The Landsknechts
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The Art of War in the Middle Ages, A.D. 378-1515
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/artofwarinmiddleOOomanuoft otl^xan: ^rt§e ^ssag 1884 THE ART OF WAR IN THE MIDDLE AGES PRINTED BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY THE ART OF WAR [N THE MIDDLE AGES A.D. 37^—15^5 BY C. W. C. OMAN, B.A. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE WITH MAPS AND PLANS OXFORD B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 BROAD STREET LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN, 26 PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1885 [^// rights reserved '\ O/M The Author desires to acknowledge much kind help received in the revision and correction of this Essay from the Rev. H. B. George, of New College, and Mr. F. York Powell, of Christ Church. 6/ 37 05 , — — CONTENTS. PAGE ' Introduction . i CHAPTER 1. The Transition from Roman to Medieval forms in War (a.d. 378-582). Disappearance of the Legion.—Constantine's reorgajiization. The German tribes . — Battle of Adrianople.—Theodosius accepts its teaching.—Vegetius and the army at the end of the fourth century. —The Goths and the Huns. Army of the Eastern Empire.— Cavalry all-important . 3— 14 CHAPTER n. The Early Middle Ages (a.d. 476-1066). Paucity of Data for the period.—The Franks in the sixth cen- tury.—Battle of Tours.—^Armies of Charles the Great. The Franks become horsemen.—The Northman and the Magyar.—Rise of Feudalism.—The Anglo-Saxons and their wars.—The Danes and the Fyrd.—Military importance of the Thegnhood.—The House-Carles.—Battle of Hastings . Battle of Durazzo 15 — 27 W — VI CONTENTS. -
Abstract Hodnet, Andrew Arthur
ABSTRACT HODNET, ANDREW ARTHUR. The Othering of the Landsknechte. (Under the direction of Dr. Verena Kasper-Marienberg). This thesis offers a socio-cultural analysis of early modern German media to explore the public perception of the Landsknechte, mercenaries that were both valued and feared for their viciousness, and their indifference displayed towards the political motivations of their clients. Despite their ubiquity on European battlefields, and their role in repulsing the 1529 Ottoman invasion of Austria, by 1530 the Landsknechte and their families were perceived as thoroughly dishonorable by central Reformation society and were legally excluded from most urban centers. This study engages with a critical assessment of contemporary songs, religious pamphlets, broadsheets, political treatises, autobiographic sources, and belletristic representations of the Landsknechte to explore the paradoxical relationship that they maintained with the state actors that relied on their employment. Through engaging with the cultural genres present in these depictions, the othering of the Landsknechte stems from their origin as the militaristic arm of Emperor Maximilian I’s attempted centralization of the Holy Roman Empire, continuing with the economic challenge the mercenary lifestyle posed to traditional social structures, and ending with their inextricable association between with the increasingly destructive and intrusive military-fiscal state. © Copyright 2018 by Andrew Arthur Hodnet All Rights Reserved The Othering of the Landsknechte by Andrew Arthur Hodnet A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Raleigh, North Carolina 2018 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Verena Kasper-Marienberg Dr. -
The Peasants War in Germany, 1525-1526
Jioctaf JSibe of f0e (geformatton in THE PEASANTS WAR IN GERMANY ^ocmf ^i&e of flje (Betman (geformafton. BY E. BELFORT BAX. I. GERMAN SOCIETY AT THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. II. THE PEASANTS WAR, 15251526. III. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ANA- BAPTISTS. [In preparation. LONDON: SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIM. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. 1THE PEASANTS WAR IN GERMANY// 1525-1526 BY E^BELFORT ': " AUTHOR OF " THE STORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION," THE RELIGION OF SOCIALISM," "THE ETHICS OF SOCIALISM," "HANDBOOK OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY," ETC., ETC. WITH A MAP OF GERMANY AT THE TIME OF THE REFORMATION <& LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIM. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. 1899 54 ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS PREFACE. IN presenting a general view of the incidents of the so-called Peasants War of 1525, the historian encounters more than one difficulty peculiar to the subject. He has, in the first place, a special trouble in preserving the true proportion in his narrative. Now, proportion is always the crux in historical work, but here, in describing a more or less spontaneous movement over a wide area, in which movement there are hundreds of differ-^/ ent centres with each its own story to tell, it is indeed hard to know at times what to include and what to leave out. True, the essential ^ similarity in the origin and course of events renders a recapitulation of the different local risings unnecessary and indeed embarrassing for readers whose aim is to obtain a general notion. But the author always runs the risk of being waylaid by some critic in ambush, who will accuse him of omitting details that should have been recorded. -
