FAMILY RESOURCES CENTE R AND DISTRICT POLIC E HEADQUARTERS PROJE CT D R A F T E I R SAN BERNARDINO CITY UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTR ICT Appendices
Appendix 5.3-1 Historic Resources Evaluation Report
January 2019 FAMILY RESOURCES CEN TER AND DISTRICT POL ICE HEADQUARTERS PROJECT D R A F T E I R SAN BERNARDINO CITY UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTR ICT Appendices
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PlaceWorks Architectural History Inventory and Evaluation Report
San Bernardino City Unified School District Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project in the City of San Bernardino
San Bernardino County, California
Prepared For: Placeworks, Inc. 3 MacArthur Place, Suite 100 Santa Ana, California 92707
Prepared By: Robert Cunningham ECORP Consulting, Inc. 215 North 5th Street Redlands, California 92374
Under the direction of Principal Investigator: Roger Mason, PhD, RPA
Citation: ECORP Consulting, Inc. 2018. Architectural History Inventory and Evaluation Report for the San Bernardino City Unified School District Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project. - Prepared for Placeworks, Santa Ana, California.
ECORP Consulting, Inc. has assisted public and private land owners with environmental regulation compliance since 1987. We offer full service capability, from initial baseline environmental studies through environmental planning review, permitting negotiation, liaison to obtain legal agreements, mitigation design, and construction monitoring and reporting.
Citation: ECORP Consulting, Inc. 2018. Architectural History Inventory and Evaluation Report for the San Bernardino City Unified School District Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project. -
Prepared for Placeworks, Santa Ana, California.
Architectural History Inventory and Evaluation Report for the SBCUSD Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
In 2018, ECORP Consulting, Inc. was retained to conduct an architectural history inventory and evaluation for the proposed Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project (Project). San Bernardino City Unified School District proposes the construction of a new, 19,020-square-foot Centralized Services & Resource Center, a new 15,772-square-foot District Police Headquarters, and construction of four new parking lots. Construction of the new buildings and parking lots would require the removal of a surface parking lot, relocation of five portable buildings, and the demolition of two permanent buildings and one canopy structure.
The inventory and evaluation included a records search, literature review, archival research, and field visit. The records search results indicated that one previous cultural resources study had been conducted within the Project area in 2000, and 82 investigations have occurred within a one-mile radius of the Project area between 1979 and 2014. The records search also revealed that one previously recorded historic-period resource, the Church of Christ, Scientist building (P36-017740), was located within the Project area, and more than 700 previously recorded resources are located within a one-mile radius of the Project Area. The majority of these are built environment resources consisting of historic-age buildings including houses, churches, and commercial structures, many of which are spread throughout five proposed local historic districts: the Norton and Hey Bennett Historic District, the Arrowhead Avenue Historic District, the 11th/Orange Streets Historic District, the East Olive Street Historic District, and the Walnut Park Historic District.
As a result of the field visit, the previously recorded church building was updated (P36-017740), and one newly identified historic-period building, the Town Lodge Motel, was recorded. The Town Lodge Motel was evaluated using California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) eligibility criteria, and City of San Bernardino criteria for local historical significance. The Town Lodge Motel was found not eligible for inclusion in the CRHR and was evaluated as not meeting any criteria for local historical significance. The church building (P36-017740) was evaluated using CRHR eligibility criteria and was found to be not eligible for listing in the CRHR under any criteria. An evaluation using City of San Bernardino criteria for local historical significance confirmed the previous finding that the building meets criteria for local historical significance. As the building was found to be historically significant under local criteria, it is considered a Historical Resource as defined by the California Environmental Quality Act and the proposed Project will result in impacts to a Historical Resource.
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CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ...... i 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Location ...... 1 1.2 Project Description ...... 1 1.3 Regulatory Context ...... 4 1.4 Report Organization ...... 4 2.0 CULTURAL CONTEXT ...... 5 2.1 Regional Prehistory ...... 5 2.1.1 Paleo-Indian Period/Terminal Pleistocene (12,000 to 10,000 BP) ...... 5 2.1.2 Early Archaic Period/Early Holocene (10,000 to 8,500 BP) ...... 5 2.1.3 Encinitas Tradition or Milling Stone Period/Middle Holocene (8,500 to 3,500 BP) . 5 2.1.4 Palomar Tradition (1,250 – 150 BP) ...... 7 2.2 Ethnohistory ...... 8 2.3 History ...... 9 2.4 Transportation and U.S. Route 66 History ...... 11 2.5 Motel History ...... 13 2.6 Architectural Context ...... 14 2.6.1 Gothic Revival ...... 14 2.6.2 Contemporary ...... 14 3.0 METHODS ...... 14 3.1 Personnel Qualifications ...... 14 3.2 Records Search Methods ...... 15 3.3 Field Methods ...... 15 4.0 RESULTS ...... 16 4.1 Records Search ...... 16 4.1.1 Previous Research ...... 16 4.2 Field Visit Results ...... 23 4.2.1 Previously Recorded Resources ...... 23 4.2.2 Newly Identified Resources ...... 24 5.0 EVALUATION OF ELIGIBILITY ...... 25 5.1 State Evaluation Criteria ...... 25 5.2 City of San Bernardino Evaluation Criteria ...... 26 5.3 Evaluation ...... 27 5.3.1 P36-017740 (First Church of Christ, Scientist) ...... 27
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5.3.2 CS-001 (Town Lodge Motel) ...... 29 6.0 Summary and recommendations ...... 31 7.0 REFERENCES CITED ...... 32
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Previous Cultural Studies In or Within One Mile of the Project Area ...... 16
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Project Vicinity ...... 2 Figure 2. Project Location...... 3
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS
Attachment A – Project Area Photographs Attachment B – Confidential Cultural Resource Site Locations and Site Records
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AMSL above mean sea level AT&SF) Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad California Code of Regulations CCR CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CHRIS California Historical Resources Information System CPHI California Point of Historic Interest CRHR California Register of Historical Resources DPR Department of Parks and Recreation NHPA National Historic Preservation Act OHP California Office of Historic Preservation’s PRC Public Resources Code Project SBCUSD Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project RPA Registered Professional Archaeologist SBCUSD San Bernardino City Unified School District SCCIC South Central Information Center U.S. Code USC USGS U.S. Geological Survey
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
In June 2018, ECORP Consulting, Inc. conducted a field visit and evaluation of two historic-age (i.e., over 50 years of age) buildings: La Luz Del Mundo Church/First Church of Christ, Scientist, and the Town Lodge Motel, located in the City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. This inventory and evaluation report was prepared for the San Bernardino City Unified School District (SBCUSD) Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project (Project). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the buildings located within the proposed Project area for eligibility for the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) in pursuit of compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The study consisted of a cultural resources records search, archival research, a field visit to thoroughly document the buildings, an evaluation of eligibility for inclusion in the CRHR, and an evaluation for local historical significance using City of San Bernardino criteria.
1.1 Project Location
The Project area is located on 11 adjoining parcels that total ±3.3 acres. Multiple buildings and structures, and paved parking lots constitute a majority of the Project area. The Project area is located north of 7th Street, east of North F Street, west of North E Street and South of 8th Street, in the City of San Bernardino. The City of San Bernardino is located south of the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, east of the City of Rialto, north of the City of Loma Linda, and east of the Cities of Highland and Redlands (Figure 1). As shown on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute San Bernardino South, California (1973) topographic quadrangle map, the Project Area is located in an unsectioned area of the Rancho San Bernardino Land Grant, Township 1 South, Range 4 West, of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian (Figure 2). The area surrounding the Project Area is a mix of civic complexes, commercial properties, and residential development.
The elevation of the Project area ranges from 1,071 feet above mean sea level (AMSL) to 1,077 feet AMSL. It is located approximately 1.19 miles (1,919 meters) west-northwest of Warm Creek, which emanates from the San Bernardino Mountains 4.7 miles (7,569 meters) to the northeast.
1.2 Project Description
SBCUSD proposes to undertake the Project, located in the City of San Bernardino. The Project includes the construction of a new, 19,020-square-foot Centralized Services & Resource Center, a new 15,772-square- foot District Police Headquarters, and construction of four new parking lots. Construction of the new buildings and parking lots would require the removal of a surface parking lot, relocation of five portable buildings, and the demolition of the church building, the motel and one canopy structure.
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Size of printing extent and margins differs with printer settings, please adjust margins if necessary. NOTE: This map is set up in NAD 1983 StatePlane California V FIPS 0405 Feet. Please Change to Define Your Local State Plane or UTM Coordinate System.
Project Location
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1.3 Regulatory Context
To meet the regulatory requirements of this Project, this cultural resources investigation was conducted pursuant to the provisions for the treatment of cultural resources contained in CEQA (Public Resources Code [PRC] § 21000 et seq.) The goal of CEQA is to develop and maintain a high-quality environment that serves to identify the significant environmental effects of the actions of a proposed project and to either avoid or mitigate those significant effects where feasible. CEQA pertains to all proposed projects that require State or local government agency approval, including the enactment of zoning ordinances, the issuance of conditional use permits, and the approval of development project maps.
CEQA (Title 14, California Code of Regulations [CCR], Article 5, § 15064.5) applies to cultural resources of the historical and prehistoric periods. Any project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a cultural resource, either directly or indirectly, is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment. As a result, such a project would require avoidance or mitigation of impacts to those affected resources. Significant cultural resources must meet at least one of four criteria that define eligibility for listing on the CRHR (PRC § 5024.1, Title 14 CCR, § 4852). Resources listed on or eligible for inclusion in the CRHR are considered Historical Resources under CEQA.
1.4 Report Organization
The following report documents the study and its findings and was prepared in conformance with the California Office of Historic Preservation’s (OHP) Archaeological Resource Management Reports: Recommended Contents and Format. Attachment A contains Project area photographs. Confidential Attachment B contains confidential cultural resource site locations and site records.
Sections 6253, 6254, and 6254.10 of the California Code authorize state agencies to exclude archaeological site information from public disclosure under the Public Records Act. In addition, the California Public Records Act (Government Code § 6250 et seq.) and California’s open meeting laws (The Brown Act, Government Code § 54950 et seq.) protect the confidentiality of Native American cultural place information. Under Exemption 3 of the federal Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S. Code 5 [USC]), because the disclosure of cultural resources location information is prohibited by the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (16 USC 470hh) and Section 304 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), it is also exempted from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. Likewise, the Information Centers of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) maintained by the OHP prohibit public dissemination of records search information. In compliance with these requirements, the results of this cultural resource investigation were prepared as a confidential document, which is not intended for public distribution in either paper or electronic format.
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2.0 CULTURAL CONTEXT
2.1 Regional Prehistory
2.1.1 Paleo-Indian Period/Terminal Pleistocene (12,000 to 10,000 BP)
The first inhabitants of southern California were big game hunters and gatherers exploiting extinct species of Pleistocene megafauna (e.g., mammoth and other Rancholabrean fauna). Local "fluted point" assemblages comprised of large spear points or knives are stylistically and technologically similar to the Clovis Paleo-Indian cultural tradition dated to this period elsewhere in North America (Moratto 1984). Archaeological evidence for this period in southern California is limited to a few small temporary camps with fluted points found around late Pleistocene lake margins in the Mojave Desert and around Tulare Lake in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Single points are reported from Ocotillo Wells and Cuyamaca Pass in eastern San Diego County and from the Yuha Desert in Imperial County (Rondeau, Cassidy, and Jones 2007).
2.1.2 Early Archaic Period/Early Holocene (10,000 to 8,500 BP)
Approximately 10,000 years ago, at the beginning of the Holocene, warming temperatures, and the extinction of the megafauna resulted in changing subsistence strategies with an emphasis hunting smaller game and increasing reliance on plant gathering. Previously, Early Holocene sites were represented by only a few sites and isolates from the Lake Mojave and San Dieguito complexes found along former lakebeds and grasslands of the Mojave Desert and in inland San Diego County. More recently, southern California Early Holocene sites have been found along the Santa Barbara Channel (Erlandson 1994), in western Riverside County (Goldberg 2001, Grenda 1997), and along the San Diego County coast (Gallegos 1991, Koerper et al. 1991, Warren 1967).
The San Dieguito Complex was defined based on material found at the Harris site (CA-SDI-149) on the San Dieguito River near Lake Hodges in San Diego County. San Dieguito artifacts include large leaf- shaped points; leaf-shaped knives; large ovoid, domed, and rectangular end and side scrapers; engraving tools; and crescentics (Koerper et al. 1991). The San Dieguito Complex at the Harris site dates to 9,000 to 7,500 BP (Gallegos 1991 Gallegos 1991:Figure 3.9). However, sites from this time period in coastal San Diego County have yielded artifacts and subsistence remains characteristic of the succeeding Encinitas Tradition, including manos, metates, core-cobble tools, and marine shell (Gallegos 1991, Koerper et al. 1991).
