colonict espznola en la economia cubana (Habana,1936), passim. 9 In Anuario Estadistico Interamericano, 1942, immigrationtotals from 1820 to 1924 are given as follows: U. S. A.-33,188,000; Argentina-5,486,000; Canada-4,520,000; Brazil-3,855,000. All of these are gross figures,not accountingfor departures. 8 Indeed, the preambleof Argentina'sConstitution of 1852-1853 extended equality of treatmentfor aliens. This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.78 on Tue, 4 Dec 2012 23:37:58 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions IN UNITEDSTATES 62 SPANISH Cuba,probably
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