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Home , Barthold Georg Niebuhr, Crane Brinton, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Ernst Troeltsch, Fernand Braudel, George Burton Adams

Cast of Characters Selected List of and Other Scholars and Writers Cited in the Text

Historians Dates Nationality Wilbur C. Abbott 1869–1947 American LordActon 1834–1902 English BrooksAdams 1848–1927 American Charles Francis Adams 1835–1915 American 1851–1925 American Adams 1838–1918 American Konrad Adenauer 1876–1967 German Archibald Alison 1792–1867 Scottish Grant Allen 1848–1899 English Jacques Amyot 1513–1593 French 384–322B.C. Greek Thomas Arnold 1795–1842 English William C. Atkinson 1902–1992 English W. H Auden 1907–1973 American St. Augustine 354–430 North African Herman Ausubel 1920–1977 American Sir Francis Bacon 1561–1626 English Philip Bagby 1918–1959 English 1826–1877 English 1800–1891 American 1889–1968 American Geoffrey Barraclough 1908–1984 English Paul Barth 1858–1922 German Jacques Barzun 1907– American

257 258 Cast of Characters

Historians Dates Nationality Charles A. Beard 1874–1948 American Mary R. Beard 1876–1956 American Carl L. Becker 1873–1945 American Howard Becker 1899–1960 American Edward S. Beesly 1831–1915 English Lee Benson 1948– American Isaiah 1909–1998 English Ernst Bernheim 1850–1922 German Olivier Bernier 1930– French/American Henri Berr 1863–1954 French Otto von Bismarck 1815–1896 German John B. Black 1883–1964 English 1886–1944 French Franz Boas 1858–1942 German/American Kenneth E. Bock 1916– American 1530–1596 French Bonaparte 1769–1821 French Bishop Jacques Bossuet 1627–1704 French James Boswell 1740–1795 Scottish 1902–1985 French Kurt Breysig 1866–1940 German 1898–1968 American James Bryce 1838–1922 English Henry Thomas Buckle 1821–1862 English William C. Bullitt 1891–1967 American 1818–1897 Swiss Ernest W. Burgess 1886–1966 American John W. Burgess 1844–193 1 American Jean Buridan 1300–1358 French 1729–1797 Irish/English John B. Bury 1861–1927 Irish 1901–1979 English Tomasso Companella 1568–1639 Italian 1775–1881 Scottish Edward Hallett Carr 1892–1982 English Kwan-chih Chang 1931– Chinese/American Francois Chateaubriand 1768–1848 French Lord Chesterfield 1694–1773 English Edward P. Cheyney 1861–1947 American V. Gordon Childe 1892–1957 Australian/Ehglish John L. Clive 1924–1990 American Thomas C. Cochran 1902–1999 American Morris R. Cohen 1880–1947 American Selected List of Historians 259

Historians Dates Nationality Charles W. Colby 1867–1955 Canadian Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772–1834 English R. G. Collingwood 1889–1943 English Henry Steele Commager 1902–1998 American 1798–1857 French Marie-Jean-Antoine Condorcet 1743–1794 French Edwin Grant Conklin 1863–1952 American Rushton Coulborn 1907–1968 American 1866–1952 Italian J. G. Crowther 1899– English Jean Le Rond D’Alembert 17 17– 1783 French Leonardo da Vinci 1452–1519 Italian Lloyd De Mause 1931– American René Descartes 1596–1650 French 1713–1784 French 1833_1911 German John William Draper 181 1–1882 American 1808–1884 German William A. Dunning 1847–1922 American Victor Duruy 1811–1894 French Fred Eggan 1906–1991 American 1879–1955 German/Swiss Geoffrey R. Elton 1920–1994 English 1803–1882 American Ephraim Emerton 1851–1935 American Frederick Engels 1820–1895 German Leonhard Euler 1707–1783 Swiss 1878–1956 French Alfred Feder 1872–1927 German Francois de Fénélon 1651–1715 French Johann Gottfried Fichte 1762–1814 German I. Finley 1912–1986 American/English H. A. L. Fisher 1865–1940 English John Fiske 1842–1901 American Fred Morrow Fling 1860–1934 American Flint 1838–1910 Scottish Bernard De Fontenelle 1657–1757 French Anatole 1844–1924 French Jerome Frank 1889–1957 American Tenney Frank 1876–1939 American James G. Frazer 1854–1941 Scottish Edward A. Freeman 1823–1892 English 1856–1939 Austrian 260 Cast of Characters

Historians Dates Nationality Jean Froissart 1333–1400? French James Anthony Froude 1818–1894 English Numa Fustel de Coulanges 1830–1889 French Francis Galton 1822–1911 English Patrick Gardiner 1922– English Peter Gay 1923– American 1887–1966 Dutch 1737–1794 English Morris Ginsberg 1889–1970 English William Ewarts Gladstone 1809–1898 English Joseph Arthur Gobineau 1816–1882 French Alexander Goldenweiser 1880–1940 American Stephen Jay Gould 1941– American Alvin W. Gouldner 1920– American Arthur James Grant 1862–1948 English J. R. Green 1837–1883 English Green 1836–1882 English Jacob Grimm 1785–1863 German George Grote 1794–1871 English Philip Guedalla 1889–1944 English M. J. Guest 1839–1909 English Francois Guizot 1787–1874 French Ludwig Gumplowicz 1838–1909 Polish Henry Hallam 1777–1859 English Oscar Handlin 1915– American Carlton J. H. Hayes 1882–1964 American Arnold Ludwig Heeren 1760–1842 German Georg W. F. Hegel 1770–1831 German Werner Heisenberg 1901–1976 German Johann Gottfried von Herder 1744–1803 German Christian Gottlob Heyne 1729–1812 German John Higham 1920– American 1922– American Philip Hitti 1886–1978 American Homer C. Hockett 1875–1960 American Richard Hofstadter 1916–1970 American C. Warren Hollister 1930–1997 American 1902–1989 American Walter E. Houghton 1904–1941 American Floyd House 1893–1975 American Michael Howard 1922– English H. Stuart Hughes 1916– American Johan Huizinga 1872–1945 Dutch Selected List of Historians 261

Historians Dates Nationality 1711–1776 Scottish Julian Huxley 1887–1975 English Thomas Henry Huxley 1825–1895 English Washington Irving 1783–1859 American Andrew Jackson 1767–1845 American Gabriel Jackson 1921– American 1842–1910 American William Stanley Jevons 1835–1882 English Samuel Johnson 1709–1784 English 1724–1804 German Justin Kaplan 1925– American Albert G. Keller 1874–1956 American Johannes Kepler 1571–1630 German Abdal-Raman ibn-Khaldun 1332–1406 Arabic King, Jr. 1929–1968 American Charles Kingsley 1819–1875 English Edna E. Kramer 1902–1984 American A. L. Kroeber 1876–1960 American Joseph Wood Krutch 1893–1970 American George Kubler 1912–1996 American Karl Lamprecht 1856–1903 German Charles V. Langlois 1863–1929 French Henry C. Lea 1825–1909 American Gustave Le Bon 1841–1931 French W. E. H. Lecky 1838–1931 English Gordon Leff 1926– English Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1646–17 16 German Alexander Lesser 1902–1982 American Robert Jay Lifton 1926– American 1809–1865 American Brett J. Loewenberg 1905–1974 American Robert H. Lowie 1883–1957 American Lucretius 99–55B.C. Roman Emil Ludwig 1881–1948 German Gabriel Bonnet de Mably 1709–1785 French Thomas Babington Macaulay 1800–1859 English Joseph de Maistre 1753–1821 French David Samuel Margouliath 1858–1940 English Felix Markham 1908–1992 English 1805–1900 English 1818–1883 German William H. McNeill 1917– American 1862–1954 German 262 Cast of Characters

