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COVER FEATURES

Focus ON IMMIGRATION POLICY A CONGRESSIONAL CITIZEN OF THE WORLD / 43 15 / FACT, FEAR AND FANTASY — Lee H. Hamilton served 34 years in the House of U.S. IMMIGRATION NOW Representatives, working to keep America constructively The immigration debate in America involved in international affairs. This month, is often a dialogue of the deaf. AFSA honors him for a lifetime of achievement. Here are the essential facts, By Steven A. Honley and some realistic policy options. BUILDING A BETTER RUSSIAN BUREAUCRAT / 50 By Demetrios Papademetriou American professors help train a new generation of 24 / THE “MAD DOCTOR” post-Communist Russian apparatchiks — An immigration tale with a moral for FSOs but will they work for the state? By Richard Gonzalez By Miles Pomper COLUMNS 25 / AMERICA’S SPLIT PERSONALITY ON IMMIGRATION On a macro level, we want to restrict immigration, but on PRESIDENT’S VIEWS / 5 a micro level, we want to give a worthy person a break. In Praise of Dedicated Public Service No wonder life on the visa line is so confusing. By Marshall P. Adair By Bruce Morrison POSTC ARD FROM ABROAD / 84 30 / IMMIGRATION RUN AMOK: WHY WE NEED REFORM Willy Wonka in Russia Current immigration levels are far in excess of U.S. needs. By Kelly Adams-Smith A critic offers a comprehensive plan to reduce legal DEPARTMENTS immigration, make illegal immigration unprofitable, LETTERS/6 and regain control of our borders. CLIPPINGS /12 By Jack Martin BOOKS / 54 34 / FOR U.S. LATINOS, IMMIGRATION IS A FAMILY MATTER IN MEMORY / 56 The United States and Mexico are finally talking about their INDEX TO ADVERTISERS / 82 shared immigration problem. That may open the door to SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT constructive solutions that work for both countries. IN SEARCH OF THAT SPECIAL SCHOOL / 59 By Gabriela Lemus Parents of children with learning disabilities may have a tough time finding the right Washington-area school. 39 / THE IMMIGRATION LAWYER: FRIEND OR FOE? An expert supplies some helpful hints. Consular officers and immigration lawyers tend By Melanie Kerher to see each other as opponents. But, one attorney argues, they are really on the same team. SCHOOLS AT A GLANCE / 62 By R. Patrick Murphy A table with essential data on educational choices. Cover and inside illustrations by Chris Reed

THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS FOREIGNOERVICE Foreign Service Journal (ISSN 0146-3543), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990 is published _l_ J O l! R N A L monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing here¬ Editor Editorial Board BOB GULDIN in represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of the Journal, the Editorial CAROLINE MEIRS, Managing Editor Board or AFSA. Writer queries and submissions are invited, preferably by e-mail .Journal subscription: AFSA CAROLINE BENNER CHAIRMAN Associate Editor LISA BRODEY Members - $9.50 included in annual dues; others - $40. For foreign surface mail, add $18 per year; foreign air¬ STEVEN ALAN HONLEY mail, $36 per year. Periodical postage paid at Manchester, N.H., and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Ad & Circulation Manager WES CARRINGTON ED MILTENBERGER ELIZABETH SPIRO CLARK Send address changes to Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Indexed AFSA News Editor MAUREEN S. DUGAN by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). The Journal is not responsible for unsolicited manuscripts, photos SHAWN DORMAN Art Director JOHN DWYER or illustrations. Advertising inquiries are invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the CARYN J. SUKO AURELIUS FERNANDEZ Market Development endorsement of die services or goods offered. FAX: (202) 338-8244 or (202) 338-6820. E-MAIL: [email protected]. CAROL A. GIACOMO SUE PARTYKE WEB: www.afsa.org. TELEPHONE: (202) 338-4045. © American Foreign Service Association, 2001. Printed Editorial Intern EDWARD MARKS LAURA FEDAK ARNOLD SCIIIFFERDECKER in the U.S.A. Send address changes to AFSA Membership, 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037- Advertising Intern JACQUETTE MCGHEE WILLIAM WANLUND 2990. Printed on 50 percent recycled paper, of which 10 percent is post-consumer waste.

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4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 PRESIDENT’S VIEWS In Praise of Dedicated Public Service

BY MARSHALL P. ADAIR

I devote my last official column as zations — the Delavan Foundation, AFSA president to die people that AFSA, like American Academy of Diplomacy, make this organization such a won¬ Cox Foundation and DACOR. derful example of public sendee. It the Foreign One of my most rewarding duties has been an honor for me to lead Service, owes its was visiting retired Foreign Service AFSA during these two years, and to colleagues around the country, to work with Foreign Sendee and AFSA effectiveness to bring them up to date on develop¬ colleagues who are so extraordinarily the dedication ments and to encourage them active dedicated to the profession of diplo¬ support. Colleagues like Irwin macy, to the institution of the Foreign of its people. Rubenstein in Florida, Jim Rosenthal Service, and to its people. We can all and Marguerite Cooper in California, be proud of AFSA. It is superbly man¬ t=^) Vernon Merrill in Washington, aged — an accomplishment that pre¬ Malcolm McLean in Minnesota, Paul dated my arrival — and thanks to McCarty in New England, Ed efforts by Tom Boyatt and Tom buttons to the legislative fund, and Williams in North Carolina, and Tieman, AFSAs most recent treasur¬ Ward Thompson has kept retirees George McFarland in Texas have ers, and by Susan Reardon, AFSAs around the country linked to and sup¬ devoted extensive time and effort to executive director, it is financially porting the Foreign Service when the organizing retiree communities into solid, and has the flexibility to advo¬ department has virtually ignored effective teaching and grassroots sup¬ cate effectively. them. port organizations. Others, like Bill Those who have sought help from But AFSA still depends on volun¬ Cunningham in Houston, Bob Ryan AFSAs labor-management staff, led teers, and their extraordinary contri¬ in Daytona Beach and Frank Crigler by Sharon Papp and James Yorke, butions. Bill De Pree started the in Raleigh have individually made the know their dedication and talent. Elderhostel programs that introduce Foreign Service experience more real They are highly skilled and knowl¬ die Foreign Service to thousands of for their communities. edgeable, and I wish the State citizens around the country, and, with Too many have contributed for me Department would take their advice Petey Mullin, created a new support to mention everyone by name, but I more often, and avoid the legal show¬ organization, Friends of the Foreign thank you all for the support you have downs — most of which we win. Ken Service. He also initiated a workforce given to AFSA and to me in the last Nakamura is well known in Congress, planning study that served as a blue¬ two years. Most people join the and has single-handedly managed leg¬ print for the departments Foreign Service not only for the islative fixes of great benefit to “Diplomatic Readiness” report, and adventure, but to serve. AFSA is a Foreign Service families. Lori Decs its successful campaign to increase reflection of that dedication, which is compassionate pursuit of scholarship funding for human resources. Ed needed more than ever today, both in funds helps many students each year. Marks, Aury Fernandez and Caroline the service and in support of it. Janet Hedrick has increased both Meirs have done tremendous pro AFSAs next president, John Naland, membership enrollment and contri- bono work helping editor Bob Guldin whose work as State vice president with the Foreign Service journal. Bill has been so outstanding, wall carry Marshall P. Adair is the president of Harrop, Brace Laingen, Clyde Taylor AFSAs contribution to new levels. He the American Foreign Service and Ken Rogers have given invaluable and AFSA need and deserve your Association. support from their respective organi¬ continued support. ■

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 5 LETTERS

AID Take Notice Exchanges bring enormous bene¬ ties first, and competence second. I agree with much of James fits to the American government and The State Department and foreign Lindsay and Ivo Daalders analysis American society. Through these governments work around what the about the dysfunctional nature of the programs, the U.S. establishes con¬ White House provides without com¬ departments structure (FSJ, March). tact early on with individuals who will plaint. When States Inspector However, their assertion that the one day shape the future of their General finds an ambassador derelict, merger of USIA with State was a pos¬ countries; we count 46 current and the White House protects the incum¬ itive move toward reform is not sup¬ 148 former heads of government or bent. Only criminal behavior leads to ported by die evidence. chiefs of state who have been partic¬ separation. While the authors apparently see a ipants. But while ambassadors rated Americas embassies are our first symbolic value in bringing more for¬ exchanges very highly in a survey last line of defense. The nation deserves eign affairs functions into die depart¬ year, these programs get little respect our best-qualified leaders, not just the ment — and urge that AID be inte¬ from Washington. Regional bureaus richest and best connected, in each of grated for die same reason —they do are absorbed in the issue of the day, them. not consider how die USIA move while admin and personnel offices Tex Harris impacted its work. The fact diat they focus on making sure everyone is FSO, retired fail to mention public diplomacy at all playing by the same rules. Their Washington, D.C. is painfully telling, and an all-too-accu- efforts to hammer round ECA pro¬ rate redection of the departments own grams into square State Department Spousal Naturalization lack of attention to the exchange func¬ holes has left us all bruised. AID Last month my wife and I travelled tions it inherited from USIA. take notice. to Washington on an R&R with the Reform proposals should take a Beattice Camp explicit purpose of meeting her INS close look at the USIA case before FSO, Bureau of appointment for naturalization at the making recommendations about fur¬ Educational and Arlington office. While ultimately suc¬ ther consolidation. Placing Fulbright, Cultural Affairs cessful, the difficulties we experi¬ English teaching, educational advis¬ Washington, D.C. enced highlighted the inadequate ing, and other educational and cultur¬ treatment that USAID FSOs receive al affairs, or ECA, programs under The Spoils System when trying to pursue spousal natural¬ State s one-size-fits-all regulations has The New York Tunes’ expose (“A ization. made it difficult to carry out exchange Mad Scramble by Donors for Plum Under INS code, section 319 (b), programs. Ambassadorships,” March 17) spot¬ FSOs may pursue accelerated natu¬ lights the last remnant of the federal ralization for spouses when assigned The Foreign Service Journal spoils system. The Army stopped sell¬ overseas. However, while FSOs work welcomes your signed letters to the ing its commands during the Civil in a variety of federal agencies, only editor. Please send letters via e-mail to War when rich rookies caused grave the Human Resources Bureau at [email protected], fax to (202) 338- losses. Selling Civil Sendee jobs was State has had the responsibility of 8244; or mail to the Journal, 2101 E stopped in the 1880s. managing spousal naturalization cases St., NW, Washington, D.C., 20037. But, it is business as usual today, and providing follow-up with tire INS. Letters, which are subject to editing when the lifetime title of ambassador That office, as of several years ago, should include full name, title and is awarded. No other national security stopped handling cases for non-State post, address and daytime telephone institution chooses its leadership on FSOs. The human resources offices of number. ] the basis of money and political different agencies, including USAID,

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Phone: (516) 496-1816 —i ^^ ^Authorized, Independent Distributor for DaimlerChrysler Corporation Fax: (516) 677-3701 to the Diplomatic and Foreign Service Communities. LETTERS You Thought TVe T)idnt Txist c r ( ... But We Do!! refuse to get involved in this issue. As area of south Florida, more dian two No one does what we do a result, FSOs at USAID are left dozen primary care-givers were sum¬ quite the way we do it falling through a classic bureaucratic marily dropped from the Mutual of crack in the floor: we are eligible to Omaha PPO plan along with a num¬ Mother/Daughter petition for accelerated naturaliza¬ ber of specialists. Owned & Operated tion, but no office will handle the The problem is that this happened case. without any advance warning to the It is a difficult process to handle insured by Mutual of Omaha, by without agency support. I eventually AFSPA, or by die doctors themselves. learned from a supervisor at the INS To avoid the potential hassle and extra Arlington office that in cases where out-of-pocket expense, I urge all FSJ Pied-A-Terre tire human resources bureau refuses readers who are APSPA medical-plan to intervene, there is nothing barring participants to check the Mutual-of- Properties, LTD an FSO from directly filing the appli¬ Omaha web site (www.mutualofoma- Exclusive Interim Rentals cation with a letter to the Arlington ha.com) immediately prior to each Month to Month INS office. That office would seek to medical appointment and to print out accommodate USAID FSOs in this the page confirming tiiat die care¬ way for scheduling accelerated natu¬ giver or facility hi question is a current COMMENTS FROM OUR ralization. FSOs facing our situation designated PPO provider. Then ask SATISFIED FOREIGN might well try to test this offer, partic¬ the staff of die doctor or institution to SERVICE CUSTOMERS: ularly if they have duty orders for sign and date that print-out to con¬ firm tiiat tiiey, too, can verify the “Pied-A-Terre offers distinguished departure from the U.S. this summer. residences for the discriminating Ultimately we did obtain my wife’s apparent PPO status. I also urge all professional. I wholeheartedly naturalization, at more expense and members of die AFSPA plan to join recommend their services.” time than was necessary. Why should me in demanding that Mutual of • Aaron Heilman the treatment of FSOs at USAID, Omaha and AFSPA pro-actively noti¬ “Pied-A-Terre staff were very Commerce or USD A be so different fy all of their insured whenever care¬ attentive to any requests, and from FSOs at State? givers who have been participating in always responded right away Alonzo Wind, the PPO plan lose their status as des¬ to our needs.” USAID FSO, Health ignated PPO providers. • William Davidson Development Officer John B. Thompson “In an emergency situation, FSO, retired. Pied-A-Terre provided a centrally Embassy Managua located and comfortable apart¬ Lauderdale by the Sea, Fla, ment on very short notice — and An Expensive Problem welcomed our dog and cat. I want to share an expensive prob¬ A 21st Century Attitude We're extremely grateful.” lem I recently encountered with my The appointment of Cohn Powell • Michael & Sheila Austrian AFSPA health insurance, because it as secretary of State is a milestone for “My friends all envied me and will probably affect others insured the United States. It is good for thought I had a great find — and under the same plan. African-Americans, and it is good for so do I! When I come back for TDY training, I hope you’ll take Announcing the 2001 increase of the nation. Much remains to be done me again!” co-payments by their insured from 20 to make opportunity equally available • Constance Jones to 30 percent when using non-PPO to all Americans. health-care providers, AFSPA wrote Powells primary challenge will be Phone (202) 338-3190 in their November 2000 newsletter, to convince the countiy to stop try¬ Fax (202) 332-1406 “In most cases this will be an academ¬ ing to get its diplomacy on the ic question because of die virtually cheap. We cannot have this strong complete inclusion of doctors and diplomatic establishment if we con¬ E-mail: facilities.” That is not die case. tinue to reduce our embassies in [email protected] Mutual of Omaha administers size, fail to hire enough new person¬ AFSPA’s plan. During 2000, in my nel, and ask existing staff to “do

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 LETTERS

more with less.” Powell is perhaps allowing 19th centuiy attitudes to uniquely qualified to convince the frustrate our efforts. American people, and their repre¬ Hartford T. Jennings sentatives in Congress, of this funda¬ FSO Mercedes-Benz mental truth. Columbia, Md, It is not clear that the department will take advantage of this opportuni¬ Listen to ConOffs ty to regain its rightful place in the As a retired senior officer widi a U.S. foreign policy apparatus. The 32-year career of mostly consular Diplomacy department has allowed unreasoned assignments, I could appreciate die prejudices to blind it to where its views expressed in the March issue. interests lay in the past. Thirty years In what other career cone do you hear has its ago, State made no protest when the term “burnout” used for such USIA wrested away its Bureau of responsible and demanding work? Educational and Cultural Affairs. In my day, one often heard con¬ rewards. Many at State felt exchanges of peo¬ sular officers say the work of the con¬ ple and cultural programs were not sular section was not fully appreciated At American Service Center, your “real diplomacy.” While lamenting by the political and economic officers, diplomatic or official passport* that it had no domestic constituency, who did not seem to realize that con¬ will allow you to purchase a new the department allowed this preju¬ sular officers see and talk widi far dice to cause it to hand over its only more local people than the other two Mercedes-Benz at dramatic bureau which worked with commit¬ sections’ officers put together. They savings. Contact Erik Granholm, ted volunteers who were interested have their ears attuned to local politi¬ our Diplomat and Tourist Sales and active in international affairs all cal and economic life dirough die across the country. The bureau was comments of mosdy lower level per¬ Manager. A native of Munich, returned to State, with the rest of sonages who do not say what they Germany, Erik has been USIA, only over the department’s think the American officer wants to with ASC for 35 years. objections. hear. Consular officers should be When President Clinton appoint¬ encouraged to put in writing their * Applies only while on official business ed Clifton Wharton, Jr. deputy secre¬ views on local politics and economics or diplomatic assignment. tary of State in January 1993, for incorporation — widi due credit Wharton was the first “Foreign — in the reports of the political and Service brat” to attain such a high economic sections. I personally had position in the department. Some at many of my reports scoffed at and /xmerican State believed it was not appropriate rejected. for a black to be so close to the helm I hope our young officers will see Service Center of the nation’s foreign policy. consular work as rewarding and a Mercedes. Just Mercedes. Wharton was first told he should have great opportunity to be of service to nothing to do with policy, and then our nation and fellow Americans. 585 N. Glebe Road, later forced to resign in November Robert A. Bishton 1993 when our foreign policy came FSO, retired Arlington, VA 22203 under fire. Albany, Ga. As a black member of die Foreign 703.525.2100 Service, I am proud to join my State An Under Secretary for CA Department colleagues in welcoming Your March issue focussed, once Telefax: 703.284.2482 Secretary Powell. I hope we at State again, on the department’s perennial¬ will take advantage of this opportuni¬ ly underappreciated, overworked, Mobile: 703.405.4018 ty to strengthen our ability to meet understaffed, underpromoted and Avww.justmercedes.com the challenges of the 21st century. In underfunded consular cone. The order to do so, we will have to avoid question is, as always, how to reverse