2.1.3 Encinitas Tradition or Milling Stone Period/Middle Holocene (8,500 to 3,500 BP)
The Encinitas Tradition (Warren 1968) and the Milling Stone Period (Wallace 1955) refer to a long period of time during which small mobile bands of people who spoke an early Hokan language (possibly proto- Yuman) foraged for a wide variety of resources including hard seeds, berries, and roots/tubers (yucca in inland areas), rabbits and other small animals, and shellfish and fish in coastal areas. Sites from the Encinitas Tradition consist of residential bases and resource acquisition locations with no evidence of overnight stays. Residential bases have hearths and fire-affected rock indicating overnight stays and food
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The Encinitas Tradition as originally defined (Warren 1968) applied to all of the non-desert areas of southern California. Recently, two patterns within the Encinitas Tradition have been proposed that apply to different regions of southern California (Sutton and Gardner 2010). The Topanga Pattern includes archaeological material from the Los Angeles Basin and Orange County. The Greven Knoll Pattern pertains to southwestern San Bernardino County and western Riverside County (Sutton and Gardner 2010). Each of the patterns is divided into temporal phases. The Topanga I phase extends from 8,500 to 5,000 BP and Topanga II runs from 5,000 to 3,500 BP. The Topanga Pattern ended about 3,500 BP with the arrival of Takic speakers, except in the Santa Monica Mountains, where the Topanga III phase lasted until about 2,000 BP.
The Encinitas Tradition in inland areas east of the Topanga Pattern (southwestern San Bernardino County and western Riverside County) is the Greven Knoll Pattern (Sutton and Gardner 2010). Greven Knoll I (9,400-4,000 BP) has abundant manos and metates. Projectile points are few and are mostly Pinto points. Greven Knoll II (4,000-3,000 BP) has abundant manos and metates and core tools. Projectile points are mostly Elko points. The Elsinore site on the east shore of Lake Elsinore was occupied during Greven Knoll I and Greven Knoll II. During Greven Knoll I faunal processing (butchering) took place at the lakeshore and floral processing (seed grinding), cooking, and eating took place farther from the shore. The primary foods were rabbit meat and seeds from grasses, sage, and ragweed. A few deer, waterfowl, and reptiles were consumed. The recovered archaeological material suggests that a highly mobile population visited the site at a specific time each year. It is possible that their seasonal round included the ocean coast at other times of the year. These people had an unspecialized technology as exemplified by the numerous crescents, a multi-purpose tool. The few projectile points suggest that most of the small game was trapped using nets and snares (Grenda 1997:279). During Greven Knoll II, which included a warmer drier climatic episode known as the Altithermal, it is thought that populations in interior southern California concentrated at “oases” and that Lake Elsinore was one of these oases. The Elsinore site (CA-RIV-2798) is one of five known Middle Holocene residential sites around Lake Elsinore. Tools were mostly manos, metates, and hammerstones. Scraper planes were absent. Flaked stone tools consisted mostly of utilized flakes used as scrapers. The Elsinore site during the Middle Holocene was a “recurrent extended encampment” which could have been occupied during much of the year.
The Encinitas Tradition lasted longer in inland areas because Takic speakers did not move east into these areas until circa 1,000 BP Greven Knoll III (3,000-1,000 BP) is present at the Liberty Grove site in Cucamonga (Salls 1983) and at sites in Cajon Pass that were defined as part of the Sayles Complex (Kowta 1969). Greven Knoll III sites have a large proportion of manos and metates and core tools as well as scraper planes. Kowta (1969) suggested the scraper planes may have been used to process yucca and agave. The faunal assemblage consists of large quantities of lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) and lesser quantities of deer, rodents, birds, carnivores, and reptiles.
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2.1.4 Palomar Tradition (1,250 – 150 BP)
The native people of southern California (north of a line from Agua Hedionda to Lake Henshaw in San Diego County) spoke Takic languages which form a branch or subfamily of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Takic languages are divided into the Gabrielino-Fernandeño language, the Serrano-Kitanemuk group (the Serrano [includes the Vanyume dialect] and Kitanemuk languages), the Tataviam language, and the Cupan group (the Luiseño-Juaneño language, the Cahuilla Language, and the Cupeño language) (Golla 2011). According to Sutton (2009), Takic speakers occupied the southern San Joaquin Valley before 3,500 BP. Perhaps as a result of the arrival of Yokutsan speakers (a language in the Penutian language family) from the north, Takic speakers moved southeast. The ancestors of the Kitanemuk moved into the Tehachapi Mountains and the ancestors of the Tataviam moved into the upper Santa Clara River drainage. The ancestors of the Gabrielino (Tongva) moved into the Los Angeles Basin about 3,500 BP replacing the native proto-Yuman (Hokan) speakers. Speakers of proto-Gabrielino reached the southern Channel Islands by 3,200 BP (Sutton 2009) and moved as far south as Aliso Creek in Orange County by 3,000 BP.
Takic people moved south into southern Orange County after 1,250 BP and became the ancestors of the Juaneño. Takic people moved inland from southern Orange County about 1,000 BP, becoming the ancestors of the Luiseño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla. At the same time, Takic people from the Kitanemuk area moved east along the northern slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains and spread into the San Bernardino Mountains and along the Mojave River becoming the ancestors of the Serrano and the Vanyume. Although Sutton (2011) believes that Yuman speakers living in these inland areas adopted Takic languages and that Takic speakers did not physically replace the Yuman speakers, this is unlikely because settlement and subsistence systems in inland areas were the same as those characteristic of the Takic peoples of the coast.
The material culture of the inland areas where Takic languages were spoken at the time of Spanish contact is part of the Palomar Tradition (Sutton 2011). San Luis Rey I Phase (1,000 – 500 BP) and San Luis Rey II Phase (500 – 150 BP) pertain to the area occupied by the Luiseño at the time of Spanish contact. The Peninsular I (1,000 – 750 BP), II (750 – 300 BP), and III (300 – 150 BP) Phases are used in the areas occupied by the Cahuilla and Serrano (Sutton 2011).
San Luis Rey I is characterized by Cottonwood Triangular arrow points, use of bedrock mortars, stone pendants, shell beads, quartz crystals, and bone tools. San Luis Rey II sees the addition of ceramics, including ceramic cremation urns, red pictographs on boulders in village sites, and steatite arrow straighteners. San Luis Rey II represents the archaeological manifestation of the antecedents of the historically known Luiseño (Goldberg 2001: I-43). During San Luis Rey I, there were a series of small permanent residential bases at water sources, each occupied by a kin group (probably a lineage). During San Luis Rey II people from several related residential bases moved into a large village located at the most reliable water source (Waugh 1986). Each village had a territory that included acorn harvesting camps at higher elevations. Villages have numerous bedrock mortars, large dense midden areas with a full range of flaked and ground stone tools, rock art, and a cemetery.
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2.2 Ethnohistory
The Project Area is located within the territory known to have been occupied by the Serrano group of Native Americans at the time of contact with Europeans, around AD 1769. The Serrano occupied an area in and around the San Bernardino Mountains and northward into the Mojave Desert. Their territory also extended west along the north slope of the San Gabriel Mountains, east as far as Twentynine Palms, north into the Victorville and Lucerne Valley areas, and south to the Yucaipa Valley and San Jacinto Valley (Cultural Systems Research 2005). The Serrano speakers in the Mojave Desert who lived along the Mojave River were known as Vanyume. Serrano is a language within the Takic family of the Uto-Aztecan language stock.
The Serrano were mainly hunters and gatherers who occasionally fished. Game that was hunted included mountain sheep, deer, antelope, rabbits, small rodents, and various birds, particularly quail. Vegetable staples consisted of acorns, pinyon nuts, bulbs and tubers, shoots and roots, juniper berries, mesquite, barrel cacti, and Joshua tree (Bean and Smith 1978).
A variety of materials were used for hunting, gathering, and processing food, as well as for shelter, clothing, and luxury items. Shells, wood, bone, stone, plant materials, and animal skins and feathers were used for making baskets, pottery, blankets, mats, nets, bags and pouches, cordage, awls, bows, arrows, drills, stone pipes, musical instruments, and clothing (Bean and Smith 1978).
Settlement locations were determined by water availability and most Serranos lived in villages near water sources. Houses and ramadas were round and constructed of poles covered with bark and tule mats (Kroeber 1925). Most Serrano villages also had a ceremonial house used as a religious center. Other structures within the village might include granaries and sweathouses (Bean and Smith 1978).
Serrano social and political units were clans, patrilineal exogamous territorial groups. Each clan was led by a chief, who had both political and ceremonial roles. The chief lived in a principal village within the clan’s territory. The clans were part of a moiety system such that each clan was either a wildcat or coyote clan and marriages could only occur between members of opposite moieties (Earle 2004). On the north side of the San Bernardino Mountains, clan villages were located along the desert-mountain interface on Deep Creek, on the upper Mojave River, in Summit Valley, and in Cajon Pass. The principal plant food available near these villages was juniper berries. These villages also had access to mountain resources, such as acorns and pinyon nuts.
Vanyume villages were located along the Mojave River from south of Victorville to Soda Lake. These river villages had populations of 40 - 80 people. Marriage ties between the Serrano foothill villages and Vanyume desert villages facilitated access to mountain resources, such as acorns and pinyon nuts, by the desert villages. The principal desert resources were mesquite beans, screw beans, tule reed roots, and Carrizo grass sugar (produced by aphids that lived on the Carrizo grass). Animal resources were rabbits, jackrabbits, desert bighorn sheep, pronghorn, and desert tortoise (Earle 2005:10). The Vanyume also collected salt from Soda Lake and from the Barstow-Daggett area to exchange for acorns and other resources from the mountains (Earle 2005:11).
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Partly due to their mountainous and desert inland territory, contact between Serrano and Euro-Americans was minimal prior to the early 1800s. In 1819, an asistencia (mission outpost) was established near present-day Redlands and was used to help relocate many Serrano to Mission San Gabriel. However, small groups of Serrano remained in the area northeast of the San Gorgonio Pass and were able to preserve some of their native culture. Today, most Serrano live either on the Morongo or San Manuel reservations (Bean and Smith 1978).
2.3 History
The first European to visit Alta California (the area north of Baja California) was Spanish maritime explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Sent north by the Viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) to look for the Northwest Passage, Cabrillo visited San Diego Bay, Catalina Island, San Pedro Bay, and the northern Channel Islands. In 1579, the English adventurer Francis Drake visited the Miwok Native American group at Drake’s Bay or Bodega Bay. Sebastian Vizcaíno explored the coast as far north as Monterey in 1602. He reported that Monterey was an excellent location for a port (Castillo 1978). Vizcaíno also named San Diego Bay to commemorate Saint Didacus. The name began to appear on European maps of the New World by 1624 (Gudde 1969).
Colonization of Alta California began with a land expedition led by Spanish army captain Gaspar de Portolá. In 1769, Portolá and Father Junipero Serra, a Franciscan missionary, explored the California coast from San Diego to the Monterrey Bay area. As a result of this expedition, Spanish missions to convert the native population to Catholicism, presidios (forts), and pueblos (towns) were established. The Franciscan missionary friars built 21 missions in Alta California, beginning with Mission San Diego in 1769 and ending with the missions in San Rafael and Sonoma, founded in 1823. Mission San Diego was established to convert the Native Americans that lived in the area, known as the Kumeyaay or Diegueño. Mission San Gabriel Archangel began in 1771, east of what is now Los Angeles, to convert the Tongva or Gabrielino. Mission San Fernando, also in Tongva/Gabrielino territory, was built in 1797. Mission San Juan Capistrano was established in 1776 on San Juan Creek (in what is now southern Orange County) to convert the Agjachemem or Juaneño. Mission San Luis Rey began in 1798 on the San Luis Rey River (in what is now northern San Diego County) to convert the Luiseño (Castillo 1978).
Some missions later established outposts in inland areas. An asistencia (mission outpost) of Mission San Luis Rey, known as San Antonio de Pala, was built in Luiseño territory along the upper San Luis Rey River near Mount Palomar in 1810 (Pourade 1961). A chapel administered by Mission San Gabriel Archangel was established in the San Bernardino area in 1819 (Bean and Smith 1978). The present asistencia within the western outskirts of present-day Redlands was built circa 1830 (Haenszel and Reynolds 1975). The missions sustained themselves through cattle ranching and traded hides and tallow for supplies brought by ship. Large cattle ranches were established by Mission San Luis Rey at Temecula and San Jacinto (Gunther 1984). The Spanish also constructed presidios, or forts, at San Diego and Santa Barbara, and a pueblo, or town, was established at Los Angeles.
The Spanish period, which had begun in 1769 with the Portolá expedition, ended in 1821 with Mexican independence. After Mexico became independent from Spain, what is now California became the Mexican province of Alta California. The Mexican government secularized the missions in the 1830s and former
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Architectural History Inventory and Evaluation Report for the SBCUSD Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project mission lands were granted to retired soldiers and other Mexican citizens for use as cattle ranches. Much of the land along the coast and in the interior valleys became part of Mexican land grants, or ranchos (Robinson 1948). Rancho owners sometimes lived in one of the towns, such as San Diego (near the presidio), San Juan Capistrano (around the mission), or Los Angeles, but often resided in an adobe house on their own land.
The Mexican Period, which began with independence from Spain in 1821, continued until the Mexican- American War of 1846-1848. The American period began when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed between Mexico and the United States in 1848. As a result of the treaty, Alta California became part of the United States as the Territory of California. Rapid population increase occasioned by the Gold Rush of 1849 led to statehood in 1850. Most Mexican land grants were confirmed to the grantees by U.S. courts, but usually with more restricted boundaries which were surveyed by the U.S. Surveyor General’s office. Floods and drought in the 1860s greatly reduced the cattle herds on the ranchos, making it difficult for their owners to pay the new American taxes on their thousands of acres. Many Mexican-American cattle ranchers borrowed money at usurious rates from newly arrived Anglo-Americans. Foreclosures and land sales eventually resulted in the transfer of most of the land grants into the hands of Anglo-Americans (Cleland 1941).