Historians Dates Nationality Eduard Meyer 1855–1930 German 1798–1874 French Francois Auguste Mignet 1796–1884 French 1806–1873 English 1817–1903 German Gabriel Monod 1844–1912 French Charles de Secondat 1689–1755 French John L. Motley 1814–1877 American George P. Murdock 1897–1985 American Gilbert Murray 1866–1957 English Sir Lewis B. Namier 1888–1960 English Lynn H. Nelson 1931– American 1890–1971 American Sir Isaac Newton 1642–1727 English Barthold Georg Niebuhr 1776–1831 German Max Nordau 1849–1923 German 1901–1990 English Sir 1860–1946 English Robert E. Park 1864–1944 American Francis Parkman 1823–1893 American 1623–1662 French Mark Pattison 1813–1884 English Edward John Payne 1844–1904 American Harold Perkin 1926– English Charles Petit-Dutailles 1868–1947 French Henri Pirenne 1862–1935 Belgian George Plekhanov 1857–1918 Russian John H. Plumb 1911– English A.D.46–120 Greek Polybius 203–125 B.C. Greco-Roman Frederick York Powell 1850–1904 English Sir Maurice Powicke 1879–1963 English William H. Prescott 1796–1859 American Sir Walter Raleigh 1552–1618 English 1795–1886 German Friedrich Ratzel 1844–904 German Hans Reichenbach 1891–1953 German/American 1823–1892 French Colin Renfrew 1937– English G. J. Renier 1892–1962 Dutch/English Heinrich Rickert 1863–1936 German Selected List of Historians 263

Historians Dates Nationality William Robertson 1721–1793 Scottish 1863–1936 American Charles Rollin 1661–1741 French Edward A. Ross 1866–1951 American A. L. Rowse 1903–1997 English Steven Runciman 1903– English W. G. Runciman 1934– English 1872–1970 English Edward N. Saveth 1913– American Saint-Simon 1760–1825 French Charles Auguste Sainte-Beuve 1804–1869 French J. Salwyn Schapiro 1879–1974 American Friedrich von Schelling 1775–1854 German Friedrich von Schlegél 1772–1829 German Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. 1888–1965 American Sir 1771–1832 Scottish Henri Sée 1864–1936 French 1834–1895 English 1854–1942 French Edward R. A. Seligman 1861–1939 American Elman R. Service 1915–1996 American James T. Shotwell 1874–1965 American Georg Simmel 1858–1918 German 1850–1928 American 1823–1910 English Lacey Baldwin Smith 1922– American 1880–1941 American Pitirim A. Sorokin 1889–1968 Russian/American 1820–1903 English Benedict de (Baruch) Spinoza 1632–1677 Dutch Chester G. Starr 1914– American Sir 1832–1904 English 1926– American 1919–1999 English Lytton Strachey 1880–1932 English 1825–1901 English J. W. Swain 1820–1895 American John R. Swanton 1873–1958 American John Addington Symonds 1840–1893 English A.D. 55–117 Roman 1828–1892 French Gabriel Tarde 1843–1904 French 264 Cast of Characters

Historians Dates Nationality Niccolò Tartaglia 1499–1557 Italian Richard H. Tawney 1880–1962 English A. J. P. Taylor 1906–1990 English 1856–1941 American Frederick J. Teggart 1870–1946 American William Makepeace Thackeray 1811–1863 English 1795–1856 French Arthur J. Todd 1878–1948 American 1828–1910 Russian Arnold J. Toynbee 1877–1962 English George M. Trevelyan 1876–1962 English H. R. Trevor-Roper 1914– English Ernst Troeltsch 1865–1923 German Leon Trotsky 1879–1940 Russian Barbara Tuchman 1912–1989 American A. R. Jacques Turgot 1727–1781 French 1861–1932 American Ralph E. Turner 1893–1964 American Mark Twain 1835–1910 American Edward B. Tylor 1832–1917 English John Tyndall 1820–1893 Irish 1857–1929 American Paul Veyne 1857–1929 French 1688–1744 Italian Frangois-Marie Arouet de 1694–1778 French William Walsh 1913–1986 English Lester Ward 1841–1913 American 1888–1963 American 1864–1920 German C.V. Wedgwood 1910–1997 English Julius Wellhausen 1844–1918 German H. G. Wells 1866–1946 English Edward Westermarck 1862–1939 Finnish Andrew D. White 1832–1918 American Leslie A. White 1900–1975 American Lynn T. White 1907– American Morton G. White 1917– American Oscar Wilde 1856–1900 Irish William B. Willcox 1907–1985 American WoodrowWilson 1856–1924 American 1848–1915 German 1831–1897 American Selected List of Historians 265

Historians Dates Nationality Harvey Wish 1909–1968 American Wilhelm Wundt 1832–1920 German Alexandru Xénopol 1847–1920 Romanian Edgar Zilsel 1891–1944 American Howard Zinn 1922– American References

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Abbott, Wilbur C., 257 Adenauer, Konrad, 67,257 Abundance, relationship to magnitude, Advancement of Learning, The (Ba- 254–255 con),17,142–143, 199 Achilles, 109 Age of Louis XXV, The (Volatire), 37, 38– Acoma Pueblo, 241 39 Actium, Battle of, 212 Agriculture Acton, John Emerich Edward (Lord), 7,9, development of, 183 257 in pre-Columbian Peru, 113 criticism of Leopold von Ranke, 28 Ajax, 109 on ideas in history, 132 Aldrovandus, 26 on moral judgments by historians, 61,62 , 65,124–125,127 on universal history, 33 Alfonso I, 94 Adams, Brooks, 257 Alfonso VIII of Castile, 69 The Law of Civilization and Decay, 212 Alison, Archibald, 3–4, 257 Adams, Charles Francis, 212,257 on the French Revolution, 96–97 Adams, George Burton, 8,257 on generalization in history, 169 on , 193 on Gibbon’s writing style, 19, 83 on facts as focus of history, 83 as exponent, 111 on history as science, 146 on historians of antiquity, 221 on laws of history, 208 on historical writing, 17, 19,20 on Spencer‘s influence on history, 162 on laws of history, 204 Adams, Henry, 257 on Michelet’s Histoire de France, 17 Democracy, 6 on racial determinism, 88 on evolutionary theory, 170,207 Allen, Grant, 117, 257, 260 on laws of history, 207, 210,211,212– Alternating-phase law, of history, 204– 213 205 on religious determinants of history, America in Midpassage (Beard and 105 Beard), 141 “Rule of Phase Applied to History, American Anthropological Association, 69 The,” 212-213 American frontier, 173 Adams, Herbert Baxter, 85 American Historical Association, 7, 8, 29, Addresses to the German Nation (Fichte), 83,105,146, 193,207,208,209 87 American Historical Review, 75–76 289 290 Index

American historiography, 7, 8–9 Augustine (saint), 95, 257 economic determinism interpretation Augustus, Emperor, 65 of, 194–197 Ausubel, Herman, 257 Amyot, Jacques, 57,257 Axarquia, Battle of, 94 Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Baby- Bacon, Francis, 60,99, 257 lonians, Medes and Persians, The Advancement of Learning, 17,142– Macedonians and Grecians, The 143,199 (Rollin), 98–99 Novum Organum, 199 Annales d’histoire économique et sociale, Bagby, Philip, 152, 257 42–43,63,222 Bagehot, Walter, 206,257 Anne, Queen of England, 73 Bain, Alexander, 134 Anthropology Balzac, Honoré 18 antievolutionism of, 233 Bancroft, George, 16,207,257 comparative method of, 156-158, 163, History of the United States, 104–105 174–175,229 Baquero, Eduardo Gómez de, 43 contribution to evolutionary theory, Barbarossa, Frederick, 72–73 174–175 Barnes, Harry Elmer, 257 cultural, moral neutrality of, 65–66 on Decline and Fall of the Roman Em- cultural relativism of, 81 pire, 4 Great Man theory of history perspec- description of Henry Osborn Taylor, 105 tive of, 113–121,129–130 on evolutionary theory, 166 historical relativism of, 81–82 on German Idealism, 133 interpretation of racial and cultural on laws of history, 209 differences by, 92–93 on philosophy of history, 3 investigational techniques of, 228–229 racial determinism of, 89 philosophy of history perspective of, 10, on scientific method in history, 10–11 12 on Toynbee, 107 of, 81 on truth in history, 8–9 scientific generalization by, 150–151 on , 34 Antiphon the Sophist, 181 Barraclough, Geoffrey, 84, 151, 168, 173, Antiquarianism, 8 216-217,257 Aragon, 94 Barrow, Isaac, 180 Archaeology, comparative method of, 163, Barth, Paul, 211,257 165 Barzun, Jacques, 29,37,86,257 Archimedes, 181,200 Bastian, Adolf, 133 Aristotle, 114–115, 157-158, 166, 257 Battles Politics, 196 Actium, 212 Armada, Spanish, 67 Axarquia, 94 Arnold, Matthew, 13,99 Crécy, 81 Arnold, Thomas, 99,257 Fraga, 94 Art, as human developmental stage, 5 Nájera, 19 Artists, free will of, 51, 74 Rossbach, 70 Art of History, The (Black), 11 Beard, Charles A., 196198,258 Assassinations, failed, 67, 68 America in Midpassage, 141 Astronomy, 200, 253 on Bancroft’s History of the United Athens, 119_120 States, 105 Atkinson, William C., 257 on determinism, 48 History of Spain and Portugal, 90 The Economic Basis of Politics, 195 Attacotti, 19–20 An Economic Interpretation of the Con- Auden, W. H., 122,257 stitution, 141, 194–195 Index 291