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 9 L E T T E R S Managed With Pride By

Gates, Hudson & Associates, Inc. this? A good start would be to give and the observation by Congress and consular work equality with the other the public diat die department must Corporate cones. Right now, Consular Affairs is incorporate into its administrative fab¬ the only functional area without an ric some means of self-defense and Housing under secretary. It is a tribute to common sense. While tiiese measures Assistant Secretary Mary Ryan that might strike die uninformed as mean- spirited, diose widi an appreciation of 1 & 2 Bedroom Apartments she has been able to accomplish so much as head of a bureau. When she die machinations of intelligence and 1 month to Extended Leases leaves, will her successor carry as security services realize die intent of Furnished & Unfurnished much clout? Isn’t it time to elevate these proactive measures is not to pun¬ CA to tire Seventh Floor? ish or call into question die trustwor¬ 2 Convenient Locations: Bill Warren thiness of any officer, but to reduce die FSO possibility of him/her being placed in Washington, D.C. situations which have historically resulted in pressure being brought to Park Center Implementing State’s Poliey bear against the employee, spouse, or In his letter (FSJ, March), David their relatives. Apartments Kornbluth cited the restrictions To interpret, as Komblutii has 2701 Park Center Drive placed on an officers possible overseas done, tills program as discriminatory in Alexandria, VA 22302 assignments, apparendy by a DS rogue die current politically correct sense 888-372-8798 or 703 379-2000 elephant running amok. typifies an attitude which provides fod¬ E-mail: The Bureau of Diplomatic der to tiiose inside and outside govern¬ [email protected] Security’s Office of Investigations and ment who disdain the Foreign Service Counterintelligence administers die and die department as die preserve of “pass duu program.” In conducting elitists indifferent or hostile to the this effort, DS is following the intent of security concerns diat most can under¬ Foreign Service regulations, specifical¬ stand. The ly 12FAM264.3-2, Critical Human Christopher Lyons Intelligence Posts. It mandates a Special Projects, Division of Commons review of all personnel assigned to Counterintelligence, DS such posts to evaluate factors which Washington, D. C. °f McLean may render certain members of die 1653 Anderson Road service vulnerable to exploitation by APPs and the Death Penalty McLean, VA 22102 foreign intelligence services. American presence posts serve 888-236-3144 or 703 356-0500 Those factors have been agreed to many interests (FSJ, February). E-mail: by Human Resources, the director Recentiy in France, capital punish¬ [email protected] general, die geographic bureaus, and ment opponents enhanced their AFSA, and are not arbitrary findings of careers as activists by selecting the DS. They do include such elements as American presence posts as targets of SPECIAL SERVICES AVAILABLE: the presence in those countries of massive coordinated countrywide • Maid Service, Public & Private close relatives of the employee or the demonstrations in support of • Transportation, Dry Cleaning spouse. Philadelphia death row inmate Mumia • Services, On-site Shopping, DS does not have “veto power” Abu-Jamal. • Gym Memberships and over such assignments, and the final Thanks at least in part to the then- • Much more! decision is rendered by the director Ambassador Rohatyn’s high-powered general. In most cases, die DC has American presence posts, Abu-Jamals “Managed with Pride” Staff supported die DS position. pending criminal appeal is now a major Gates, Hudson The promulgation of such instruc¬ national and international news story. & Associates tions by our foreign affairs bureaucra¬ Karl Olson cy is a direct result of a bitter harvest of FSO EQUAL HOUSING OPPORTUNITY security disasters over die last 50 years, Washington, D.C. ■

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JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 11 CLIPPINGS

CONSULAR AFFAIRS Despite its mediocre overall grade, CA gets points for studying and disseminating GETS A GRADE OF C’ best practices within the bureau. Figura Government Executive magazine, in its also quotes States Inspector General, Federal Performance Report, gives States who found that employees go “above and Bureau of Consular Affairs an overall beyond the [Foreign Affairs Manual] grade of C, even though it acknowledges requirements to provide assistance to that CA is a relative hotbed of good man¬ Americans in need.” agement practices within its department. When the Federal Performance “Chairman The report, in a special April issue, evalu¬ Project asked managers within Consular ated a number of federal agencies, but did Affairs to evaluate their own bureau, the Powell, people ewe not rate oilier parts of State. The maga¬ results were extremely varied. The always asking me zine, part of the respected National bureau got great marks for “managers Journal Group, receives help in its ongo¬ participate in continual efforts to improve to compare you to ing survey of U.S. government perfor¬ efficiency and effectiveness” — more your father mance from the Pew Memorial Trust and than half of respondents agreed strongly George Washington University. with drat point. But when asked whether [Sec re ta ry of Stci I e The lengdry article acknowledges that the “agency has tire right number of peo¬ Colin Powell]. CA “has developed a reputation for effec¬ ple with the right skills where and when tive management within the State needed,” more than half disagreed. What l tell them is Department, thanks to strong leadership The Government Executive article you ewe just as and an influx of lunds.” Assistant itself had a number of gaping factual errors (such as misstating the number of smart as your Secretary for Consular Affairs Mary Ryan comes in for special kudos. consular* FSOs by a factor of 10), which father hut have a But author Susannah Zak Figura unfortunately undermines the study’s expresses doubts about CA’s future: credibility. It also raises drat tricky ques¬ lot more power to “Consular Affairs faces significant obsta¬ tion — who evaluates die evaluators? affect the world." cles to further management improve¬ ment, and some observers question whether the agency can even sustain its WHO MAKES DCM? — HER EDWARD current achievements once Ryan eventu¬

MARKET, D-MASS., ally leaves office.” Figura also says, An informed source in State’s Human “Without a strategic planning process in Resources bureau passed along these TO MICHAEL POWELL, place to document what’s being achieved interesting statistics: CHAIR 0! THE FEDERAL -— and what’s going undone — the Of the 165 deputy chiefs of mission

COMMUNICATIONS bureau will face an uphill battle trying to currently serving at U.S. posts: six are convince Congress that it needs more from the public diplomacy cone; 16 are COMMISSION, WHO IS money.” consular; 28 are administrative officers; SECRETARY OF STATE While awarding the Consular Affairs 42 are economic officers and 73 are COLIX Pan ELL'S SOX. an overall grade of C, Government political. Executive gives the bureau a C in “man¬ That means that political officers, WASHINGTON POST, aging for results,” C in “human who constitute 28 percent of State’s FSO MARCH 30. 2001 resources,” C in “finances” and a B only in corps, are 44 percent of DC Ms — but “information.” hey, who’s counting?

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 CLIPPINGS

FUNDS TO FIX owns a 0.4 acre 75-car parking lot next to Embassy Paris, valuable real estate that A STATE OF DISREPAIR borders the Champs Elysees and has a Secretary of State Colin Powell has view of the Elysee Palace. Each parking asked for a 19 percent increase in States space is worth about $133,000. That fiscal 2002 budget for personnel, technol¬ means that if State sold the lot, it could ogy, security and other management costs pay the $14 daily garage fee in downtown — a request of $5.67 billion — reported Paris for each of the 28 employees who Brian Friel April 10 on Government park there for the next 40 years. YEARS AGO Executive magazines Web site. (The fund¬ State doesn’t want to sell because it ing request for the entire State believes the lot is necessaiy to prevent Department is 14 percent higher this attack or eavesdropping and, besides, year.) Powell’s request for more funding the French wouldn’t allow the parking for management is unusual — most fre¬ lot land to be developed. However, the “Three years of quently, secretaries of State ask for more General Accounting Office looked into Japanese occupation money for foreign assistance and other the matter and discovered that Parisian and brutality had shat¬ programs. officials would have no problem with “This budget represents the first mon¬ State selling the lot. Furthermore, the tered the very founda¬ etary step in revamping and reinvigorating GAO concluded, even if the lot were tions of Philippine soci¬ both the organization for die conduct of sold, the ambassador’s residence would ety; the fighting which foreign policy and the foreign policy be guarded by a 160-foot setback, three itself,” said Powell. times the security standard for such had attended the The money, if allocated, will go to the infrastructure. State could build an American reconquest creation of 310 Foreign Service officer underground parking garage to keep of the islands had positions and 50 Civil Service positions. U.S. vehicles from being tampered with. destroyed property to State plans to attract new employees by While they were at it, the GAO looked putting $7 million into a student loan into the value of some of die gardens near an extent whose only repayment program, giving every the residence. According to die report, if parallel was in Eastern employee full Internet access and con¬ State sold off some of the dower plots, the Europe.” necting all posts to a classified communi¬ total value of parking lot plus garden cations network. Another initiative would be $30 million. would earmark a quarter of the depart- State is attached to its parking lot and — " PHOENIX IN THE ments administrative budget for garden, however, and refuses to consider embassy security, construction and die GAO’s suggestions. The GAO has rec¬ PHILIPPINES” BY FSO maintenance. ommended that Congress consider .JOHN MELBY IN THE requiring State to reassess its position. JUNE 1951 1 S.| EMBASSY PARIS LIKES ITS PARKING MACEDONIA GOOD, If you owned a parking lot worth $10 SERBIA BAD million, would you sell it? The State The approach the U.S. press is taking Department wouldn’t, reports Al Kamen to covering the conflict in Macedonia is in die April 18 Washington Post. State I the polar opposite of die approach it

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 13 CLIPPINGS

took to reporting Kosovo, says an April the pressure on Belgrade” to carry out 13 report by media watchdog organiza¬ reforms and allow international moni¬ tion Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting. tors. U.S. journalists blamed the war in In contrast, a March 2001 editorial in Kosovo on the Serbian authorities and the Times on the brewing conflict in “Deception is largely ignored any trouble the Albanian Macedonia declared that “the West must guerrillas were causing. In Macedonia, make clear to this militant [Albanian] central to however, the U.S. press calls the fringe that they will not be allowed to set most of the Albanian insurgents the culprits for the off another Balkan war. ... If Macedonia violence instead of pointing a finger at cannot [meet the challenge] effectively, techniques of the pro-NATO Macedonian govern¬ NATO may have to increase its military statecraft." ment. In Kosovo, Serbian repression pressure on the guerrillas.” and human rights abuses got lots of cov¬ According to FAIR, American jour¬ erage; today, Macedonia’s repression of nalists approach the two conflicts dif¬ — J IMS EAYRS, Albanians is being downplayed. ferently because they are following the FAIRs report offers the following lead of U.S. policy-makers. In Kosovo, WRITER ON CANADIAN example of the different approaches: In the administration was eager to blame FOREIGN POLICY October 1997, when the Kosovo the Yugoslav government for the war. Liberation Army began shooting at By contrast, Macedonia is seen as a Serbian police and civilian officials, the loyal regional partner of NATO and a New York Times condemned the Serbs’ bulwark against instability, so U.S. offi¬ response as “indiscriminate repression” cials are loath to criticize that govern¬ and called on Washington to “increase ment. ■

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14 FORE1GN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus ON IMMIGRATION

U.S. IMMIGRATION: FACT, FEAR AND FANTASY

THE IMMIGRATION DEBATE IN AMERICA IS OFTEN A DIALOGUE OF THE DEAF. HERE ARE SOME HARD FACTS, AND SOME REALISTIC POLICY OPTIONS.

BY DEMETRIOS PAPADEMETRIOU

I t the dawn of the 21st century, immigration to the United States has again become a national issue of die first order. Four factors account for most of this newfound prominence. First, the magnitude of immigration, or, more accurately, the rate at which immigration has grown: It may have approached 11 million in die last decade, nearly two-and-a-half times die number in die 1970s. Second, its composition: It has become overwhelmingly non-European. Third, its distribution: Although still dominated by traditional destinations (the handful of “gateway” states and met¬ ropolitan areas widiin diem), it is spreading throughout the country at remarkable speed. Fourth, die complexity of its effects: These make an accurate appraisal of immigration difficult and add plausibility to

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 15 Focus

all sorts of extraordinary claims about The enormously tiiat total. This is a drop both from it, pro or con. the historical figures of more tiian 40 All of these trends will gain expensive buildup of percent emigration for certain immi¬ strength in the years ahead, and the grant groups for the first half of the national debate about immigration defenses at the Mexican 20th century' and from estimates for will intensify accordingly. In order to 1950 to 1970 of about one-third of have an intelligent discussion of the border has failed. gross immigration. subject, we need to answer some basic Legal temporary immigration (the questions. Among those: How many term of ait is “nonimmigrant” entries) people are entering the United States these days, and has also climbed substantially in the last decade or so, where do they come from? What are the effects of immi¬ reflecting and pacing the U.S economy’s aggressive glob¬ gration? Is there an innovative way of responding to ille¬ al expansion. Although detailed figures for each of the 20 gal immigration that may lead to more effective policies? major nonimmigrant admission categories have been And is the pace of new immigration requiring that we pay woefully inadequate, gross figures show dramatic increas¬ more attention to how newcomers encounter and es in most of them and now stand at more than 25 million become integrated into our communities? visas per year. There is littie doubt that U.S. temporary entry programs will continue to grow at a robust pace Record-breaking Numbers during the next two decades. Legal and illegal immigration to die U.S. in the 1990s The key source countries for U.S. immigration (legal broke die record set during die first decade of die 20th and illegal, temporary and permanent) in the next 20 century, when nearly 9.5 million persons were admitted. years can be expected to be very similar to the ones that Proportionately, though, we are less a nation of immi¬ currently dominate the flow — malting the composition grants now tiian we were 100 years ago. Approximately of today's immigration the best predictor of tomorrows 10.5 percent of U.S. residents are immigrants today; tiiat flows and composition. There are at least two major rea¬ compares with nearly 15 percent during the period 1900- sons for this phenomenon. 1910. First, U.S. law on permanent immigration has long Gross legal (or audiorized) permanent immigration emphasized family reunification. As a result, in about now stands at a littie more than 800,000 entries per four-fifths of all admissions, the closeness of tire family year. This number is thought to be depressed severely relationship determines whether and how quickly a by the persistent inability of the government (the prospective immigrant can gain permanent access to the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the United States. This creates a strong bias in favor of those Department of Labor) to keep up with their adjudica¬ countries that use tire system a lot and continuously (so tions workloads — failures that create extended waiting that close family relationships are maintained). In fact, if lines among otherwise eligible would-be immigrants. the nationals of a country lose interest in large-scale per¬ Gross legal entries would probably be close to one mil¬ manent immigration to tire U.S. for any significant period lion if these agencies did not have a constant backlog. of time, as most Europeans have done for the last quar¬ Although reliable net annual migration figures are not ter-century, and then suddenly regain interest in it, as tire available (the U.S. lacks a system for measuring, or Irish did in tire late 1970s and 1980s, it is nearly impossi¬ even officially estimating, emigration), most educated ble to recapture their former position in tire immigration guesses put emigration at about 20 to 25 percent of queue absent special programs geared specifically toward them. Demetrios Papademetriou is co-director of the Second, there’s the dynamic of the migration process International Migration Policy Program at the Carnegie itself. Once a national group gains a substantial immigra¬ Endowment for International Peace. Starting in July, he tion “beachhead,” an ethnic-network-fueled self-feeding will be co-executive director of the Migration Policy process commences that grows in intensity until a signifi¬ Institute, a new independent think tank devoted exclu¬ cant change occurs — typically in the economic or polit¬ sively to the study of international migration. ical circumstances of tire sending country.

