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Determining the Dormancy and Germination Requirements of Two Upland Prairie Sedges

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Determining the Dormancy and Germination Requirements of Two Upland Prairie Sedges Determining the dormancy and germination requirements of two upland prairie sedges Carex inops ssp. inops and Carex tumulicola by Kelly Broadlick A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Environmental Horticulture Committee: Dr. Jon Bakker, Chair Dr. Kern Ewing Sierra Smith October 10th, 2016 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS A NOTE FROM THE AUTHOR ..................................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 7 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 8 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 9 SPECIES OF INTEREST ............................................................................................................................................... 9 ECOLOGY OF SEDGES .............................................................................................................................................. 11 THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF GERMINATION ................................................................................................ 12 COMMON SEDGE GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. 14 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE ON CAREX INOPS SSP. INOPS PROPAGATION ............................................................. 15 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE ON CAREX TUMULICOLA PROPAGATION .................................................................... 16 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................. 16 STRATIFICATION AND GERMINATION EXPERIMENT .............................................................. 17 MATERIALS & METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 17 Seed Lots ................................................................................................................................................................ 17 Experimental Design ........................................................................................................................................ 18 TZ testing ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 Analysis .................................................................................................................................................................. 21 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Germination Percentage ................................................................................................................................. 25 Germination Timing ......................................................................................................................................... 27 Viability .................................................................................................................................................................. 36 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................................... 37 Carex inops ssp. inops ...................................................................................................................................... 37 Carex tumulicola ................................................................................................................................................ 43 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 SMOKE WATER EXPERIMENT .......................................................................................................... 47 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 Fire and smoke .................................................................................................................................................... 47 Perigynia removal ............................................................................................................................................. 49 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 50 MATERIALS & METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 51 Materials ................................................................................................................................................................ 51 Pre-trial to assess smoke water and liquid smoke potency ............................................................. 51 Experimental Design ........................................................................................................................................ 52 Vigor Experimental Set-up ............................................................................................................................ 54 TZ Testing ............................................................................................................................................................. 54 Analyses ................................................................................................................................................................. 54 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 55 Percent Germination ........................................................................................................................................ 55 Germination Timing ......................................................................................................................................... 56 Days to 50% Germination .............................................................................................................................. 60 Uniformity ............................................................................................................................................................. 61 Viability .................................................................................................................................................................. 62 Vigor ........................................................................................................................................................................ 64 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................................... 64 3 Carex inops ssp. inops ...................................................................................................................................... 64 Carex tumulicola ................................................................................................................................................ 71 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 75 PROPAGATION PROTOCOLS ............................................................................................................ 76 CAREX INOPS SSP. INOPS ......................................................................................................................................... 76 CAREX TUMULICOLA ................................................................................................................................................ 78 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 79 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 79 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................................. 84 APPENDIX 1. GERMINATION DATA SHEET ......................................................................................................... 84 APPENDIX 2. RESULTS FROM WINTER STRATIFICATION AND GERMINATION TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENT: GERMINATION PERCENTAGE ...................................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX 3. RESULTS FROM WINTER STRATIFICATION AND GERMINATION TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENT: UNIFORMITY .................................................................................................................................
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