In 1842, several years after the secularization of the missions by Mexico, California Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado, representing the Mexican government, made a large land grant to Don Antonio Maria Lugo and his three sons. The Lugo family’s Rancho San Bernardino encompassed land in both the San Bernardino and Yucaipa valleys, extending from present-day Colton to Calimesa. In the spring of 1851, 437 Mormon settlers, who had come in wagons from Salt Lake City, settled in the San Bernardino Valley. Two apostles, Amasa Lyman and Charles C. Rich, acting as representatives of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, bought a large portion of Rancho San Bernardino from the Lugos and established what is today the city of San Bernardino. After only five years, most of the Mormons returned to Salt Lake City (California Genealogy 2008). San Bernardino County was formed from Los Angeles County in 1853 and San Bernardino became the county seat (Gudde 1969:280). San Bernardino was incorporated as a town in 1868 (California Genealogy 2008).
San Bernardino remained a small rural town until the arrival of two transcontinental railroads resulted in a real estate boom in the 1880s. The Southern Pacific Railroad built its line east from Los Angeles in 1875 (Mullaly and Petty 2002), but did not go through San Bernardino because San Bernardino refused to pay a subsidy to the Southern Pacific. The Southern Pacific instead built through the Slover Mountain Colony (later renamed Colton), which did pay a subsidy of one square mile of land (Dumke 1944:21). The Southern Pacific continued construction from Colton east through Yuma, making a transcontinental connection in west Texas in 1881 (Dumke 1944:19). Further development of San Bernardino did not take place until the arrival of the California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad (AT&SF), in 1883. The California Southern Railroad built north from National City and San Diego through Riverside, arriving in Colton in 1882 and in San Bernardino in 1883. The California Southern Railroad completed its line to Barstow, where it connected with the transcontinental AT&SF in 1885 (Bryant 1974). The AT&SF completed its line from San Bernardino to Los Angeles in 1887. A rate war between the AT&SF and the Southern Pacific reduced the transcontinental fare to $1.00 in March 1887,
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Like most southern California communities, San Bernardino suffered economic setbacks during the Great Depression of the 1930s. But, as happened in many areas throughout the country, the local economy was re-energized by the activities at military facilities during World War II. During the early years of the United States’ involvement in the war, the San Bernardino area was made headquarters of the Western Defense Command. Its distance from the threat of an aircraft-carrier-based Japanese attack, as well as its position as a hub of the regional highway, railroad, and telephone networks, made it an ideal location. The U.S. Army Base General Depot, unofficially called Camp Ono, was built as a supply base by the Quartermaster Corps near Shandin Hills, northwest of San Bernardino. The U.S. Army Air Depot, which later became Norton Air Force Base, was laid out along the north side of the Santa Ana River between San Bernardino and Redlands (Belden 1963). Following the war, Norton Air Force Base continued to stimulate the economy in the San Bernardino Valley until it was closed in the 1990s.
2.4 Church of Christ, Scientist, San Bernardino History
The building at 736 North E Street was originally constructed as the First Church of Christ, Scientist, San Bernardino. The Church of Christ, Scientist was established by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879. Mary Baker Eddy was born in Bow New Hampshire in 1821. Plagued by poor health throughout her life, and her desire for good health lead her to study alternative healing methods. Following her recovery from an accident in 1866, Eddy dedicated her life to developing healing skills, teaching, and writing. Eddy acquired students and followers, and her methods gained popularity throughout the 1870s culminating in the foundation of the First Church of Christ, Scientist in 1879 (Averitt 2003). The Christian Science Church of San Bernardino was organized on December 31, 1893. Originally, those interested in Christian Science met in private homes, but meetings were eventually moved to a rented public hall to accommodate the increasing number of church members and attendees. Church membership continued to grow, and the Church began to acquire land for a permanent church building beginning in 1904. Additional land was acquired in 1913, and in 1916 ground was broken for the First Church of Christ, Scientist building on E Street in San Bernardino (Brown and Boyd 1922).
2.5 Transportation and U.S. Route 66 History
The portion of E Street adjacent to the Project Area was previously a segment of Route 66. In the late nineteenth century, many of America’s roads were little more than rutted dirt wagon trails. Throughout the country, local associations formed to support road improvements in their areas. These groups became known as Good Roads Associations (Roland et al. 2011). In 1912, multiple Good Roads Associations from throughout the country began formulating plans for an east-west connector road that would extend across the entire United States. This proposed transnational highway was known as the Old National Trails Road or the “Ocean-to-Ocean” road. As plans developed, cities, local governments, and prominent
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At this point the Ocean-to-Ocean road was renamed the National Old Trails Road. The official National Old Trails Road route generally followed routes surveyed by the railroad companies. These routes ran through Needles, Barstow, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles (Roland et al. 2011). By 1915, the National Old Trails road was the most popular route into southern California from the east. By 1915, Foothill Boulevard, which had begun as a dirt wagon road graded in the early 1850s by Mormon settlers, was a paved highway. Drivers described the road as safe, reliable, and fast. Development boomed in the towns located along the alignment and tourists flocked to California via the National Old Trails Road. In 1926, Foothill Boulevard became part of the newly designated U.S. Highway 66, connecting Los Angeles with Chicago. (Hatheway 2014).
In the 1920s, Los Angeles became the largest city in California. During this decade more than two million people moved to California, the majority of them into Southern California. Westward migration increased during the Great Depression as people flooded into California to escape dust bowl conditions. Migration into California continued through World War II and into the post-war period. Many of these eastern immigrants were looking for jobs with California’s booming agriculture and military defense industries. A large percentage of these new Californians came into the state via U.S. Route 66 (Route 66, Hatheway 2014). In addition to bringing in new residents to California, the large amount of traffic along Route 66 led to the development of multiple restaurants, motels, gas stations, service stations, and tourism bureaus to specifically serve the needs of travelers and tourists. The period of significance for Route 66 in California begins in 1926 and extends to 1974, when a large portion of the route in the Mojave Desert was bypassed by Interstate (I-) 40 (Roland et al. 2011).
In response to the heavy traffic and congestion along the alignment in the 1920s and 1930s, the US Division of Highways, along with state and local governments, began improvements along multiple portions of Route 66. On the Foothill Boulevard portion of Route 66 these improvements included widening the alignment to three lanes in 1929 and then to four lanes with a center median in 1937. Construction was completed in 1938, making Foothill Boulevard a state-of-the-art highway and the longest four-lane road segment in California. The 1930s widening project was also one of the earlier public road projects to focus on aesthetics and landscaping in highway planning. A period description of the new road noted the miles of orange, palm, and eucalyptus trees that bordered the boulevard and framed the views of the local San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains (Roland et al. 2011). The aesthetics and landscaping enhanced the experience of tourists using Route 66.
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In the 1950s through the 1970s, the development and expansion of the interstate freeway system in California spelled the end to popular travel along large portions of Route 66. In many areas, the new interstate freeways bypassed the Route 66 alignment. The new interstates proved faster and easier than the old Route 66 alignment and most interstate traffic moved away from Route 66 to the new highways.
2.6 Motel History
Prior to the 1910s and 1920s, the majority of long distance overland travel occurred by rail. During this period, full-service hotels located near railroad depots provided overnight accommodations for travelers. In the early twentieth century, as the popularity of the automobile grew, more people began to opt for open road travel via automobile. Many travelers preferred impromptu camping along rural roadways to staying in full-service hotels located in congested downtown areas with little available parking. Municipalities, in response to complaints by rural landowners upset by littering and damage to land and crops by automobile campers, began to designate areas as free auto camps (Henderson 2009, Jakle, et al. 1996).
Private landowners, seeing the potential for additional income, constructed cabins on portions of their property to rent to travelers. These became the first cabin camps. While free auto camps remained popular throughout the Great Depression, they increasingly became associated with homeless families and criminal activity. More travelers began opting for the added security of the cabin camps. To attract customers, camp proprietors began constructing cabins in a courtyard arrangement, providing shelter for automobiles. These became the motor court, the predecessor to the modern motel (Henderson 2009).
The term motel was coined by Arthur Heineman in 1926 for his Milestone Mo-Tel in San Luis Obispo. In the post-war period, motel construction boomed and peaked in the 1950s through the 1960s. Most motels were organized around outdoor courtyards in U- or L-shaped plans. Buildings were either one or two structures, with rooms on the bottom floor opening out to an outdoor courtyard or parking area, and second floor rooms opening out to a continuous balcony. To attract guests, early independent motels often utilized unusual architectural styles that emulated locales or themes travelers of the day might view as “exotic,”, or styles that reflected themes from popular culture, local history or regional stereotypes. In 1952, entrepreneur Kemmons Wilson established the first Holiday Inn incorporating the amenities and services of the hotel into the motel form. Wilson soon began to franchise the name and concept. The trend of motels shifted away from the individualism of the independent establishments, toward the standardization and hotel-like amenities offered by franchised chains (Henderson 2009; Jakle, et al. 1996).
After the establishment of interstate highways, motels located along bypassed route segments began to lose business. To attract business, these motels often lowered rates and cut back on security. Many of these motels became known for crime and vice, damaging the reputation of motels as a class. Moving into the 1970s and 1980s, to distinguish themselves from the unsavory reputation of budget motels, motel properties were developed that more closely emulated the design of hotels, with many avoiding the use of the term “motel” altogether (Henderson 2009).
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2.7 Architectural Context
2.7.1 Gothic Revival
The La Luz del Mundo Church/First Church of Christ Scientist building is most closely associated with the Gothic Revival architectural style. Gothic Revival in the United States was popularized by Alexander Jackson Davis and Andrew Jackson Downing in the mid-nineteenth century. This style, most commonly found in the northeastern region of the United States, never achieved the degree of popularity as the contemporaneous Greek Revival or Italianate styles. The period of highest popularity of this style ranged from 1840 to 1880. Although the style was in declining favor post-1865, it did experience a small surge of interest in the mid-1870s with a High Victorian Gothic phase being applied to public and religious buildings (McAlester 2013). As described by McAlester, some of their character-defining features consist of steeply pitched roofs or occasionally flat roofs with castellated parapet; decorative gable vergeboards; uninterrupted wall surfaces; windows commonly extending into gables; windows and doors with a pointed-arch shape; and horizontal or vertical board and batten siding (McAlester 2013).
2.7.2 Contemporary
The Town Lodge Motel is most closely associated with Modern Contemporary architecture. Modern Contemporary architecture was a continuation of the earlier International style that eschewed traditional form and detail and was popular among architect-designed houses from 1950 to 1970 (McAlester 2013). As described by McAlester for residential buildings, some of their character-defining features consist of front gable roofs with wide overhangs, and various combinations of wood, brick and stone wall claddings (McAlester 2013).
3.0 METHODS
3.1 Personnel Qualifications
All phases of the cultural resources investigation were conducted or supervised by Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) Dr. Roger Mason, who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for prehistoric and historical archaeologist. Fieldwork was conducted by Staff Archaeologist and Field Director Robert Cunningham. Report was prepared by Staff Archaeologist Robert Cunningham with oversight and quality control provided by Architectural Historian Jeremy Adams.
Dr. Mason has been professionally involved with cultural resources management in California since 1983. Dr. Mason is the author of more than 200 reports dealing with cultural resource surveys, evaluations, and mitigation programs in California. He has extensive project experience with the cultural resources requirements of CEQA and Section 106 of the NHPA.
Mr. Cunningham is a Staff Archaeologist for ECORP and has more than 10 years of experience in cultural resources management, primarily in Southern California. He holds a BA degree in Anthropology and has participated in and supervised numerous survey, testing, and data recovery excavations for both prehistoric and historical sites, and has cataloged, identified, and curated thousands of artifacts. He has conducted evaluations of cultural resources for eligibility for the NRHP and CRHR.
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3.2 Records Search Methods
A cultural resources records search was conducted in May 2018 at the SCCIC, located at California State University, Fullerton. The purpose of the records search was to determine the extent of previous cultural resources investigations and the presence of previously-recorded archaeological sites or historic-period (i.e., over 50 years in age) resources within a one-mile (1600-meter) radius of the Project area. Materials reviewed included reports of previous cultural resources investigations, archaeological site records, historical maps, and listings of resources on the NRHP, CRHR, California Points of Historical Interest, California Landmarks, and National Historic Landmarks.
Historic maps reviewed include:
1896 USGS San Bernardino, California (15-minute scale)
1898 USGS San Bernardino, California (15-minute scale)
1901 USGS San Bernardino, California (15-minute scale)
1938 USGS Colton, California (1:31,680 scale)
1943 USGS Colton, California (1:31,680 scale)
1953 USGS San Bernardino, California (1:250,000 scale)
1954 USGS San Bernardino, California (15-minute scale)
1954 USGS San Bernardino, California (7.5-minute scale)
1954 USGS San Bernardino South, California (7.5-minute scale)
1966 USGS San Bernardino, California (1:250,000 scale)
1967 USGS San Bernardino South, California (7.5-minute scale)
1973 USGS San Bernardino South, California (7.5-minute scale)
1980 USGS San Bernardino South, California (7.5-minute scale)
Historic aerial photos taken in 1938, 1959, 1966, 1968, 1980, 1994, and 2002 to present were also reviewed for any indications of property usage and built environment (NETROnline 2018).