Pike___Shot Full Manual EBOOK
M EPILEPSY WARNING PLEASE READ THIS NOTICE BEFORE PLAYING THIS GAME OR BEFORE ALLOWING YOUR CHILDREN TO PLAY. Certain individuals may experience epileptic seizures or loss of consciousness when subjected to strong, flashing lights for long periods of time. Such individuals may therefore experience a seizure while operating computer or video games. This can also affect individuals who have no prior medical record of epilepsy or have never previously experienced a seizure. If you or any family member has ever experienced epilepsy symptoms (seizures or loss of consciousness) after exposure to flashing lights, please consult your doctor before playing this game. Parental guidance is always suggested when children are using a computer and video games. Should you or your child experience dizziness, poor eyesight, eye or muscle twitching, loss of consciousness, feelings of disorientation or any type of involuntary movements or cramps while playing this game, turn it off immediately and consult your doctor before playing again. PRECAUTIONS DURING USE: • Do not sit too close to the monitor. • Sit as far as comfortably possible. • Use as small a monitor as possible. • Do not play when tired or short on sleep. • Take care that there is sufficient lighting in the room. • Be sure to take a break of 10-15 minutes every hour. USE OF THIS PRODUCT IS SUBJECT TO ACCEPTANCE OF THE SINGLE USE SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT H L Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1.1. System Requirements 7 1.2. Installing the Game 8 1.3. Uninstalling the Game 8 1.4. Product Updates 8 1.5. Multi-player registration 9 1.6. -
History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity
History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library First Published: 1882 Print Basis: Second edition, revised Source: Electronic Bible Society Date Created: 2002-11-27 Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber) Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Philip Schaff Christianity. The German Reformation. Table of Contents About This Book. p. ii History of the Christian Church. p. 1 Preface. p. 2 Orientation. p. 3 The Turning Point of Modern History. p. 3 Protestantism and Romanism. p. 4 Necessity of a Reformation. p. 7 The Preparations for the Reformation. p. 9 The Genius and Aim of the Reformation. p. 10 The Authority of the Scriptures. p. 12 Justification by Faith. p. 14 The Priesthood of the Laity. p. 16 The Reformation and Rationalism. p. 17 Protestantism and Denominationalism.. p. 26 Protestantism and Religious Liberty. p. 31 Religious Intolerance and Liberty in England and America. p. 42 Chronological Limits. p. 50 General Literature on the Reformation. p. 51 LUTHER©S TRAINING FOR THE REFORMATION, A.D. L483-1517. p. 55 Literature of the German Reformation. p. 55 Germany and the Reformation. p. 57 The Luther Literature. p. -
Merchants of War: Mercenaries, Economy, and Society in the Late Sixteenth-Century Baltic
Merchants of War: Mercenaries, Economy, and Society in the Late Sixteenth-Century Baltic by Joseph Thomas Chatto Sproule A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Joseph Thomas Chatto Sproule 2019 Merchants of War: Mercenaries, Economy, and Society in the Late Sixteenth-Century Baltic Joseph Thomas Chatto Sproule Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2019 Abstract The polities of the sixteenth-century Baltic competed and cooperated with one another and with local power groups in fluctuating patterns of rivalry and expedient partnership. Mercenarism thrived in this context, as early modern governments were seldom equipped with the fiscal and logistical tools or the domestic military resources needed to wholly meet the escalating challenges of warfare, while mercenaries themselves were drawn to a chaotic environment that afforded opportunities for monetary gain and promotion into the still- coalescing political elites of the region’s emerging powers. This study sits, like the mercenary himself, at the intersection of the military, the economic, the social, and the political. Broadly, it is an analysis of mercenaries in Livonian and Swedish service during the so-called Livonian War of 1558 to 1583. Mercenaries are examined as agents of the polities for whom they fought and as actors with goals of their own, ambiguously positioned figures whose outsider status and relative independence presented both opportunities and challenges as they navigated the shifting networks of conflict and allegiance that characterized their fractious world. The aims of this study are threefold. The military efficacy of Western and Central European professional soldiers is assessed in an Eastern ii European context, problematizing the notion of Western military superiority in a time of alleged military revolution. -
