3D Recording and Interpretation for Maritime Archaeology Editors John K
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Coastal Research Library 31 John K. McCarthy Jonathan Benjamin TrevorWendy Winton van Duivenvoorde Editors 3D Recording andfor InterpretationMaritime Archaeology United Nations Unitwin Network Educational, Scientific and for Underwater Cultural Organization Archaeology Coastal Research Library Volume 31 Series Editor Charles W. Finkl Department of Geosciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL, USA The aim of this book series is to disseminate information to the coastal research community. The Series covers all aspects of coastal research including but not limited to relevant aspects of geological sciences, biology (incl. ecology and coastal marine ecosystems), geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, coastal hydraulics, environmental (resource) management, engineering, and remote sensing. Policy, coastal law, and relevant issues such as conflict resolution and risk management would also be covered by the Series. The scope of the Series is broad and with a unique cross-disciplinary nature. The Series would tend to focus on topics that are of current interest and which carry some import as opposed to traditional titles that are esoteric and non-controversial. Monographs as well as contributed volumes are welcomed. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8795 John K. McCarthy • Jonathan Benjamin Trevor Winton • Wendy van Duivenvoorde Editors 3D Recording and Interpretation for Maritime Archaeology Editors John K. McCarthy Jonathan Benjamin Department of Archaeology Department of Archaeology Flinders University Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia Trevor Winton Wendy van Duivenvoorde Department of Archaeology Department of Archaeology Flinders University Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia ISSN 2211-0577 ISSN 2211-0585 (electronic) Coastal Research Library ISBN 978-3-030-03634-8 ISBN 978-3-030-03635-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03635-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019931875 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This volume has been produced with the generous support of Additional support provided by Under the patronage of v Foreword Archaeology is a discipline that works natively in four dimensions. Whether it is excavation, survey or lab-based analysis, our drive is to untangle and reveal the nature of relationships across time and space. Since the birth of the modern discipline, we have sought ways to cap ture this data in a precise and accurate manner, from the use of plane tables and survey chains to photogrammetry, laser scanners and geophysics. Over the last 15 years, we have seen a remarkable shift in capability, and nowhere is this more apparent than in maritime archaeol ogy. Here, research interests regularly straddle the terrestrial–marine boundary, requiring prac titioners to adapt to different environmental constraints whilst delivering products of comparable standards. Where in the past those working on sites underwater had to rely on tape measures alone, photogrammetric survey has now become ubiquitous, generating rich 3D datasets. This cheap, flexible and potentially highly accurate method has helped to remove dif ferences in data quality above and below water. When matched to the reduction in cost for regional swath bathymetric surveys underwater, and Digital Elevation Models derived from satellite and airborne sensors on land, the context of archaeological work has undergone a revolution, fully transitioning into three, and at times four, digital dimensions. This volume is thus timely, charting the point where we move from novelty to utility and, with that, a loss of innocence. Thus, it helps to move the discipline forward, not only thinking about how we draw on these techniques to generate data but also how we use this data to engage others. It is increasingly clear that generating 3D data is no longer the main challenge, and archaeologists can focus on what we require of that data and how best we can make it serve our purpose. At the same time, we need to remain flexible enough to recognise the potential for new ways of doing things of new aesthetics of representation and new modes of communica tion. There is something inherent in the dynamism of archaeology that ensures that scholars always feel they are lucky to be working in the era that they are, the white heat of ‘science’ during the birth of processualism, the intellectual challenges of ‘post-processualism’ and now the rich, unpredictable and democratic nature of 3D digital data. These truly are exciting times. Southampton, UK Fraser Sturt 23 August 2018 vii Acknowledgements The editors wish to thank Flinders University College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences and the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology, which hosted the work shop 3D Modelling and Interpretation for Underwater Archaeology, held on 24–26 November 2016. Open access for this volume has been made possible by the generous support of the Honor Frost Foundation. Additional support for the production of this volume has been pro vided by Flinders University and Wessex Archaeology. Thanks are due to the contributors and the numerous peer reviewers who have helped to ensure high-quality of this edited volume. Finally, the editors would like to thank their families for their support and patience during the preparation of this book. ix Contents 1 The Rise of 3D in Maritime Archaeology . 1 John McCarthy, Jonathan Benjamin, Trevor Winton, and Wendy van Duivenvoorde 2 Camera Calibration Techniques for Accurate Measurement Underwater . 11 Mark Shortis 3 Legacy Data in 3D: The Cape Andreas Survey (1969–1970) and Santo António de Tanná Expeditions (1978–1979) . 29 Jeremy Green 4 Systematic Photogrammetric Recording of the Gnalić Shipwreck Hull Remains and Artefacts . 45 Irena Radić Rossi, Jose Casabán, Kotaro Yamafune, Rodrigo Torres, and Katarina Batur 5 Underwater Photogrammetric Recording at the Site of Anfeh, Lebanon. 67 Lucy Semaan and Mohammed Saeed Salama 6 Using Digital Visualization of Archival Sources to Enhance Archaeological Interpretation of the ‘Life History’ of Ships: The Case Study of HMCS/HMAS Protector. 89 James Hunter, Emily Jateff, and Anton van den Hengel 7 The Conservation and Management of Historic Vessels and the Utilization of 3D Data for Information Modelling. 103 Dan Atkinson, Damien Campbell-Bell, and Michael Lobb 8 A Procedural Approach to Computer-Aided Modelling in Nautical Archaeology . 123 Matthew Suarez, Frederic Parke, and Filipe Castro 9 Deepwater Archaeological Survey: An Interdisciplinary and Complex Process . 135 Pierre Drap, Odile Papini, Djamal Merad, Jérôme Pasquet, Jean-Philip Royer, Mohamad Motasem Nawaf, Mauro Saccone, Mohamed Ben Ellefi, Bertrand Chemisky, Julien Seinturier, Jean-Christophe Sourisseau, Timmy Gambin, and Filipe Castro 10 Quantifying Depth of Burial and Composition of Shallow Buried Archaeological Material: Integrated Sub-bottom Profiling and 3D Survey Approaches . 155 Trevor Winton xi xii Contents 11 Resolving Dimensions: A Comparison Between ERT Imaging and 3D Modelling of the Barge Crowie, South Australia. 175 Kleanthis Simyrdanis, Marian Bailey, Ian Moffat, Amy Roberts, Wendy van Duivenvoorde, Antonis Savvidis, Gianluca Cantoro, Kurt Bennett, and Jarrad Kowlessar 12 HMS Falmouth: 3D Visualization of a First World War Shipwreck . 187 Antony Firth, Jon Bedford, and David Andrews 13 Beacon Virtua: A Virtual Reality Simulation Detailing the Recent and Shipwreck History of Beacon Island, Western Australia . 197 Andrew Woods, Nick Oliver, Paul Bourke, Jeremy Green, and Alistair Paterson 14 Integrating Aerial and Underwater Data for Archaeology: Digital Maritime Landscapes in 3D. 211 Jonathan Benjamin,