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

Origins and Destinations through Mexico may be more than 300,000 — about one- Immigration from Western Europe and Canada pro¬ and-a-half times as large as analysts’ earlier estimates. vides perfect examples of this process. Permanent immi¬ Some estimates put gross annual entries through Mexico gration from these countries has fallen to about 10 to 15 at more than 1 million, but most of those persons leave the percent of total immigration to the United States, from U.S. within a short time and are therefore not counted as about one-third of the total in tire 1960s. “permanent” immigrants. That decline has been accompanied by commensurate gains by Asia, which now accounts for about a third of the The Battle of the Border total U.S. inflow, and the Americas, which account for Even if these numbers prove only partially accurate, more than half of the total. In the 1990s, one national they provide a strong incentive for the U.S. to take a fresh group — Mexicans — probably made up between 25 and look at the issue and attempt to reach a thoughtful accom¬ 30 percent of total immigration to the United States (this modation with Mexico. Such an accommodation might includes recent estimates of illegal immigration). start from the premise that the enormous — and at about Eastern Europe and Africa have been making modest $1.5 billion annually, enormously expensive — buildup of recent gains in U.S. permanent resident visas and are border defenses has failed to reduce illegal entries. This expected to continue to do so. In addition to Mexico, a reality makes a negotiated deal with Mexico one of the handful of South and East Asian countries (the few reasonable courses of action left. Philippines, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and India), the The incentives for Mexico to negotiate a dramatic former Soviet Union, and a few Central American and change in the status quo are equally powerful. They Caribbean states provide the overwhelming majority of include deaths at the border, which approached 500 last immigrants to the United States and will continue to do so year, the disorder that results from the repeated U.S. for the foreseeable future. push-back of many would-be illegal border-crossers, and Early results from the U.S. decennial census are con¬ the clear concern that tire U.S.-Mexican argument about firming a trend some have been observing — if somewhat immigration may infect the broader relationship. The anecdotally — for the last decade. Namely, that Mexican United States and Mexico share an interest in attacking immigrants (and gradually others, particularly recent organized criminal networks that severely undermine the refugees), regardless of status, are spreading out through¬ authority of the Mexican government and cause problems out tire United States in rates not seen since the great for the United States that go well beyond illegal immigra¬ migrations of the 1870-1920 period, malting immigration tion. In fact, the two nations, in tackling this issue, may truly “national” for the first time since early in tire 20th have an excellent opportunity for broad cooperation on an century. Over tire next two decades this process will inten¬ unprecedented scale. sify. Despite this dispersion, most new immigrants — per¬ Presidents George Bush and Vicente Fox have agreed haps 70 percent—will continue to settle in areas in which to rethink jointly that relationship. The most likely course their own ethnic group has already created a significant of action would in effect make a deal in which each party niche, attracted by the existence of the private social safe¬ gets something: The U.S. would grant legal status to most ty net and information infrastructure that newcomers Mexicans now illegally resident in the United States and value very highly. would issue large numbers of legal, temporary work visas Illegal immigration in the 1990s has also been very for Mexicans; in exchange, the U.S. would get orderliness strong and, absent new forms of comprehensive interven¬ at the U.S.-Mexican border and very substantial reduc¬ tions that succeed, it will continue to be so during tire next tions in unauthorized entries from and through Mexico. two decades. The Americas may account for as much as Certainly, illegal immigration is largely a U.S.-Mexican three-quarters of all unauthorized immigrants. The issue, and our two nations need to address that fact. But remainder is made up of visa overstayers who originate we also need to acknowledge the deep social and eco¬ from just about every other country. About two-tirirds of nomic forces that drive illegal immigration. Those illegal immigration comes from and through Mexico. Still- include: (a) the ready availability of U.S. jobs for hard emerging 2000 census evidence suggests that recent working Mexicans (who typically make few demands on annual net unauthorized migration coming from and employers); (b) the existence of mature ethnic networks;

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 17 Focus

and (c) U.S. consumer habits and preferences which nur¬ in their countries, as the European Union does through ture and reinforce all immigration. The result is a near the Schengen agreement. The signing by the U.S., natural symbiosis between the goals of Mexican migrant Canada and Mexico of two international protocols — one workers and their families, on tire one hand, and the on “Trafficking in Persons” and the other on “Smuggling interests and expectations of U.S. employers, investors, of Migrants” — last December in Palermo is a good initial and consumers, on the other hand. Should we be sur¬ step in that direction. prised when policies that work against market forces in Alternately', die U.S. might wish to focus on managing societies that otherwise idolize free enterprise (as the U.S. unauthorized immigration from one or more key countries does, at least rhetorically) prove to have little success? through a variety of positive incentives and sharp disincen¬ Managing illegal immigration will also be more effec¬ tives. Among tire fonner might be offering diem preferen¬ tive in the long term if we commit ourselves to testing tial immigration benefits, aggressively supporting develop¬ alternative management and control methods. For ment programs and loans by international financial institu¬ instance, we might choose to deepen cooperation with tions, or making additional trade concessions. Suspending and increase coordination on enforcement activities with some immigration benefits, instituting additional proce¬ bodr our contiguous neighbors. (The U.S. and Canada are dures at die border, temporarily blocking international already moving on this track.) Making available larger financial institution initiatives, or withdrawing odier posi¬ numbers of immigrant visas to them might be a good tive incentives are the negative side of the same coin. incentive for obtaining their active cooperation. Similarly, groupings of like-minded states can work Does Immigration Benefit America? together to keep out those without the right to enter or be Any serious discussion about immigrations overall eco-

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18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

nomic and labor market effects must A negotiated deal with clear on immigration’s effect on wages. start by making two points. First, what Some analysts speculate that the effect typically passes as an economic assess¬ Mexico is one of the might be quite large, but in a world of ment is little more than an accounting few trade barriers and weak worker exercise of costs and benefits to gov¬ few reasonable options organizations, isolating immigration’s ernment — these tend to count only effect on wages seems to be almost an what can be quantified readily. Second, open to the U.S. exercise in futility. The key factor both sides to tire political debate about seems to be whether immigrant work¬ immigration’s effects overstate diem ers have skills that are similar to those systematically. The restrictionist side, however, when it of native-born workers. Workers whose jobs are similar to seeks to anchor some of its argument on economic and those of immigrants will face lower wages and, in some labor market grounds — as it often does — does die instances, restricted job opportunities. Most frequendy, greatest violence to die facts, and by a very large margin. such workers are diemselves previously settled immi¬ Assessments of immigration reach few truly authorita- grants and/or minority group members. tive conclusions. Nonedieless, tiiere seems to be wide¬ An exhaustive 1997 report by die National Academy of spread analytical agreement that, at the aggregate level, Sciences echoes and ratifies these assessments. It also immigration benefits investors, employers, consumers, finds that the average net economic benefits to the U.S. and a country’s international economic position and does government of immigration it was able to measure tend to not adversely affect (at least not in measurable ways) die be small and vary widely witii the following factors: the job opportunities of domestic workers. The record is less skill, age, and family composition of the immigrants in

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question; the economic sector in Immigrants often exhibit income of nonimmigrants in die which the immigrants enter; the United States by $1 billion to $10 bil¬ overall economic conditions of their values, like thrift, lion. Immigrants also increase die areas of settlement; and tire immi¬ ranks of entrepreneurs and typically grants’ legal status. that we Americans exhibit values — including family The academy’s accounting exer¬ values and work habits — tiiat most cise did not measure benefits which, aspire to but no longer closely approximate those to which though difficult to quantify, are we sometimes aspire but no longer essential to a full assessment of net consistently exhibit. seem capable of producing consis- effects. Among these are the fact drat tentiy. the upbringing and education of The benefits of legal immigration immigrants have been paid for by otiier, usually poorer, do not imply that all immigrants improve our general wel¬ countries (immigrants are heavily over-represented among fare or that more immigration will necessarily continue to drose holding post-graduate degrees, but also among diose prove advantageous. Responsible governance requires not having a high school diploma); die value of immigrant- tiiat immigration levels be flexible, that tire impact of led expansion in immigrant-dependent industries; dre immigration on die labor market be monitored (so that trade openings created or expanded by immigrants; and immigration policy remains broadly in line witii whatever the dollar value of immigrants’ personal industry, innova¬ human resource policies we may have), tiiat immigrations tion, and dynamism. A National Research Council study demographic effects be clearly understood and in line estimated that in 1997 immigrants raised the aggregate with die goals of the receiving country, and tiiat unantici-

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pated and undesirable social effects (including unwarrant¬ an ongoing “dialogue of the deaf’ regarding immigration’s ed access to the country’s welfare system) be addressed costs and benefits. On another level, policy experts discuss quickly, though equitably. administrative and management reforms tiiat are simply But what of the economics of unauthorized immigra¬ not on the political screen of our country’s senior leader¬ tion? These may be even more positive than those of legal ship. Among the political arguments, one finds the highly immigration. However, illegal immigration undermines emotional issue of the pace at which the “face” of America the principle that successful societies are governed by the is changing, controlling illegal immigration, or resolving rule of law. Thus, it provokes considerable popular anxiety deep philosophical differences over temporary labor pro¬ and helps to stoke xenophobic rhetoric. Such rhetoric, in grams. Within die category of needed reforms, one finds turn, blurs the line between legal and illegal immigration controlling illegal immigration (again), managing die and threatens to turn an always ambivalent public against immigration function more effectively, addressing the all fonns of immigration. Tins is why defenders of gener¬ massive family immigration backlogs, and reducing immi¬ ous levels of legal immigration can often seem as keen as gration fraud. their philosophical adversaries to eliminate illegal immi¬ While all these issues are important, I would argue tiiat gration. the key issue at hand is integration — that is, understand¬ ing better and intervening successfully in die reciprocal The Goal of Integration process through which immigrants adapt to the commu¬ When Americans talk about immigration, our argu¬ nities they enter and communities adapt to the newcom¬ ments tend to fall into two distinct categories. On one ers. Why integration? Because as U.S. communities level, we have political arguments that are little more tiian become hosts to immigrants in numbers they have not

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JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 21 Focus

encountered since the early 20th century, they— and the areas help shape immigrant integration and determine larger society of which they are part — must address the whether a community’s and, by extension, a society’s, resulting “stirring of the pot.” That is, the many ways in long-term experience with immigration will be a positive which public and private resources inevitably are redis¬ or a troubled one. tributed when large numbers of newcomers join a com¬ Among these three, immigrant labor market and eco¬ munity. The larger immigration flows projected for the nomic participation may be most crucial — at least when next two decades make the issue even more pressing. one considers the recent politics regarding immigration. Considering the increasing pace of immigration, our It is participation in the workforce that, more than any long-term success as a society may be more contingent other factor, affects the host community’s view of immi¬ upon solving the immigration and inter-group relations grants as either net contributors to or net consumers of puzzle (what I call tire immigration/integration nexus) social and economic resources. than many may appreciate. This requires that we should On immigrant mobility, an expanding body of litera¬ treat the receiving environment (its cultural, social, politi¬ ture, much of it written during the “dark days” of the cal, and economic facets) not just as a “space” in winch recession of the early 1990s, as well as impressionistic immigrants “happen” to settle, but as a living entity with evidence, seem to suggest that upward mobility may be which immigrants are always in a dynamic relationship. becoming an increasingly distant goal for certain immi¬ Three sets of issues about the encounter of immigrants grants and possibly their children — our society’s future with receiving communities (and vice versa) require pri¬ citizen-workers. However, more recent work seems to ority attention. They are (a) labor markets; (b) mobility paint a more encouraging picture — suggesting that the issues; and (c) societal “cohesion.” Together, tiiese issue economic conditions of the local labor market which

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immigrants encounter may be the most important vari¬ they have in recent years. Considering our economic and able in tlie mobility opportunities of immigrants. As the political makeup, however, it may be even more neces¬ fortunes of U.S. labor markets brightened in the second sary that we consider thoughtfully the roles private insti¬ half of the 1990s, so did the mobility prospects of immi¬ tutions — such as unions, individual employers and their grant families. associations, banks, churches, social assistance agencies, Finally, societal cohesion concerns offer a compelling foundations, and self-help and mutual-aid organizations rationale for activist policies that assist immigrants to — must play in offering not only the necessary media¬ become socially, politically and economically better tion and conflict prevention/resolution services, but also incorporated. This rationale is anchored on a powerful in advancing inclusion affirmatively. premise — namely, that the alternative to the integration Cities and the communities that make them up are of newcomers is not only missing an opportunity to ben¬ undeniably the “ground zero” of immigration policies — efit fully from immigration but, of even greater impor¬ the place where immigration and integration policies tance, to risk creating different classes of membership in meet. It is in cities that competition for often scarce our society. That eventually will affect societal cohesion resources occurs — from housing and social goods to adversely. jobs, education, and political power. More importantly, it In the context of all three “integration” issues men¬ is cities that are the real laboratories for testing different tioned here, both public and private institutions have models of living together as members of a community. crucial roles to play. Our public institutions — schools, Since local communities, then, are die crucibles of inte¬ bureaucracies, public service delivery agencies, police gration, it is important that we all work hard and smart and judicial systems, political parties — must promote to strengthen their capacity for performing this critical inclusion (and reject exclusion) more effectively than (and in many ways very traditional) role. ■

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JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 23 Focus ON IMMIGRATION

THE “MAD DOCTOR” AN IMMIGRATION TALE WITH A MORAL

BY RICHARD GONZALEZ

“Mr. Gonzalez, the mad doctor is here to father’s extensive holdings. Knowing that see you,” announced the Foreign Service The sad Ghanaian man he would not be able to settle his fathers National employee. estate within the 12-month period legal “Mad doctor? Who is he? Why does lie had only a tattered permanent residents are allowed to need to see me?” remain continuously abroad, he wisely “Oh, he comes calling frequently. He boarding pass as obtained an INS re-entry permit allowing seeks to make his case before the consul him to remain outside the U.S. legally for that he is being denied his legal right to be evidence of his tale. up to 24 months. Two days short of two in America.” years later, the good doctor boarded an It was my second day on the job as consular section international flight from Accra to London, where he chief in Accra, Ghana, and I didn’t have the time to waste expected to make a connection to die United States. The with a nuisance case like the “mad doctor.” Over the course doctor planned to re-enter the United States with 18 hours of the next 12 months, the mad doctor visited our office of his two years to spare! several times, seeking to speak with me, but he was turned Arriving at Heathrow Airport, he proceeded to check in away as simply another nut case. for the U.S. leg of his trip. Reaching the counter with two The following year, however, die mad doctor managed hours to make his connection, he handed his passport, re¬ to slip through the defenses we had erected and was ush¬ entry permit, and ticket to an airline agent who apologeti¬ ered into my office. Shabby but dignified in a frayed dark cally explained that his shift was over, but diat his relief suit, the mad doctor turned out to be not at all mad. Rather, would shortly process him for his connecting flight. When he was a highly intelligent and articulate man who had the relief agent arrived a half hour later, the airline could practiced medicine in both his native Ghana and the not locate the doctors documents, thus causing him to miss United States for more than 20 years. With tears welling in his flight and his opportunity to return to the United States. his eyes, he composed himself to present his case to the Without Iris identifying documents, the doctor became just consul, a moment for which he had waited 10 years. another poor Ghanaian attempting to con Iris way into the “Please, Excellency, I require your assistance in return¬ United States. He was soon deported to Ghana. ing to America to be able to continue the life that I began Ollier than a tattered boarding pass from his Accra to there almost 20 years ago.” London flight, he had nothing to substantiate Iris claim. Over the next hour, he recounted a Story of how cir¬ The doctors stoty, however, was so compelling and so cumstances and indifferent and uncaring officials, includ¬ believable that I requested a review of Iris INS file. The file ing myself, had conspired to deny him the basic courtesy of confirmed that the doctor had indeed obtained a re-entry being heard. Twenty years earlier the doctor traveled to the permit with U.S. immigration law, I documented him as a United States to participate in a medical residency pro¬ returning resident alien and he was soon on Iris way back to gram. In the United States he married and became a legal the United States. permanent resident. Eight years later, and divorced, he was The nature of consular work, particularly in the devel¬ established in a medical practice in a large U.S. city. At that oping world, requires that consular officers be insulated time, his father died and he was compelled to return to from the endless numbers of denied applicants seeking to Ghana to preside over the funeral and dispose of his present their cases to a higher authority. As this case so sadly illustrates, however, we must provide for avenues of Richard Gonzalez., an FSO since 1982, was stationed in Accra appeal and remain open to those knocking on our doors to from 1998 to 2000. He is now consul general in Tijuana. avoid injustices such as diat of the “mad doctor.” ■

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus ON IMMIGRATION

AMERICA’S SPLIT PERSONALITY ON IMMIGRATION POLICY

ON A MACRO LEVEL, WE WANT MORE RESTRICTIONS, BUT ON A MICRO LEVEL, WE WELCOME IMMIGRANTS. NO WONDER CONSULAR OFFICERS ARE CONFUSED.

BY BRUCE MORRISON

mmigration policy over the last four centuries tells the story of how we con¬ structed the America of today. But what has our past taught us about the America that immigration is creating for the future? On Capitol Hill, in the administration and on the front lines at consular posts around the world, the message is the same: Keep the wrong ones out and let the right ones in without delay. The question is: which ones are which? For most of our history, immigration has not been well regulated. In recent years, concern and controversy about immigration have grown. In the wake of regulatory failures, many interests have grown up in opposition to fixing defects in our immigration system. For example, illegal aliens and those who employ them resist their deportation.

