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The Landsknechts llmm MIUTARY 'lEN-AT-ARMS SERIES 58 THE LANDSKNECHTS f I il l •< DOLGI .. \S \lILLER G.\ E\lBLETO:\" EDITOR: MARTIN WINDROW rillm1 HIUTARY MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES 58 THE LANDSKNECHTS Text by DOUGLAS MILLER Colour plates by GAEMBLETON First publisht::d in Cn'at Britain in 1976 hy Osprt::}', an imprint ofRt'ro Consumt'r Books Ltd. ;\Iichdin Hou:.e. 81 Fulham Road, London SW3 6Rll and .\uckland, ~Idboumt::, Sin~port' and Toronto e Copyrighll9;6 Rttd Internalional Books ud. Rt'print«l. 1980. 1981. IgB2. 198.J, IgB5. 1986, IgB7. 1988, 1990· 1991. 1992, 1993· 1995, 1996 All righb rescn ed.•\pan from any r.'lir ckalin~ for tht' purpost: ofpri\<llt' tudy. ~arch. criticism or miC\\. as pcrmiued under tht' CoPyriW11 Dt-si~ and P:uems Act, 1988. no p:m ofthis publK:"ation may Ix reproduced, 51.orcd in a re:triC\"<l.I sy lem. or transmitll:d in any form. or by any means. electronic, d('(1ricaJ, chemical. rntthanK:"a1, optical. photocopying, re:rordil1~ or olhef\\ise:. \dthoUi the prior pcnnb.'iion ofthe coPytii;ht O\\1lt::r. Enquirin should 'Ix ilddresscd to th<" Publbhers. Tht' author would like to thank Messrs O. & M. Hausser,J. Tonn, P. Kaus and?>.lr A. V. S. de Reuck for their most valuablt' assistance': in providing research material. If you would like to rccci\'c morc information ahout a'prcy ~Iilitary boolu, '111c O~prcy ~Ie,senl{l'r is a ~gular nc\,~I('lIcr whkh contains artida, l1e\\ title information and Slx',:ial om'n. Tojoin free ofcharge pkaw write 10: Osprey Milita.ry Messenger, PO Box 5, Rusbden, Norlhants NNtO 6YX Swabian alliance was fanned in 1487---a, which set Illfrorlllrtioll up an arm) to keep the po\\ erful princes of Bohemia and Bavaria at bay. This initial forcc of 12,000 foot and 1,200 horse is described by many as The word 'Londsknteht' first appeared in the the first anny of Landsknechts to be recruited on German language around 1470. 11 is said to have Cennan soil. In 1+87, in the same year thaI the last been coined by Peler von Hagcnbach, who records national joust look place in Cennan) al Worms, ha\'ing commissioned such troops for the service of the first units ofCennan Landsknechts wcre being Charles the Bold of Burgundy. Landsknecht trained in the strccts of Bruges b) Maximilian's literally means 'servant ofthe country' yel as early commander Craf Eitclfritz \"on Hohenzollem. as 1500 me word had already transfonnt"d into However, the campaigns in the ;\1"ctherJands and Lan;:;kn«ht as the pike became the trademark or the footsOldicr. No\\ ada)'s, howeYer, the term Lands~ knecht is usually associated wilh the type of Gem131l merccnal) originating from what is ((:>day Alsace, Baden Wiirtlcmberg and the Austrian T)roJ and who served during the reigns of .\Iax­ imilian I (1493 1;19) and his grandson Charles V ISI!rS6). When these troops were first employed, warfare was in a state of transition. The Burgundian Wars (1476-7) had shown that cavalry was virtually helpless against well drilled pike formations and the new handgun. The fifteen Burgundian 'Com­ pagnies d'Ordonnanccs' had outlived their useful­ ness and wcre considered as nothing morc than an army of redundant knights. Moreover the cost of raising such a force of mounted lroops had increased considerably due to lhe rise in the economic and political status of the European nobility. Those who stood to gain therefore were those 'gentlemen of war' or Kriegsherren, as lhey were called in Germany, who could supply large bodies ofmobile infantry, usually pikemen, able to Mn;milj*n I (1459'"'5'9) know.. as th.. 't.S( of dl.. kJUghls', lIuc:ceeded 10 lh..thro..., in '4'nand b), virt"..ofth., marriage- of follow in the tradition ofthc now famous and feared hin,,~"'f,hi...n, and his , .....d..n, pioed Ih., N.,thu....d".ad Swiss. Spain, HW>pry and Bob.,mia, lh... c:reating. v..1 Unp~ for his ...ec.'...r Charl.,sV and f..rtb.,rmembe oftheHabtibol~ It was against this background that Maximilian, dr-"Iy, Hi" mareb UIlO CoIOSft., in ISOS> ed with. balbc:o;d hcir to the Holy Roman Empire, had to raise a force allb., bead ofa c:ol" of~d.l<.oec:bl.b.,raIded • ....w.,...... Gennany, Apart fro th., erealio.. of Lb., ~ds"n.,du. 10., i. capable of upholding his claim to the Burgundian aI..c:red.iled withth.,d.,,,,elop....,..1of110., finl.dV&llc:ed "yst.,m of ord. .,... Both wer., 10 prov., vital ... lois ..m.,whal legacy of the Netherlands and of controlling his nlloro l)' c:ond :led fortip policy, future tcrritories in the cast. To this lattcr end the (P."mtotryD.m. A t.\u........ ,11..