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Bodwell: King of the “Granite Ring” 1852-1922

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Bodwell: King of the “Granite Ring” 1852-1922 BODWELL: KING OF THE “GRANITE RING” 1852-1922. A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Arts Aaron A. Dumont June 2004 This thesis entitled BODWELL: KING OF THE GRANITE RING 1852-1922 BY AARON A. DUMONT has been approved for the Department of Geography and the College of Arts and Sciences by Geoffrey L. Buckley Assistant Professor of Geography Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences DUMONT, AARON. M.A. JUNE 2004. Geography Bodwell: King of the “Granite Ring” 1852-1922 (89 pp.) Director of Thesis: Geoffrey L. Buckley The purpose of this thesis is to bring to light the events that lead to the decline of the granite industry on Vinalhaven. For years historians have blamed the decline of the granite industry on concrete, structural steel, failure to modernize, and the change in Architectural styles. However, the demise of the granite industry in Maine is much more complex. Little has been written about the development of the railroads, and the limestone industry, which played a significant role in eroding the market for granite. Approved: Geoffrey L. Buckley Associate Professor of Geography Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Buckley for all his patience, understanding, and support while working with me on this thesis. Also I would like to thank the rest of my committee Dr. Anderson, and Dr. Boone for giving me their time and insight. Last but not least, thanks to all those people who were “from away,” who made my stay at Ohio University an entertaining and enjoyable experience. Thanks for the memories! 5 Table of Contents Page Abstract................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................4 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................6 List of Figures......................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................8 Chapter 2. Literature Review............................................................................................15 Chapter 3. Industrial Beginnings ......................................................................................26 Colonial Beginnings...............................................................................................27 Immigration Advances the Granite Industry..........................................................31 Solomon Willard: Farther of Granite.....................................................................36 The Granite Railway..............................................................................................42 Chapter 4. One Mane, Two Different Firms.....................................................................49 First Commercial Quarrying..................................................................................50 East Boston Quarry................................................................................................51 “Government Times...............................................................................................53 Granite and Lime Conglomerate............................................................................54 New Markets..........................................................................................................58 Hallowell and the Granite Industry........................................................................61 First Commercial Quarries in Kennebec County...................................................63 Bodwell and the Hallowell Granite Company.......................................................65 The King is Dead ...................................................................................................68 Chapter 5. Geography, Railroads, and Limestone ............................................................70 Railroad and Market Change .................................................................................71 Effects of Rail in State ...........................................................................................75 Changing Demographics Affect Granite ...............................................................78 Chapter 6. Conclusions .....................................................................................................84 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................87 6 List of Tables Table Page 1. Development of rail by decade. ......................................................................................71 2. Population change from 1870 to 1880............................................................................78 3. Production of Limestone in cubic feet from 1877 to 1896 .............................................80 4. The production costs of various stone types from 1919 to 1920 ....................................82 7 List of Figures Figures Page 1. Locator map of quarries..................................................................................................10 2. Example of early colonial timber framed house in Pioneer Village, Salem, Mass. .......29 3. Plug Drill and Feathers ...................................................................................................34 4. Picture of Quincy quarryman with Ingersol steam drill..................................................35 5. Picture of Bunker Hill Monument ..................................................................................36 6. Boston Custom House.....................................................................................................37 7. Bunker Hill Quarry .........................................................................................................40 8. Replica of Bryant’s first car used on the Granite Railroad.............................................42 9. Pulling Jack.....................................................................................................................43 10. Lifting Jack ...................................................................................................................45 11. Picture of Holmes Hoisting Apparatus .........................................................................46 12. Railroads in Maine 1850...............................................................................................72 13. Close up of Maine railroads 1850.................................................................................74 14. Railroads in Maine 1889...............................................................................................75 15. Central and coastal Maine railroads..............................................................................77 16. Monadnock building .....................................................................................................79 8 Chapter 1 Introduction As of 2001 the total stone consumption for the United States was valued at 1.25 billion dollars. Ironically enough the United States is not a major producer of granite for its own market. Today major producers of granite are Italy, Canada, India, and Spain (CTaSC 2004). Currently many stone suppliers find it cheaper to ship granite half way around the world than quarry it themselves. This is due in part to the high insurance and high overhead costs, which make it more economical to import and distribute stone. Globalization is thought as a modern day term, which has little context in history of industry. The early onset of globalization and economies of scale can be seen in the Maine granite industry. In the middle 1800s Maine’s granite industry had a huge economic advantage, which would change with the advent of railroads and the development of limestone industry. By 1890 Boston’s building stone of choice was limestone, this is significant because limestone had taken root in one of the nations largest granite producing regions (Clifford 1939). Many Maine companies like the Bodwell Granite Company would begin to feel the effects of limestone’s intrusion into a market that had been dominated by granite. The Bodwell Granite Company was the first company to develop Vinalhaven Island’s vast granite resources on a large scale. Over the course of twenty years this company, which had offices in Boston and New York, dominated the Maine granite industry (Grindle 1979). Not only did it operate extensive quarrying operations on Vinalhaven, it also operated quarries in the town of Jonesborough, and its President, J.R. Bodwell, had ties to the Hallowell Granite Company. 9 From 1854 until 1871 the Bodwell & Webster Company existed as a co- ownership between Massachusetts-born J.R. Bodwell and New Hampshire-born Moses Webster (Grindle 1979). During this time the fledgling granite firm worked on building critical infrastructure, procuring quarries on Vinalhaven, and securing contracts with the U.S. Government. They worked especially hard to please their government contractors. As a result, they were rewarded with numerous contracts for granite. Six years after the incorporation of Bodwell & Webster these government contracts
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