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 25 Focus

Americans focus on the details of One very effective most aliens illegally in the coun¬ immigration only when they want try, and initiating the first pre¬ to bring somebody in or keep way to prevent illegal employment work site verifica¬ somebody here. On the other hand, tion of legal status, the legisla¬ most Americans don’t know anyone entries would be to tion’s framers sought a grand in that situation and so in general, compromise: Those who had put Americans believe that the country prevent illegal aliens down roots here would get to has quite enough people, and that stay and work, but in the future, immigration seems out of control. from working. there would be no work for those The policy debates reflect this who entered illegally. It was a dichotomy. On a macro level, good idea, but the flaws in its Americans want restrictions on the number of immi¬ construction and implementation are very apparent grants who will be permitted to come to the United now. The verification of employment spawned a States. Everyone is quick to insist that immigration whole industry for making fraudulent documents. policy should keep out the bad ones: criminals, ter¬ The implementation of the amnesty provision for rorists, and also the ones who would compete with us those already here was generally fair, but the INS’s for jobs, or who, we may believe, aren’t enough like restrictive legal interpretations of amnesty spawned us to become real Americans. On a micro level, the litigation which remains unresolved to this day. views are more nuanced: “I certainly want my relative The next step was to create legislation to “open the to be able to visit and stay if he wants.” “My compa¬ front door.” The Immigration Act of 1990 allowed ny has a critical need for workers which the domestic immigrants with higher skills to join the American workforce seems unable to meet.” “My ancestors’ workforce more easily and in higher numbers. It was country of origin should be able to continue to send accompanied by provisions to restrict the flow of good folks like me.” unskilled workers, to diversify the source countries These competing instincts have forged our immigra¬ for immigrants, and to improve the categorization of tion policies. If consular officers are getting a mixed temporary, non-immigrant admissions. The legisla¬ message about what is expected of them, it’s not that tion also made it easier to deport immigrants who they are hearing it wrong. Washington is sending out a commit crimes in the United States while it eliminat¬ mixed message. And that is because Washington hears ed ideological restrictions on admission which had a mixed message from the grass roots. been passed in the early days of the Cold War. As a result of these two laws, the country entered Letting the Good Ones In the last decade of the twentieth century with new Three recent pieces of immigration legislation rules on immigration that, on paper at least, respond¬ (the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, ed well to the growing challenges of global migration. the Immigration Act of 1990, and Illegal Immigration On the one hand, immigration laws would allow Reform and Immigrant Responsibility' Act of 1996) employers to hire from a global labor pool of talent¬ have tried to balance competing views on immigra¬ ed people. On the other, the laws on work site verifi¬ tion. The goal of the IRCA was to “close the back cation would keep jobs out of the hands of illegal door” of illegal immigration. By offering amnesty to immigrants and would make immigrating to America illegally less tempting. These laws seemed to strike a Bruce Morrison was a member of the House of balance between the macro and micro immigration Representatives from 1983 to 1991. From 1989 to 1991, interests of the country. But depressed economic- the Connecticut Democrat chaired the House conditions in the early 1990’s and the flaws in IRCA’S Subcommittee on Immigration; he was the principal worksite enforcement scheme had Congress up in author of the Immigration Act of1990. He is currently vice arms about illegal immigration by 1996. chairman of GPC/O’Neill ir Associates, an international IIRIRA, the third piece of recent immigration leg¬ public affairs and public relations company. islation, created restrictions on entry and tougher

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

penalties for misconduct in the It is impossible to The INS estimates that 50 to U.S. IIRIRA was accompanied by 60 percent of those living illegal¬ welfare “reform” provisions. For dramatically reduce the ly in the United States entered the first time legal permanent without inspection, and the residents were to be treated more number of illegal remaining illegal immigrants like illegal aliens, ineligible for overstayed valid visas. While most benefits, rather than like immigrants in the U.S. some make the case that the citizens, with whom they had roughly 300,000 person annual been grouped in the past. While if they are permitted to increase in illegal immigrants this classification scheme for demonstrates a failure of border legal residents has been reversed be gainfully employed. control, it would be more pro¬ in part, treating those who have ductive to study instead how so immigrated legally like those who many unauthorized individuals have broken the rules blurs the line between legal can support themselves here. They aren’t living off and illegal. A viable immigration policy turns on the state: Illegal aliens have always been barred from maintaining clear definitions of who is here legally most public benefits, and the 1996 welfare reform and who is illegal. made it even more difficult for them to get govern¬ Much more can, and has, been written about con¬ ment support. Illegal immigrants are able to stay in gressional policymaking on immigration over the last the U.S. simply because they can find jobs here. two decades. This synopsis is not comprehensive or The current system to keep illegal workers out of nuanced. But it serves to underscore the critical the job market is a disaster. Fraudulent documents point: Consular officers describe a “damned if you can easily be procured. To prevent discrimination do, damned if you don’t” feeling when issuing visas. against “foreign looking” individuals, documents that The conflict they feel is inherent in the tension built appear to be valid must be accepted. The paperwork into our policies. In the face of each applicant, we is a burden for employers, and it does little to prevent see the image of an immigrant in our own family. But unauthorized employment. Many agricultural, small in the group of those seeking entry as a whole we see manufacturing and service sector employers don’t a wave of humanity assaulting our shores. even bother to deal with the proper paperwork. Our immigration policies are imperfect in part Once illegal workers enter the U.S. job market, because we seek to balance our competing interests they can be subject to exploitation. They cannot com¬ in maintaining both openness and control. But the plain about poor treatment at their employer’s hands United States makes at least two avoidable errors in because they fear deportation. The presence of ille¬ its immigration system. First, we pursue the problem gal workers in the U.S. also threatens the livelihood of illegal entry with excessive emphasis on a border of legitimate workers. Employers may be tempted to defense strategy. A much more effective way to pre¬ replace an authorized worker who registers a com¬ vent illegal entries would be to prevent illegal aliens plaint about being treated poorly with an illegitimate from working. Second, we fail to allocate the worker who is powerless to lodge a similar complaint. resources for prompt and careful adjudications of It is impossible to dramatically reduce the number immigrants’ claims. of illegal immigrants in the U.S. if they are permitted to be gainfully employed. Beating the border con¬ The Border Defense Fallacy trols, whether in consular processing, procuring The U.S. relies on border controls to prevent ille¬ fraudulent documents, or avoiding inspection is well gal immigration. Airport inspectors check for worth the costs and the risks for prospective illegal improper documentation, and the border patrol tries immigrants if they expect to be able to find work to prevent entries without inspection. Such controls here. Border control can only do so much: When we are necessary, but they are not an effective way to fail to control who is allowed to work in this country, reduce illegal immigration. it becomes difficult for the Department of State and

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 27 Focus

the INS to regulate the massive The INS estimates that prompt removal of the undocu¬ flows of immigrants who enter mented were effectively imple¬ the country, no matter how many 50 to 60 percent of those mented, the consular processing resources are put at their dispos¬ load would be less. But there al. However, to the extent that living illegally in the would still be a growing workload effective work site enforcement around the world. Why can’t all and expeditious removal of those United States entered this demand pay its own way? without a substantial claim to And shouldn’t the staff assigned remain in the United States are without inspection. to this work be both expert and implemented, dramatic improve¬ interested in its efficient and ments in consular and border effective execution? enforcement are possible. People simply won’t be as The international travel and migration system tempted to immigrate illegally to the U.S. if they should pay the cost of the necessary controls. There know it will be hard for them to work here, and thus are various ways to allocate the costs among individ¬ the pressure large numbers of immigrants exert on uals seeking or receiving visas, businesses which ben¬ the consulates and borders will decrease. efit from those visas, and taxpayers more generally. It is possible to better regulate who is allowed to International travel is expensive and even illegal work here. Technology can provide secure encrypted entrants expend huge sums to gain entry. There is no identity verification at the time of employment. good reason not to charge enough to all the users and These identity checks should be performed not by beneficiaries to do the job right. But if that is done, glancing at a card or a piece of paper but by compar¬ the pitfalls of government fee accounts must be ing identity information with a central database. We avoided. They must be run like the business they are. are already requiring employers to register new hires The INS fee accounts are an example of what not to with a child support enforcement database, so priva¬ do: Sendees have not been delivered in a timely man¬ cy concerns cannot explain the absence of a workable ner. For example, citizenship applications take over work authorization scheme. Discrimination, fraud, two years, and Hl-B visas take six months. Such and employer burden could all be reduced by such an “nothing for something” pricing would drive any approach. company out of business. A market-driven bottom line will be needed to prevent this result, but ade¬ FSOs or Immigration Specialists? quate funding for immigration processing is worth That such systemic reforms can make a big differ¬ the effort. ence was demonstrated by the INS asylum reforms of The other factor in the resources equation is per¬ the mid-1990s. Before, individuals could get work- sonnel. We know we need and want the global flow of authorization status if they made an asylum claim. tourists, business visitors, temporary workers, and This practice spawned phony asylum claims from permanent immigrants, but we are afraid of losing the individuals bent on working in the U.S., and the large sovereignty and security which borders represent. increase in asylum claims ensured that the IN S would The importance of the consular processing task not get around to denying applications for years. By requires that it be done well. In my work as an immi¬ the time his request for asylum was denied, an immi¬ gration lawyer, I have seen a wide range of attitudes grant would have found another legal avenue to allow that FSOs have toward consular work. Many FSOs him to stay in the U.S. By decoupling work autho¬ are extremely helpful and competent. Others are dis¬ rization from asylum applications for long enough to tracted and angry about any attempt to influence their adjudicate most applications, INS reduced the num¬ decisions. Others express clear biases about individu¬ bers to a manageable level and therefore had more als and whole countries which they would have been time to adjudicate legitimate applications fairly and embarrassed to repeat in a different setting. For most accurately. FSOs, consular work is a purgatory to be endured If internal enforcement at the woxksite and before the real work of diplomacy begins.

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

Should consular work be the State should expand consular processing by FSOs who province of Foreign Service offi¬ wish they were doing something cers? Would a separate corps of its role in the else is the answer. Some have sug¬ immigration enforcement and facili¬ gested that an immigration benefit tation personnel be preferable? In immigration process, bureau would fare poorly in the our increasingly global environ¬ State Department because of status ment, migration issues are among even if it doesn’t distinctions between FSOs and GS the most challenging we will face in employees in the department. But the years ahead. The U.S. want to. some kind of consular or immigra¬ Commission on Immigration tion specialization seems necessary. Reform recommended that the Immigration to the U.S. continues Department of State take over the entire process of to be essential to our economy and our culture of diver¬ granting immigration benefits, specifically the INS sity. Openness to global business, tourism, and educa¬ visa petition approval process, leaving the tion are hallmarks of our society and competitive Department of Justice with the law enforcement advantages in the world. Consular processing can be aspects. However, the State Department declined the facilitator of these good things. But we need to the honor. The State Department may be well served support the work with effective domestic enforcement, by seeking to expand, not contract, its expertise and adequate funding, and an expert workforce that is specialization in this area. But it seems unlikely that interested in the work. ■

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JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 29 Focus ON IMMIGRATION

IMMIGRATION RUN AMOK: WHY WE NEED REFORM

CURRENT POLICIES DO NOT MEET

AMERICA’S NATIONAL NEEDS AND FUEL AN UNDESIRABLE POPULATION INCREASE.

BY JACK MARTIN

o one imagined that the 1965 Immigration Act, which among other provi¬ sions abolished the national origins quota system, would set off a return of mass immigration. Sen. Eugene McCarthy, D-Minn., a cosponsor of the act, said on the Senate floor at the time, “It is a limited measure, since it does not make any substantial increase in the number of immigrants who can enter each year.” Yet in fact, the 1965 legislation did spur a substantial rise in immigration: In 1992, McCarthy noted, “The 1965 changes to the immigration laws discounted the human factors that ultimately resulted in effects no one had anticipated.” The flow of immigrants into the U.S. when national quotas were in effect was between 250,000 to 300,000 immi¬ grants a year. After the 1965 act, the numbers began to climb to over 500,000 immigrants in 1980, and today,

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

to over one million per year, when Other countries look tion size. They recognize that immi¬ the illegal flow is included. gration is a discretionary policy that There are many reasons immigra¬ more rationally at is a key component of population tion has returned to the high levels planning. I recently attended a pop¬ not seen since the beginning of the their manpower or ulation conference in Australia 20th centuiy. One key factor is chain where the cabinet minister for migration (the process whereby an skills needs in setting immigration set out the govern¬ immigrant who becomes a U.S. citi¬ ments immigration policy in terms zen is allowed to sponsor family immigrant admissions of how it would affect Australia’s members for obtaining immigrant future age and skills structure and visas). Other reasons are: illegal policies. population size. Couldn’t we do that immigration; the amnesties which too? have allowed immigrants to make Americans need to think more the transition to legal status and obtain green cards about the implications of population size. When I without leaving the country;and immigration law vio¬ entered the Foreign Service in the early 1960s, the lators. Setting aside the problem of illegal immigra¬ U.S. population was about 183 million — 100 million tion for a moment, the current system of legal immi¬ fewer residents than today. The recent release of gration is not in accord with national needs, fuels 2000 Census data shows that our population is undesirable population increase and cries out for increasing by more than one percent per year — a major reform. rate higher than China’s. Demographic studies have shown that the share of the increase attributable to An Unbroken Chain immigration is about two-thirds. Under the current system, most legal immigrants to The Federation for American Immigration Reform the U.S. arrive as a result of chain migration. In effect, (FAIR) recommends that immigration be restored to a Congress gave each new wave of immigrants the power replacement level (meaning that those arriving will to select the following wave. Chain migration has cre¬ approximately number those who die or permanently ated a shift in our immigration intake from developed leave the United States), i.e., about one-quarter to one- countries to developing countries, in part because third of a million. By doing so, the nation’s population immigrants from developing countries tend to have would begin to approach a stable level toward the middle more family members — whom they want to bring to of this century. Absent a change of that type, the Census the United States. For example, in Germany, the aver¬ Bureau projects that the population will continue its rapid age total fertility rate is 1.3 births per lifetime per growth to about 400 million by fl it: middle of tire century, woman. In the Philippines, it is 3.7. An increasing per¬ with no end to such rates of increase in sight. centage of our immigrant population is poorly educat¬ ed and poorly skilled, due in part to amnesty provisions Closing the Back Door and INA Section 245(i), both of which give legal status This population projection has tremendous impli¬ to illegal aliens. (The 245(i) provision allowed aliens cations for all Americans. The more the population illegally in the United States to make the transition to grows, the less livable our country is likely to become. legal status.) We are today more conscious than ever of population Other countries look more rationally at their man¬ crowding, urban sprawl, diminishing rural and wilder¬ power or skills needs in setting immigrant admissions ness lands, traffic gridlock, and resource limits such as policies. Some countries, such as Australia, set immi¬ the energy crisis in California. It can be conclusively gration policy according to how it will affect popula- demonstrated that in the United States the environ¬ mental problems associated with urban sprawl owe as Jack Martin was an FSOfrom 1961 to 1989. He is the much to population increase as to land use patterns. director of special projects at the Federation for It is well past time that Congress undertake a American Immigration Reform. major reform of immigration to return it to more

