Quid Est 'Bioethics'?
What Is “Bioethics”? (Quid est ‘Bioethics’?) Dianne N. Irving “A small error in the beginning leads to a multitude of errors in the end.” Thomas Aquinas, De Ente Et Essentia Aristotle, De Coelo I. INTRODUCTION There is a strange phenomenon I have encountered over the last several years which I hope at least to identify with this essay. It is the apparent belief that bioethics is somehow the same as, or to be equated with, ethics per se, or at least with medical ethics per se. I have even heard it referred to as Roman Catholic medical ethics per se. Repeatedly, when I ask a group to define “bioethics,” I usually get the same sort of response. I hope with this essay to disenfranchise people of this belief. Contrary to “popular opinion,” bioethics, as predominantly practiced today–especially as embedded in formal governmental regulations, state laws and a myriad of other documents, committees, guidelines, guidebooks, etc., around the worldi–is not the same thing as “ethics per se.” Academically it is actually a sub-field of ethics and stands alongside many other theories of ethics, e.g., Kantian deontology, Millsean utilitarianism, casuistry, natural law, egoism, situation ethics, relativism, and various forms of theological ethics, etc. And like all ethical theories, bioethics is by no means “neutral”–there is no such thing as a “neutral ethics.”ii In fact, bioethics defines itself as a normative ethical theory–that is, it takes a stand on what is right or wrong.iii Nor is bioethics to be equated with “medical ethics,” as that term is still generally understood.iv Nor is it the same as Roman Catholic medical ethics or any other such subsystem of ethics that could be used to determine the rightness and wrongness of human actions within the 1 medical context.
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