Beard, Charles A. (cont.) Bonaparte: see Napoleon Bonaparte The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne de, 97-98, 101, Democracy, 195 258 historical relativism of, 81 Discourse on Universal History, 32, 97, as New History proponent, 43 98, 109 The Rise of American Civilization, 195 Boswell, James, 1,49, 258 “That Noble Dream,” 76–77, 78 Life of Johnson, 26 “Written History as an Act of Faith,” Boyle’s law, 251–252 78–79 Braudel, Fernand, 17,38,42,43,258 Beard, Mary R., 141,195,258 Breisach, Ernst, 148 Becker, Carl L., 258 Breysig, Kurt, 258 “Detachment in the Writing of His- Der Stufenbau und die Gesetze der tory,” 76 Weltgeschichte, 211 on facts of history, 84, 161–162 Briggs, Henry, 182 The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth- Brinton, Crane, 77,230–231,258 Century Philosophers, 76 Bryce, James, 34,161,258 historical relativism of, 81 Buckle, Henry Thomas, 163,258 on history as science, 143, 147 on history as science, 158-159 on philosophy of history,11 Introduction to the History of Civiliza- on religious determinism, 99, 102–103, tion in England, 98, 159, 206 107 on laws of history, 131,224–225 on Universal History, 34 on philosophy of history, 39 Becker, Howard, 258 on universal history, 32 Beesley, Edward S., 51-52, 116, 128,258 Bullitt, William, C., 138,258 Benson, Lee, 258 Buoyancy, law of, 200 Berlin, Isaiah, 52, 65, 139, 258 Burckhardt, Jacob, 258 Bernheim, Ernst, 211,258 Burgess, Ernest W., 217, 258 Lehrbuch der Historischen, 146 Burgess, John W., 258 Bernier, Olivier, 223, 258 Buridan, Jean, 99,258 Bernoulli, Jacques, 181 Burke, Edmund, 122,258 Bernoulli, Jean, 181 Burney, Fanny, 22 Berr-, Henri, 12,34–35,135–136,209,258 Bury, John B., 43,258 Bible, 94, 95,96, 166,206 on contingency in history, 73 Binomial theorem, 182 on evolutionary theory, 173–174 Biography on history as literature, 18 of ancient Greeks and Romans, 109 on history as science, 146, 161 history as, 221 on ideas as historical determinants, Bismarck, Otto von, 122, 258 131-132 Black, John. B., 9, 19,258 on individuals’ role in history, 222 The Art of History, 11 on philosophy of history, 1, 5, 6, 9-10 Blanca/Blanche (wife of Louis VIII of on static nature of history, 166 France), 69–70, 71 “The Science of History,” 28 Bloch, Marc, 42, 63, 222,258 on Universal History, 31, 32 Bloomsbury Group, 27 Butterfield, Herbert, 258 Boas, Franz, 113,164,252,258 on causation, 86 Bock, Kenneth E., 80–81,258 on facts in history, 4 Bodin, Jean, 3,31, 167, 212, 258 on Great Man theory of history, 121, Method for Easily Understanding His- 222 tory, 3 on ideas as historical determinants, Method for the Easy Comprehension of 132,143 History, 101 on laws of history, 219 292 Index

Butterfield, Herbert (cont.) , 65,219–220 on religious determinism, 104 Charles VIII, King of France, 96 The Whig Interpretation of History, 2– Chateaubriand, Francois, 258 3,63, 171 Chesterfield, Lord, 258 Byron, George Gordon (Lord), 69 Chesterton, G.K., 67, 113 Cheyney, Edward P., 258 Calculus, 236 on contingency in history, 73–74 Calculus, invention of, 120–121,179–182 on evolutionary theory, 173 Cambridge Modern History, 33 on Great Man theory, 117,118,127, Cambridge University, 6, 8, 132 128-129 Idealism movement at, 133, 134 Law in History and Other Essays, 53 of Modern History, 207 on laws of history, 208–209,213–214 Regius Professor of Modern History, on medieval social movements, 164–165 28, 53, 61, 146 on moral judgment by historians, 62– Campanella, Tomasso, 37, 60,258 63 Capitalists, 194 on philosophy of history, 9 Capital (Marx), 206 on religion, 107 Captain Stormfield‘s Visit to Heaven remarks about Joan of Arc, 127 (Twain), 117-118 A Short History of England, 44–45 Cardano, Geronimo, De substilitate re- on Trevelyan’s literary style, 25–26 rum. 169 Chiefdoms, 153, 157, 158, 163–164, 183, Carlyle, Thomas, 16, 36, 212,258 184–185 definition of history, 13 prediction of development of, 243–248 on determinism, 49 Childe, V. Gordon, 163,236,258 evolutionism of, 169 China, development of civilization in, French Revolution, 24,26 187,188-190 as Great Man theory exponent, 110 Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña (anony- Heroes and Hero-Worship, 110 mous), 94 on history as science, 161 Chronicles of France, Flanders, England, on individuals in history, 220 Scotland and Spain (Froissart), on Scott’s novels, 20 18,19 Carneiro, Robert L., 242,245–247,248– , history as, 1 249,250-251 , 26 Carr, Edward Hallett, 14-15, 79,258 Civil law, Montesquieu on, 57–58 What Is History? 214 Civil War, American, 231–232 Casanova, 26 Classical antiquity, see also Greece, an- Catherine the Great, 22 cient; , 98, 120 Heroic Age of, 109–110 Causation, time lag in, 239–240 historians of, 220–221 Causation, 85–107,133,147,159 Cleisthenes, 116 environmental determinants of, 92 , 66 evolutionary, 171 Clio, 94 racial determinants of, 86-93 Clive, John L., 20,41, 95, 258 religous determinants of, 93–107 Cobban, Alfred, 2 as scientific principle, 199 Cochran, Thomas C., 15–16,45,258 Cellini, Benvenuto, 26 Cohen, Morris R., 125,258 Celts, 90,91,93 Colby, Charles W., 1–2, 259 Cerfbeer, T., 59 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 96, 259 Challener, Richard D., 209,215 Collective behavior, history as, 56 Challenge-and-response principle, 187 Collingwood, R. G., 93,211,259 Chang, Kwang-chih, 164,258 Autobiography, 141 Index 293

Columbia University, 165 , artistic, 51 Professor of History, 17 Crécy, Battle of, 81 Commager, Henry Steele, 17,64,85, 172, Crete, 109 173,210,259 Minoan civilization of, 187–188 Community size, relationship to social Croce, Benedetto, 141, 259 structure, 242–243 Cromwell, Oliver, 96, 97, 116, 138 Comparative method, 151–156, 158 Cross-cultural comparison, 163 in anthropology, 156–158, 163, 174– Crowther, J. G., 202,259 175,229 Crusades, 72–73 as cross-cultural comparison, 163 Cultural History, 35–43 for cultural complexity estimation, 249 Macaulay’s contributions to, 39–41 relationship to social , 135– Voltaire’s contributions to, 32, 37–39 136 Cultural relativism, 81 sociological, 160–161 Culture Comparative Politics (Freeman), 163 anthropological analysis of, 174 Comte, Auguste, 259 laws of: see Law(s), of culture Cours de philosophie positive, 205 racial differences in, 93 Henry Thomas Buckle as follower of, science of, 148–150 131 Culture process, 177-198 John Stuart Mill as follower of, 205– definition of, 178,220 206 distinguished from history, 73–74 Law of the Three Stages of, 205 influence on individuals, 225–227 opposition to Universal History, 32 of invention, 179–182 of, 145 of political development, 182–186 on religious determinism, 102 Culturologists, 179 on social development, 168 Curate of Los Palacios, 94 Concentration camps, 65 Custom, 50 Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine, 3, 131, Cyclicity, in history, 167–168, 204–205 168,203,259 Sketch of a Historical Table of the D’Alembert, Jean Le Rond, 57–58,259 Progress of the Human Mind, Danton, George Jacques, 138,224 204 Darwin, Charles, 100–101, 111, 112, 117, Conklin, Edwin Grant, 119,259 142, 171, 182; see also Evolution- Conquest of Granada, The (Irving), 20 ary theory, Darwinian Considerations on the Causes of the The Origin of Species, 103, 166, 170, Greatness of the Romans and 205,206 Their Decline (Montesquieu, 203 Darwin, , 169 da Vinci, Leonardo, 128,137,201,259 of Greek city-states, 157 “Decay of Lying, The,” (Wilde), 26 U.S., 194, 195 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Contingency, in history, 66–74 (Gibbon), 1,3–4 16, 19–20,83 anthropology’s perspective on, 72–74 Deffand, Madame du, 37,39 distinguished from determinism, 73–74 Defoe, Daniel, History of the Plague Continuity, law of, 213 Years, 26 Corday, Charlotte, 224 Deists, 101–102 Cornell University, 6, De Mause, Lloyd, 139,259 Corveé, 250-251 Democracy, law of, 213 Coulborn, Rushton, 153,259 Democracy (Adams), 6 Coursault, Jesse, 161 Democratic National Committee, 106 Cours de philosophie positive (Comte), 205 Democrats, Jeffersonians, 194–195 Creation, The (Haydn), 68 Democritus, 200 294 Index