-. r,......! whieh set out th(' legal conditions under which the Landsknechts werc to sel"\'e, Having accepted the appointment and secured the means offinance, the colonel, or Obrist as he \\'as called, then began appointing in tum his sceond·in·colllmand and the captains in charge of thc Fa/mtein or companies which were to make lip the regiment. This done, drummers would be scnt out to beat for recruits, The muster \\as seldom a difficult task; colonels with great reputations such as Frulldsberg and "011 Sid:ingen \\ere capable ofraising annics of20,000 foot in a mattel' of\\ ecks. The problem in fact often lay in rejccting those who ,\ere either incapable or tOO ill-equipped to be accepled into the ranks. In spite of lhe selection process, \\ hich depended on whcther the recruit brought his 0\\11 \\eapons or not, the regiment must havc been a motle} crew of joume) men, (X'asalllS and students all inspired b) lhe chance of adHnture and. of course. pay and 1H .......ter pa.rade (Mu§t"ru.acl was adopl~ Croon lh.e S....'4. loot. and the sons of wealth) patricians, there for and was u_tia1 U. d~e~ tile dlicieacyoCt.ia.......1to tM: ~ The prK'OOdilio.. for .ec::qxaa~ Lato tile I'Jlks was the sake off."lmil} honour. thai ...Idien sloovJd po5Hl1. thei.. 0_ weapo.... It was the Ha\"ingsigned up, the recruits \\ere instructed to tat;k oCtile p-ytnaliler. wbo DOrm.al.Iy stood al ~ f_t arm.. arch, 10 _s1lre that thOH recruiu f*s.i.al!: throo&f;:h we.... of meet at a certain time and place for the muster· ....UDd mind and body. It oft.... ocaa.rred thai the paym.uter parade. Here the} \\ ere ordered inlo two columns ."Oped 10 _tinS tile recru.iIJi 'double-eowued' for tloe .....e offiaancial' i.e. 10 .windle the Kriq;_hltrT. facing each other and al the end ofthe gap between , 11"wt/M.,jlUl.l_ft_'Dn'tII/"''' LuJJ!;.u,f. ~,Fr"""i:lI81... G6t11t.: /8821 them an arch consisting oftwO halberds and a pike was erected. Jtwas throul;"h this that each man had lalCT in Bohemia, although successful. were to to pass befon" being acceptcd into the ranks. Itwas p,'o\'e that the nucleus of the 'German' anny the task ofthe recruiling officer losland at the arch consisted of nothing Illore than bands of ill­ and check lhat those mcn who passed through were organi.sed mercenaries. ofsound mind and body, At this stage the regiment It was not until after the storming ofthe fonn.'SS was divided up into FiiJmfein of 400 men, each of Stllhlweisscnbcrg in Bohemia in 1490, where­ Fiihllltin having 100 experienced soldiers, or DQppet· upon Ma.ximilian ordered his men to swear an soldner as they wen' called. since lhey recei\'ed oath of allegiance, thal the 'father of the Lands­ double the pay of the ordinal)' fOOlsoldicr. kncchls' succeeded in instilling his troops with a As soon as the Landskncchts had been paid one sense of discipline and csprit dr corps. Onl) by month's wage the) assembled in a circle surround­ emulating the Swiss, howcver, by adopung their ing the Ghrist whose duty it then was to read them customs and tactics, would the Cennan Lands· their rights, duties and restrictions in the form orthe kneeht be abk' to hold his (Mn and to this end 'Lctter ofArticles'. The artides consisted ora \'el)' ~laximilian modelled his whoit' milital) system on dctailed code of conduct laying out all the the amlics of the S\\ iss Confederation. punishable oflcnecs such as mutiny, unwarranted plunder, drunkennc"S on dllty, ha"in~ more than The Muster one woman follo\\ ing in the baggage train, and so According to S\\'iss tradition, if a lord required an forth. This \\ as followed b} an oath.taking cen"· arm) to scHlc a dispute he nOlmall} contracted a mall) in which e\"Cl') Landsknecht swore his gentleman ofwar b} means ofthe BtslaJlungsbriLfor allegiance to his cause, his Emperor and his officers, letter of appointment. This contained a recruiting and promisl-d to abide b) the la\\s set Ollt in the commission and the letler ofartidcs, .lrtiI.Asbriife. 'Letter ofArticlcs'. .., For the enforcement and administration ofthese parade. Commanding the rcgimelll was ofcourse laws the Obrist appoinled a Prot-osl and a &hulthtiss the Ftldobrist or colonel. Sometimes the Obrisl was respectively. During this ceremony the standards in command of several regimclHs at a time, in were handed over to the ensigns who were obliged which case he received the rank of Obtrster to swear an oath never to allow the standards to FeldlwllplmmJ1l. The task of leading the Feldobrist's leavc their hands in battlc. The ensigns in tum regiment in this case would fall to the joined their F{jhnl~in \\ here thc captain would be lAcoltntnl- lieutenaOl-coloncl the second in introducing the appointed adjutant, chaplain, command who onl) held the rank ofcaptain while doctor and quartermaster to his men.
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