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Archeological Overview and Assessment Bunker Hill Monument

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Archeological Overview and Assessment Bunker Hill Monument ARCHEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT BUNKER HILL MONUMENT Charlestown, Massachusetts Kristen Heitert Submitted to: Northeast Region Archeology Program National Park Service 115 John Street Lowell, Massachusetts 01852 Submitted by: PAL 210 Lonsdale Avenue Pawtucket, Rhode Island 02860 PAL Report No. 2141 January 2009 PAL PUBLICATIONS CARTOGRAPHERS DANA M. RICHARDI/TIM WALLACE GIS SPECIALIST TIM WALLACE GRAPHIC DESIGN/PAGE LAYOUT SPECIALISTS ALYTHEIA M. LAUGHLIN/GAIL M. VAN DYKE EDITOR KEN ALBER TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1 Site Summary...................................................................................................................1 Scope and Authority .........................................................................................................3 Project Methodology ........................................................................................................3 Consultation ........................................................................................................................4 Archival Research ...............................................................................................................4 Pre- and Post-Contact Cultural Context Development........................................................6 Research and Evaluation of Previous Studies and Collections ...........................................6 Recommendations for Future Research...............................................................................7 Project Personnel..............................................................................................................7 Disposition of Project Materials.........................................................................................7 2 PRE-CONTACT AND ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT......................................................9 Pre-Contact Period............................................................................................................9 Contact Period (450–300 B.P./A.D. 1500–1620)..............................................................17 3 POST-CONTACT PERIOD CONTEXT.............................................................................21 History of Charlestown ...................................................................................................21 Bunker Hill Land Use History .........................................................................................30 The Battle of Bunker Hill..................................................................................................32 Early Commemorative Efforts and the Bunker Hill Monument Association, 1794–1846 ....................................................................................................36 MDC Stewardship of and Landscape Alterations to the Bunker Hill Monument, 1919–1976.........................................................................................................................42 National Park Service Period, 1976–Present .........................................................................44 Descriptions of the Fortification on Breed’s Hill.............................................................45 4 EVALUATION OF PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK AND COLLECTIONS...........................................................................................................53 Archeological Monitoring, Bunker Hill Monument Stabilization, 1980, Thomas Mahlstedt, November 1980.................................................................................53 Project Objectives and Fieldwork Summary.....................................................................53 Evaluation of Project Objectives and Results ...................................................................59 Status of Collections..........................................................................................................61 Archeological Monitoring of a Utility Trench: Bunker Hill Monument, Boston National Historical Park, Boston, Massachusetts, Thomas Schley, 1991..........................................61 Project Objectives and Fieldwork Summary.....................................................................61 Evaluation of Project Objectives and Results ...................................................................62 Status of Collections..........................................................................................................64 Trip Report on the Archeological Test Excavations Conducted on July 9-11, 1996 at the Bunker Hill Monument Site, William A. Griswold, July 26, 1996.......................................64 Interim Report and Management Summary, Archeological Testing at Bunker Hill Monument, Boston National Historical Park, Charlestown, Massachusetts, Steven R. Pendery, Ph.D. and William A. Griswold, Ph.D., 1996.......................................64 i Project and Fieldwork Summary.......................................................................................64 Evaluation of Project Objectives and Results ...................................................................69 Status of Collections..........................................................................................................70 Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archeology, American Antiquity, Volume 68, Number 3, Kenneth L. Kvamme, 2003 .............................................................................................70 Project Objectives and Fieldwork Summary.....................................................................70 Evaluation of Project Objectives and Results ...................................................................71 Status of Collections..........................................................................................................73 Geophysical Survey, Bunker Hill Monument, Boston National Historical Park, Boston, Massachusetts, Hager-Richter Geoscience, Inc., 2001.......................................................73 Project Objectives and Fieldwork Summary.....................................................................73 Evaluation of Project Objectives and Results ...................................................................74 Status of Collections..........................................................................................................77 Archeological Intensive Testing Program, Bunker Hill Rehabilitation Package 106, Boston National Historical Park, Boston, Massachusetts,Jennifer L. Bonner and Suzanne G. Cherau, 2005..........................................................................................77 Project Objectives and Fieldwork Summary.....................................................................78 Evaluation of Project Objectives and Results ...................................................................79 Status of Collections..........................................................................................................79 Bunker Hill Concrete Repair and Electrical Trenching Archeological Monitoring Project, Steven R. Pendery, 2006 .................................................................................................80 Project Objectives and Fieldwork Summary.....................................................................80 Evaluation of Project Objectives and Results ...................................................................81 Status of Collections..........................................................................................................82 5 RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................................83 The Role of Archeology and the Bunker Hill National Monument .....................................83 National Register Eligibility of Identified Archeological Resources ......................................86 Recommendations for Future Research ............................................................................88 Summary .......................................................................................................................95 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................97 APPENDIX I. ARTIFACTS RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLIC EXHIBIT.............................................101 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. Map of Massachusetts showing the location of the Bunker Hill Monument ......................1 Figure 1-2. Location of the Bunker Hill Monument on the Boston South 7.5 minute USGS topographical quadrangle.........................................................................................2 Figure 3-1. 1639 map showing the location of Charlestown ..............................................................22 Figure 3-2. 1818 plan of Charlestown showing the approximate location of the Bunker Hill Monument ....................................................................................................25 Figure 3-3. 1830 plan of Charlestown showing the approximate location of the Bunker Hill Monument ....................................................................................................26 Figure 3-4. 1856 map of Boston showing the location of the Bunker Hill Monument .......................28 Figure 3-5. 1871 map of Boston showing the location of the Bunker Hill Monument .......................29 Figure 3-6. Pre-Revolutionary War map
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