De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 200 Economic Interpretation of the Constitu- Descartes, René, 99, 100, 180, 199,259 tion, An (Beard), 141,194–195 Dioptrique, 202 Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democ- Discours de la Méthode, 202 racy (Beard), 195 Descriptive histiorography, 152 Edinburgh Review, 39-49 De substilitate rerum (Cardano). 169 Edward IV, King of England, 73 “Detachment in the Writing of History” Edward VI, King of England, 73 (Becker),76 Eggan, Fred, 238,259 Determinism, 115 Eighteenth Brumaire (Engels), 206 distinguished from contingency, 73–74 Einstein, Albert, 50,80,123,259 distinguished from fatalism, 49–50 Eleanor of Aquitaine, 69–70,71 distinguished from free will, 47–57, , Queen of England, 128 203 Elton, Geoffrey R., 82,259 ecological, 191 on comparative method, 153 scientific, 148,200,201 on cultural history, 45 social, 52 on determinism, 171 Development on Erikson’s Young Man Luther ..., 139 Aristotle’s theory of, 157–158 on historical relativism, 79, 80 cultural, 158 on history as literature, 2–28,29 laws of, 248–252 on laws of history, 210,218,223 historical, 154 on objectivity of history, 14 social laws of, 204–205 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 24, 131,259 Developmental stages, of mankind, 5 as Great Man theory exponent, 110– Diamond, Stanley, 191 111 Diderot, Denis, 58, 131,259 ‘History,” 110_111 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 133,148,259 on history as biography, 221 Dioptrique (Descartes), 202 on ideas as historical determinants, 131 Discours de la Méthode (Descartes), 202 Emerton, Ephraim, 7,259 Discourse on Universal History (Bossuet), Eminent Victorians (Strachey), 27, 136– 32, 97,98, 109 137 Domesday Book, 79 , 115, 148, 199 Domitian, Emperor, 57 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2, 126 Dostoyevsky, Fëodor, 137 Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, 126 Drake, Francis, 67 Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 34– Draper, John William, 259 35,136,209 Droysen, Johann Gustav, 259 ‘Energy and the Evolution of Culture” Dryasdust, Rev. Dr. (fictional character), (White), 233 21 Engels, Frederick, 53–55,56,123–124, Dryden, John, 113 226,259; see also Marxist theory Du Barry, Madame, 70,71 Eighteenth Brumaire, 206 Dubos, Jean Baptiste, 38-39 on ideas as behavioral determinants, Dunning, William A., 15, 16, 259 142 Duruy, Jean Victor, 66,259 Ludwig Feuerbach, 206 social determinism of, 206 École, Militaire, 69 England, cultural history in, 39–40,43, Ecological determinism, 191 45 Economic Basis of Politics, The (Beard), English Social History (Trevelyan), 41 195 Enlightenment, 3,101–102 Economic determinism, 191 French, 131,168 Economic factors, as historical determi- ideological influences during, 130–131 nants, 190–198 universal history during, 32 Index 295

Environmental determinism, 92 Febvre, Lucien, 34–35,42,43,136,209, Erikson, E. H., Young Man Luther: A 259 Study in Psychoanalysis and Feder, Alfred, 218,259 History, 139 Federalist Papers, 196 Essay on the Manners and Customs of Federalist Party, 194 Nations, (Voltaire), 37 Fénelon, Francois de, 37,259 Essays, historical, 39–40 Fermi, Enrico, 123 Ethics (Spinoza), 203 Ferraro, Joseph, 55 Feudalism, 129,166,172,225,226 comparative method of, 163–164 comparative study of, 153 of 17th-century England, 41 Feudal Monarchy in France and England Ethnology, German Idealism and, 133 (Petit-Dutaillis), 139–140 Eudoxus, 181 Fichte, Johann Gottfried, 4, 5, 132 Euler, Leonhard, 247,259 Addresses to the German Nation, 87 Euphrates Valley, 184 Finley, Moses I., 259 Events Fisher, H. A. L., 259 as focus of history, 1, 3–4, 8–9, 158 History of Europe, 72 New Historians’ interpretation of, Fiske, John, 50–51,259 44_45 on the Constitution, 194 Voltaire’s dissatisfaction with, 37–38 on Great Man Theory, 111, 112, 221 general classes of, 219 on institutional history, 45 as historical forms, 174 on laws of history, 206-207 historical laws based on, 216–217 on social development, 174 history of, 16 Fling, Fred Morrow, 217-219,259 objective reality of, 79 Flint, Robert, 259 order of, 12 Folklore in the Old Testament (Frazer), Evolutionary distance, of traits, 248–252 175 Evolutionary Potential, Law of, 214–215, Fontenelle, Bernard De, 57, 259 235–237 Ford, Henry, 13 Evolutionary theory Forster, E. M., 27 of culture, 233–234 Fouché, Joseph, 138 Darwinian, 100–101, 103, 111, 112, Founding Fathers, 194 117,166,180,205,206,207 Fraga, Battle of, 94 simultaneous development of, 182 France, Anatole, 2627,259 in history, 165–175 France, cultural history in, 37–39, 42–43 anthropology‘s contribution to, 174– Frank, Jerome, 14,67,259 175 Frank, Tenney, 259 opposition to, 170–173 Franklin, Benjamin, Poor Richard‘s Al- political, 166 manac, 66 pre-Darwinian, 167–170 Frazer, James G., 89, 132,259 in sociology and anthropology, 205 Folklore in the Old Testament, 175 Experimentation, scientific, 201,228 Psyche’s Task, 225 Free consent, law of necessity of, 213 Facts, see also Events; Particularism Freedom of the Mind in History (Taylor), as focus of history, 8–9, 11,83–84 105 historians’ intrepretation of, 13, 14–15, Freeman, Edward A., 36, 161,259 77,79 Comparative Politics, 163 narrative recounting of, 15–18 Free will, 159 Fanatics, 111–112 determinism versus, 47-57, 74,203 Fatalism, distinguished from determin- French Enlightenment, 131, 168 ism, 49–50 French history, 59 296 Index