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 31 Focus

moderate levels. Ideas for reform By denying sented by new hires to establish were recommended in 1996 by the their work eligibility. The tests are U.S. Commission on Immigration employment virtually complete and now are Reform, chaired by former congress- being evaluated. We know that a woman Barbara Jordan, D-Texas. opportunities, system that allows employers to The Jordan Commission recommen¬ verify social security numbers with dations included both reform and we reduce the the Social Security Administration reduction for legal immigration as and alien ID numbers with the INS well as measures to correct the wave incentive to can work, because states have been of illegal immigration. Congress using such a system for federal ben¬ proved incapable of dealing with immigrate illegally. efits for years. By denying employ¬ such a large agenda, and enacted ment opportunity, the incentive to only illegal immigration reforms in immigrate illegally will diminish, 1996. The legal reform agenda still awaits action. thereby aiding the job of the Border Patrol and allow¬ Reforming legal immigration alone will not do the ing internal INS enforcement efforts to be more job of curtailing population increase. We must do a effectively targeted on employers who deliberately better job of controlling the back door too. As a result exploit illegal workers. of the general amnesty for illegal aliens in 1986, we Third, we should implement entry-exit document gave permanent residence to nearly three million ille¬ matching, both to improve national security and to gal aliens and empowered them to sponsor family reveal whether nationals of visa waiver countries are members. 2000 Census data has led researchers to abusing the system by staying in the United States. If speculate that todays illegal alien population could be Amazon.com can keep track of an inventory of mil¬ nearly double the INS estimate of about six million. lions of books, there is no good reason that the IN S Yet there have been additional limited amnesties should not be able to match entry-exit records of for¬ adopted and there is a push, begun in the last eign travelers. The one difficulty is with land border Congress, for another general amnesty. Such policies crossings, and that problem can be made manageable throw the back door wide open by advertising to the by exempting local, limited-duration travel by world our lack of resolve to control our borders. Canadians and Mexicans. Fourth, we should stop conferring immigration Controlling Immigration benefits on aliens illegally residing in the United So what are the solutions? First, I believe we must States. This means an end to amnesties, temporary act on the unfinished Jordan Commission agenda to protected status and adjustment of status. reduce legal immigration to a sustainable level. The This last point is especially important. The expe¬ reform proposals that await congressional considera¬ rience and expertise of consular officers is being tion include ending family preference visas for sib¬ underused because they are not consistently empow¬ lings and adult children (except for dependent adult ered to act as the nation’s gatekeepers in protecting children), and the visa lottery (an implicit recommen¬ the country from undesirable immigration. Although dation). Combined admissions for family and consular officers’ work in deciding visa eligibility is employment categories and for refugees would total little understood by the American public, their no more than 550,000. This level is higher than the knowledge and judgment are vital to giving meaning replacement level sought by FAIR, but it is a major to the immigration law. step in the right direction. Unless those who enter the country illegally or Second, we should adopt mandatory employer ver¬ who violate the terms of their visas are made to pay a ification of work eligibility for all new employees. penalty, the immigration law is nothing more than an The 1986 immigration reform legislation included easily bypassed obstacle for all but law-abiding peo¬ adoption of pilot programs to test systems to allow ple. In FY97 less than half of the immigrant admis¬ employers to verify the employment documents pre¬ sions were new arrivals. The majority adjusted their

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

status in the United States. The We should stop trained and experienced in judging INS doesn’t say how many of those the veracity of visa applicants. who adjusted status were in legal conferring Would our consular sections be nonimmigrant status, but it is a overburdened — as the State small share. immigration benefits Department claims — by restoring The in-country knowledge of our to them the gatekeeper responsibil¬ consular officers should be routine¬ on aliens illegally ity that was stripped away by INA ly used to evaluate asylum claims. Section 245(i)? Now that our con¬ Instead of expert governmental residing in the sulates are empowered to collect advice, today generic “country con¬ and use visa fees, additional respon¬ ditions” are used to justify perma¬ United States. sibility should justify additional per¬ nent U.S. residence. Recently, an sonnel resources and broaden the asylum claimant gained legal status responsibilities of consular officers. with a story about facing a circumcision ritual There should be little doubt that consular personnel, because she was in line to become queen of her tribe both local and American, are best equipped to inves¬ in Africa when simple research later proved that her tigate and deal with cases that require knowledge of story was a complete fabrication. Where we have local culture and governmental practices. Such a consular personnel on the scene, claims to fear per¬ change would help toward getting immigration back secution should be examined by those who are under control. ■

Statement of Ownership, Management and Circulation (required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)

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JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 33 Focus ON IMMIGRATION

FOR LATINOS, IMMIGRATION Is A FAMILY AFFAIR

THE U.S. AND MEXICO ARE FINALLY TALKING ABOUT THEIR SHARED IMMIGRATION PROBLEM, WHICH MAY LEAD TO SOLUTIONS FOR BOTH COUNTRIES.

BY GABRIEL A D. LEMUS

n Feb. 16, 2001, in his first foreign trip as president, George W. Bush journeyed to San Cristobal, Mexico, to meet with President Vicente Fox Quesada and discuss relations between the two countries. At the top of the agenda was the question of how the two governments would address immigration. Both leaders sought a package that would address both U.S. and Mexican concerns. That the discussion was taking place at all reflected a sea change in attitudes on die part of bodi sides. Historically, Mexico had not dealt witli immigration, viewing it as part of U.S. domestic policy. For die United States, immigration policy has contributed to the creation of an illicit labor market that undermines the rule of law and causes coundess unnecessary deaths on both sides of the 2,000-mile border. By engaging in bilateral discussions widi Mexico, Bush was

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

implicitly suggesting that this might change. The two the actions of the ranchers. It became critical that action countries had entered into a new working relationship. be taken to ensure that in their efforts to protect their “We have spoken on tire firm idea drat we have of property, border ranchers did not trigger wide-scale retal¬ fighting violence against immigrants, and to work based iation against the Latino community in the Southwest. on dre law, [on] dre coyotes taking our illegal workers into These types of incidents are extreme, but with the wide¬ U.S. territory,” Fox said following the meeting. spread availability of the Internet, flames of hate are being Few issues are as contentious and polarizing for tire fanned acioss the country, encouraging similar behavior. American public as immigration. Invariably when the Documents sent via the Internet and tire U.S. mail invite topic is raised, strong visceral reactions arise, contributing vacationers to help the ranchers defend dieir properties. A to stereotypes, which in turn frame public and official recently created Web site, www.ranclrrescue.com, claims debate on the issue. A principal consequence has been a drat ranchers are being overrun by criminal trespassers who wave of civil rights abuses drat often victimize U.S. citi¬ assault the ranchers. These reports have proven untrue. zens along witir foreign nationals. Thus far, drere have been no reports of assaults on ranchers by migrants anywhere on dre border. Vigilantes on the Border There have, however, been shootings by ranchers of Earlier this year, Douglas, Ariz., became dre focus of migrant workers. Three immigrants were killed last year border enforcement policy when ranchers, upset by the in similar incidents in Texas. One man was shot and U.S. Border Patrols inability to stop wayward undocu¬ allowed to bleed to deadr in soudr Texas because a ranch¬ mented migrants from crossing tireir lands, began round¬ er was upset he had trespassed onto his property. ing up immigrants. Effective border control operations Additionally this year, drere were reports of seven odrer undertaken in the early 1990s near San Diego had creat¬ immigrants being wounded in incidents along the border. ed a balloon effect drat moved the flow of undocumented It is clear drat immigration cannot be ignored and drat workers eastward into Arizona, where much of the land border policy needs to take into consideration the con¬ adjacent to the border is privately owned or leased from flicting mandates of enforcing border security and per¬ the government for ranching. mitting autirorized movement of peoples and goods. The Some ranchers have taken the law into tireir own hands status quo invites undocumented immigration into per¬ and boast of capturing tirousands of “illegals.” They chase ilous territory and worsens already-strained relations down migrant workers on horseback and by truck. The between foreigners and residents of the Soudrwest. The ranchers carry weapons and intimidate border crossers, challenge facing the United States is how to manage threatening to do tirem grievous harm. The highly volatile immigration and how to create balanced policies and situation along the U.S.-Mexico border threatens to strategies that do not pit immigrants against U.S. citizens. become a dangerous flashpoint for violence and human That requires, first of all, a brief look at the history of rights abuses. immigration. Congress, however, has done littie to address the prob¬ lem. Under siege on the border, Latinos became increas- A Fading American Dream ingly jeopardized by propaganda which rendered immi¬ The United States, as we’ve been told ever since grade grants synonymous with “illegals.” school, has always been a nation of immigrants. The League of United Latin American Citizens Immigration was die portal to die “American Dream,” (LULAC) — the oldest Latino civil rights organization in according to which anyone can succeed if they try hard the United States — along with other Latino, civil rights enough. The proposition is deeply embedded in the and religious organizations, demanded a full-scale investi¬ national psyche and mythology. gation by the FBI and tire U.S. Department of Justice into At the beginning of the 20th century, during the last great wave of immigration, individuals coming to die Gab riela D. Lemus is the director of policy and legisla¬ United States were primarily Europeans who came from tion at the League of United Latin American Citizens, rural Ireland, Italy, Poland, Germany, and Scandinavia. the oldest and largest Latino organization in the United But the most recent changes in immigration patterns can States. be largely con-elated with the end of the Cold War, glob-

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 35 Focus

alization processes, and advances in Everyone agrees dieir country of origin in order to technology. Now, immigrants come obtain or reinstate their legal status. largely from Mexico, Central and that something needs They must then remain there for a Soudr America, the Caribbean, Africa, minimum of three and up to ten years Soutiieast Asia, China, and other places to be done about before they can return. Of course, tiiat in die Southern Hemisphere where means losing precious time with spous¬ people are darker, generally poorer, undocumented es and children who are U.S. citizens or have different cultural values, and legal permanent residents. often lower levels of educational immigration. Given tiiese enforcement problems achievement. And drey are coming to and painful human consequences, it’s the United States in greater numbers no wonder that policy analysts, con¬ tiian ever before. gressional experts and die Bush administration are all con¬ The reasons for immigration are many, but usually sidering reform of the current bureaucratic systems. there are lwo basic motivations that lead a person to leave home and family and embark on a frightening jour¬ Which Path to Reform? ney — the promise of economic opportunity, and fear The immigration debate in Washington focuses on two for one’s safety. possible legislative components. The first approach would At the receiving end, diere are many reasons why the allow millions of undocumented workers who have a long¬ United States has long provided a safe haven for immi¬ standing presence in the country to adjust dieir status, i.e., grants. Beyond idealistic notions of die U.S. as a nation of to become legal residents. The second would create a immigrants and sympathy for die downtrodden, there temporary worker provision to regulate the flows of indi¬ have been practical reasons as well: an ongoing need for viduals entering die United States to fill jobs tiiat require low-skilled, low-wage labor and a proliferation of social lower skill-sets and that no one else will take, primarily in networks that help newcomers get oriented. die agricultural and service sectors. In recent decades, such social forces have resulted in a The actors in the debate include a wide array of inter¬ reliable stream of immigrants — and an environment hill ests, including non-governmental organizations, consist¬ of contradictions. Because employers value foreign work¬ ing primarily of immigration lawyers, religious organiza¬ ers, who tend to be highly reliable, punctual, stable, bard- tions, labor unions and civil rights groups; legislators who working, and dexible, diere is a large demand for dieir favor resolving the status of die undocumented laborers labor. But suffocating and expensive visa practices unin¬ already in the United States; legislators who seek a reduc¬ tentionally force immigrants who are in the U.S. without tion in immigration; the White House; and most recendy, proper papers into a trick}' situation: They find it more dif¬ the Mexican government. ficult to return to dieir home countries than to remain ille¬ Each group of actors agrees on one important point: gally in die United States. Heightened visa restrictions something needs to be done about undocumented immi¬ and stricter border enforcement mean that once people gration. But tiiat’s where agreement ends. Caught in the are in the United States, tiiey are likely to stay even if tiiey middle of tire debate are the federal bureaucracies, par¬ don’t want to. ticularly the Immigration and Naturalization Service, tiiat This state of affairs is not entirely new. At least since must implement the final outcome of die policymakers’ 1924, when the U.S. passed its first restrictive immigra¬ decisions — and, not least, die immigrants themselves tion act widi national quotas, many foreign-bom residents and dieir families. who might have wanted to return to their home countries Most of the interest groups seeking immigration have instead remained in the U.S. reform, including LULAC, believe that whatever Today, this effect has been compounded by die immi¬ approach is undertaken must address die failures of pre¬ gration act of 1996, with its three- and ten-year rules. vious immigration policies to abate undocumented immi¬ Under tiiat law, should an individual enter the United gration and, conversely, to improve die processing of doc¬ States illegally, or should dieir original visa expire and they umented immigration so as to shorten processing time remain, tiiat individual must leave the U.S. and return to and reduce backlogs.

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

Likewise, they seek to find some Employers value without documentation. Hence, new way to regularize the status of the large arrivals would also presume that even¬ pool of undocumented persons who foreign workers, tually their status would change. have been living for years in the United Supporters of 245(i), including States. In their eyes, any legalization who tend to he LULAC, feel that the date needs to be bill should consider a wide array of extended, or the clause made perma¬ needs that were not met by the passage reliable, flexible and nent, in order for the provision to have of the Legal Immigrant and Family any utility. They also call for the provi¬ Equity (LIFE) Act in December 2000, hard-working. sion to be expanded to extended fami¬ particularly a re-examination of family ly members such as grandparents, backlogs. uncles, cousins, nieces, nephews, The LIFE bill was a substitute for tire Latino and brothers- and sisters-in law. President Bush seems to Immigrant Fairness Act (LIFA), which died a victim of agree, at least partially. On May 1, he wrote to congres¬ partisan politics, although it was strongly supported by sional leaders and requested that the 245(i) provision be civil rights and immigration organizations. The LIFE bill temporarily extended for six months to a year, as LIFE did partially address some immigrant problems, but was had not been in effect long enough for all those who were far from comprehensive. It did permit people who had eligible to apply to do so. According to the president, entered the United States between 1972 and 1982 to approximately 200,000 eligible applicants were unable to apply for legal status, but only if those persons had been submit their paperwork to the INS on time. included in one of three class-action suits that had been filed against the INS, and if they met certain residency Guestworkers: Pros and Cons requirements. The second touchstone of the current immigration However, in what was viewed as a considerable short¬ debate concerns “guestworker” programs, which might coming by pro-immigration forces, the LIFE Act only apply for example to agricultural migrant workers, many temporarily restored clause 245(i) of the 1986 of whom now enter without papers. At die February Immigration Reform and Control Act. The newly rein¬ Bush-Fox meeting, bodi Mexico and die United States stated clause allowed undocumented persons with spon¬ signaled a desire to regularize die status of diousands of soring family members or a sponsoring business to apply undocumented farm and service laborers. for permanent legal residency — but only until April 30, Current policy concerning guestworkers traces to 2001. Individuals who have applied under that clause are 1964, when the United States cancelled the “bracero” allowed to stay in the United States while their status is program diat had been in place since 1942, and which was reviewed for adjustment; they must also pay a $1000 intended originally to augment die American labor force penalty fee. during World War II. It was canceled because of a rise in As mentioned above, except for those who have filed undocumented immigration and its negative effects on under 245 (i), persons who want to apply for permanent native-born farm workers. Simply put, the bracero pro¬ residency must return to their country of origin for a peri¬ gram allowed for too many abuses. od of three or ten years. The three- and ten-year bars sep¬ There is an existing program for temporary visas for arate families and cause a loss of workers who contribute agricultural workers — die H-2A visa program diat allows to the economy, particularly in small- and medium-sized agricultural employers in die United States to hire foreign businesses. The restoration of 245(i) would not affect workers for up to 11 mondis, when there are not enough whether diese immigrants qualify for legal status; it would domestic workers available. H2-A workers must work for simply change the location of where they wait for die pro¬ one specific employer and are not eligible to remain in the cessing of dieir permanent residence status. United States beyond their specified period of employ¬ Those who are against the permanent restoration of ment. Though on paper H-2A workers have rights on a 245(i) argue diat it would encourage more immigrants to par with domestic workers, these temporaiy workers are cross the border illegally because it would, in effect, in a vulnerable position, which makes it difficult for them reward diose immigrants who came to the United States to enforce their rights.

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 37 Focus

It’s not hard to understand, therefore, why NGOs, include housing provisions to accommodate migrant fam¬ labor unions and civil rights organizations — especially ilies. While that bill died in the last Congress, its key pro¬ LULAC — are wary of any new guestworker programs, visions may surface again. though Fox and Bush have been moving cautiously toward the establishment of such programs. Our position A Nation in Transformation is drat American farm workers require decent wages and In rendering conclusions about the immigration working conditions, which guestworker programs typical¬ debate, readers might consider the example of Toni and ly do not provide. Cesar. Toni, who told me her story, is a native-born U.S. LULAC and allied organizations agree drat any guest¬ citizen who lives in Connecticut. Cesar is from Guatemala worker programs that displace audiorized workers and and came legally to the United States in die early 1990s to undermine worker protections and labor standards should be with his mother, a permanent legal U.S. resident. be rejected. Current legislation being proposed by Sen. Toni and Cesar followed die rules: They filled out the Phil Gramm, R-Tex., for example, would subject farm appropriate papeiwork, and got married in 1999. Late hi workers to poor wages and working conditions and 2000, Cesar had to go back to Guatemala to take care of inequitable economic and political status for many years. some family business. On his way back home, in Houston, Immigration groups believe tiiat there should be no he was called in for a secondary inspection because an expansion of guestworker programs that do not provide INS officer suspected he was undocumented. He was full rights for workers and preserve family unity. Any new strip-searched. Terrified, he began to stutter. Altiiough legislation should also permit workers to acquire perma¬ Cesar speaks English fairly well, he learned it as an adult nent legal status should drey choose that option. More and becomes nervous when aggressively questioned. The generally, LULAC has grave doubts about any program INS officer told him to stop acting “dumb” because he that permanendy denies immigrants the option of U.S. knew perfectly well tiiat he could speak English. Cesar citizenship. became confused and didn’t understand the questions. Immigrant laborers, especially migrant workers, The INS officer took tiiat to mean he was guilty and are among the most easily exploited and politically deported him because he was unable to defend himself. weakest populations in the United States. They need Toni and Cesar have been separated for almost a year expanded protection through vigorous enforcement now. She loves her husband and misses him terribly. But of worker protection laws that cover safety, health, Cesar is still in Guatemala wondering when, if ever, he can wages and discrimination. Any new legislation should be reunited with his wife and his mother. Toni just came remove incentives for exploitation, and give workers back from Guatemala. She is angiy. While she was in the ability to protect themselves. Guatemala, she spoke with U.S. embassy officials, who A new immigration bill should also feature an alterna¬ said that Cesar was subject to the three- and ten-year bars tive to the current sanctions — generally fines — for despite the U.S. government’s mistakes. employers who hire undocumented workers. Those sanc¬ As George Bush settles into his presidency, the riddle tions have proven to be ineffective, as they are too difficult of what America should look like and how immigration to implement fairly. As the law currently stands, should be handled continues to vex our society. What is unscrupulous employers can exploit immigrant workers clear is that immigration is a high-priority issue. The 2000 by threatening to turn them in to tire INS. As another Census reported that there were approximately 11 million unintended consequence, fair employers are at a compar¬ undocumented people currently living in the United ative disadvantage. States. Mexico considers tire issue one of the most salient One possible solution is that sought by Rep. Howard problems in U.S.-Mexican relations. Berman, D-Calif., who sat down with growers and the As the discussion between President Fox and United Fann Workers union in 2000 to hammer out a bill President Bush demonstrates, immigration can no longer that would appeal to both sides. The bill contained pro¬ be viewed as strictly a domestic U.S. issue. But in resolv¬ tections for workers, along with a clause permitting a ing a perplexing problem with its neighbor to the south, worker to move on to a different employer should the cur¬ tiie United States may well be forced to find a workable rent employer prove abusive. Bermans bill would also solution to a deep internal problem as well. B

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus ON IMMIGRATION

IMMIGRATION LAWYERS AND FSOS: FRIENDS OR FOES?