3.3 Field Methods
On June 8, 2018, ECORP conducted a field visit to the Project area to document all historic-age buildings. Because the Project area is entirely developed, a traditional archaeological survey using pedestrian transects would not have provided any data and was not warranted. During the field visit, the ECORP archaeologist recorded and photographed all buildings and structures that were at least 50 years old. Notes were taken on the physical characteristics of each building and structure, as well as elements of architectural style, construction techniques, modifications, and overall condition of the buildings and
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structures. Historic buildings were recorded using Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523-series records approved by the California OHP.
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Records Search
The records search consisted of a review of previous research and literature, records on file with the SCCIC for previously recorded resources, historical aerial photographs, and maps of the vicinity.
4.1.1 Previous Research
The records search indicated that the Project area had been previously surveyed on one occasion, in 2000, as part of a historical resources survey of a 1.2-square-mile area in Downtown San Bernardino. Eighty-two additional cultural resources investigations were conducted within the one-mile records search radius between 1979 and 2014. Details of all 83 investigations are presented below in Table 1.
Table 1. Previous Cultural Studies In or Within One Mile of the Project Area
Includes Report Portion Number Author(s) Report Title Year of the SB- APE? A Cultural Resource Survey of The Proposed Santa Ana River 00274 Rosenthal, E. Jane 1979 No Hiking/Biking Trail in the Prado Flood Control Basin Simpson, Ruth D., Larry E. Archaeological – Historical Resources Assessment of San Bernardino 00412 Burgess, and Arda 1976 No City Library Project Haenszel Simpson, Ruth D. and Archaeological – Historical Resources Assessment of San Bernardino 00413 1976 No Larry E. Burgess City Central Fire Station Archaeological – Historical Resources Assessment of Proposed 00444 Hearn, Joseph E. Mentone Fire Station Project at Corner of Crafton Avenue and 1976 No Mentone Avenue Simpson, Ruth D. and Arda Cultural Resources Assessment: Seccombe Lake Park, San 00847 1979 No M. Haenszel Bernardino, California Cultural Resources Report For Parcel of Land at the Northeast 01162 Hearn, Joseph E. 1981 Yes Intersection of Mt. Vernon and Vine, San Bernardino City Martin Adobe: Historical Research, Seccombe State Park – San 01371 Planning, Marsha Lee 1983 No Bernardino, Ca Martin Adobe, Seccombe Lake of S.U.R.A.: Preliminary Summary of 01562 Schulz, Peter D. 1988 No Field Work Results and Restoration Recommendations Martin Adobe Site – San Bernardino - Seccombe Lake State 01572 Luberski, Alexandra 1986 No Recreation Area, Supplemental Research Cultural Resource Survey and Clearance for an AT&T Fiberoptic 01821 Peak & Associates, Inc. Communication Cable Re-Route from San Bernardino Northwest to 1988 Adjacent San Bernardino National Forest Boundary
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Table 1. Previous Cultural Studies In or Within One Mile of the Project Area
Includes Report Portion Number Author(s) Report Title Year of the SB- APE? Archaeological Evaluation for the Proposed Rally's Hamburgers 01957 Brock, James Project, Northeast Corner of Baseline and Belle Streets, City of San 1989 No Bernardino Historical and Archaeological Investigations of Lots 5 Through 8 of 02079 McKenna, Jeanette A. Tract 1811, The Longmire Subdivision, San Bernardino, San 1990 No Bernardino County, California Cultural Resources Survey Of Cup 90-11, a 0.81-Acre Tract, 101 02091 Swanson, Mark T. 1990 No North "E" Street, San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California Tobey, Ronald C. and The Seccombe Lake Park Burials: A Pioneer Cemetery In San 02112 1990 No Kevin B. Hallaran Bernardino, California 02113 Hatheway, Roger G. Determination of Eligibility Report for the Platt Building 1990 No Marmor, Jason, Scott The Location and Preliminary Description of Eleven Historic Burials 02208 Crownover, and William 1990 No Located in Seccombe Lake Park, San Bernardino, California Breece A Cultural Resource Assessment of The San Bernardino County Carr, Peter E. And J. Central Credit Union and San Bernardino Public Employee 02216 1990 No Stephen Alexandrowicz Association Project, City of San Bernardino, County of San Bernardino, California Part 1 -- Cultural Resources Assessment of the San Bernardino 02232 Peak & Associates County and Riverside County Sections of AT&T's Proposed San 1990 No Bernardino to San Diego Fiber Optic Cable Final Report: Historic Resources Evaluation for Cup 90-23 (371-375 02237 Macko, Michael E. Eleventh Street), City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, 1990 No California 02294 Salls, Roy A. Concerning William Folan's Scraper Planes 1990 No Determination of Eligibility Report for a Commercial Property Located 02403 Hatheway, Roger G. 1991 No at 364 North Arrowhead Avenue, San Bernardino, California Determination of Eligibility Report for the Pacific Electric Substation 02404 Hatheway, Roger G. 1991 No #24, San Bernardino, California Final Report: An Archaeological Survey Report Documenting the Widening and Associated Improvements on Interstate 215 (I- 215) 02415 Wlodarski, Robert J. 1991 No from Interstate 10 (I-10) North to State Route 30 (Sr-30), City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California Determination Of Eligibility Report and an Archaeological Survey for a Hatheway, Roger G. and 02425 Proposed Commercial Development Located at the Southwest Corner 1991 No Anne Q. Duffieldstoll of 6th And "D" Streets, City of San Bernardino, CA Hatheway, Roger G., Anne Archaeological Test Excavation for a Proposed Commercial 02473 Q. Duffield, and John Development Located at the Southwest Corner of 6th and "D" Streets, 1991 No Romani City of San Bernardino, California Alexandrowicz, J. Stephen, Cultural Resources Investigation for the Proposed Empire Bay 02633 Anne Duffield-Stoll, and 1992 Adjacent Development, Block 43, City of San Bernardino, California Susan R. Alexandrowicz
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Table 1. Previous Cultural Studies In or Within One Mile of the Project Area
Includes Report Portion Number Author(s) Report Title Year of the SB- APE? MMRP-Letter Regarding Architectural Documentation of the 02693 Alexandrowicz, J. Stephen Mediterranean Style Garage at 602 West Street, City of San 1992 No Bernardino Cultural Resources Assessment: Addition to American Red Cross, Hogan, Michael And B. 02702 East Inland Chapter Lots 1500, 1514, and 1524 North E. Street, City of 1992 No Tom Tang San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California Archaeological/Historical Assessment Of Property Located at the 02787 Brock, James Northwest Corner of the Intersection Of 4th St and Waterman Ave., 1993 No City of San Bernardino, CA Alexandrowicz, J. Stephen, Historic Preservation Investigations for the Central Police Facility, 02858 Susan R. Alexandrowicz, 1993 No Block 52, City of San Bernardino, CA: The Archival Research Program And Cary Cotterman Alexandrowicz, J. Stephen, Historic Preservation Investigations of Block 29, City of San 02871 Susan R. Alexandrowicz, Bernardino, County of San Bernardino, CA: The Archival Research 1993 No and Anne Duffield-Stoll Program Alexandrowicz, J. Stephen Historical Archaeological Monitoring at the Northwest Corner of 4th 02872 1994 No and Edward Knell And E Streets, City of San Bernardino, County of San Bernardino, CA Alexandrowicz, J.S., Edward Knell, Susan R. Historical Archaeological Monitoring at the Southeast Corner of 5th 02873 1994 No Alexandrowicz, And Arthur and E Streets, City of San Bernardino, County of San Bernardino, Ca Kuhner Cultural Resources Evaluation of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 02885 Macko, Michael E. Railway Company 21.1 – Acre Quality Distribution Site, City of San 1994 No Bernardino, California Historical Assessment: 514 & 524 N. Arrowhead Ave., San 02943 Tearnen, Janet 1994 No Bernardino, CA. Alexandrowicz, J. Stephen, Historic Preservation Investigations at Lots 3 & 4, Block 29, City of Susan R. Alexandrowicz, 02962 San Bernardino, County of San Bernardino, Ca: The Monitoring 1994 No Edward Knell, And Arthur Program Kuhner Determination of Eligibility Report for Valley Auto Supply, 441 W. 5th 02964 Hatheway, Roger 1994 No St., San Bernardino, CA Urbas, Andrea And Historic Resources Evaluation Report: The Properties Known as 106 03223 1997 No Jeanette A. McKenna Through 124 North "I" Street, City of San Bernardino, CA. 03224 Rosenthal, Jane L.A. Cellular Site 782.4 1996 No Historical Assessment of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway 03226 Myra L. Frank & Associates 1994 No Maintenance Yards at San Bernardino, Ca. Lerch, Michael and Karen Archaeological Assessment of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 03227 1994 No Swope Railway Intermodal Yard, San Bernardino, CA. Historic Significance Evaluation of Buildings Scheduled For Demolition Love, Bruce And Bai Tom 03286 During Phase I of Mayor's Demolition Initiative, City of San 1998 No Tang Bernardino, CA.
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Table 1. Previous Cultural Studies In or Within One Mile of the Project Area
Includes Report Portion Number Author(s) Report Title Year of the SB- APE? Historic Significance Evaluation of Seven Groups of Buildings to be Love, Bruce And Bai "Tom" 03452 Demolished During Mayor's Demolition Initiative, City of San 1998 No Tang Bernardino, CA. Swope, Karen, Michael Turn of the Century Life in a San Bernardino Neighborhood: 03653 Rodarte, and Michael K. Archaeological Investigations at the Santa Fe Yards Site (Ca-SBR- 1997 No Lerch 8695H), San Bernardino, CA. Historic Building Evaluation of 226 W. 11th St, City of San Bernardino, 03930 Love, Bruce and Bai Tang 1998 No San Bernardino County, CA. Summary of Historical Resources Survey: Lakes & Streams Project 03934 Love, Bruce And Bai Tang 2000 Yes (Vision 20/20), City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, CA. Historical Resources Evaluation Report: 535-545 N. E St, in the 03936 Love, Bruce And Bai Tang Downtown Area of the City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino 2000 No County, CA. Phase I Archaeological Study for Telecu Housing- San Bernardino II, 03938 Wlodarski, Robert J. 2001 No Inc, 772-776 4th St, City of San Bernardino, CA. 03939 Billat, Lorna Spectra Site R7258-01-Del Rosa, San Bernardino, Ca. 2001 No Cultural Resources Assessment for AT&T Fixed Wireless Services 03940 Duke, Curt 2004 No Facility BC_782a, County of San Bernardino, CA. Proposed Wireless Device Monopole & Equipment Cabinet, Waterman 04326 Budinger, Fred E. 2002 No Site N291, 560 Waterman Ave, San Bernardino, CA. A Section 106 Historic Preservation Review of the Proposed Verizon Wireless Harris Unmanned Cellular Telecommunications Site to be 04328 Budinger, Fred E. 2002 No Located At 1228 N. H St, City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, CA. Demcak, Carol R. and Report of Archaeological Monitoring of San Bernardino Entertainment 04330 2002 No Stephen Van Wormer Center (CA-SBR-7841/H), 4th & E Streets, City of San Bernardino. Tang, Bai And Michael Historical Resources Survey Report: North Lake & Central City South 04337 2003 No Hogan Project, City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, CA. A Phase I +/- Archaeological Study for Telecu Senior Housing, San 04347 Wlodarski, Robert 2000 No Bernardino, Inc., 602-666 W. 6th St, San Bernardino, CA. A Cultural Resources Construction Monitoring Report in Support of the Section 106 Historic Preservation Review of the Verizon Wireless 04349 Budinger, Fred E. 2002 No Waterman Site, 544 N. Waterman Ave, San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, CA. A Cultural Resources Investigation and Preliminary Architectural Evaluation for the Proposed San Bernardino City School District 04635 McKenna, Jeanette A. 2004 No Project Area Located in the City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. 04657 Billat, Lorna E-Street/CA-8815D. 2005 No 05263 Billat, Scott Nicole/CA-7237A 2006 No 05594 Green, Melvyn Historic Structures Report for the San Bernardino County Courthouse. 1986 No
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Table 1. Previous Cultural Studies In or Within One Mile of the Project Area
Includes Report Portion Number Author(s) Report Title Year of the SB- APE? Section 106 Review FCC Form 621, the Sun Site, San Bernardino 05595 Watts, Warren G. 2006 No County, CA. Cultural Resource Records Search and Site Visit Results for Sprint Telecommunications Facility Candidate SB70XC027A (Collusion 5596 Aislin-Kay, Marnie 2005 No Center) 1248 North H. St. San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. Tang, Bai “Tom” and Historic Building Recordation: 226 W. 11th Street, City of San 05617 2007 No Michael Hogan Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. 05622 Billat, Lorna The Moon/CA-5348F. 2007 No Historical Resources Compliance Report for Demolition and Transfer of the Former Department of Transportation District 8 Office Complex, 05624 Swope, Karen K. 2003 No 247 W. Third Street, San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. Cultural Resource Records Search Results and Site Visit for Royal Bonner, Wayne H. and Street Communications, LLC Telecommunications Facility Candidate 05936 2007 No Marnie Aislin-Kay LA2374B (342 N. H St.), 342 North H Street, San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. Smith, Francesca, Caprice Cultural Resource Technical Report: SBX E Street Corridor BRT 06291 D. Harper, William Makeda, Project, Cities of Loma Linda and San Bernardino, San Bernardino 2008 No and John Dietler County, California. Architectural Drawings and Photographic Record: Mitigation of McKenna, Jeanette A. and 06439 Adverse Impacts at 783 N. Mountain View Avenue and 127 W. 8th 2009 No Kristina Lindgren Street in the City of San Bernardino, California. Architectural Drawings and Photographic Record: Mitigation of 06442 No author Adverse Impacts at 783 N. Mountain View Avenue, San Bernardino, No date No California Determinations of Effect Report: SBX E Street Corridor Bus Rapid 06446 Chasteen, Carrie Transit (BRT) Project, Cities of Loma Linda and San Bernardino, San 2008 No Bernardino County, California. Addendum Cultural Resources Technical Report: SBX E Street 06447 Chasteen, Carrie Corridor BRT Project, Cities of Loma Linda and San Bernardino, San 2009 No Bernardino County, California. Cultural Resources Records Search and Site Visit Results for T-Mobile 06799 Bonner, Wayne USA Candidate IE24125-B (Strawberry Peak Colo) 216110 Strawberry 2010 No Peak, Lake Arrowhead, San Bernardino County, California Cultural Resources Record Search and Archaeological Survey Results for the Proposed Royal Street Communications, California, LLC, Site 06836 Wlodarski, Robert J. 2010 No LA5307A (T-Mobile Colo IE04494A) Located at 220 East Baseline Street, San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California, 92410. Cultural Resources Assessment: San Bernardino Redevelopment 06994 Sanka, Jennifer Project Area Merger —Area B Project, City of San Bernardino, San 2011 No Bernardino County, California.