French Revolution, 59,63–64, 71,73,96– Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 208 97, 168,222,223,224,229–230 Gould, Stephen J., 74,260 French Revolution, The (Carlyle), 24 Gouldner, Alvin, 81,260 Freud, Sigmund, 136,259 Gracchi, 138 Moses and Monotheism, 137–138 Grant, Ulysses S., 118 Froissart, Jean, 6, 161,260 Gravity, law of, 201–202,215–216,218 Chronicles of France, Flanders, Eng- Great Cultural Traditions, The (Turner), land, Scotland and Spain, 18, 19 152–153 Froude, James Anthony, 47,58,75,83, Great Man theory, of history, 109–143 208,260 anthropological perspective on, 113– History of England, 25 121,129–130 Fustel de Coulanges, Numa, 75, 145, 260 facilitators versus deflectors concept of, History of the Political Institutions of 124–127 Ancient France, 61–62 opponents of, 115–119 “Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the En- Galileo, 99, 112, 180, 199 vironment’’ (James), 112 law of falling bodies, 201–202, 215– Greatness, historical figures’ comments 216,218 on, 121–130 Galton, Francis, 117,260 Greece, ancient Gardiner, Patrick, 2, 11,85,260 city-states of, constitutions of, 157 Garner, John Nance, 67 epics of, 109 Gay, Peter, 3,41, 79, 81,260 Great Man theory applied to, 119–120 Geisteswissenschaft, 148–150 mathematics of, 181 Generalization philosophers of, 166; see also Names of by anthropologists, 150–151 individual philosophers historians’ attitudes toward, 229 Greek Political Thought (Toynbee), 154– historical, 158, 170–171 155 statistical, 237, 238 Green, J. R., 36, 58–59, 260 “Genesis of the Concept of Physical Law, Green, Thomas Hill, 133–134,260 The” (Zilsel), 200 Gregory, James, 182 Genius, see also Great Man theory, of his- Grimm, Jacob, 5–6, 260 tory Grote, George, 260 of inventors, 120–121 History of Greece, 52 Macaulay’s statement on, 113–114 Guedalla, Philip, 30, 67, 260 unrecognized, 117–118 Guest, M. J., 260 Germany, cultural history in, 42 Handbook of English History, 88 Geyl, Pieter, 106, 172,260 Guizot, Francois, 63–64,260 Gibbon, Edward, 1,95, 118, 161, 167,260 Gumplowicz, Ludwig, 61,128, 133,226, conversion to Catholicism, 97 260 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Gunnery, principle of, 201 1,3–4,16,19–20,83 Guns of August, The (Tuchman),147 literary style of, 19-20 Gurevich, Aaron, 55 Ginsberg, Morris, 118,260 Guttman scale analysis, 248–249 Gladstone, William Ewarts, 122, 194, 260 Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de, 260 Habit, 50 The Inequalities of the Human Races, Hahn, Otto, 123 87 Hallam, Henry, 260 , German Idealists’ concept of, 134 Handbook of English History (Guest), 88 God’s will, history as expression of: see Handlin, Oscar, 260 Religious interpretations, of his- , 66 tory Hanno, Pleriplus, 26 Index 297

Haydn, Joseph, The Creation, 68 History: Its Purpose and Method (Renier), Hayes, Carlton J. H., 260 215 Heeren, Arnold Ludwig, 260 History, see also Cultural history; Narra- Hegel, Georg Friedrich, 2,4–5,6, 10, 55, tive history; Universal history 102, 103, 132, 133, 193,260; see as chronology, 1 also Idealism, German as collective behavior, 56 evolutionism of, 169 definitions of, 13–15,55,67,72, 76,77 Philosphy of Law, 192 practice of, 15–16 remarks about Napoleon, 110 scope of, 13–15 Heisenberg, Werner, 123,260 “History,” (Emerson), 110–111 Henry Esmond (Thackeray), 36 History of England From the Accession of Henry Prince of Wales, 73 James II, The (Macaulay), 16, Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 4–5, 102, 23–24,40–41,76 260 History of England (Froude), 25 evolutionism of, 168-169 History of England (Hume), 4 laws of history of, 204 History of England (Lecky), 85–86 Thoughts Concerning the Philosophy of History of English Literature (Taine), Man’s History, 168_169 221 , 26,220–221 History of Europe (Fisher), 72 Heroes, see also Great Man theory, of his- (Michelet), 17, 90-91, tory 167–-168 of classical antiquity, 109-110 History of Greece (Grote), 52 Heroes and Hero-Worship (Carlyle), 110 (Robertson), 154 Heyne, Christian Gottlieb, 236, 260 History of Spain and Portugal Higham, John, 7,16,41,45–46,133,194, (Atkinson), 90 197 History of the Crusades (Runciman), 84 Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 27, 81, 260 History of the French Revolution Histoire de France (Michelet), 17, 90-91, (Mignet), 63-64, 110 167-168 History of the Plague Years (Defoe), 26 Histoire de la Révolution Francaise History of the Political Institutions of An- (Mignet), 63-64,110 cient France (de Coulanges), 61– Historians, see also Names of individual 62 historians History of the Sciences, A (Mason), 200 American, religious determinism of, History of the United States (Bancroft), 104–105 104–105 birth and death dates of, 257–265 History of the World (Raleigh), 75 British, racial determinism of, 88–90 Hitler, Adolf, 64-66 French Hitti, Philip, 260 as proponents of social psychology, Hobbes, Thomas, 196 135–136 Hockett, Homer C., 29,260 racial determinism of, 90–91 Hofstadter, Richard, 17, 27, 260 German, racial determinism of, 87– Holt, W. Stull, 8, 209–210 88 Hook, Sidney, 117, 118–119, 196,226, moral judgments by, 57–66 260 Rationalist, 4 Houghton, Walter E., 169,260 rejection of philosophy of history by, 1– House, Floyd, 101,260 3 Households, development of, 157 scientific, opposition to narrative his- Howard, Michael, 63,17, 165, 260 tory, 28–29 Hughes, H. Stuart, 27,30,77,139,146, , 191 260 Historical relativism, 15, 74–82 Huizinga, Johan, 16–17,77,260 298 Index

Hume, David, 1,58, 161, 167, 261 Intuition, 148 History of England, 4 Invention Hundred Years' War, 18 culture process of, 179–182 Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 253 role of genius in, 120–121 Huxley, Julian, 112–113,261 simultaneous, 235–236 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 50,54,261 Irving, Washington, 261 Hypotheses testing, 228 The Conquest of Granada, 20 , 127 Idealism Ivanhoe (Scott), 20–21 French, 133 German, 4–5,6–7,102,132–135,148, Jackson, Andrew, 121–122,261 191 Jackson, Gabriel, 45,72,196,223–224, influence on British philosophers, 261 133-134 James, Arthur, 71 influence on twentieth-century history, James, William, 49,89, 117,261 141–143 on Great Man theory, 112, 117 Ideas, as historical determinants, 130– "Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the 143 Environment," 112 on laws of history, 208 economic determinism versus, 197–198 Jevons, Stanley, 146, 261 Marxist theory of, 193 Joan of Arc, 118–119,127 Idiographic approach, 149, 150,216–217 John, King of England, 58–59,60, 139– If, Or History Rewritten, 67 140 Ikhnaton, 116, 137 psychosis of, 139-140 Iliad, 18 Johnson, Andrew, 16 Imagination, literary, 26-27 Johnson, Samuel, 1,49,261 Impermanence, law of, 213 "The Vanity of Human Wishes," 165 Individuals, see also Great Man theory, of Joliot, 123 history Josephine Bonaparte, 68 historians' focus on, 220-227 Journal of Psychohistory, 139 influence of culture process on, 225– , 66 227 role in historical events, 56–57 Kant, Immanuel, 31–32,102,133–134, role in the origin of the state, 177–178 261 Induction, 199 Kaplan, Justin, 261 Inertia, law of, 202 Keller, Albert G., 128, 162,261 Inheritance, 154 Kepler, Johannes, 99, 100,199,261 Institutional history, 45–46 laws of planetary motion, 100, 181, Interdependence, law of, 213 201-202,255 International Encyclopedia of the Social , Abdal-Raman, 31, 261 Sciences,11,85 King, Martin Luther Jr., 55–56,261 Interpretation, 79,83–84; see also Causa- Kingsley, Charles, 88, 100–101, 103–104, tion 146,261 particularism versus, 83-85 as Great Man theory exponent, 110– scientific, 147 111, 116,221 Introduction to the History of Civitization on individuals in history, 221 in England (Buckle), 98,159,206 on laws of history, 207–208,211 Introduction to the History of Western Eu- racial determinism of, 88 rope (Robinson), 44,63 "The Limits of Exact Science as Ap- Introduction to the Study of History plied to History," 53 (Langlois and Signobos), 145–146 Kinship, lineal, terminology of, 238–239 Index 299