CONSULAR OFFICERS AND IMMIGRATION LAWYERS TEND TO SEE EACH OTHER AS OPPONENTS, NOT COLLARORATORS. BUT THEY ARE ON THE SAME TEAM.

BY R. PATRICK MURPHY

.any consular officers and other government officials are automatically suspicious of immigration lawyers, based on encounters with a few bad apples. As with all professions, it is an unfortunate reality that not everyone who practices immigration law is ethical and honest. There are lawyers who prey on intending immigrants (often on those sharing their own national origin), taking fees and filing nothing or the wrong thing. Others promise immigration benefits to persons who are not eligible for the benefit promised. Still others hide behind the fact that next to tax law, immi¬ gration law is the most technically complex area of practice, requiring detailed knowledge about family, business, tax and criminal law. Besides consular officers and other officials of the Department of State, immigration lawyers must deal with the officials,

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 39 Focus

and lmow the regulations, of a bewildering variety of other E-l treaty traders come to the United States to carry on federal agencies. Thus, immigration lawyers tend to be spe¬ substantial trade between the U.S. and the treaty country of cialists, with two-thirds of diem spending 75 percent or which he or she is a national, while E-2 treaty investors, more of their time on immigration and nationality law. who may be senior employees of corporate investors, come The fact is that most immigration lawyers are knowl¬ here to develop or direct a substantial investment in the edgeable, dedicated and completely ethical. Most abuses United States. In addition, immigration lawyers may also do not stem from incompetent or unethical lawyers, who explain permissible B-l business visitor activities, assist per¬ can be disbarred by a state bar, but the many immigration sons in the United States to prepare letters of invitation for consultants, notaries and freelance paralegals, who are all aliens abroad seeking B-2 tourist visas, and describe for totally unregulated. aliens abroad the kind of evidence that may be presented to For till these reasons, INS and consular officials should prove sufficient ties to the home country to compel their actually welcome the involvement of immigration lawyers return home in order to qualify for an NIV. in file process. We not only weed out aliens who are not eli¬ There are very few immigration lawyers with a substan¬ gible for tiie visas they are seeking, but we help applicants tial practice in what is known as “consular law,” largely and then U.S. employers put together the necessary docu¬ because many consular sections will not allow lawyers to mentation and supporting evidence for issuance of immi¬ accompany their clients to nonimmigrant or immigrant visa gration benefits. interviews due to considerations of security and lack of space. The few lawyers with a substantial consular practice What Immigration Lawyers Do tend either to live and work abroad or to commute to one Broadly speaking, there are two types of non-immigrant or more foreign cities on a more or less regular basis. visas for which applicants use immigration lawyers. The first Basically, these lawyers learn the preferences and shibbo¬ is petition visas, which require a petition approved by the leths of die particular post and develop personal credibility INS as a prerequisite for visa issuance. The most common with the consular officers in order to get informal reconsid¬ of these NT Vs are for H-1B specialty occupation workers eration of initial denials. (e.g., computer programmers), L-l intracompany transfer¬ The Foreign Service officers and Foreign Service ees (executives, managers and specialized knowledge pro¬ Nationals working the visa line at any post are presumably fessionals who have already worked abroad for one year for more familiar with conditions in the country and in a better a qualified business entity related to then current employ¬ position to evaluate the specific claims an applicant makes ment), 0-1 “aliens of extraordinary ability” (i.e., persons about his or her economic and social status than the lawyers with extraordinary ability in the sciences, aits, education, representing those applicants. Conversely, the attorneys business, or athletics that has been demonstrated by sus¬ will often be far better versed in the applicable immigration tained national or international acclaim), and P visas (issued statutes, tiie implementing regulations and the policy guid¬ both to athletes, individually or as members of teams, and ance — including tiie notes in Volume 9 of the Foreign to various kinds of entertainment groups). Affairs Manual — than their consular counterparts. Immigration lawyers may also assist persons in obtaining application visas (i.e., visas for which application is made How Bad Is Visa Fraud? directly to a consular post without an underlying petition), But both groups face the same basic set of problems such as E-l treaty trader visas and E-2 treaty investor visas. in evaluating visa applications: Many more people from all over the world want to immigrate to the United R. Patrick Murphy, a solo practitioner in immigration States than the system permits. This tension between law with offices in Alexandria and Basije, Va., is a long¬ supply and demand is, of course, the philosophical standing member of the American Immigration Lawyers foundation of the notorious section 214(b) of the Association and was editor-in-chief of the annual Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended, which Immigration & Nationality Law Handbook from the posits that “Every alien shall be presumed to be an 1990-1991 through the 1999-2000 editions. The views immigrant until he establishes to the satisfaction of the expressed herein are the author’s own and are not intend¬ consular officer, at the time of application for admis¬ ed to represent the views of the associat ion. sion, that he is entitled to a nonimmigrant status.”

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Focus

Growing numbers of applicants “The truth is a very misstatement to me, in all serious¬ are resorting to desperate measures ness: “Mr. Patrick, Mr. Patrick, the (read “fraud”) to obtain either non¬ precious commodity and truth is a very precious commodity immigrant or immigrant visas. Such and should only be used in limited individuals present false or inflated should only he used in quantities.” claims of marriage, divorce, current So far, I have concentrated on employment, job offers, solvency limited quantities how many consular officers seem and educational credentials. The to perceive immigration lawyers. true extent of fraud is, of course, — an Indian vim applicant, Now I would like to address the speaking to the author hard to measure, particularly since other side of the coin. the more sophisticated schemes are sometimes successful (at least initially). Perhaps it is safest The Good, the Bad and the Ugly to suggest that probably not as much visa fraud or attempt¬ There is much diat is laudable in consular officers’ ed fraud occurs as INS and consular officials believe, but involvement in the issuance of visas. Like most immigration there is nevertheless quite a lot. lawyers, most consular officers are honest and ethical. That said, die author s 20 years of experience in business Many are often very helpful and will expedite processing immigration law for some of die country’s largest law firms when warranted, for example, in age-out cases where a son exposed him to very few instances of real fraud. There is, or daughter will lose the ability to immigrate widi die rest however, an unresolved problem faced by all immigration of die family because he or she is about to reach age 21. lawyers: To what extent should the lawyer verify the infor¬ Consular officers have even been known to engage in the mation supplied by the client? For example, in the context occasional act of gratuitous kindness. Recentiy, the alien of L-l intracompany transferee visas, such queries might wife of a U.S. citizen client of die author was issued a B-2 include: Does the home plant in China (for example) real¬ tourist visa when the husband was unexpectedly transferred ly exist; is there really a viable U.S. operation; has and will fr om the South American country where he was posted die beneficiary serve in a managerial or executive capacity? back to the United States, even diough no immediate rela¬ Large, publicly traded, multinational companies who issue tive petition was on file. glossy annual reports seldom are problematic, but die same The negative aspects of the process tend to be things is definitely not true for small companies, family business¬ that are beyond the control of individual consular officers or es, and the like, particularly when they are located outside even the post as a whole. The Department of State has die capital of the country. The authors — and many other been chronically underfunded for years, leaving visa lines attorneys’ — standard engagement letter includes a section seriously understaffed. As a result, visa applicants often in which the client warrants the trudi of all information sup¬ stand in line for many hours for a one- or two-minute inter¬ plied, but this is really for die lawyers protection in the view. The result is a system tiiat makes everybody unhappy. event the client has not told the truth. The experiences diat actually are ugly tend to be eitiier Besides the intentional fraud committed by desperate officer-specific or the result of misplaced bureaucratic loy¬ people, there are also cultural differences that result in alty. Some consular officers are arrogant, impolite and even fraud or the appearance of fraud. In many cultures, people cruel, and abuse their discretion in ways that are capricious routinely lie to governmental officials ■— as well as their and perhaps even contraiy to law. Perhaps this is under¬ lawyers, especially if diey perceive dieir lawyer as somehow standable, given the pressures discussed above, but senior being an agent of the government. This is particularly true officials need to address diis issue. with persons from former communist countries, where There is also a widely held perception diat officers hide withholding information was a key survival tool. When behind section 214(b) denials in marginal cases or when working with a couple from Russia, for example, die author diey simply do not want to be bothered to make an fbimd out from an unrelated third party that each spouse informed decision. Afthough denials are supposed to be had children from undeclared prior marriages. But this ten¬ accompanied by a clear explanation, diis is not consistendy dency is not confined to the former Soviet bloc, to be sure. done. Form letters, when provided at all, tend to be per¬ A client from the Indian subcontinent once explained a functory and vague, diough diis is understandable given die

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 41 Focus

natural tendency of many applicants to return with reams of B-l personal employee case, above). Similarly, if die post suspect documentation. has a rule of thumb about the size of die investment that There seem to be both arbitrary and secret rules at many will qualify the investor for an E-2 visa, for example, then posts. The U.S. consulate in Guangzhou, China, will not issue that criterion should be well publicized. a blanket L visa without presentation of the original notice of Permit applications for waiver of the 3-year and 10- approval. This is not only directly contrary to the applicable year bars to be submitted with the immigrant visa peti¬ regulations, which specify that a copy of die approval notice tion, The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant is acceptable, but can be a real problem for the employer in Responsibility Act of 1996 changed die old rules that had the event the original notice is not returned or is otheiwise allowed persons illegally in die United States to regularize lost in the process. This is an example of an arbitrary rule. tiieir status by leaving the United States to obtain an Secret or unpublished rules also abound. In a recent immigrant or employment-authorized visa at an embassy case in which the author was involved, a long-time person¬ or consulate. Now, instead of being immediately readmit¬ al employee applied for a B-l business visa to accompany ted to tire U.S., such individuals are automatically barred her employer, a senior executive for one of die most wide¬ from readmission for three years — if diey overstayed ly recognized multinational companies in the world, to the their initial authorized stay by more tiian 180 days but less United States. An initial mail-in application was denied than a year — or for 10 years, if they overstayed by more and the applicant was told she would have to be inter¬ than a year. Regardless of how one feels about tiiis viewed. After traveling over 400 miles by bus in requirement, it is not logical, and certainly not humane for Argentina, carrying die required documentation of die die family involved to require denial of the immigrant visa long-standing relationship witii her employer, she was before a waiver application can even be filed. Instead, the summarily denied without an interview. The consular offi¬ waiver request should be accepted as part of the applica¬ cer told her she should have brought her employer with tion. her, and went on to claim tiiat “I have issued 1,500 similar Abolish, or at least modify, the doctrine of consular visas to you people’ and none has ever returned.” After nonreviewability. This doctrine, adopted in the age of sail¬ the author and the attorney of record for die womans ing ships, makes no sense in an age of instantaneous employer became involved, die attorneys were told, in worldwide communication. At a minimum, refusals of essence, that the matter was dead and that the reported immigrant visas should always be appealable beyond die rudeness did not occur. post level. In addition, denials of the more complex NIV categories, such as E-l treaty investor visas, should also be Improving the System appealable to a central authority. (In fact, it may make Everyone involved in the current system of adjudicat¬ sense to refer all E visas to a central autiiority rather tiian ing immigrant and non-immigrant visas — consular offi¬ put overwhelmed individual officers at posts in die posi¬ cers, INS officials, attorneys and, most of all, the appli¬ tion of adjudicating highly technical, even arcane, regula¬ cants themselves — can agree that there has to be a bet¬ tions.) Finally, there should be a mechanism for appealing ter way. Accordingly, I would like to offer fixes for some of denials of business, tourist, and student visas in extraordi¬ die main bugs in the system. Some of these may require nary circumstances. The mere existence of an appeals statutory changes, but most could be accomplished via process might dampen decisions tiiat are arbitrary and issuance of new regulations or changes in State and INS capricious or an abuse of discretion. policies. Among them: Admittedly, even if every change I advocate here were Utilize .statistical analyses of visa refusal rates. This will made, the system would still be far from perfect. But bet¬ alert senior officials to individuals and posts with unjusti¬ ter communication by U.S. government officials of die fiably high denial rates, or with rates tiiat run contrary to various requirements, more understanding of the con¬ historical patterns. straints each participant in the process operates under, Eliminate secret rules. Partictdarly where visa appli¬ and more courtesy all around would go a long way toward cants must travel long distances to apply in person, posts lessening the frustration all parties to the visa process cur- should make every effort to ensure they arrive witii the rendy experience. Above all, let us recognize that consular right evidence and right people (e.g., the employer in the officers and immigration lawyers are on the same team. ■

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 American Foreign Service Association • June 2001

/oVi AFSA’S RETIREE DATABASE This Issue Connecting Retirees with Opportunities in Brief: NEWS BRIEFS: P1AQUE Say you need an expert on Middle themselves for employment, university lec¬ CRITERIA CHANGED 2 East affairs for a speaking engage¬ turer visits or speaking engagements. The ment at a local college. Or a Russia database, created by AFSA Governing THE STATE OF AFSA 3 hand to work on a project in Vladivostok. Board member Harry Cahill, went online EYE ON SECURITY 4 You can find him or her on the AFSA Web in August 2000 as a resource for retirees, FOREIGN SERVICE STAR 5 site’s retiree database, along with other employers, universities, and the State FOREIGN SERVICE EXHIBIT 6 retired Foreign Service employees with vast Department. It is a bank of names, which knowledge, specialties and skills. includes relevant bio and skills information. STATE’S BUDGET 7 The database was designed to tap into As of late April, there were over 300 TELL YOUR STORY 8 the supply of retired Foreign Service names in the database. Interest from both LONG-TERM CARE 10 employees ready and willing to offer Continued on page 9

2001 AFSA AWARD WINNERS

Hie American Foreign Service Association would like to congratulate Awards for exemplary service and professional contributions: the winners of the AFSA Awards. AFSA will confer its annual awards on June 28 at noon in the Benjamin Franklin Diplomatic Reception AVIS BOHLEN AWARD (for Foreign Service family members): Room of the Department of State. Everyone is welcome. Carmen Gonzalez-Goldberg RUNNER-UP Bonnie Miller LIFETIME CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN DIPLOMACY: DELAVAN AWARD (for office management specialists): Rosalie B. Kahn Lee H. Hamilton RUNNER-UP Susan Harville (Read the interview with Hamilton on page 43 of the Foreign Service Journal)

M. JUANITA GUESS AWARD (for community liaison officers): Awards for extraordinary accomplishment involving initiative, Jeanne H. Weaver integrity, intellectual courage and constructive dissent: RUNNER-UP Regina M. Fitzsimmons □

CHRISTIAN A. HEKTER AWARD (for senior officers): Ambassador John E. Bennett RUNNER-UP: Ambassador Michael Lemmon

WILLIAM R. RJVKJN AWARD (for mid-level officers): Edward J. Kulakowski RUNNER-UP. Marc Norman

W. AVERELL HARRIMAN AWARD (for junior officers): Craig L. Hall MARK BURNS RUNNER-UP lose Santacana Foreign Service Exhibit opens at Howard University. From Left AFSA President TEX HARRIS AWARD (for Foreign Service specialists): Charles Slater Marshall Adair, Howard University President H. Patrick Swygert, Director General- designate Ruth Davis, and Ambassador Horace Dawson. RUNNER-UP Phil A Whitney See story page 6. Change in Plaque Criteria Taxing Danger Pay he AFSA Governing Board has recently voted to expand the criteria used to T Sen. Joseph Biden, D-Del., has submit¬ determine whether the death overseas of a Foreign Service employee would ted a bill to make the pay allowance merit inclusion on the Memorial Plaque maintained by AFSA in the C Street tax-free. As he said on the floor of the lobby of the State Department. The new criteria will include any death which Senate April 22, “Today I want to right a occurs “in the line of duty.” This criterion will be in addition to the previous criteria of “heroic or inspirational circumstances,” and will be applied retroactively to 1972. wrong. It affects a handful of our diplo¬ A working group, composed of AFSA Governing Board members and members of mats who serve in the worid’s most dan¬ the Awards and Plaque Committee, has been working on guidelines to help the gerous places. In some places, such as committee determine whether a Foreign Service employee who dies overseas Bosnia, where our military and diplomatic

should have his/her name inscribed on the plaque. Once these guidelines are in personnel serve side by side, both receive

place, AFSA will begin to solicit names from family members or research depart¬ a special allowance for their sacrifices.

ment records to review names that may now be considered to fall within the new The military justifiably receives this bene¬

criteria and may be added to the plaque sometime in the future. fit tax-free. But our diplomatic personnel

do not. Through an oversight in the Retiree Access Expanded Internal Revenue Code, diplomats are taxed on their danger pay, even though Retiree unescorted access, which was granted in February for the basement and they often face similar hardships and dan¬ first two floors of Main State, has been expanded to include access to the third floor gers. I have a bill which would amend library, effective April 2. the Internal Revenue Code to right this

wrong. I urge its quick passage.” R&R: Let’s Go USA

The department has issued a new — and What’s In A Name? improved — rule concerning R&R travel from On April 17, the name of the

post (State 65521). Optional travel to the U.S. Foreign Service Lounge was officially changed to the for R & R is no longer restricted to a ticket to the Employee Services Center. closest port of entry in the U.S. Travel to any¬ AFSA regrets the change. where in the continental U.S. is now allowed.