Total War" Author(S): Hans Speier Source: American Sociological Review, Vol
Class Structure and "Total War" Author(s): Hans Speier Source: American Sociological Review, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Jun., 1939), pp. 370-380 Published by: American Sociological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2084924 . Accessed: 27/09/2011 20:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Sociological Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Sociological Review. http://www.jstor.org CLASS STRUCTURE AND "TOTAL WAR" HANS SPEIER New Schoolfor Social Research W ARS ARE the products of the civilization in which they are waged. Their specific character is dependent upon the specific organization of society in times of peace. Since it is always a society that is at war with another society, any aspect of war is fully intelligible only when it is seen in relation to the given organization of those societies, their tech- nologies and their institutions, their material resources and their morals. In this broad sense war has always been totalitarian, but today, the term "Total War" has a special connotation, and there is a good reason for using it in a narrower sense. Total war is unlimited in character; it is what Clause- witz called "absolute war." It differs from that type of war which prevailed in the two centuries prior to the World War. -
The Ana Tomy of a Mercenary: from Archilochos to Alexander
THE ANA TOMY OF A MERCENARY: FROM ARCHILOCHOS TO ALEXANDER By Nicholas Fields Thesis submitted to the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy NEWCASTLE Ut4rVERSrT 4( LLRAR'( 094 51237 1 June 1994 To Leonidas THE ANA TOMY OF A MER CENA R Y.' FROM ARCHJLOCHOS TO ALEXANDER By Nicholas Fields ABSTRA CT Xenophon. who marched so many perilous Persian parasangs as a soldier-of-fortune and survived. has probably penned the most exciting, if not the best, memoirs by a mercenary to date. Moreover, for the military historian wishing to inquire into the human as well as the political aspects of hoplite- mercenary service, the Anabasis is the only in depth eye-witness account of an ancient Greek mercenary venture available. Of course the Anabasis is partisan and, at times, the contemporary reader cannot help but think that Xenophon's imagination is running away with him a bit. Nevertheless, his inside view of the complex relationships between mercenary-captains, the employers who employ them, the troops who follow them, the Spartans who use them, and those who mistrust them, has much more than just a passing value. Throughout mercenary history the balance between these groups has always been delicate, and, needless to say, the vicissitudes tend to follow the same pattern. Mercenary service was, and still is, a rather uncertain and dangerous vocation. We only have to read, for example, Colonel Mike bare's Congo memoirs to realise this. Apart from Xenophon himself and the mercenary-poet, Archilochos, the ancient literary sources generally supply little by way of data on such matters as recruitment, conditions of service, and the basic hopes, fears, and habits of those many individual hoplites who took up the mercenary calling as a way of life. -
The Plague in Bologna in the Year 1527
Le Infezioni in Medicina, n. 2, 278-287, 2020 278 INFECTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE The plague in Bologna in the year 1527 Sergio Sabbatani1, Sirio Fiorino2, Roberto Manfredi1 1Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy; 2Unità Operativa di Medicina Interna C, Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda USL di Bologna, Italy SUMMARY In the year 1527, following the invasion of Italy by Bologna in order to find any public notices from the Landsknechts, who were headed by Georg von Fr- city authorities in the year 1527 aiming to counteract a undsberg, the bubonic plague appeared in the coun- plague epidemic. Our investigation found no elements try. These soldiers were part of an army that Charles to support the outbreak of this disease. Throughout V sent to invade Italy in order to subjugate the Italian the 16th century, until 1590, the population grew sig- states which had adhered to the League of Cognac. In nificantly, and no public notices were issued or specif- Bologna during the year 1527 believers held a proces- ic laws enacted to deal with the plague until the year sion from the Sanctuary of the Madonna del Soccor- 1557. However, it remains possible that in the area in so, through the city, as far as the Church of San Rocco. question, some episodes of plague occurred, but it was The reason for this practice was linked with the plague fortunately a micro-epidemic, which involved a very epidemic. After some cases of plague observed in the poor area of the city. -