Kramer, Edna E., 69,261 Law in History and Other Essays, 53 The Nature and Growth of Modern Law of Civilization and Decay, The (Ad- Mathematics, 181 ams), 212 Kroeber, A. L., 119, 152, 233,261 Law of Evolutionary Potential, 236–237 Krutch, Joseph Wood, 48–49, 51,261 Lea, Henry C., 7,62,261 Kubler, George, 261 Leaders Kuikuru, 241,242 historians’ moral judgment about, 58– Kulturgeschichte, 42, 133, 134 59, 60, 62 of social movements, 55 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 169 Le Bon, Gustave, 91,111-112,261 Lamprecht, Karl, 116–117,134–135,211, Lecky, W. E. H., 27,125,261 261 History of England, 85–86 Langlois, Charles V., 145–146,261 Lee, Lightfoot Mrs. (fictional character), Laplace, Pierre Simon, 69 6 Mécanique Céleste, 116 Lee, Maurice Jr. 209,215 Last Judgment, 96 Leff, Gordon, 72,210,261 Law(s) Lehrbuch der Historischen (Bernheim), Boyle’s, 251–252 146 causal, 240 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 120-121, of culture, 224–225,233–255 168, 180, 181–182,261 anthropologists’ formulation of, 229 Lenin, Vladimir, 124 complexity as function of size, 241– Leo III (Pope), 219–220 243 Leopold of Austria, 223 of cultural development, 248-252 Lesser, Alexander, 239–240,261 predictive, 243–248 Leszczynska, Maria, 70 statistical, 237–255 Leucippus, 115,200 of Evolutionary Potential, 214–215, Lever, law of, 200 235-237 Lewis, A. H., 121-122 of gravity, 201–202,215–216,218 Life of Johnson (Boswell), 26 of history, 54,55, 199–232 Lifton, Robert Jay,137–138,261 development of, 203–207 Lincoln, Abraham, 121, 261 historians’ denial of, 209–210 Lincoln College, Oxford, 134 historians’ opposition to, 207–208, , Grimm’s “law,” of, 214 218–219 Literature, narrative history as, 18–30 historians’ support for, 208–209,219 Carlyle’s influence on, 24–25 proposed, 210–220 Macaulay’s influence on, 22–24, 25 Montesquieu on, 57–58 Scott’s influence on, 20–23 natural, 53, 99–100, 101, 102,104, 107, Strachey’s influence on, 25–26, 29-30 159,199 Trevelyan’s influence on, 25–26,29–30 prescriptive, 199 Lives of the Saints, 26 proscriptive, 199 Lives (Plutarch), 57, 109 scientific, 206 , 220–221 Boyle’s law, 251–252 Locke, John, 113,196 of buoyancy, 200 Logarithms, 182 definition of, 199 London, 1685, Macaulay’s description of, elemental form of, 227–228 23–24 origin of, 199-202 Lorentz, Konrad, 123 of universal gravitation, 202,240– Louis XV of France, 70 24 1 Louis XVI, 224 of squares, 212–213 Louis VIII, 69, 71 of the Three Stages, 205 Low, Seth, 165 300 Index

Lowie, Robert H., 113,261 Mathematics, see also Calculus Lucretius, 261 culture process in, 179–182 De Rerum Natura, 200 Maurois, André 67 Ludwig, Emil, 221, 261 Maya, 191 Ludwig Feuerbach (Engeld, 206 Mayne, Richard, 42 Lung-shan culture, 189 McCombs, William F., 106 Luther, Martin, 117 McGill University, Kingsford Professor of Lycothenes, Conrad, 26 History, 1–2 Lycurgus, 109–110 McGrew, R. E., 152,223 McNeill, William H., 84–85, 151, 152, Mably, Gabriel Bonnet de, 109–110,261 219,261 MacArthur, Robert, 253 Mécanique Céleste (Laplace), 116 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 84,261 Medieval Cities (Pirenne), 92 contribution to cultural history, 39–41 Meinecke, Friedrich, 49, 147,261 Dryden essay, 113–114 Method for Easily Understanding History “History,” 22, 39–40 (Bodin), 3 The History of England From the Acces- Method for the Easy Comprehension of sion of James II, 16,23–24,40–41 History (Bodin), 101 literary style of, 21–24 Method of exhaustion, 181 on Scott’s novels, 21, 22 Meyer, Eduard, 209,211,215,262 Machiavelli, 60, 196 Michelangelo, 128 Madison, James, 195 Michelet, Jules, 161, 262 Magdalenians, 236 History of France, 17, 90-91, 167–168 Magnitude, relationship to abundance, Middle Ages 253–254 architectural achievement during, 120 Mailly, Madame de, 70 concept of human progress during, 166 Maistre, Joseph de, 261 concept of ideas during, 130 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 179 historical writing during, 31,94,95–96 Malory, Thomas, 26 invention of stirrups during, 182 Malta, 163–164 social development during, 164 Marat, Jean Paul, 138,224 Mignet, Francois Auguste, 262 Margoliouth, D. S., 126, 261 Histoire de la Révolution Francaise, , 66 63–64,110 Markham, Felix, 68,261 Mill, John Stuart, 133–134,262 Martin, Bishop of Tours, 98 as Great Man theory exponent, 110– Martineau, James, 48, 261 111, 114–115 Marx, Karl, 53–55,192–193,196,261 on ideas as historical determinants, 131 Capital, 206 on laws of history, 159 on German Idealism, 132–133 on national character, 92 on individuals in history, 221 System of Logic, 4748,205-206 social determinism of, 206 Millennium (1,0000 AD), 96 Marxist theory, 193, 194 Milton, John, 113 American histography and, 195–197 Mind, 134 of free will versus determinism, 53–55 Minoan civilization, 187–188 Mason, Stephen, A History of the Sci- Minos, King of Crete, 109 ences, 200 Mirabeau, Honoré, 224 Masson, David, 134 , 95, 98, 101 Mass psychology, 135 Mohammed, 112,117,124 Mastre, Joseph de, 97 as “abnormal” , 124, Materialism, 115 125–128 historical, 191 Mommsen, Theodor, 58,87,212,262 Index 301

Monarchs, see also Names of individual Natural selection, 172-173, 182 kings and queens Nature and Growth of Modern Mathe- Montesquieu on, 57-58 matics, The (Kramer), 181 Monarchy, 174 Naturwissenschaft, 148–149 Monk of Croyden, 18 Necessity, 54–55 Monod, Gabriel, 262 Nelson, Lynn H., 94, 262 Monotheism, 116,137 Neolithic period, 163–164, 183–184, 189, Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, 39,262 236,244–245 Considerations on the Causes of the Nevins, Allan, 28, 77, 173, 195,227, 262 Greatness of the Romans and New History, 10,43–46 Their Decline, 203 historical relativism of, 77 The Spirit of the Laws, 57–58,203 moral neutrality of, 62-63 Moors, 94 objectives of, 216 , social, 52 New History, The (Robinson), 193–194 Moral judgments, in history, 57–66 Newman, John Henry (cardinal), 27 Moral progress, law of, 213 New Science, The (Vico), 101, 167–168 Morgan, Lewis H., 170 Newton, Isaac, 99, 100, 112, 113, 114, Morrison, J. Cottee, 2 118,122–123, 142,167,262 Moses and Monotheism (Freud), 137–138 calculus of, 120–121, 179–182 Motley, John L., The Rise of the Dutch on his contributions to science, 122– Republic, 16, 59, 89 123 Murdock, George P., 262 intellect of, 114 Social Structure, 238–239 law of universal gravitation, 202, 240– Murray, Gilbert, 18,262 241 Mythology, 92,227–228 Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis, 202 Nájera, Battle of, 19 New York Times, 195 Namier, Lewis B., 15, 16, 77,84, 135, Nichol, John P., 100 139,262 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, 262 Napier, John, 182 Nightingale, Florence, 136 Napoleon Bonaparte, 26, 65, 73, 117, 121, Nile Valley, 184 258 Nomos, 200 contingency in life of, 68–69 Nomothetic approach, 149,150,216–217 Engel’s statement about, 123–124 Nordau, Max, 11,262 Hegel’s remarks about, 110 Nordic , 92 Wells’ on, 41–42 Northwestern University, 72 Narrative history, 15–18 Novels, historical, 18, 20–22 focus of, 30–31 Novum Organum (Bacon), 199 as literature, 18–30 Carlyle’s influence on, 24–25 Oakeshott, Michael, 77, 217, 262 Macaulay’s influence on, 22–24, 25 Objectivity, historical, 74-82 Scott’s influence on, 20–23 Odyssey, 18 Strachey’s influence on, 25–26,29–30 , 26 Trevelyan’s influence on, 25–26,29– Oman, Charles, 7, 15,72, 124, 125–126, 30 161,262 National character, 90,91,92 “On a Method of Investigating the Devel- Natural History (Pliny), 26 opment of Institutions; Appled to , 53,99–100,101, 102, 104, Laws of Marriage and Descent” 107, 159,199 (Tylor), 238 Natural science, 148–149, 172–173 Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 103, 166, objectivism as basis of, 80 170,205,206 302 Index