AFSA News Editor Shawn Dorman Governing Board: Staff: President Marshall P. Adair Executive Director Susan Reardon ^ (202) 338-4045 x 503; Business Department State Vice President John Naland js [email protected] Controller Kalpna Srimal USAID Vice President Frank Miller Accounting Assistant Thomasina Johnson Labor Management o Internet Addresses: CS Vice President Peter Frederick General Counsel: Sharon Papp ^ www.afea.org (AFSA Web site) FAS Vice President Ed Porter Labor Management Attorney: Zlatana Badrich -S [email protected] (Association) labor Management Specialist James Yorke Retiree Vice President Willard De Pree ^ [email protected] (President) USAID Labor Management Specialist Douglas Broome Secretary: Aurelius Fernandez Grievance Attorneys: Harry Sizer, Tracy Smith ►2 [email protected] (FSJ) Law Clerk: Neera Parikh Treasurer Thomas Tieman ^ [email protected] (AFSA News) Office Manager Christine Warren State Representatives: Glen Harms, Nicole Rothstein, Lynn Member Services AFSA Headquarters: Sever, Joan Wadelton Director Janet Hedrick Representative: Vacant (202) 3384045 FAX: (202) 338-6820 USAID Representative: Carol Carpenter-Yaman Administrative Assistant Ana Lopez Retiree Representatives: Harry Cahill, Garber Davidson, Outreach Programs State Department Office: Retiree Liaison: Ward Thompson George Jones, Robert Lamb (202)647-8160 FAX: (202) 647-0265 Director of Communications: Thomas Switzer FAS Representative: Vacant Congressional Affairs Director Ken Nakamura USAID Office: Executive Assistant Marc Goldberg CS Representative: Eric Sletten Scholarship Administrator Lori Dec (202) 712-1941 FAX: (202) 216-3710 Corporate Relations: Barbara Bowie-Whitman

2 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2001 STATE ■ BY JOHN NALAND The State of AFSA TSP Open Season In this, my last report to you as AFSA State Vice President, Open season for the Thrift Savings Plan runs I highlight some of the things that State AFSA has accom¬ May 15 through July 31. The new contribu¬ plished over the past year. For a more detailed listing, please tion limit is 11 percent of your salary. Go to see AFSA’s Web site at www.afea.org/statevp.html. While I am the TSP Web site at www.tsp.gov for more information or to reallocate future contribu¬ very proud of what our AFSA labor management office has tions on-line. Or, call the ThriftLine at (504) accomplished, it is clear that much remains to be done. Next month, in my first report 255-8777. to you as AFSA president, I will outline our agenda for the coming year. • Defending the Foreign Service: Beginning with a partial victory in the Lima DCM Legislative Staff case, AFSA steadfastly opposed encroachments on the integrity of the career Foreign Service. in Action • Benefits: Helped to convince State to seek funding for student loan reimburse¬ AFSA’s congressional affairs staff has been ments and Virtual Locality Pay. Launched a campaign for full locality pay parity for over¬ busy meeting with Hill staffers to encourage seas employees. Worked on the eldercare task force that instituted new emergency vis¬ support of President Bush’s 14 percent itation travel benefit for elder family member lifestyle changes. increase for State’s budget • Home Leave: Reached agreement with State to increase the amount of home leave AFSA worked with the Associates of the granted on return to the U.S. from 15 to 25 days. American Foreign Service Woridwide, the • Tour of Duty: Convinced State to exempt 46 non-differential posts from the new Family Liaison Office, Human Resources, and the staff for Rep. Jim Moran, D-Va. to push for four-year tour policy. The exempted posts were either isolated, difficult, or had inade¬ legislation that would allow part-time intermit- quate schools. tant temporary, or PIT, employees who . FSO issues: Convinced State to increase dramatically promotion rates in deficit worked between 1989 to 1998 to claim cred¬ grades in 2000:21 percent increase for FS-04 to FS-03 and 17 percent increase for FS- itable service for retirement purposes. The bill, 03 to FS-02. HR1496, was introduced by Moran on April 4. AFSA is still searching for a Senate sponsor • Office Management Specialist issues: Convinced State to raise the entry-level grade for legislation to allow Foreign Service employ¬ from FP-08 to FP-07. Pressed State to ensure that OMS employees receive proper over¬ ees to qualify for the capital gains exclusion time compensation. on the sale of a principal residence. On the • ‘formation Resource Management issues: Participated on IRM FS Personnel Task house side, AFSA worked with staff for Rep. Force. Met with senior IRM management to discuss concerns raised by members. Amo Houghton, R-N.Y., who will introduce • Diplomatic Security issues: Worked to ensure that rules regarding overtime, LEAP, such a bill when the House reconvenes after the spring recess. AFSA the Military Coalition and travel are fairly applied. and the Employee Relocation Council, who • Public Diplomacy issues: Pressed State to adopt 25 best practices of the former USIA form the core alliance on this effort, met with (final action is pending). representatives of the American Bar • Security: Convinced State to review the security incident files of all mid-level and Association and the National Association of senior employees and provide remedial training to those showing a pattern of poor secu¬ Realtors, all of whom are supportive of the rity awareness. One purpose of this is to preclude a repeat of the October 2000 promo¬ tion list freeze fiasco. • Childcare: Participated in the working group seeking to establish a childcare cen¬ ter at FSI. Proposed that State pay grants for childcare to employees in need of financial assistance. • Members of Household: Convinced State to ensure that overseas missions welcome and assist all members of employee’s households residing at post, including unmarried partners, parents, and adult children. • Grievances: Assisted over 200 members with grievances, discipline cases, and secu¬ with GTSI rity clearance issues. Corp. Through the AFSA Web page, • Ombudsman: Helped around 1000 members with individual problems or requests you can link to gtsi.com to purchase for information. products directly from GTSI for per¬ • AFSA institution-building: Increased AFSA State membership to an all-time high. sonal as well as government use. Actively solicited member input, receiving more than 1300 e-mails on one issue. GTSI is the largest provider of In conclusion, it has been my honor to serve as your State AFSA Vice President over IT products and services to the the past two years. I express my deep appreciation to AFSA’s professional staffers, who federal government. □ deserve the credit for what we have accomplished. □

JUNE 2001 - AFSA NEWS 3 USAID ■ BY FRANK MILLER EYE ON SECURITY Human Resources Management New Rules on Background Over the past five years I have written several articles about weaknesses in human resources management Investigations relating to the lack of adequate workforce planning and career development in USAID. Despite this long histo¬ New procedures governing the con¬ ry of concern, the problems are still serious. duct of new or renewal back¬ I am not the first USAID officer to raise these concerns. ground investigations have been Over the past 20 years, at least a dozen studies have concluded issued by the Bureau of Diplomatic that because of fundamental problems in our personnel sys¬ Security. They come as a result of President tem we are failing to meet the human resources requirements of the Foreign Service Clinton’s 1995 Executive Order 12968, Act of 1980 and the needs of our agency. These failings impact negatively on AIDAV which established a uniform federal per¬ and field staffing, career development, and promotions, and are beginning to impact sonnel security program. The new DS pro¬ adversely on the implementation of our foreign policy. Without adequate workforce cedures closely follow the standards of the planning the agency can’t recruit and train sufficient employees in order to get “the executive order and its implementing right person in the right place at the right time.” guidelines. To date, it appears as though our Office of Human Resources, or HR, is focusing In an unprece¬ on short-term workforce plans that try to meet shortages resulting from attrition. There dented action, DS is no workforce planning which predicts what positions and skills will be needed in afforded AFSA and three, five, or perhaps 10 years hence. AFGE the oppor¬ The new administration needs to revamp workforce planning efforts and focus tunity to submit on future needs. This effort requires substantially more collaboration between our comments on the bureau and field managers and HR in order to develop realistic workforce plans that new guidelines meet program priorities. HR can’t continue to develop plans in a vacuum. before they were Related to workforce planning is career development, another problem area at implemented. USAID. Section 703 of the Foreign Service Act obligates USAID to establish a career While unions do development program to assure that members of the service obtain the skills and knowl¬ not have the right edge required at various steps of their career. to negotiate stan¬ Sadly, the career development function in USAID has virtually died. Developing dards for issuing security clearances, DS our human capital has been a low priority. The limited training that takes place is made a good faith effort to accommodate not integrated into any systematic career development program. AFSA’s concerns while still covering the In addition, contrary to past practices, HR is now instructing selection boards to areas of inquiry required. limit or avoid career development advice, including assignment and training recom¬ Employees undergoing background mendations, in annual evaluation report cards for FSOs. Some of HR’s legally trained investigations in connection with their five- staff believe that board advice could lead to grievances if FSOs don’t receive recom¬ year periodic reinvestigation will be inter¬ mended assignments or training. viewed by DS, and people serving as The career development counseling function in HR has been assigned a low pri¬ “sources” (coworkers, friends, neighbors) ority. The responsibility for career development now rests mainly with employees them¬ will be contacted as welL The employee and selves and enlightened supervisors who take their mentoring role seriously. the sources will be asked questions cover¬ What needs to be done? Career development should be given a higher priority. ing 13 specific categories of information. Agency leadership needs to commit itself to developing the skills of our most impor¬ Some of the questions may be extremely tant resources — our employees. We need to greatly expand training programs for personal. The 13 areas covered are: alle¬ all Foreign Service and Civil Service employees, as well as Foreign Service National giance to the U.S.; foreign influence; for¬ employees, who are taking over increasing responsibilities from our shrinking U.S. eign preference; sexual behavior; personal direct-hire staff. The career development function in HR needs to be revitalized. Selection conduct; financial considerations; alcohol boards need to return to the practice of giving FSOs career development and train¬ consumption; drug involvement; emo¬ ing advice. tional, mental and personality disorders; I am cautiously optimistic that the new administration in USAID will take action criminal conduct; security infractions/vio¬ to improve workforce planning and career development. Priority action in these areas lations; and misuse of information tech¬ will improve employee morale and USAID effectiveness as a foreign policy tool. □ nology. Continued on page 8

4 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2001 THE FOREIGN SERVICE STAR FCS U BY PETER FREDERICK Controversy over E-What? E-Stuff! E nough. A Name Change Before reading this month’s column you should be aware Proposal that my children are convinced I was bom just before the invention of the wheel. Controversy is brewing about a pro¬ I have been concerned about an emerging trend in FCS. posal by the Bureau of Human Everything we do is moving to e-commerce, e-business, e- Resources under former Director training, e-mail, and e-stuff. At a recent planning session, it General Marc Grossman to change the appeared that development of e-commerce was considered name of the Foreign Service Star to the a higher priority than development of trade promotion pro¬ Thomas Jefferson Star. grams. The direction is clear, the Department of Commerce should emphasize e-busi- The Foreign Service Star was created as ness and FCS should lead the e-way. Most of our posts have been well e-quipped, and a special honor to be bestowed upon a fed¬ there is no lack of training. Complaints about lack of support from Washington are eral government employee who dies or is hardly realistic. On the other hand, complaints about local e-problems should not be overlooked. State is considering asking FCS has increased e-activity as related to the assignment process, to budgets, and to officer evaluations. This is both good and bad news. The new assignment process Congress to strip the words has been improved. Every officer in the service has equal access to the information needed to prepare a bid list. The assignment “Foreign Service” from the panel gets the same information in the same Foreign Service Star and rename format from each bidder, which is much fair¬ Every officer in the er than the old system of button-holing a mem¬ it. AFSA argues that the name service has equal access ber of the panel and lobbying for the assign¬ should reflect the “foreign service” ment. Not everyone could play the old game. to the information needed Everyone can benefit from the new e-assign- nature of the work. to prepare a bid list. ment process. That’s good news. We now have yet another new e-system for That’s good news. injured while carrying out foreign service the budget process. The cost benefit concept work. “Congress created the Foreign is a valuable tool. The formula used to analyze Service Star to serve as the civilian equiv¬ the budgets is logical. The electronic maintenance of historical fiscal activity is essen¬ alent of the Purple Heart,” according to tial. Budget submissions and historical data are not always the best tools to use in allo¬ AFSA President Marshall Adair. The idea cating resources. Management should allocate funds based on their own evaluation originated at the Una Chapman Cox of each post’s activities, needs, and opportunity for success, as well as a review of the Foundation, whose president, Harvie e-data. Then they can use the computer program to justify what is done to anyone Branscomb Jr., presented it to then- who might question management’s decisions. Director General Skip Gnehm in Oct 1998. We are all anxiously awaiting the introduction of the new personnel evaluation Former AFSA president Dan Geisler said procedure. The first step, changing the evaluation period, has been taken. We have AFSA “worked hard with Skip to make sure seen signs that management will be looking more at the e-results when preparing EERs. this would happen.” AFSA helped push for The various e-programs do make it easy to compare performance, assuming all offi¬ approval on the HilL The Foreign Service cers have equal access to the Internet and have been equally equipped. For example, Star is now law: Section 321 of Public Law it is unfair to use the number of videoconferences conducted as a measure, if not all 106-113, passed in 1999. posts have the capability to conduct them. Officers in countries with spotty if not non¬ The Cox Foundation, which exists to existent Internet service will suffer in a system that uses e-valuations to determine who support activities that promote the Foreign is rewarded. Service, first proposed the Foreign Service We should not lose sight of the business we are in. If all commerce could be con¬ Star with the Foreign Service in mind. As ducted without personal contact, on-site visits and relationships, there would be no Adair wrote in a letter to Secretary Powell: need for commercial officers. Everything would be done via the Internet. Ours is a “It was originally directed primarily at the people business. We must be careful not to de-personalize the management of our Foreign Service, since most overseas posi¬ organization in the name of e-progress. tions are Foreign Service positions. I happen to know for a fact that the first wheel was made by hand, without any