The Peasant War in Germany by Friedrich Engels Translated: by Moissaye J
The Peasant War in Germany by Friedrich Engels Translated: by Moissaye J. Olgin New York International Publishers 1966, ©1926 2 Table of Contents Author‟s Preface: Second edition (1870) Author‟s Preface: Addendum(1874) CHAPTER 1: The Economic Situation and Classes in Germany CHAPTER 2: The Main Opposition Groups and Their Programmes; Luther and Muenzer CHAPTER 3: Precursors: Peasant Uprisings, 1476-1517 CHAPTER 4: Uprising of the Nobility CHAPTER 5: The Peasant War in Swabia and Franconia CHAPTER 6: The Peasant War in Thuringia, Alsace, and Austria CHAPTER 7: Significance of the Peasant War The Twelve Articles of the Peasant Comments by D. Riazanov (1925) Notes 3 Preface to the Second Edition This work was written in London in the summer of 1850, under the vivid impression of the counter-revolution that had just been completed. It appeared in 1850 in the fifth and sixth issues of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a political economic review edited by Karl Marx in Hamburg. My political friends in Germany desire to see it in book form, and I hereby fulfil that desire, since, unfortunately, it still has the interest of timeliness. The work does not pretend to present independently collected material. Quite the contrary, all the material relating to the peasant revolts and to Thomas Muenzer has been taken from Zimmermann whose book, although showing gaps here and there, is still the best presentation of the facts. Moreover, old Zimmermann enjoyed his subject. The same revolutionary instinct which makes him here the advocate of the oppressed classes, made him later one of the best in the extreme left wing of Frankfurt. -
The Austrian Imperial-Royal Army
Enrico Acerbi The Austrian Imperial-Royal Army 1805-1809 Placed on the Napoleon Series: February-September 2010 Oberoesterreicher Regimente: IR 3 - IR 4 - IR 14 - IR 45 - IR 49 - IR 59 - Garnison - Inner Oesterreicher Regiment IR 43 Inner Oersterreicher Regiment IR 13 - IR 16 - IR 26 - IR 27 - IR 43 Mahren un Schlesische Regiment IR 1 - IR 7 - IR 8 - IR 10 Mahren und Schlesischge Regiment IR 12 - IR 15 - IR 20 - IR 22 Mahren und Schlesische Regiment IR 29 - IR 40 - IR 56 - IR 57 Galician Regiments IR 9 - IR 23 - IR 24 - IR 30 Galician Regiments IR 38 - IR 41 - IR 44 - IR 46 Galician Regiments IR 50 - IR 55 - IR 58 - IR 63 Bohmisches IR 11 - IR 54 - IR 21 - IR 28 Bohmisches IR 17 - IR 18 - IR 36 - IR 42 Bohmisches IR 35 - IR 25 - IR 47 Austrian Cavalry - Cuirassiers in 1809 Dragoner - Chevauxlégers 1809 K.K. Stabs-Dragoner abteilungen, 1-5 DR, 1-6 Chevauxlégers Vienna Buergerkorps The Austrian Imperial-Royal Army (Kaiserliche-Königliche Heer) 1805 – 1809: Introduction By Enrico Acerbi The following table explains why the year 1809 (Anno Neun in Austria) was chosen in order to present one of the most powerful armies of the Napoleonic Era. In that disgraceful year (for Austria) the Habsburg Empire launched a campaign with the greatest military contingent, of about 630.000 men. This powerful army, however, was stopped by one of the more brilliant and hazardous campaign of Napoléon, was battered and weakened till the following years. Year Emperor Event Contingent (men) 1650 Thirty Years War 150000 1673 60000 Leopold I 1690 97000 1706 Joseph -
Alaris Capture Pro Software
The White Rose Under the First Tudors Part 3. Richard De La Pole, ‘The King’sDreaded Enemy’ W. E. HAMPTON IN AUGUST 1506, Henry Tudor offered Thomas Killingwonh pardon in return for information.‘ But Thomas was no intelligencer. He turned instead to the man who had rescued his master’s brother. On 13 September, Erard dc la Marck, Bishop of Liége, gave Thomas permission to stay within his lands for fifteen months.2 By the following March Thomas was at Constance in Baden ' (where an Imperial diet was to be held). At the beginning of March — at a: . invitation of Richard de la Pole’s scrvitor, Derick van Reydt— he went to"; Hungary. On 18 April he was commanded by Richard to return to Comm 5 What he learned' m Hungary, and elsewhere, made him fear for Sdflalk's safety. He warned the Emperor against French intervention, and urged that Richard should be removed to a safe place within the Empire until Suffolk and Henry were reconciled. His petitions were ignored. On 22 April 1509, Henry Tudor died. .England was soon reported to be ‘ih ' ecstasies', for liberality replaced extortion. The. new liberality was not, " however, extended to his rebels, who were exempted from the General Pardon granted by Henry VIII m 1509. 5 How long Richard remained m Hungary we cannot tell. 7 Before the end of 1510, he left the protection of Ladislaus. From Freiburg—im-Breisgau, on 22' December, Maximilian wrote to his daughter, Margaret of Savoy (Regent of the Netherlands), asking her to send a secretary to Henry to request pardon ‘for the young duke of Suffolk who is here’.8 Within eighteen months Killingworth’s fears were realised, and Richard was with Louis XII.