Orloff, Count, 22-23 Philosophy of History, The (Voltaire), 37 Otto I, Emperor of Germany, 96 Philosophy of History (Schlegel), 5 Outline of History, The (Wells), 34,41– Philosophy of Law (Hegel), 192 42,89 Physics Oxford University, 97, 165, 210 classical, 150 Idealism movement at, 133, 134 Newtonian, 167 Lincoln College, 134 Pirenne, Henri, 33–34,84,217 Professor of Modern History, 146 Medieval Cities, 92 Regius Professor of History, 25, 77,208 Planetary motion, Kepler’s law of, 100, 181,201–202,255 Paleolithic period, 183 Planetary motion, laws of, 255 Parallelogram of forces, 56 , 114–115, 130 Paris Academy, 247 Plekhanov, George, 121, 128,262 Parkman, Francis, 20,262 Pleriplus (Hanno), 26 Particularism Pliny, Natural History, 26 historians’ dissatisfaction with, 169 Plumb, J ohn H., 8,262 historical interpretation versus, 83–85 Plutarch, 221,262 Pascal, Blaise, 180,262 Lives, 57 Pensées, 66 Poetry, narrative history as, 24–25 Pattison, Mark, 134,262 Poincaré, Jules, 123 Payne, Edward John, 85,262 Pelitical development, culture process of, Pensées (Pascal), 66 182-186 Periplus (Hanno), 26 Politics (Aristotle), 196 Perkin, Harold, 2,262 Polybius, 31, 60, 93–94, 166,262 Peter the Hermit, 112 Pompadour, Madame de, 70,71 Petit-Dutaillis, C., 262 Poor Richard‘s Almanac (Franklin), 66 Feudal Monarchy in France and Eng- Pope Leo 111,219–220 land, 139–140 Population growth, 244–247 Phenomena, 151,152,155,219-220 Population growth, influence on political comparative study of, 164 development, 183–184 uniqueness of, 229 Positivism, 145, 222 Philip II, King of Spain, 59, 62, 65 Postmodernism, 81 Philip of Macedon, 124 Powell, Frederick York, 18,262 Philosophers, see also Names of individ- Powicke, Maurice, 262 ual philosophers , 154 British, influence of German Idealism Prescott, William H., 161,262 on, 133-134 Princeton University, 138 German, historical philosophy of, 4–6 Principia Mathematica Philosophiae , 131 Naturalis (Newton), 202 Philosophy Principles of a New Science of the Nature Great Man theory of, 114–115 of Nations (Vico), 31, 101, 167– of history, 1–12 168,203 application to universal history, 3 1– Principles of Sociology, The (Spencer), 32 116,160–161, 170,173 definition of, 11 Prodigiorum et Ostentorum Chronicon development of, 3–5 (Lycothenes), 26 historians’ acceptance of, 9–12 “Progress: Its Law and Cause” (Spencer), historians’ opposition to, 1–3,5–9 170 metaphysical, 4, 6, 10 Prolegomena to Universal History (Ibn theological, 4–5 Khaldun), 31 Southwest German School of, 148 Protestant Ethic, The (Weber), 198 Index 303

Providential theory, of history, 95 Renfrew, Colin, 163, 262 Psyche’s Task (Frazer), 225 Before Civilization m, 163–164 Psychoanalytic interpretations, of his- Renier, G. J., 14, 129, 138, 217,262 tory, 136–139 History: Its Purpose and Method, 215 Psychohistory, 139 Rerum Natura, De (Lucretius), 200 Psychological interpretations, of history, Retrogressive theory, of history, 167 134–141 Revolutionaries, psychoanalysis of, 138– Psychology, social, 134–135, 140 139 Punctuated equilibria theory, 74 Pyrrhus, 66 historical parallels of, 229–231 Marxist theory of, 192–193 Rabelais, Francois, 191 Revue de synthése historique, 135–136 Racial determinants, of history, 86– Richard II of England, 73 93 Richard the Lionhearted, 223 as opposition to , Rickert, Heinrich, 133, 262 153-154 Rise of American Civilization, The (Beard during sixteenth century, 167 and Beard), 195 Raleigh, Walter, 262 Rise of the Dutch Republic, The (Motley), History of the World, 75 16,59, 89 Ranke, Leopold von, 171–172,262 Robertson, William, 263 on goal of historians, 75 History of Scotland, 154 Hegelianism of, 6 Robespierre, Maximilien, 68, 138 on history as science, 147, 150 Robinson, James Harvey, 6, 7, 39,46, 77, on human freedom, 48 216,263 Lord Acton’s criticism of, 28 concept of history, 14 on particularism in history, 16 on the Deists, 102 on the practice of history, 15 on historians’ moral neutrality, 62 religious determinism of, 102–103 Introduction to the History of Western on universal history, 33 Europe, 44, 63 Raphael, 117,128 on laws of history, 209 Rationalis Philosophiae (Campanella), The New History, 193–194 37 as New History founder, 10, 43–44, Rationality, 148 193–194 Ratzel, Friedrich, 14, 88, 262 on prehistory, 154 Reflection, optical law of, 200 on the relationship of history and liter- Reform Bill of 1832,220 ature, 28–29 Refraction, law of, 202,226 on religious determinism, 93–94, 107 Reichenbach, Hans, 240, 262 Roman History, 87 Relativism, historical, 15, 74-82 on social psychology, 135 Religion, Montesquieu on, 57-58 Rollin, Charles, 263 Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (Taw- The Ancient History of the Egyptians, ney), 198 Carthaginians, Assyrians, Baby- Religious determinants, of history, 93– lonians, Medes and Persians, 107,155 Macedonians and Grecians, 98– German Idealism and, 133 99 laws of history and, 211 Roman Empire, 66–67 Renaissance German tribes’ attacks on, 104,214 historical writing during, 31 Gibbon’s history of, 1,3–4, 16, 19–20, Italian, artistic achievement during, 83 120,128 historians of, 18, 31 Renan, Ernest, 145,262 history of, contingency in, 66–67 304 Index

Roman History (Robinson), 87 Science Rome and China, A Study of Correlations of culture, 148–150 in Historical Events (Teggart), of history, 145–175 214 comparative method of, 151–153, Roosevelt, Franklin D., attempted assas- 162–165 sination of, 67 historians’ opposition to, 145–147 Ross, Edward A., 263 historians’ support for, 145 Rossbach, Battle of, 70 influence on historical interpreta- Rowse, A. L., 25, 143,263 tion, 99-100, 101, 103, 105 on causation in history, 85,86 Science of Culture, The (White), 233–234 on contingency in history, 73–74 235 on economic determinism, 194 “Science of History, The” (Bury), 28 on evolution, 173–174 Scientific method, 228 on the French Revoluiton, 59 Scienza nuova, La (The New Science ) on historical writing as literature, 30 (Vico), 203 on history as social science, 146 Scott, Walter, 18, 167, 263 on laws of history, 226 History of the World, 19 on Marxist economic theory, 194 Ivanhoe, 20–21 racial determinism of, 90 Waverly novels of, 21 on Raleigh’s History of the World, Secular interpretation, of history, 93–94, 19 99–102, 103,104,105, 107 on religious determinism, 107 Sée, Henri, 263 The Use of History, 237–238 Seeley, John R., 28,263 “Rule of Phase Applied to History, The” Seignobos, Charles, 145–146,263 (Adams), 212–213 Seligman, E. R. A., 197, 263 Runciman, Steven, 263 Service, Elman R., 236-237,263 History of the Crusades, 84 Law of Evolutionary Potential, 214– Runciman, W.G., 215,263 215 Russell, Bertrand, 7, 52, 151, 263 Seven Years’ War, 70 Russian Revolution, 229–230 Shakespeare, William, 12, 115, 117, 118 Shang civilization, 189–190 Said, 92 Shaw, George Bernard, 127 St. Augustine, 95,257 Short History of England, A (Cheyney), St. Martin, 98 44–45 Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 110, Shotwell, James T., 14, 43, 263 263 Simmel, Georg, 242, 263 Saint Louis Exposition, Congress of Arts Sismondi, Jean de, 57 and Science, 9 Sketch of a Historical Table of the Prog- Saints, 95 ress of the Human Mind Saint-Simon, Comte de, 204–205,263 (Condorcet), 204 Saliceti, Antoine Cristophe, 68 Slavery, 64 Sallust, 220–221 Sloane, William Milligan, 6, 17, 39, 165, Saveth, Edward N., 263 263 Savonarola, 96 Smith, Goldwin, 69, 263 Scalogram, 249-250 on the Great Man theory of history, Schapiro, J. Salwyn, 204,263 117 Schelling, Friedrich von, 4, 5, 102, 132, on moral judgments by historians, 62 263 on the philosophy of history, 11–12,48 Schlegel, Friedrich von, 4,263 on prediction, 243 Philosophy of History, 5 Smith, Lacey Baldwin, 72,263 Schlesinger, Arthur Jr., 227,263 Smith, Preserved, 36–37,99,263 Index 305

