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Volume 26: Number 2

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Volume 26: Number 2 Very Light Jets: Requirements for Pilot Qualification and Collegiate Aviation’s Role Randal J. DeMik, R. Troy Allen, and Bruce W. Welsh Indiana State University ABSTRACT This study examined how senior flight operations staff at Very Light Jet (VLJ) air taxi and manufacturing companies determine pilot experience levels, training, education and qualifications for their current and future flight operations. Additionally, this study examined how collegiate aviation may address the pilot training and education needs of the VLJ industry. Senior flight operations staffs at two VLJ air taxi operators and three VLJ manufacturers were interviewed regarding these issues. Results indicated that current pilot supply for commercial operations in VLJ aircraft were being met by pilots leaving regional airline operations and also from promotion within respective respondents’ current air taxi operations. Innovative mentoring programs designed for single-pilot VLJ commercial operations were not being routinely utilized in favor of the more traditional Captain and First Officer roles for gaining flight experience and advancement. Another operational implication for the traditional two-pilot crew versus single-pilot was to meet particular customer insurance requirements for multi-pilot crews. Respondents valued collegiate aviation’s past preparation of industry pilots and offered suggestions in adjusting curriculum away from traditional rote systems training to one of cockpit management. Results indicated that while there was no immediate need for formal relationships between VLJ industry and collegiate aviation, respondents were open to the idea of future collaboration. INTRODUCTION study to determine how VLJ business operators and manufacturers view these requirements in Very Light Jets (VLJs) are being introduced their actual operations. to the aviation industry at an increasing rate. This study was an Institutional Research Because of the potential entry of VLJs over the Board (IRB) approved survey of VLJ flight next eight to ten years, there is some concern operations staff that may provide insight to that these high performance jet aircraft, with determine pilot experience levels, training, advanced cockpit avionics, integrated education and qualifications for their current and automation features, and single-pilot operation, future flight operations and how collegiate are particularly sensitive to the need for high- aviation may address some of these concerns. quality training, selection and qualifying of Flight operations staff at VLJ air taxi companies pilots. The introduction of the VLJ into the included chief pilots and flight operations commercial aviation industry will bring both managers. Flight operations staff at VLJ new opportunities and demands to flight training manufacturers included flight staff within and education. Applying what the industry has customer flight support, flight training, and learned from the past, an innovative pilot flight testing. The purpose, literature review, selection, training, and qualifying process must methodology, findings, and conclusions of this be identified to ensure an orderly and safe study are presented in the following sections. transition for those who become commercial operators of this next generation of aircraft. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY In this paper, we present a preliminary qualitative study for identifying initial pilot The purpose of this study was to ascertain operating experience, qualifications, and training how commercial VLJ business operators and requirements, as determined by emerging manufacturers view pilot selection, training and commercial VLJ business operators and operational experience processes unique to VLJ manufacturers. While federal regulators and single-pilot commercial operations. Addition- aviation insurance companies have established ally, this study investigated the role collegiate initial minimum pilot requirements for VLJ aviation could possibly play in preparing pilots commercial operation, it was the goal of this 37 for this emerging section of the aviation satisfy a very light jet transition-training industry. program (NBAA, 2007). The NBAA Safety Committee identified the following unique LITERATURE REVIEW potential problems for inclusion in VLJ pilot Very Light Jets are being introduced to the training as wake turbulence encounters, industry at an increasing rate. According to convective weather encounters, microburst/ Honeywell's 2007 Business Aviation Outlook, windshear encounters, clear air turbulence/jet the forecast is that approximately 5000 VLJs stream core or boundary encounters, high- will be produced between the years of 2007 and altitude upset, mountain wave encounters, 2016 (Government Accountability Office, inadequate knowledge of high-altitude weather, 2007). In this same GAO report, PMI Media physiological effect of high-altitude operations, predicts the production of VLJs to exceed 7,000 jet blast damage, low-fuel arrivals, incorrect/less aircraft during the same time period. The report than optimum cruise altitude selection, also cited the Federal Aviation Administration's inadequate preparation for high-rate/high speed (FAA) own estimates for that time period climbs, inadequate crosswind takeoff/landing include the production of approximately 6,000 preparation, inadequate LAHSO preparation, VLJs. Strait (2007) reports that manufacturers VLJs misunderstood by ATC, single pilot of VLJs have accepted advanced sales of nearly adherence to checklists, FMS programming and 3,000 aircraft. autoflight versus manual flight control, Forecasts indicate that these trends will inadequate exercise of command, recognizing continue for the foreseeable future (Brown, single pilot red flags, lack of pilot self- 2007; Cobb, Thomas, & Cobb, 2007). Research evaluations, and winter operations. in the area of VLJs has followed several After initial training and education, avenues. Early works by Trani, Baik, Swingle, traditional commercial pilot career progression and Senanu (2003) and Trani et al. (2005) were most often included multi-crew pilot experiences concerned with developing systems dynamics where the pilot's development progressed models for small jet aircraft integration into the through stages of advancement from Second airspace system and other socio-economic Officer to First Officer, and finally to Captain as factors based on the introduction of VLJs. pilot-in-command (PIC) at most airlines, charter Cobb, Thomas, and Cobb (2007), reported on fleets, and corporate flight departments. With issues related to the direct and indirect market single-pilot certification for VLJ operations, an impact of VLJ aircraft. Additional work by innovative view of pilot training and Prather and Hawkins (2007), and Bonnefoy and advancement must be considered. One Hansman (2007), dealt with the impact of VLJs consideration for VLJ pilot development is on general aviation airports and the National incorporating the role of a mentor pilot. The Airspace System. NBAA Safety Committee advocates mentor Few researchers have addressed the pilot programs to supplement VLJ pilot problems of hiring, training and qualifying transition training (NBAA, 2007). These mentor commercial VLJ pilots. In a study by Burian pilot programs will match very experienced (2007), the author analyzed accident and pilots with VLJ transitioning pilots. incident reports which offered implications for VLJ manufacturers and aviation insurance training future VLJ pilots. Significant problem companies generally support the concept of areas identified in that study included poor mentor pilot relationships in order to gain crew/single pilot resource management, low acceptance by the professional flying currency, inadequate preflight planning, avionics community, and the FAA, and overcome the use difficulties, and cognitive performance problem of insurability of VLJ pilots (Cobb, issues. In a separate study, the National Thomas, & Cobb, 2007). Research in the area Business Aviation Association (NBAA) Safety of mentoring has followed several avenues. Committee developed a training outline that Schneier, MacCoy, and Burchman (1988) view represents the minimum curriculum necessary to mentoring as developing a relationship to transfer skill and knowledge, and having the 38 mentor act as a model of effective behavior. information. However, they chose instead to This model could be applied to provide initial provide in-depth conversation as opposed to operating experience for pilots in single-pilot staying on script to complete the survey. Since operations. Additional work by Geroy, Bray, we had incomplete responses to the initial and Venneberg (2005), adopted a character- survey, no data analysis to the survey was ization of mentoring as the supporting of provided in this article. Because of the in-depth learning and development of individuals seeking discussion, the researchers continued the personal and professional growth, where these research as a narrative inquiry approach. mentoring efforts meet both individual and Using interviews, discussions, and an organizational needs. Results of a study by exploration of past experiences, this method DeMik (2007), stressed the critical role of allowed VLJ operations staff to convey their mentoring as a strategic need within human experience in this field in narrative form. The resource development that fosters an participants were encouraged to consider and environment for performance improvement. discuss compelling and controversial issues in commercial VLJ
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