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Table 1. Previous Cultural Studies In or Within One Mile of the Project Area
Includes Report Portion Number Author(s) Report Title Year of the SB- APE? An Archaeological Assessment of a 35 +/- Acre San Bernardino Multi- White, Robert S. and 07011 Purpose Stadium Site, City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino 1995 No Laurie S. White County, California. Archaeological Literature Study for the Waterman Gardens Glover, Amy and Sherri 07372 Redevelopment Project, San Bernardino, County of San Bernardino, 2011 No Gust California. Historical Resources Evaluation of Waterman Gardens Public Housing 07373 Daly, Pamela Complex, 245 Crestview Avenue, City of San Bernardino, San 2011 No Bernardino County, California. Hogan, Michael, Bai “Tom” Tang, Terri Jacquemain, Identification and Evaluation of Historic Properties: Cleanwater Factory 07528 2012 No Daniel Ballester, and Nina Project, City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. Gallardo Cultural Resources Survey: CLV 5151, 110 South D Street, San 07620 Perez, Don 2013 No Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California 92401. Cultural Resources Survey: CLV 5028, 970 S. Reece Street, San 07645 Perez, Don 2013 No Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California 92411. Costello, Julia G., Kevin The Luck of Third Street, Historical Data Recovery Report for the 07700 2010 No Hallaran, and Keith Warren Caltrans District 8 San Bernardino Headquarters Demolition Project. Wills, Carrie D., Sarah A. Cultural Resources Records Search and Site Visit Results for T-Mobile 07786 Williams, and Kathleen West, LLC Candidate ES04362A (CM362 San Bernardino Court), 172 2014 No A. Crawford West 3rd Street, San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California.
The records search also determined that more than 700 previously recorded resources are located within one mile of the Project area. The majority of these are built environment resources consisting of historic- age buildings including houses, churches, and commercial structures. The records search radius includes five proposed local historic districts: the Norton and Hey Bennett Historic District, the Arrowhead Avenue Historic District, the 11th/Orange Streets Historic District, the East Olive Street Historic District, and the Walnut Park Historic District, as well as multiple individual properties. Other resource types within the records search radius include six railroad sites, two historic-age cemeteries, three historic-age refuse deposits, two historic-age archaeological home sites, and two prehistoric lithic scatters. Both prehistoric sites (P36-010852 and P36-010854) are located approximately 0.9 - 1 mile away from the Project Area.
Of these more than 700 previously recorded resources, one has been recorded within the Project area (P36-017740) and one has been recorded adjacent to the Project area (P36-017665). P36-017740 is a gothic revival-style church building that was originally associated with the First Church of Christian Science. The building was constructed in the early 1910s. This site was recorded in 2000 by CRM Tech and was evaluated for the NRHP and local San Bernardino designation. As a result, it was recommended not eligible for the NRHP, but was found eligible for the local City of San Bernardino Listing due to its unique architecture (Love and Tang 2000). P36-017665 is the Sturges Center for the Fine Arts. The building dates
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Points of Historic Interest within the one-mile records search radius include the Home of Neighborly Service (PHI SBR-88), the Home of the Eternity Cemetery (PHI 44), the Atwood Adobe (PHI SBR-5), the Bella Union Hotel Site (PHI 15), the Anderson Building (PHI 90), the Martin Adobe Archaeological Site (PHI 111), the Fred T. Perris House Site (PHI SBR-060), and the AT&SF Railway Passenger & Freight Depot (PHI- 053).
Two NRHP-listed resources are located within the one-mile radius. These are the US Post Office in San Bernardino (NRHP L-85-136) and the San Bernardino County Courthouse (NRHP L-97-1632).
In USGS maps from the 1890s and early 1900s the Project Area is shown to lie within an established portion of the City of San Bernardino. The maps depict the area containing several streets laid out on a grid plan. The maps show several buildings in the vicinity; however, no buildings are shown within the Project area. The Highlands Division of the AT&SF Railroad, and the Redlands Motor Line are depicted to the south, and the Highlands Motor Railroad is depicted to the southeast (USGS 1896,1898, 1901) . USGS maps from 1938 and 1943 show the Project Area lies within an area of civic and residential development. The church building is visible on the map. Two houses are shown north of the church building on the parcels that now contain the motel. A single structure is depicted south of the church, and a school is depicted immediately north of the Project Area, but the school is not identified. On the 1943 map, Route 66 is shown west of the Project Area, running north-south along Mt. Vernon Avenue. The 1954 USGS San Bernardino 15-minute map shows E Street as a segment of Route 66. On the 1954 USGS San Bernardino South 7.5-minute map the school indicated north of the Project are is identified as Sturges Junior High School. The 1966 USGS San Bernardino 1:250,000-scale map depicts I-15 and I-10. E Street is shown to be a part of the Route 66 Business Loop. On the 1967 USGS San Bernardino South 7.5-minute map, Route 66 is shown to terminate at the junction of I-15 and Foothill Boulevard.
Fire insurance maps from 1894 depict two residential buildings on the parcels that now contain the motel. A smaller structure is located on the church property that is labeled “Christian Church” on the 1894 map and as “Christian Science Church” on the 1906 map. A school is located north of the Project Area and is labeled “High School.” A fire insurance map from 1950 shows the two residential buildings north of the church property are still present. The map also shows that by 1950 the smaller church building had been replaced by the larger church building currently standing on the property. South of the church, the house has been replaced by a service station consisting of two buildings. The school north of the Project Area is now identified as “David B. Sturges Junior High School.” A fire insurance map from 1956 shows that the two houses north of the church property have been removed and replaced by a motel. The motel is labeled “Travelodge Motel” (Converse Consultants 2018).
On historic aerial photographs from 1938, the church building currently located within the Project Area is visible. Two houses are located north of the church property and the service station is visible south of the church property. Houses are visible north of 7th Street from the service station west to F Street. In 1959 aerial photographs, the motel is visible north of the church property and the house located near the intersection of 7th Street and F Street has been replaced by a large rectangular industrial building and a
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4.2 Field Visit Results
During the site visit on June 8, 2018, First Church of Christ, Scientist building (P36-017740) was updated, and one historic-period motel (CU-001) was recorded. Photographs are included as Attachment A and building/structure locations are included in the DPR 523 Records, which are provided in confidential Attachment B. The results of the feature recording are discussed in detail below.
The field visit did not identify any new or previously recorded archaeological resources.
Details of each of these resources are provided below.
4.2.1 Previously Recorded Resources
P36-017740 is the First Church of Christ, Scientist building. This historic-period building was identified as a potential resource in the 1991 city-wide reconnaissance survey that serves as the City of San Bernardino’s unofficial list of historically significant properties (Donaldson 1991). It was first formally recorded in 2000 by George Varghese, and was described as a large two-story building built in the Gothic Revival architectural style, with an irregular plan, with a façade featuring a large stained-glass window topped by a peaked parapet, and flanked by two battlemented towers. The building was recommended as not eligible for the NRHP; however, the building was recommended as meeting local San Bernardino criteria for historical significance as the best-preserved example of the Gothic Revival style in the city (Varghese 2000).
The resource was revisited by an ECORP archaeologist in June 2018. At the time of the visit, the church was completely fenced. A signboard had been added to the front that mimicked the peaked parapet and battlemented tower architectural elements of the east-facing façade of the church. Otherwise, the condition of the building is consistent with the description in the original site record. A plaque is located on the east-facing façade that reads FIRST/CHURCH OF CHRIST SCIENTIST/SAN BERNARDINO/1916-1917.
Archival research has revealed that the First Church of Christ, Scientist, San Bernardino, acquired property on E Street between 7th and 8th Streets in 1904. Additional property on E Street was acquired by the church in 1913, and ground was broken for a new church building on October 10, 1916. A cornerstone containing the Bible, Christian Science literature, and the names of church members, was laid at 6 a.m. May 8, 1917. The architecture of the church was described as an English Tudor adaptation of the English Gothic style. The exterior of the church was described as consisting of old gold brick to the height of nine feet, above which the exterior consists of a plaster with waterproof finish and terra cotta trimmings. The interior west wall is said to contain two tablets of old ivory with gold inlayed inscriptions (Brown and Boyd
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1922). The architect was George A. Howard, Jr. of Los Angeles (Chaney 2018). Mr. Howard also designed the Church of Christ, Scientist building in Santa Ana, and the CRHR-listed 7th Church of Christian, Scientist building in San Pedro (Santa Ana Register 1922a, 1922b; City of Los Angeles 2018). In addition to these buildings, Howard is known for designing the City of South Pasadena local landmark Baranger Studios building, the Hall of Letters building on the original campus of Occidental College, as well as a number of public schools in the Los Angeles area (City of South Pasadena 2018; Gebhard and Winter 2003; Southwest Contractor and Manufacture 1914; Los Angeles Herald 1908).
The architectural elements of the building are most closely associated with the castellated or parapeted subtype of the Gothic Revival style of architecture, with some elements of the Art Moderne variant of the Modernistic style (McAlester 2013). The Gothic Revival elements of the building consists of the shaped parapet, the battlemented turrets, arched windows, lancet windows on the turrets, and false shaped windows located on the east-, north-, and south-facing façades. The Art Moderne elements of the building consist of smooth stucco wall surfaces, coping along the roofline, semi-circular steps leading up to the main entrances on the east-facing façade, and smoothed corners above the nave section.
4.2.2 Newly Identified Resources
CU-001 is a two-story motel building located on the west side of E Street, between 7th and 8th streets, at 746 North E Street, in San Bernardino. The building is built on an L-shaped plan, with room entrances located on the east- and south-facing façades, facing toward a paved parking lot. The building consists of an east-west-oriented wing containing an office in the easternmost portion of the building nearest E Street. This wing frames the northern boundary of the parking lot. To the west, this wing intersects with a north-south-oriented wing. This north-south-trending wing extends south, forming the western boundary of the parking lot area. The east- and south-facing façades consist of individual room entrances abutted by large, aluminum-framed rectangular sliding windows. Wall-mounted air conditioning units are located beneath the windows. Rooms on the second floor open onto a continuous, covered balcony with two stairways leading down to the parking lot area, one located on the southern end of the north-south- oriented wing, and the other located on the east-west-oriented wing just west of the motel office. Exterior walls consist of painted brick cladding on the north-, east-, and south-facing façades, and painted stucco on the west-facing façade. Windows on the north-facing façade have been sealed and covered with brick. The building has a low-pitched hipped roof covered with composite shingle. The southern and eastern boundary of the property is enclosed by a modern concrete masonry unit knee wall topped by wrought iron fencing. A free-standing signpost is located in the southeast corner of the parking lot. The sign reads S.B./TOWN LODGE. A red and white metal sign is affixed the to the east-facing faced of the east-west trending wing of the building. The Sign read M/O/T/E/L.
Archival research has revealed that this portion of E Street was a segment of the Route 66 Business Loop from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. Prior to 1955, two residential buildings were present at this location. . Construction permits on file with the City of San Bernardino show that a permit was issued to contractor Edward Anderson to demolish dwellings at this location on March 14, 1955. In November 1955, a permit was issued to Valley Neon for installation of a sign. This permit identifies Travel Lodge as the property owner (City of San Bernardino 2018). The building first appears on fire insurance maps in 1956 and is identified as a Travel Lodge Motel (Converse Consultants 2018). Building permits show that by 1973
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The architectural style of the motel is most closely associated with the Modern Contemporary style. Elements of the Modern Contemporary style consist of the brick wall cladding; large, rectangular sliding windows; the low-pitched roof, and the asymmetrical façade.
5.0 EVALUATION OF ELIGIBILITY
5.1 State Evaluation Criteria
Under state law (CEQA) cultural resources are evaluated using CRHR eligibility criteria in order to determine whether any of the sites are Historical Resources, as defined by CEQA. CEQA requires that impacts to historical resources be identified and, if the impacts would be significant, that mitigation measures to reduce the impacts be applied.
A Historical Resource is a resource that:
1. is listed in or has been determined eligible for listing in the CRHR by the State Historical Resources Commission;
2. is included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in PRC 5020.1(k);
3. has been identified as significant in a historical resources survey, as defined in PRC 5024.1(g); or
4. is determined to be historically significant by the CEQA lead agency [CCR Title 14, § 15064.5(a)].
