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Hydrologic Modeling of Low Water Crossing Design Performance at Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, Indiana

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Hydrologic Modeling of Low Water Crossing Design Performance at Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, Indiana HYDROLOGIC MODELING OF LOW WATER CROSSING DESIGN PERFORMANCE AT CAMP ATTERBURY JOINT MANEUVER TRAINING CENTER, INDIANA BY TAYLOR K. LEAHY THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agricultural and Biological Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: Professor Prasanta K. Kalita ABSTRACT There is an ever increasing demand for sustainability around the globe; this is especially true for military land management. In an era of fiscal constraint, budgetary reductions, and increasing regulatory oversight, the appeal of efficient and effective sustainability practices is greater than ever. As the military trains, maneuver land access and mobility are a prerequisite to support the Army’s mission. Hardened low-water crossings are one practice that enables soldier mobility on the landscape. If designed, installed, and maintained correctly, low water crossings have the potential to sustain troop throughput, retain stream bank stability, and preserve stream water quality. Additionally, studies have shown that hardened low water crossings not only reduced sedimentation but also have a longer lifespan (Sample, 1998 and Malinga, 2007). In order to optimize the performance of the hardened crossings and investigate maintenance requirements, this study investigated the effect of the crossing orientation relative to the stream. Hardened low water crossings were modeled at four different sites within Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center (CAJMTC), Indiana. Each site was analyzed for three different orientations using HEC-RAS to determine low water crossing performance during average flow events. This study examined three parameters during average flow events: stream bed shear stress, mass capacity, and accumulated mass bed change over a 90-day period. The resulting changes in sediment transport were examined and compared to ascertain optimum design orientation and maintenance requirements for each site. Overall, a single, relative orientation was not selected as the ideal scenario across the four study sites. However, the perpendicular orientation performed the best with respect to the least amount of sediment accumulated at the crossing over the study period. It is recommended that future sites at CAJMTC and similar military training lands which are similar to the ones analyzed in the study are constructed perpendicular to the stream, when a custom analysis is not plausible. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would not have been possible without the support of many individuals, especially those associated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. To my mentor, Mr. Niels Svendsen, many thanks for being a constant guide over the past three years. I would also like to extend thanks to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory for the funding of this project. I like to extend gratitude to my academic advisor, Dr. Prasanta Kalita, without whom I would not have had the aspirations to pursue soil and water resources engineering. To my graduate committee members, Dr. Rabin Bhattarai, Dr. Richard Cooke and Dr. Paul Davidson, I appreciate all of your patience, guidance, and expertise needed to finish this study. To my colleagues at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, I thank Ms. Heidi Howard for her help and encouragement with this project. To my wonderful peers at the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, thank you for the memories. I want to thank everyone who contributed to my progress, tangible or intangibly, your help was a necessary component. Finally, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my closest friends and family. Thank you all for the constant support, advice, and love which I needed throughout my graduate school experience. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 - OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER 3 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 4 - METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 46 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX C ....................................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX D ...................................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX E ....................................................................................................................................... 59 iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Between the years of 2005-2011, at least four concrete-cable low water crossings (LWCs) were installed across Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center (CAJMTC). Most crossings were orientated using the existing trail path. The orientations, with respect to the stream, are now under consideration as LWCs have been found as sources of sediment deposition, especially as vehicles traverse them. Elevated sediment levels in streams have the potential to provide a plethora of negative ecological effects. Through the use of high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data, a synthetic representation of the CAJMTC LWCs terrain was generated in ArcGIS10.1™ (from ESRI, CA). , Once created the terrain was used to simulate various LWC orientation designs for each area and analyze their performance through the use of HEC-RAS (from USACE, DC). For the purpose of the investigation, three relative angles were selected then designed at each site; perpendicular to the stream, 45⁰ upstream of the perpendicular orientation, and 45⁰ downstream of the perpendicular orientation. The extreme angles were chosen as they were most likely to present any significant differences in sediment transportation within the stream reach. Through the various terrain designs, the geometry was used as input for both HEC-RAS floodplain mapping and sediment transport analysis. The analyses are important tools for the land managers for design decision making and will be used to support the Army mission. Recommendations for future LWCs at CAJMTC and other military training sites which contain similar stream properties are provided in this study. Suggestions for improved analyses future studies investigating the sedimentation occurrence at LWC sites are conveyed as well. Through the various terrain designs, the geometry was able to be used as input for both HEC-RAS floodplain mapping and sediment transport analysis. The analyses are important tools for the land managers for design decision making and will be used to support the Army mission. Recommendations for future LWCs at CAJMTC and other military training sites which contain similar stream properties are provided in this study. Suggestions for improved analyses future studies investigating the sedimentation occurrence at LWC sites are conveyed as well. 1 CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations of best-management practices (BMPs) for the installation of LWCs on military lands, such as CAJMTC. Land managers at these facilities will incorporate the results of this study for future cable concrete LWCs construction projects on military lands. In order to reach conclusions, provide recommendations, and achieve the purpose of the study, the following objective and subsequent outcomes needed to be met by the study, at each selected site within CAJMTC: Model and quantify the effect of selected LWC orientation angles for the following outcomes: a. Flood plain extent for a 50 year flood scenario b. Streambed shear stress c. Mass capacity of the stream d. Mass bed change accumulation 2 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3.1 Military Lands Across the US, the Department of Defense (DOD) manages over 121,406 km2 (30M acres). Among the DOD managed land, the US Army maintains approximately 48,562.28 km2 (12M acres), which house over 125 major installations. The term “installation” is defined by the DOD as, “Any installation owned or operated by the Department of Defense or by a DOD Component such as a base, station, post, reservation, camp, depot, fort, terminal, facility, ship, school, and college” (US F, 1994). Army lands deliver a vital component in supporting the DOD’s mission; to provide the military forces needed to deter war and protect the security of our
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