Social History: see Cultural History Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 198 Social institutions, historical study of, Spirit of the Laws, The (Montesquieu), 45-46 57–58,203 Socialism, scientific, 54 Sprenger, Aloys, 126 “Social Organism, The,” (Spencer), 103, Stages, historical, duration of, mathe- 115 matical laws of, 212–213 Social science, history as, 158–162 Starr, Chester G., 92, 146–147,263 Social Statics (Spencer), 115 Stasis, of history, 166, 167 Social structure, relationship to commu- State nity size, 242-243 definition of, 186 Social Structure (Murdock), 238–239 origin of, 156–158 Sociocultural determinism, 124 anthroplogical concept of, 158 Sociology in China, 164 comparative, 152, 160–161 culture process in, 177–178, 185– general theory of, 2 186,190 influence on institutional history, 45– role of individuals in, 177–178 46 Statistical laws, of culture, 237–255 perspective on laws of history, 217–218 Stefan-Boltzmann Law, 241–242 philosophy of history perspective of, Stephen, Leslie, 206, 263 10–11 Stern, Fritz, 38, 153, 263 Spencer’s contributions to, 159–161, Stirrups, invention of, 182 162 Strachey, Lytton, 27,263 subjectivism of, 81 Eminent Victorians, 136–137 , 114–115 Stubbs, William, 263 Sorokin, Pitirim A., 95–96,263 Study of History, A (Toynbee), 35,106– Soubise, General, 70 107,155–156,186-189 Spartacus, 138 Study of Sociology, The (Spencer), 115– Spartans, 109-110 116 Specialists, full-time craft, 250–251 Stufenbau und die Gesetze der Specialization, of historians, 9 Weltgeschichte, Der (Breysig), Species, size relationship of, 253 211 Spencer, Herbert, 133–134, 171, 174, 263 Subjectivism, 81, 135, 141 comparative method of, 162-163 Substilitate rerum, De (Cardano),169 contributions to sociology, 159–161, , 26 162 Swain, J. W., 161,263 on the development of science, 252–253 Swanton, John R., 113,263 evolutionism of, 170 Symonds, John Addington, 111,263 First Principles, 205 System of Logic, A (Mill), 47-48, 115, as Great Man theory critic, 115–116 205–206 on the Greek epics, 109 on historical change, 225 Tacitus, 26,57,93–94,161,220–221,263 on history as science, 159 Taine, Hippolyte, 145,263 The Principles of Sociology, 116, 160– History of English Literature, 221 161, 170,173 Tarde, Gabriel, 263 “Progress: Its Law and Cause,” 170 Tartaglia, Niccolò, 201, 264 Social Statics, 115 Tasmanian aborigines, 241 The Study of Sociology, 115–116 Tawney, R. H., 264 “The Social Organism,” 103, 115 Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, Spinning wheel, invention of, 182 198 Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch), 263 Taylor, Henry Osborn, 58,105,264 Ethics, 203 Freedom of the Mind in History, 105 306 Index

Technology, during seventeenth century, Trotsky, Leon, 236,264 202 Tuchman, Barbara, 3,79,137,147,264 Teggart, Frederick J., 7,171,221–222, The Guns of August, 147 264 Turgot, A. R. Jacques, 3,39, 131, 168, Rome and China, A Study of Correla- 205,264 tions in Historical Events, 214 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 14,43,79, Tennessee Gas Transmission Company, 173,264 67 Turner, Ralph E., 264 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 264 The Great Cultural Traditions, 152–153 Henry Esmond, 36 Twain, Mark, 13,22, 127, 264 “That Noble Dream,” (Beard), 76–77, 78 biography of, 112 The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Cen- Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven, tury Philosophers (Becker), 76 117–118 The Inequalities of the Human Races (de Tylor, Edward B., 170,225, 264 Gobineua), 87 “On a Method of Investigating the De- , 111 velopment of Institutions; Theologians, 4–5, 133 Appled to Laws of Marriage and Theory, 7 Descent,” 238 Thierry, Augustin, 63–64, 264 Tyndall, John, 264 Thoughts Concerning the Philosophy of Man’s History (Herder), 168-169 Ulysses, 109 , 93–94,220–221 U.S. Congress, legislative process of, 56– Time lag, in causation, 239–240 57 Todd, Arthur J., 135,264 U.S. and World Report, 67 Tolstoy, Leo, 264 Universal history, 30–35, 151, 158–159, , 50 167 Toynbee, Arnold J., 11, 93, 96, 154–155, application of philosophy of history to, 219,264 31–32 comparative metehod of, 154–156 Voltaire’s contributions to, 32 Greek Political Thought, 154–155 University College, London, 2 on history as science, 146 University of Berlin, 6 A Study of History, 35, 106–107, 155– University of California, San Diego, 45, 156,186–189 72,196 Tradition, 50 University of Manchester, 72,210 Traits, evolutionary distance of, 248–252 University of Pennsylvania, 45, 208-209 Trevelyan, George M., 28, 197,264 University of Strassburg, 42, 149 English Social History, 41 University of Texas, 29 on facts in history, 83 Urraca (daughter of Eleanor of on Gibbon, 167 Aquitaine), 69-70, 71 on history as literature, 29-30 Use of History, The (Rowse), 237-238 on history as science, 146, 147 ‘If Napoleon Had Won the Battle of Valley of Mexico, 184 Waterloo,” 69 “Vanity of Human Wishes, The” (John- on laws of history, 216 son), 165 literary style of, 25 Veblen, Thorstein, 236,264 on narrative history, 15 Verification, 228, 229 racial determinism of, 88 Veyne, Paul, 217,264 on Scott’s Ivanhoe, 20 Vico, Giambattista, 3, 31, 264 Trevor-Roper, H. R., 153–154,264 Principles of a New Science of the Na- Trobriand Islands, 179 ture of Nations (La scienza Troeltsch, Ernst, 6, 133,264 nuova...), 31, 101, 167–168, 203 Index 307

Vietnam War, 81 Whig Interpretation of History, The Villages (Butterfield), 2–3, 63, 171 development of, 157, 183, 184 White, Andrew D., 6, 161,264 frissioning of, 254–255 White, Leslie A., 69, 170–171, 178–179, Vinci, Leonardo da, 128, 137,201,259 191,233,264 Vinsauff, Geoffrey de, 18 “Energy and the Evolution of Culture,” Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arouet, 26–27, 233 32, 75, 98, 117, 131, 264 on Great Man theory, 118 The Age of Louis XIV, 37,38–39 The Science of Culture, 233–234,235 contributions to cultural history, 32, White, Lynn T., 182, 264 37-39 White, Morton, G., 43, 133, 218,264 contributions to universal history, 32 Wilde, Oscar, 30,60,264 definition of history by, 76 “The Decay of Lying,” 26 Essay on the Manners and Customs of Willcox, William B., 142,153,155–156,264 Nations, 37 Wilson, Woodrow, 105–106 The Philosophy of History, 37 psychoanalytical studies of, 137, 138 Windelband, Wilhelm, 133,148-150,264 Wagner, Richard, 87 Winsor, Justin, 264 Wallace, Alfred, 182 Wish, Harvey, 265 Wallis, John, 180 Woolf, Virginia, 27 Walsh, W. H., 155,210,264 “Written History as an Act of Faith” War (Beard), 78–79 influence on political development, Wundt, Wilhelm, 133, 265 183–184,185,244–247 Wycliffe, John, 117 psychoanalytical interpretation of, 139 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 50 , 220–221 Ward, Lester, 119–120,264 Xénopol, Alexandru, 218,265 Watt, James, 115–116 Waverly novels, of Sir Walter Scott, 21 Yale University, 79, 165,208 Webb, Walter Prescott, 29, 264 Yang-shao culture, 189 Weber, Max, 264 Yangtze Valley, China, 188 The Protestant Ethic, 198 Yellow River, China, 188, 189 The Spirit of Capitalism, 198 Young Man Luther: A Study in Psycho- Webster, Daniel, 196 analysis and History (Erikson), Wei River, 189 139 Wellhausen, Julius, 126,264 Wells, H.G., 88-89 Zermak, Mayor, 67 The Outline of History, 34,4142, 89, Zilsel, Edgar, 214, 265 209 ’The Genesis of the Concept of Physical Westermarck, Edward, 152, 264 Law, ” 200,201,202 What Is History? (Carr), 214 Zinn, Howard, 265