In making this determination, the CEQA lead agency usually applies the CRHR eligibility criteria.
For this Project, only the fourth definition of a historical resource is applicable because there are no resources previously determined eligible or listed on the CRHR, there are no resources included in a local register of historical resources, and no resources identified as significant in a qualified historical resources survey.
The eligibility criteria for the CRHR are as follows [CCR Title 14, § 4852(b)]:
It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the U.S.;
It is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history.
It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master or possesses high artistic values; or
It has yielded, or has the potential to yield, information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.
In addition, the resource must retain integrity. Integrity is evaluated with regard to the retention of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association [CCR Title 14, § 4852(c)].
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Historical buildings, structures, and objects are usually eligible under Criteria 1, 2, and 3 based on historical research and architectural or engineering characteristics. Archaeological sites are usually eligible under Criterion 4, the potential to yield information important in prehistory or history. An archaeological test program may be necessary to determine whether the site has the potential to yield important data. The CEQA lead agency makes the determination of eligibility based on the results of the test program. Cultural resources determined eligible for the NRHP by a federal agency are automatically eligible for the CRHR.
Impacts to a historical resource (as defined by CEQA) are significant if the resource is demolished or destroyed or if the characteristics that made the resource eligible are materially impaired [CCR Title 14, § 15064.5(a)].
5.2 City of San Bernardino Evaluation Criteria
At least one of the following criteria must be met for a historical resource to be determined historically significant [San Bernardino Municipal Code §15. 37. 055].
1. The building or structure has character, interest or value as a part of the heritage of San Bernardino; or,
2. The location of the building or structure is the site of a significant historic event; or,
3. The building or structure is identified with a person(s) or group(s) who significantly contributed to the culture and development of the City of San Bernardino; or,
4. The building or structure exemplifies a particular architectural style or way of life important to the City; or,
5. The building or structure exemplifies the best remaining architectural type in a neighborhood; or,
6. The building or structure is identified as the work of a person whose work has influenced the heritage of the City, the State, or the United States; or,
7. The building or structure reflects outstanding attention to architectural design, detail, materials or craftsmanship; or,
8. The building or structure is related to landmarks or historic districts and its preservation is essential to the integrity of the landmark or historic district; or,
9. The unique location or singular physical characteristics of the building or structure represents an established and familiar feature of a neighborhood; or,
10. The building, structure, or site has the potential to yield historical or archaeological information.
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5.3 Evaluation
5.3.1 P36-017740 (First Church of Christ, Scientist)
CRHR Criteria Evaluation
The church building was constructed in 1916-1917 by the First Church of Christ, Scientist. The building was constructed in response to local growth and the resulting growth of church membership, but it did not contribute to the residential expansion of the region, nor did it draw interest in the Church of Christ, Scientist, or spur an increase in membership of the church by its mere presence alone. Therefore, the church building is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 1.
No known individuals significant to the past are recorded as associated with organizing the construction of the building or its operation as a church. As no individual of historical importance is associated with the church building, and it is therefore evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 2.
The church building is most closely associated with the Gothic Revival style of architecture. The architectural elements of this building that represent this architectural style are the shaped parapet, the battlemented turrets, arched windows, lancet windows on the turrets, and false shaped windows. The church building, however, does not contain many of the important character-defining design features that are distinctive of high-style representations of the Gothic Revival style, such as steeply pitched roofs; decorative gable vergeboards; and horizontal or vertical board and batten siding. The church building was constructed utilizing materials and architectural elements associated with the Art Moderne style that detract from the Gothic Revival aspect of the architectural style. The church building is a modest representation of the Gothic Revival style, but is not a distinctive or high-style example of that architectural style. A number of distinctive examples of Gothic Revival style exist in the region, including the First Christian Church of Rialto, the First Congregational Church of Redlands, Pilgrim Congregational Church in Pomona, and the Universalist Unitarian Church of Riverside. Archival research revealed George. A. Howard of Los Angeles as the architect. George A. Howard is not known as an architect of local or regional historic significance, nor is he considered a master architect. The First Church of Christ, Scientist building does not embody distinction among other buildings built during the period in which it was constructed. It does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values, or possess any significant distinguishable components. Therefore, the church building is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 3.
The First Church of Christ, Scientist building does not have the potential to yield information important in prehistory or history. Archival research potential for the church building has been exhausted, and the building’s history is fairly well documented in the archival record. The church building cannot provide additional historically important information, and there is no potential for the building to provide additional information that is not already represented in the archival record. As a result, the First Church of Christ, Scientist building is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 4.
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In conclusion, the First Church of Christ, Scientist building was evaluated using CRHR eligibility criteria and found not eligible for the CRHR. The church building does not meet the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the CRHR as an individual resource and does not contribute to any known or potential district.
City of San Bernardino Criteria Evaluation
The First Church of Christ, Scientist building was built in response to local growth and the corresponding growth of church membership, and served no other purpose. Thus, it is recommended as not historically significant under Criteria 1.
The building is not known to be the site of any events of historical significance in the City of San Bernardino. Thus, it is recommended as not historically significant under Criteria 2.
The architect of the building was George A. Howard, Jr. of Los Angeles. Neither George A. Howard, Jr., nor any persons associated with the day-to-day operations of the function of the building as a religious facility, contributed significantly to the culture and development of the City of San Bernardino. Therefore, it is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 3.
The building’s architecture contains modest elements of Gothic Revival style mixed with Art Moderne details but is clearly not a distinctive representation of a high architectural style or construction method. Thus, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criteria 4.
Criterion 5 states that a building or structure exemplifies the best remaining architectural type in a neighborhood. Although the Church of Christ Scientist building is not an example of high Gothic Revival architecture, Criterion 5 does not specify that a building be a classic example of an architectural style. In addition, Criterion 5 narrows the area of relevance to the local neighborhood. Thus, while there are better examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the region (in Pomona, Rialto, and Redlands), the City of San Bernardino has few examples of Gothic Revival style architecture remaining, and no others are known to exist in the neighborhood. The First Church of Christ, Scientist building is therefore evaluated as historically significant under Criterion 5 as the best remaining example of the Gothic Revival architectural type in the neighborhood.
The building was built by architect George A. Howard, Jr. who is not a master builder. As a result, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 6.
The church was constructed using common building techniques, including design and layout, that was typical for church buildings of the period with architectural elements that are not unique or representative of an outstanding example of its type. As a result, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 7.
The building is not associated with any known landmarks, or any known or suspected historic districts. Therefore, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 8.
The building does not have any singular physical characteristics that establish it as a familiar visual feature of the neighborhood. Its location and purpose as a church does not make it unique, nor does it represent an established and familiar visual feature of the neighborhood. As a result, it is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 9.
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The church building cannot provide additional historically important information beyond what is already represented in the archival record, and the building has no potential to yield important archaeological information. Therefore, the church building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 10.
In conclusion, the First Church of Christ, Scientist building was evaluated using the City of San Bernardino criteria for historical significance and found historically significant under Criterion 5, as the best remaining example of Gothic Revival style architecture in the neighborhood. As the building was found to be historically significant under local criteria, it is considered a Historical Resource for the purposes of CEQA.
5.3.2 CS-001 (Town Lodge Motel)
CRHR Criteria Evaluation
The Town Lodge Motel was built in 1955 and is located on a section of E Street that was once part of the Route 66 Business Loop. As such, the motel is associated with Route 66 themes of migration and tourism; however, the nearby NRHP-listed Wigwam Motel in San Bernardino more clearly conveys such an association. The motel was constructed in response to increased travel along Route 66, but it did not make a significant contribution to mid-twentieth century tourism or migration patterns in the region. Therefore, the Town Lodge Motel is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 1.
No known individuals significant to the past are recorded as associated with the Town Lodge Motel. Archival research did not produce any association with persons important in history. As no individual of historical importance is associated with the motel, the Town Lodge Motel is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 2.
The motel is a modest example of the trend away from themed independent hotels toward standardized chain motels that began in the mid-1950s. The motel’s architecture contains modest elements of Contemporary mixed with other Modern details but is clearly not a good representation of any architectural style or construction method. The motel was built by an unknown architect who is not a master builder and the motel was constructed using common building techniques, including design and layout, that was typical to motels of the period with architectural elements that are not unique or representative of an outstanding example of its type. Therefore, the motel is evaluated as not eligible under CRHR Criterion 3.
The Town Lodge Motel does not have the potential to yield information important in prehistory or history. Archival research potential for the motel has been exhausted, and the motel’s history is fairly well documented in the archival record. The Town Lodge Motel cannot provide additional historically important information, and there is no potential for the motel building to provide additional information that is not already represented in the archival record. As a result, the Town Lodge Motel is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 4.
In conclusion, the Town Lodge Motel was evaluated using CRHR eligibility criteria and found not eligible for the CRHR. The Town Lodge Motel does not meet the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the CRHR as an individual resource and does not contribute to any known or potential district.
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City of San Bernardino Criteria Evaluation
The Town Lodge Motel was built in response to an increase in tourism/migrant traffic along Route 66 and served no other purpose. Thus, it is recommended as not historically significant under Criteria 1.
The motel is not known to be the site of any events of historical significance in the City of San Bernardino. Thus, it is recommended as not historically significant under Criteria 2.
The architect of the building remains unknown, and no persons associated with the day-to-day operations of its function as a motel contributed significantly to the culture and development of the City of San Bernardino. Therefore, it is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 3.
The building’s architecture contains modest elements of Contemporary Style mixed with other Modern details but is clearly not a good representation of any architectural style or construction method. Thus, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 4.
The City of San Bernardino has a number of mid-century Contemporary Style buildings in the area that are close enough to be considered in the same neighborhood, for example the Superior Court building at 303 West 3rd Street and the Bank of America building at 303 North D Street. While the motel does possess elements of the Contemporary Style mixed with Modern details, it does not singularly display distinguishing architectural characteristics and is not the best remaining example of Contemporary Style in the neighborhood. Therefore, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 5.
The motel was built by an unknown architect who is not a master builder. As a result, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 6.
The motel was constructed using common building techniques, including design and layout, that was typical to motels of the period with architectural elements that are not unique or representative of an outstanding example of its type. As a result, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 7.
The building is not associated with any known landmarks or any known or suspected historic districts. Therefore, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 8.
The motel building does not have any singular physical characteristics that establish it as a familiar visual feature of the neighborhood. Its location and purpose as a commercial motel building does not make it unique, nor does it represent an established and familiar visual feature of the neighborhood. As a result, it is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 9.
The motel cannot provide additional historically important information beyond what is already represented in the archival record, and the motel has no potential to yield important archaeological information. Therefore, the motel is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 10.
In conclusion, the Town Lodge Motel was evaluated using the City of San Bernardino criteria for historical significance and found not historically significant. The Town Lodge Motel does not meet the criteria for local historical significance and does not contribute to any known or potential district.
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Architectural History Inventory and Evaluation Report for the SBCUSD Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project
6.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
An architectural history inventory and evaluation was conducted for the SBCUSD Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project, a 3.3-acre project in the City of San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. One previously recorded resource, the First Church of Christ, Scientist (P36-017740), and one newly recorded historic resource, the Town Lodge Motel (CU-001), are located within the Project area. The Town Lodge Motel (CU-001) was evaluated using CRHR eligibility criteria and was found to be not eligible for listing in the CRHR under any criteria. The Town Lodge Motel (CU-001) was evaluated using City of San Bernardino criteria for historical significance, and was evaluated as not meeting any criteria for local historical significance. As a result, the motel building is recommended as not eligible for the CRHR and recommended as not historically significant under local criteria. Therefore, the Town Lodge Motel (CU-001) is not a Historical Resource as defined by CEQA.
The First Church of Christ, Scientist (P36-017740) was previously evaluated in 2000 and found historically significant under local criteria. As part of the current study, the church building was evaluated using CRHR eligibility criteria and was found to be not eligible for listing in the CRHR under any criteria. An evaluation using City of San Bernardino criteria for local historical significance indicated that the church building meets Criterion 5 as the best remaining example of the Gothic Revival style of architecture within a neighborhood. As the building was found to be historically significant under local criteria, it is considered a Historical Resource for the purposes of CEQA. The proposed Project, as currently designed, would have a significant impact on a Historical Resource as defined by CEQA.
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Architectural History Inventory and Evaluation Report for the SBCUSD Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project
7.0 REFERENCES CITED
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Brown, J., Boyd J. 1922. History of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, With Selected Biography of Actors and WItnesses of the Period of Growth and Achievement. Volume I. The Western Historical Association.
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California Genealogy. 2008. San Bernardino City History. California Genealogy. http://www.californiagenealogy.org/ sanbernardino/san_bernardino_city_history.htm
Castillo, E. D. 1978. The Impact of Euro-American Exploration and Settlement. In Handbook Of North American Indians, Volume 8, California, edited By R. F. Heizer, pp. 99-127. , W. C. Sturtevant, General Editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Cleland, R. G. 1941. The Cattle on a Thousand Hills: Southern California, 1850-1870. Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Chaney, N. 2018. Personal communication on July 11, 2018 between ECORP Staff Archaeologist Robert Cunningham and Nadine Chaney, Clerk, First Church of Christ, Scientist, San Bernardino.
City of Los Angeles. 2018. City of Los Angeles, Department of City Planning. Los Angeles Historic Resources Inventory. http://historicplacesla.org/reports/02415dc2-0ec1-4c66-a920-3fd08af05c2e
City of San Bernardino. 2018. Historical Building Permits on-file with City of San Bernardino, Building and Safety Division. http://edocs.sbcity.org/weblinkcd/Welcome.aspx?cr=1 City of South Pasadena. 2018. City of South Pasadena, Planning and Building Division, Historic Resources Survey and Inventory of Addresses. http://www.ci.south-pasadena.ca.us/index.aspx?page=612
Cultural Systems Research. 2005. Inland Feeder Project: Final Report, Native American Ethnography and Ethnohistory. Prepared for Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles. Cultural Systems Research, Inc., Menlo Park. Report # RI-5088 on file at the Eastern Information Center, University of California, Riverside.
Converse Consultants. 2018 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Report, 736 & 746 North E Street, San Bernardino, California. Prepared for an Bernardino City Unified School District, San Bernardino, California.
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Donaldson, M. W. 1991. Historic Resources Reconnaissance Survey, San Bernardino, California. Prepared for the City of San Bernardino, Department of Planning and Building Services. Architect Milford Wayne Dolandson, A.I.A., Inc., San Diego.
Dumke, G.S. 1944. The Boom of the Eighties in Southern California. Huntington Library, San Marino.
Earle, D. D. 2004 . Native Population and Settlement in the Western Mojave Desert in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. In Proceedings of the Millennium Conference: the Human Journey and Ancient Life in California’s Deserts, Barstow, California, May 9-12, 2001. Maturango Museum Press, Ridgecrest, California.
_____2005. The Mojave Reiver and the Central Moojave Desert: Native Settlement, Travel, and Exchange in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. In Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Voume 25, Issue 1. Malki Museum Press, Banning California.
Erlandson, J. M. 1994. Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. New York: Plenum Press.
Gallegos, D. 1991. Antiquity and Adaptation at Agua Hedionda, Carlsbad, California. In: Perspectives in California Archaeology. 1. Colten J. M. Erlandson and R. H., editor. R.H.Colton J.M. Erlandson and p. 19-41. Published by Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Goldberg, S. 2001. Eastside Reservoir Project: Final Report of Archaeological Investigations (Five volumes). Applied Earthworks, Inc., Hemet, California.
Grenda, D. R. 1997. Continuity and Change: 8,500 Years of Lacustrine Adaptation on the Shores of Lake Elsinore: Archaeological Investigations at a Stratified Site in Southern California. Statistical Research Technical Series No 59. Tucson, Arizona: Statistical Research, Inc.
Hatheway, R. 2014. Refuse Deposits Along Route 66" in Historical Resources Evaluation Report for the Dola Ditch Bridge and Lanzit Ditch Bridge Replacement Project, Near Amboy, San Bernardino County, California. Henderson, L. 2009. America’s Roadside Lodging: The Rise and Fall of the Motel. Eastern Illinois University. http://www.eiu.edu/historia/2010Henderson.pdf
Jakle, J. A., Sculle K.A., Rogers J.S. 1996. The Motel in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Koerper, H. C., Langenwalter II P., Schroth A. 1991. Early Holocene Adaptations and the Transition Problem: Evidence from the Allan O. Kelly Site, Agua Hedionda Lagoon. In: Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1. Colten J. M. Erlandson and R. H., editor. p. 81-88. Published by Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
Kowta, M. 1969. The Sayles Complex: A Late Milling Stone Assemblage from Cajon Pass and the Ecological Implications of Its Scraper Planes. University of California Publications in Anthropology.
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Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bulletin 78. Washington DC: Bureau of American Ethnology. p. 7.
Los Angeles Herald. 1908. Volume 35, Number 242, May 31, 1908. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi- bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19080531.2.91.41.1
Love, ., Tang B. 2000. Historic Resources Survey: Lakes and Streams Project (Vision 20/20), City of San Bernardino, California. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.
McAlester, V. 2013. A Field Guide to American Houses. New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Moratto, M. J. 1984. California Archaeology. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, Inc. (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Publishers).
Mullaly, L., Petty B. 2002. The Southern Pacific in Los Angeles 1873-1996. San Marino, California: Golden West Books and the Los Angeles Railroad Heritage Foundation.
NETROnline. Historic Aerials. 2018. [accessed January 16, 2018]. https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer.
Pourade, R. The History of San Diego: Time of the Bells. 1961. San Diego Historical Society;. http://www.sandiegohistory.org/books/pourade/time/timechapter9.htm.
Robinson, W. W. 1948. Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Scrip, Homesteads. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
Roland, C., Goodson H., Moffett C., Slattery C. 2011. National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form for U.S. Highway 66 in California. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.
Rondeau, M. F., Cassidy J., Jones T. L. 2007. Colonization Technologies: Fluted Projectile Points and the San Clemente Island Woodworking/Microblade Complex. In: California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Jones T.L., Klar K.A., editors. p. 299-315. Published by Altamira Press, Lanham, Maryland.
Salls, R. A. 1983. The Liberty Grove Site: Archaeological Interpretation of a Late Milling Stone Horizon Site on the Cucamonga Plan. [Los Angeles, California]: University of California, Los Angeles.
Santa Ana Register. 1922a. Page 9, August 9, 1922. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/71477465/
_____.1922b Page 1, October 12, 1922. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/71477465/
Southwest Contractor and Manufacturer. 1914. Volume 14, Number 1. November 7, 1914. The Library of the University of California.
Sutton, M. Q. 2011. The Palomar Tradition and Its Place in the Prehistory of Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 44(4):1-74.
_____. 2009. People and Language: Defining the Takic Expansion into Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 41(2 and 3):31-93.
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Sutton, M. Q., Gardner J. K. 2010. Reconceptualizing the Encinitas Tradition of Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 42(4):1-64.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 1998. San Bernardino, California 15-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1980. San Bernardino South, California 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1973. San Bernardino South, California 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1967. San Bernardino South, California 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1966. San Bernardino, California 1:250,000-scale topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1954. San Bernardino, California 15-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1954. San Bernardino, California 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1954. San Bernardino South, California 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1953. San Bernardino, California 1:250,000-sclate topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1943. Colton, California 1:31,680-scale topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1938. Colton, California 1:31,680-scale topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1901. San Bernardino, California 15-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1896. San Bernardino, California 15-minute topographic quadrangle map. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
Varghese, G. 2000. DPR 523 site record for P36-017740. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.
Wallace, W. J. 1955. A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 11:214-230.
Warren, C. N. 1968. Cultural Tradition and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast. In: Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States. 1. Irwin-Williams Cynthia, editor. p. 1-14.
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Published by Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology, Portales, New Mexico.
_____. 1967. The San Dieguito Complex: a Review and Hypothesis. American Antiquity. 32:168-185.
Waugh, Georgie. 1986. Intensification and Land-Use: Archaeological Indications of Transition and Transformation in a Late Prehistoric Complex in Southern California. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis. UMI Dissertation Services, ProQuest, Ann Arbor.
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTS
Attachment A – Project Area Photographs
Attachment B – Confidential Cultural Resource Site Locations and Site Records
ATTACHMENT A
Project Area Photographs
PHOTOGRAPH RECORD
Page 1 of 1 - Resource Name or #: SBCUSD Placeworks Year 2018 Camera Format: Digital Lens Size: 35mm Film Type and Speed: Digital Negatives Kept at: ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Mo. Day Time Exp./Frame Subject/Description View Toward Accession # 6 8 3152 Church west façade N/NE 6 8 3153 Church south façade and canopy structure N 6 8 3154 Canopy structure N 6 8 3155 Canopy structure NW 6 8 3156 Canopy structure W 6 8 3157 Church SE corner NW 6 8 3158 Church SE entrance NW 6 8 3159 Church plaque on east façade W 6 8 3160 Church east façade W 6 8 3161 Church NE corner SW 6 8 3162 Church NE entrance SW 6 8 3163 Church doorway on north façade SW 6 8 3164 Church doorway on north façade SW 6 8 3165 Church north façade S 6 8 3166 Church rear (west façade) S 6 8 3167 Motel west wing W 6 8 3168 Motel north wing, west end N/NW 6 8 3169 Motel north wing, east end N/NE 6 8 3170 Motel north wing with office N/NW 6 8 3171 Motel free standing sign S 6 8 3172 Motel sign on NE corner of north wing N 6 8 3173 Motel sign on NE corner of north wing S 6 8 3174 Motel north façade SW 6 8 3175 Motel overview W/NW 6 8 3176 Church signboard (modern) east façade W 6 8 3177 Church west façade E 6 8 3178 Motel SW corner of west wing NE 6 8 3179 Motel SW corner of west wing NE 6 8 3180 Motel stucco on west façade E 6 8 3181 Motel north end of west wing E 6 8 3182 SBCUSD parking area E 6 8 3183 SBCUSD parking area SE 6 8 3184 SBCUSD parking area S 6 8 3185 SBCUSD parking area west of motel S 6 8 3186 SBCUSD parking area west of church N 6 8 3187 SBCUSD parking area west of church NW 6 8 3188 SBCUSD parking area west of church W 6 8 3189 SBCUSD parking area portables in parking lot E 6 8 3190 SBCUSD parking area at 7th and F streets E 6 8 3191 SBCUSD parking area at 7th and F streets NE 6 8 3192 SBCUSD parking area at 7th and F streets N 6 8 3193 SBCUSD parking area W 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8
ATTACHMENT B
Confidential Cultural Resource Site Locations and Site Records
State of California - The Resources Agency Primary #: P36-017740 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #: PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial: NRHP Status Code: Other Listings: Update or Supplement Review Code: Reviewer: Date: Page 1 of 8 *Resource Name or Number: P36-017740 (Update) P1. Other Identifier: None
*P2. Location: Not for Publication Unrestricted *a. County: San Bernardino *b. USGS 7.5’ Quad: Date:; T1S; R4W; unsectioned area of the Rancho San Bernardino Land Grant; San Bernardino B.M. c. Address: 736 North E Street City: San Bernardino Zip: 92410 UTM: NAD 83 Zone: 11S; mE / mN d. Other Locational Data: Elevation: 1,075 feet above mean sea level (AMSL) Directions: From the intersection of Interstate 215 and 5th Street in the City of San Bernardino, proceed east on 5th Street for 0.48 mile to the intersection of 5th Street and E Street. Turn left and proceed north on E Street for 0.29 mile. From this point, the resource is located adjacent to the western edge of E Street.
*P3a. Description: P36-017740 is the First Church of Christ, Scientist building. This historic-period building was first recorded in 2000 by George Varghese, and was described as a large two-story building built in the Gothic Revival architectural style, with an irregular plan, with a façade featuring a large stained-glass window topped by a peaked parapet, and flanked by two battlemented towers. The building was recommended as not eligible for the NRHP; however, the building was recommended as meeting local San Bernardino criteria for historical significance as the best-preserved example of the Gothic Revival style in the city (Varghese 2000). The resource was revisited by an ECORP archaeologist in June 2018 (see continuation sheet).
*P3b. Resource Attributes (List Attributes and Codes): HP16. Religious building *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.)
P5b. Description of Photos Drawing (View, date, accession#): East façade of church, view west, 0/0/2018. Photo# 3160.
*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources Prehistoric Historic Both:
*P7. Owner and Address: Private owner.
P8. Recorded by (Name, affiliation, address): Robert Cunningham, ECORP Consulting, Inc., 215 N. 5th Street, Redlands, CA 92373
*P9. Date Recorded Updated: June 8, 2018.
*P10. Survey Type: Architectural History Inventory
*P11. Report Citation: Cunningham, Robert, and Jeremy Adams. 2018 Architectural History Inventory and Evaluation Report for the SBCUSD Parent Center and District Police Headquarters Project. Prepared by ECORP Consulting, Redlands, CA.
*Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheets Building, Structure, and Object Record Linear Feature Record Archaeological Site Record District Record Bedrock Grinding Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record Other (List):
DPR 523A (1/95) *Required Information State of California The Resources Agency Primary # P36-017740 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 2 of 8 *Resource Name or # First Church of Christ, Scientist
*Recorded by: Robert Cunningham *Date: 6/8/2018 Continuation Update
At the time of the visit, the church was completely fenced. A signboard had been added to the front that mimicked the peaked parapet and battlemented tower architectural elements of the east-facing façade of the church. Otherwise, the condition of the building is consistent with the description in the original site record. A plaque is located on the east- facing façade that reads FIRST/CHURCH OF CHRIST SCIENTIST/SAN BERNARDINO/1916-1917.
Archival research has revealed that the First Church of Christ, Scientist, San Bernardino, acquired property on E Street between 7th Street and 8th Street in 1904. Additional property on E Street was acquired by the church in 1913, and ground was broken for a new church building on October 10, 1916. A cornerstone containing the Bible, Christian Science literature, and the names of church members, was laid at 6 a.m. May 8, 1917. The architecture of the church was described as an English Tudor adaptation of the English Gothic style. The exterior of the church was described as consisting of old gold brick to the height of 9 feet, above which the exterior consists of a plaster with waterproof finish and terra cotta trimmings. The interior west wall is said to contain two tablets of old ivory with gold inlayed inscriptions (Brown and Boyd 1922).
The architect was George A. Howard, Jr. of Los Angeles (Chaney 2018). Mr. Howard also designed the Church of Christ, Scientist building in Santa Ana, and the CRHR-listed 7th Church of Christian, Scientist building in San Pedro (Santa Ana Register 1922a, 1922b; City of Los Angeles 2018). In addition to these buildings, Howard is known for designing the City of South Pasadena local landmark Baranger Studios building, the Hall of Letters building on the original campus of Occidental College, as well as a number of public schools in the Los Angeles area (City of South Pasadena 2018; Gebhard and Winter 2003; Southwest Contractor and Manufacture 1914; Los Angeles Herald 1908). The architectural elements of the building that are most closely associated with the castellated or parapeted subtype of the Gothic Revival style of architecture, with some elements of the Art Moderne variant of the Modernistic style (McAlester 2013). The Gothic Revival elements of the building consists of the shaped parapet, the battlemented turrets, arched windows, lancet windows on the turrets, and false shaped windows located on the east-, north-, and south- facing façades. The Art Moderne elements of the building consist of smooth stucco wall surfaces, coping along the roofline, semi-circular steps leading up to the main entrances on the east-facing façade, and smoothed corners above the nave section.
Evaluation
CRHR Criteria Evaluation
The church building was constructed in 1916-1917 by the First Church of Christ, Scientist. The building was constructed in response to local growth and the resulting growth of church membership, but it did not contribute to the residential expansion of the region. Therefore, the church building is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 1.
No known individuals significant to the past are recorded as associated with organizing the construction of the building or its operation as a church. As no individual of historical importance is associated with the church building, and it is therefore evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 2.
The church building is most closely associated with the Gothic Revival style of architecture. The architectural elements of this building that represent this architectural style are the shaped parapet, the battlemented turrets, arched windows, lancet windows on the turrets, and false shaped windows. The church building, however, does not contain many of the State of California The Resources Agency Primary # P36-017740 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 3 of 8 *Resource Name or # First Church of Christ, Scientist
*Recorded by: Robert Cunningham *Date: 6/8/2018 Continuation Update important character-defining design features that are distinctive of high-style representations of the Gothic Revival style, such as steeply pitched roofs; decorative gable vergeboards; and horizontal or vertical board and batten siding. The church building was constructed utilizing materials and architectural elements associated with the Art Moderne style that detract from the Gothic Revival aspect of the architectural style. The church building is a modest representation of the Gothic Revival style, but is not a distinctive or high-style example of that architectural style. A number of distinctive examples of Gothic Revival style exist in the region, including the First Christian Church of Rialto, the First Congregational Church of Redlands, Pilgrim Congregational Church in Pomona, and the Universalist Unitarian Church of Riverside. Archival research revealed George. A. Howard of Los Angeles as the architect. George A. Howard is not known as an architect of local or regional historic significance, nor is he considered a master architect. The First Church of Christ, Scientist building does not embody distinction among other buildings built during the period in which it was constructed. It does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values, or possess any significant distinguishable components. Therefore, the church building is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 3.
The First Church of Christ, Scientist building does not have the potential to yield information important in prehistory or history. Archival research potential for the church building has been exhausted, and the building’s history is fairly well documented in the archival record. The church building cannot provide additional historically important information, and there is no potential for the building to provide additional information that is not already represented in the archival record. As a result, the First Church of Christ, Scientist building is evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 4.
In conclusion, the First Church of Christ, Scientist building was evaluated using CRHR eligibility criteria and found not eligible for the CRHR. The church building does not meet the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the CRHR as an individual resource and does not contribute to any known or potential district.
City of San Bernardino Criteria Evaluation
The First Church of Christ, Scientist building was built in response to local growth and the corresponding growth of church membership, and served no other purpose. Thus, it is recommended as not historically significant under Criteria 1. The building is not known to be the site of any events of historical significance in the City of San Bernardino. Thus, it is recommended as not historically significant under Criteria 2.
The architect of the building remains unknown, and no persons associated with the day-to-day operations of its function as a religious facility contributed significantly to the culture and development of the City of San Bernardino. Therefore, it is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 3.
The building’s architecture contains modest elements of Gothic Revival style mixed with Art Moderne details but is clearly not a distinctive representation of any architectural style or construction method. Thus, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criteria 4. State of California The Resources Agency Primary # P36-017740 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 4 of 8 *Resource Name or # First Church of Christ, Scientist
*Recorded by: Robert Cunningham *Date: 6/8/2018 Continuation Update
Criterion 5 states that a building or structure exemplifies the best remaining architectural type in a neighborhood. Although the Church of Christ Scientist building is not an example of high Gothic Revival architecture, Criterion 5 does not specify that a building be a classic example of an architectural style. In addition, Criterion 5 narrows the area of relevance to the local neighborhood. Thus, while there are better examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the region (in Pomona, Rialto, and Redlands), the City of San Bernardino has few examples of Gothic Revival style architecture remaining, and no others are known to exist in the neighborhood. The First Church of Christ, Scientist building is therefore evaluated as historically significant under Criterion 5 as the best remaining example of the Gothic Revival architectural type in the neighborhood.
The building was built by an architect who is not known as a master builder. As a result, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 6
The motel was constructed using common building techniques, including design and layout, that was typical to church buildings of the period with architectural elements that are not unique or representative of an outstanding example of its type. As a result, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 7.
The building is not associated with any known landmarks, or any known or suspected historic districts. Therefore, the building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 8.
The building does not have any singular physical characteristics that establish it as a familiar visual feature of the neighborhood. Its location and purpose as a commercial motel building does not make it unique, nor does it represent an established and familiar visual feature of the neighborhood. As a result, it is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 9.
The church building cannot provide additional historically important information beyond what is already represented in the archival record, and the building has no potential to yield important archaeological information. Therefore, the church building is evaluated as not historically significant under Criterion 10.
In conclusion, the First Church of Christ, Scientist building was evaluated using the City of San Bernardino criteria for historical significance and found historically significant under Criterion 5, as the best remaining example of Gothic Revival style architecture in the neighborhood. As the building was found to be historically significant under local criteria, it is considered a Historical Resource for the purposes of CEQA. References
Brown, John and James Boyd 1922 History of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, With Selected Biography of Actors and WItnesses of the Period of Growth and Achievement. Volume I. The Western Historical Association. State of California The Resources Agency Primary # P36-017740 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 5 of 8 *Resource Name or # First Church of Christ, Scientist
*Recorded by: Robert Cunningham *Date: 6/8/2018 Continuation Update
Chaney, Nadine 2018 Personal communication on July 11, 2018 between ECORP Staff Archaeologist Robert Cunningham and Nadine Chaney, Clerk, First Church of Christ, Scientist, San Bernardino. City of Los Angeles 2018 City of Los Angeles, Department of City Planning. Los Angeles Historic Resources Inventory. http://historicplacesla.org/reports/02415dc2-0ec1-4c66-a920-3fd08af05c2e
City of South Pasadena 2018 City of South Pasadena, Planning and Building Division, Historic Resources Survey and Inventory of Addresses. http://www.ci.south-pasadena.ca.us/index.aspx?page=612
Gebhard, David and Robert Winter
2003 An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles. Edited and updated by Robert Winter. Gibbs Smith, Publisher. Salt Lake City.
Los Angeles Herald 1908 Volume 35, Number 242, May 31, 1908. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19080531. 2.91.41.1
McAlester, Virginia Savage 2013 A Field Guide to American Houses. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Santa Ana Register 1922a Page 9, August 9, 1922. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/71477465/ 1922b Page 1, October 12, 1922. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/71477465/
Southwest Contractor and Manufacturer 1914 Volume 14, Number 1. November 7, 1914. The Library of the University of California.
Varghese, George 2000 Site record for P36-017740. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton. State of California The Resources Agency Primary # P36-017740 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 6 of 8 *Resource Name or # First Church of Christ, Scientist
*Recorded by: Robert Cunningham *Date: 6/8/2018 Continuation Update
Plaque on east façade. View west. 6/8/2018. Photo No.3159
Northeast entrance. View to southwest. 6/8/2018. Photo No.3162 State of California The Resources Agency Primary # P36-017740 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 7 of 8 *Resource Name or # First Church of Christ, Scientist
*Recorded by: Robert Cunningham *Date: 6/8/2018 Continuation Update
Doorway on north façade. View to southwest. 6/8/2018. Photo No. 3165
Southeast corner of church building. View to northwest. 6/8/2018. Photo No.3157 State of California - The Resources Agency Primary # P36-017740 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # LOCATION MAP Trinomial Page 8 of 8 *Resource Name or #: P36-017740 *Map Name: San Bernardino North, San Bernardino South *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map: 1988 rev. 1996, 1980
P36-017740 (LMK)-lking 7/11/2018
Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed Location: N:\2018\2018-088SBCUSD San Bernardino\MAPS\Cultural_Resources\Location_Maps\P36-017740_LocationMap_V1.mxd *Required Information I 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 Feet DPR 523J (1/95) 0 250 500 1,000 Meters State of California--The Resources Agency Primary #-'./--=""'---"=-J-.J-.~=-____ DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code--..5..S.1. ______Other Listings Review Code Reviewer Date__ Page_1 _of~ *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) P1. Other Identifier: First Church of Chris tian Science *P2. Location: ~ Not for Publication __Unrestricted *a. County San Bernardino and (P2b and P2c or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.) "b. USGS 7.5' Quad San Bernardino South , Calif. Date,_-=1"",9,-,,6,-,7'-LI--,1=--9!...l8~0><.______Tl.S.; R4W; _ _ 1/4 of_ _ 1/4 of_ _ 1/4 of__ 114 of Sec _ _ ; S. B. B.M. (Within the boundaries of the Rancho San Bernardino land grant) c. Address 736 N. E St. City San Bernardino Zip._""9-"2,,,,4c.:1,,,,0~______d. UTM: (Give more than one for large and/or linear resources) Zone 11 ; _____mEl mN e. Other Locational Data: (e.g ., parcel #, directions to resource, etc., as appropriate) APN 140-273 -5 "P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design , materials, condition , alterations, size, setting, and boundaries) The church is a large two-story building with a flat roof and an irregular plan. Its exterior walls are stuccoed , while the elevated foundation is clad with bricks . The most striking feature in the facade i s the large five-sided stained glass window facing E Street, which is topped by a peaked parapet and flanked by two battlemented towers. A number of other stained glass windows, including several tall, narrow ones with p ointed arches , a l so adorn the facade. *P3b. Resource Attributes: (Li~t attributes and codes) HP16: Religious building *P4. Resources Present: __"Y_ Bu ilding __Structure _ _ Object__ S ite-_ District__ Element of District ...... __g .!~.~ U!~.? ! ~.~~~. ,.. ~.~~J ...... 1 P5a. Photograph or Drawing (Photograph required for bu ildings,! P5b. Description of Photo: (view, date, : accession #) Photo taken on 813100; view to the southwest *P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: .y Historic Prehistoric Both *P7. Owner and Address: First Church of Christian Science , PO Box 338 , San Bernardino . CA 92402 *P8. Recorded by: (Name, affiliation , and address) George Varghese, CRM TECH 2411 Sunset Drive Rivers ide, CA 92506 *P9. Date Recorded: July 2000
*P10. Survey Type: (Describe) His torical resources survev ·PH. Report Citation: (Cite survey report and other sources, or enter "none.") Bruce Love and Bai "Tom" Tang ( 2000) : His toric Resources Survey : Lakes and Streams Project (Vision 20/20) , On file. Archaeological Informa tion enter an Bernardino ount Mu s urn Redlands. *Attachments: _ _ None _ _ Location Map __Continuation Sheet _ _ _ Building , Structure, and Object Record ___Archaeological Record ___District Record ___Linear Resource Record ___M iliing Station Record __Rock Art Record __Artifact Record __Photograph Record __Other (List) : DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information State of California--The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # --,~-"'~-"-~./-L-""""""_ BUILDING, STRUCTURE, AND OBJECT RECORD Page_2_of-L *NRHP Status Code'--""'5.... S-"'1~ ______*Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder)_~ _____
B1 . Historic Name: B2 . Common Name: B3. Original Use: Church B4. Present Use :_ -"'C""h""'u""r""c""h,,______*85. Architectural Style: Gothic Revival *86. Construction History: (Construction date, alterations, and date of alterati ons) According to historical records, the church was present at this location at least by the late 1910s, and has been owned and occupied by the First Church of Christian Scientists ever since . *87. *88. Related Features: B9a. Architect: b. Bu ilder: *810. Significance:-~ ~Theme_~---~~---....A "" r""'c"'h""i""t""e""c...,t""'u""r""e"'---_ --______Area San Bernardino Period of Significance Early 20th century PropertyType_~C~h=u~r~c~h~ ______
Applicable Criteria~,______(Discuss importance in terms of historical or architectural context as defined by theme, period, and geographic scope. Also address integrity.) The building does not appear eligible for listing in HRHP , but meets the City of San Bernardino's Criteria for Determination of His torical Significance (SBMC §15 . 37 . 055) as the best preserved example of the Gothic Revival style in the city. B11 . Additional Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes) *812. References: San Bernardino County Assessor's real property assessment records (1895-1951) i City of San Bernardino Building Safety records (ca. 1940-present) i Sanborn fire insurance maps (1906-1969) i local history collection , California Room , Norman F. Feldheym Library, San Bernardino.
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DPR 5238 (1/95) *Required information State of California--The Resources Agency Primary #---J23ra -0177 0 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # BUILDING, STRUCTURE, AND OBJECT RECORD (Cont'd) Page_3_of-L *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder)
813. Remarks: --~~------*814. Evaluator: __-,",B""a,""i~"-,T,-"o"",m,,-'_' .. T...,a""n""'g"" ______r·············· ·························· ················1 * Date of Eval uati 0 n: _,LA...,.u""g...... u... s'-'t ...... 2"""O""'O""'O"' ______
(This space reserved for official comments.)
DPR 5238 (1/95) *Required information