Continued on page 9 computer assistance. □

JUNE 2001 • AFSA NEWS 5 MARK BURNS ■ BYLAURAFEDAK,FOREIGNSERVICEJOURNALINTERN being amulti-millionaire.”Thatwasthe message shewastryingtoconvey could havedonewithherlife,“shortof FOREIGN SERVICEEXHIBITOPENSATHOWARDUNIVERSITY Howard Universitystudentsatthe Bringing theForeignServicetoStudents 6 AFSANEWS •JUNE2001 E WORLD Working forYouAroundtheWorld,” titled “TheForeignServiceoftheU.S.: and DACOR-sponsoredphotoexhibit, school’s April16receptionforanAFSA- AFSA andDACORrepresentatives aimed atspreadingthewordabout The photoexhibithasbeenshownin University’s BlackburnCenterArtGallery. attended thereceptionatHoward Foreign Service. (Above) Distinguishedguestsattheexhibitopening.(Below)TheForeignServiceExhibit. the ForeignServiceisabout,”saidAFSA will givebusypeopleabriefglanceatwhat exhibit. “Myhopeisthephotoexhibit Howard isthefirstuniversitytohost presidential librariesandmuseums. Service isanelitecorps, itisnotacorps remarks. President MarshallAdairinhisopening For ForeignServiceDirectorGeneral- FOR YOU About 30students,professors,and Adair alsosaid,“Although theForeign designate RuthDavis,theForeign Service wasthebestthingshe OF THEUNITEDSTATES THE FOREIGNSERVICE Imeriion with AFSA,whichshebelievesstrength¬ a diplomat. tive andopentoeveryoneaspiringbe for elites.”Hesaidentranceiscompeti¬ ens diversityinoverseasrepresentation. Howard University’svitalpartnership you topursueacareer intheForeign at thechancetospeakhereencourage a careerintheForeignService:“Ijumped Howard Universitystudentstoconsider Davis enthusiasticallyencouraged Service... Iwanttotell thestudentshere Keynote speakerDavisspokehighlyof L Dramatic tonight thattheForeignServiceissome with extraordinarilyexcitingthings,” heavy stuff.” little girlsinBeningotoschoolwasamaz¬ schools intheSouth,chancetohelp “For achildwhowenttosegregated ed Zaire,Kenya,Japan,ItalyandBenin. said Davis,whosepostingshaveinclud¬ ing.” President H.PatrickSwygertspokepos¬ itively oftheuniversity’scontinuing words forPowell,whoservedon en itsrelationswiththeStateDepartment. University, hesaid,willfurtherstrength¬ “continuing personalinterest”inHoward and “nevermissedameeting.”Powell’s Howard’s boardoftrusteesforfiveyears relationship withAFSA.Hehadkind Valley, Calif,inthefall. □ hopes itwillbedisplayedattheRonald University forthemonthofMay.AFSA School ofForeignServiceatGeorgetown Reagan Presidential LibraryinSimi General-designate RuthDavis,center. It’s allaboutnetworking.That’sDirector “My 32yearsintheservicewerefilled In hisremarks,HowardUniversity The ForeignServicephotoexhibitwas The exhibitwasdisplayedatthe designed aspartofthe Americans abroad sery celebrations.Images service’s 75thanniver- ily membersassisting from Iraq,embassyfam¬ after Kuwait’sliberation a besiegedU.S.embassy ambassador re-entering include anexuberant services. dren throughembassy adopting Russianchil¬ refuges inSarajevo,and PRESIDENTS FY2002 BUDGET REQUEST RETIREES ■ BY BILL DE PREE What’s on the Thanks and Farewell Books for State? For the past six years, it has been my privilege to serve On April 9, President Bush’s on the AFSA Governing Board, the last two years as vice FY2002 budget request was sent president for retirees. These have been troubling, but to Congress. The total appropri¬ exciting and constructive years. No AFSA constituency has ations request for State Department pro¬ made a more significant contribution to the work of the board grams was $3,915 billion, up $651 million, and the Foreign Service than our 4,000 retiree members. or 14 percent, from estimated FY2001. It was largely retirees who, in 1995 and 1996, prepared the This request indicated an important written testimony and made the oral presentation before the recognition of the need to upgrade and Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community enhance the infrastructure of diplomacy. (the Brown Commission). AFSA testimony helped persuade the commission not to AFSA has stressed to Congress that this recommend that the intelligence community be funding is long overdue, and in fact falls tasked to collect information to improve U.S. short of what is needed to modernize and economic competition abroad. AFSA contended I wish to thank all of you reform the department. That said, the that, if adequately funded and staffed, the Foreign budget request that Secretary Powell Service could continue to perform this role, with¬ for the strong support. shaped and is championing goes far out incurring the risks which clandestine col¬ We did make a difference, towards strengthening essential diplomatic lection would entail. readiness categories such as staffing, When the “selling of ambassadorships” sur¬ just as I’m sure retirees training, security, information technolo¬ faced in the media in the fall of 1998, retirees took gy, and overseas facilities. the lead in exploring congressional and admin¬ will continue to do. istration receptivity to the establishment of a non¬ Key Components: partisan panel to review the qualifications of Staffing: 1368 new direct-hire ambassadorial nominees, and to ratcheting back the percentage of non-career ambas¬ American employees, which includes 700 sadors below 30 percent. Unfortunately, we found little support for either approach, replacements for normal yearly Foreign but were encouraged to go public when egregiously unqualified people were nomi¬ Service and Civil Service attrition plus 668 nated. new positions. In 1999, it was retirees who organized — and raised the money for — the series Student-Loan Repayment Program: $7 of splendid celebrations of the 75th Anniversary of the Foreign Service and marshaled million to implement the student loan congressional support for the Foreign Service Day declaration. Incidentally, retirees repayment program. continue to contribute the bulk of funding, year after year, for AFSA’s Legislative Action Incentives for Hard-to-Fill Posts: $11 Fund. million in monetary incentives to attract Retirees have also been the mainstay of AFSA’s outreach program, lecturing at uni¬ employees to posts that have been most dif¬ versities and schools and to service organizations, and contributing op-ed pieces and ficult to staff. articles to newspapers throughout the country. The willingness of retirees to engage Recruitment: $8.5 million to improve in outreach efforts, generally without fee, permitted AFSA to expand its popular and modernize recruitment efforts. Elderhostel programs from four in 1996 to 14 this year, and to move our programs Spousal Employment: $2.2 million to outside the Beltway to Florida, Arizona, Georgia and New York state. Much remains continue and extend the Mexico pilot pro¬ to be done, but we are beginning to build a constituency. gram that retains local recruiting firms to More recently, retirees have been working with and through their individual con¬ help find employment for spouses while tacts inside and outside government, and with think tanks and study groups, to gen¬ overseas. erate public and congressional support for increased funding for diplomacy and for Training: $7.8 million to train new hires reforms of the Foreign Service. A workforce plan for the Foreign Service, developed and expand existing training opportunities and urged on the department by retirees, proved to be the impetus and model for the for employees. first-ever Workforce Plan, which the department submitted to Congress in March. Embassy Security: $816 million for As I leave the board, I wish to thank all of you for the strong support you have worldwide construction security upgrades, provided AFSA and the Foreign Service during my period on the board, and as vice up $154 million from FY2001. president for retirees. Indeed, we did make a difference, just as I’m sure retirees will Information Technology: $210 million, continue to do under the able leadership of your new retiree vice president, Bill Farrand, up $113 million from FY2001. □ and his newly-elected colleagues on the board. □

JUNE 2001 • AFSA NEWS 7 BUILDING ESPRIT DE CORPS Because AFSA’s 1988 booklet “Duty Eye on Security • Continued from page 4 and Danger: The American Foreign DS investigators are charged with gath¬ AFSA Seeking Service in Action” highlighted such sto¬ ering and reporting facts. They do not offer Non-Fiction Foreign ries through the mid-’80s, the new personal opinions regarding these facts nor essays should cover the years since then. do they decide whether an applicant or Service Tales They should include enough context to employee should get or retain a security convey to outsiders what U.S. national clearance. It is clear to AFSA that DS rec¬ AFSA believes that better use could interests were being pursued that justi¬ ognizes the personnel background inves¬ be made of the rich experiences of fied exposure to personal risk/hardship. tigation process is invasive. However, the the American Foreign Service to Depending on the submissions, we interests of national security require any¬ build esprit de corps within our ranks and might publish selected essays in the one with access to classified information to to highlight for outsiders the dangers, sac¬ Foreign Service Journal and/or include have affirmatively demonstrated, through rifices, and contributions of our unique them in an updated version of AFSA’s personal and professional history, loyalty, profession. Towards that end, we invite the 1996 book “Inside a U.S. Embassy: How strength of character, trustworthiness, submission of tales of courage by Foreign the Foreign Service Works for America.” honesty, reliability, discretion, and sound Service employees and/or their family We seek 600- to 800-word essays. judgement, as well as freedom from con¬ members. The stories can be of active Those selected for publication will be sub¬ flicting allegiances and potential for coer¬ courage (for example, saving lives during ject to editing. Deadline for submissions cion. These traits can only be established a riot) or of the quiet courage of repre¬ is August 1. Please send questions and through thorough background investiga¬ senting America’s interests day in and day essays to AFSA News editor Shawn tions, which consider all the information out under hardship circumstances. Don’t Dorman by e-mail (preferably) to dor- as a whole. AFSA believes DS has worked be modest We’re interested in all kinds [email protected] or by mail to Shawn at hard to craft its procedures to strike a bal¬ of stories that illustrate how unique life in AFSA, Foreign Service Journal, 2101E St., ance between protecting the national the Foreign Service is. N.W., Washington, DC 20037. □ security and respecting a person’s privacy. Employees with specific questions or concerns regarding the background inves¬ GRIEVANCE CASE AGAINST OIG CLOSED tigation process can contact AFSA attorneys 0IG Report Lacked Objectivity Sharon Papp ([email protected]) or Zlatana Badrich ([email protected]) by e-mail or ■ BY SHARON PAPP, AFSA GENERAL COUNSEL phone (202) 647-8160. □

FSA has reported several significant Foreign Service Grievance Board rulings in a The Associates of the American A Foreign Service Worldwide, or AAFSW case involving the State Department Office of the Inspector General, FSGB Case No. (formerly Association of American 2000-044. The grievance board rendered a final ruling on the merits of the case on Foreign Service Women), need your Feb. 23,2001, finding in favor of the grievant. (For reports on the other findings in this donations for BOOKFAIR 2001 — an case, see AFSA News June 2000 and February 2001.) annual October event for 40 years. BOOKFAIR proceeds are used for In this case, the grievant alleged that the OIG violated professional investigative standards Foreign Service scholarships and for that require investigations and IG reports to be timely, independent and objective. The griev¬ advocacy work on behalf of our Foreign ant alleged that the OIG’s mishandling of the investigation resulted in harm to his career. Service community. AAFSW would appreciate donations The board found that the length of time taken to conclude the investigation against griev¬ of BOOKS, STAMPS and COINS, as ant (317 days) was not appreciably longer than the average time of other investigations con¬ well as items for the ART CORNER ducted in this time frame (301 days). The board also concluded that the grievant had not (artwork/collectibles) and the established that the OIG lacked independence. The board concluded, however, that the COLLECTORS’ CORNER (rare books). report lacked objectivity, because it reached a conclusion that ignored significant evidence HOW TO DONATE that, in fact, pointed to an opposite conclusion. The board found that the report’s failure Donated items may be brought to the to even mention the exculpatory evidence was “an egregious failure.” B00KR00M in Main State room 1524 between 10:00 a.m. and noon or by The board found that the grievant met his burden of proof to demonstrate that the report appointment (Tel: 202 223-5796). of investigation was significantly flawed and that the error may have been a substantial fac¬ From overseas, donated items may be tor in his failure to be promoted and resulting in his involuntary retirement for TIC. The POUCHED to: AAFSW-Room 1524 board then shifted the burden of proof to the Department of State to show that grievant Main State. To arrange a home pick-up of donated would not have been promoted even if the error had not occurred. Following the items, please call Virginia Jones at board’s decision, the parties entered into a settlement agreement, which included, among (202)223-5796. other relief, the reinstatement of the grievant into the career Foreign Service, n

8 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2001 Retiree • Continued from page 1 meet someone with first-hand experience FS Star • Continued from page 5 sides — retirees looking for opportunities working in foreign affairs. AFSA strongly supported this and universities and employers looking for United Nations expert Hal Fleming vis¬ talent — has been growing. The database ited Juniata College as one of the first of long-overdue recognition of the can be used primarily in four ways: AFSA’s visiting lecturers. He said he would hazards of overseas service by • The department, usually through the gladly do it again. Meeting a Foreign Service diplomatic and consular officials. (Left) Luncheon with students at Claremont-McKenna However, it was broadened to include any College. Harry Cahill is federal employee killed or injured while second from left (Center) College of Wooster serving abroad under chief of mission President R. Stanton Hales authority. AFSA strongly supported this (center) welcomes retiree long-overdue recognition of the hazards of Bob Davis to campus. overseas service by diplomatic and consular (Below) Students at Juniata officials.” College with retiree Hal During the development of this idea, Fleming (third from left) and according to AFSA Legislative Affairs Professor Emil Nagenast executive offices (third from right). Director Ken Nakamura, there was dis¬ of each bureau, agreement about what to call the award. can use the data¬ In the first draff, it was the Foreign Service base to identify Star. In the second draff it was the Overseas potential employees Star, and in draff finally sent to the Hill, it for WAE, or When Actually was back to the Foreign Service Star. Employed, positions. State management is considering ask¬ • Employers outside the ing Congress to strip the words “Foreign department can search the data¬ Service” from the Foreign Service Star and base for appropriately skilled rename it the Thomas Jefferson Star. AFSA potential employees. disagrees with the proposed change and • The AFSA speakers bureau can call officer was great exposure for them, he said, argues that the name should in some way on retirees for public speaking engagements. “not so they would run out and join the reflect the “foreign service” nature of the • Colleges and universities can find can¬ Foreign Service, but so they could take some work. Cox Foundation Executive Director didates to participate in AFSA’s Visiting new ideas into future decisions about their Clyde Taylor said the Cox Foundation Lecturers Program, which sends retirees out careers.” Peggy Blackford, speaking on “does not endorse the name Thomas to campuses for several-day visits. Africa and global issues at Franklin and Jefferson Star since it does not communi¬ As an example of the database’s outreach, Marshall College, found excellent partici¬ cate the message intended. A name that the Visiting Lecturers Program has includ¬ pation and response. Harry Cahill, who incorporates U.S. Diplomacy or U.S. ed colleges and universities across the coun¬ developed the program, found his time at Foreign Service communicates the intend¬ try, winning high praise from both partic¬ the College of Wooster an invigorating ed message.” ipating retirees and academia. It is awakening mutual exchange where “everybody Adair’s letter to the secretary on the sub¬ and motivating future diplomats as well as gained” Latin America expert George Jones ject expresses “AFSA’s strong disagreement informing a broad cross-section of found Claremont-McKenna College stu¬ with plans by the Bureau of Human Americans about the work and importance dents strongly interested in the Foreign Resources to ask Congress to strip the of the Foreign Service and the State Service career and eager to learn about his words ‘Foreign Service’ from the Foreign Department. life abroad His ability to lecture in Spanish Service Star. AFSA urges you to retain the AFSA lecturers speak on both special¬ was an added highlight. name under which this award was estab¬ ized topics and general foreign affairs sub¬ AFSA invites all retiree AFSA members lished by Congress in 1999. If you feel jects, live on campus for two to five days, interested in future opportunities for strongly that adding Thomas Jefferson’s teach in various classes, give an evening pub¬ employment, speaking engagements, or name to the award is particularly appro¬ lic lecture, and counsel students and fac¬ teaching, to add their names to the data¬ priate to the award’s purpose, AFSA will ulty. Russia expert Gifford Malone, who base. Go to www.afsa.org/skills to sign up not oppose this as long as the words recently spent several days at Lewis and or to search the database. For more infor¬ ‘Foreign Service’ are retained — for Clark College in Oregon, found students mation, contact AFSA’s retiree liaison Ward instance, ‘The Thomas Jefferson Star for “tremendously” interested and grateful to Thompson at (202) 338-4045 ext. 528. □ Foreign Service.’” □

JUNE 2001 • AFSA NEWS 9 OPM’S LONG-TERM CARE PROGRAM ities, formal and informal care at home, be able to decline such increases but would hospice care and respite care. (2) includes then not be able to purchase additional It’s Worth a Look the broad federal community: The 2000 benefits without proof of insurability. ■ BY WARD THOMPSON, legislation establishing the program spec¬ Premiums would be based on age at RETIREE LIAISON ified coverage for employees and annui¬ beginning of LTC coverage and on tants and their adult children, plus employ¬ options chosen. There will be no gov¬ Late next year, federal workers, annu¬ ees’ parents, parents-in-law and steppar¬ ernment contribution to the premium. itants, and their families will have a ents. OPM could include others like par¬ Applicants other than active duty employ¬ chance to buy long-term care, or ents of annuitants, spouses of adult chil¬ ees and their spouses will be subject to full LTC, insurance offered by the government. dren, unmarried former spouses and underwriting, i.e., a review of their health The Office of Personnel Management, adult foster children. (3) can be cus¬ histories. Employees and spouses will go which administers the Federal Employees tomized: Weekly benefits could be from through a shorter process to determine Health Benefit Program, has outlined plans $400 to $2,000 (payable for covered items whether an applicant is currently eligible for an LTC program to be in place by at 50 percent or 100 percent as determined for benefits. As OPM says, “We intend October 2002, shortly prior to which an by the plan), length of policy could be 3 to select the underwriting approach that open season will allow initial LTC enroll¬ or 5 years or life. Each combination would will provide the broadest possible cover¬ ment create a pool of money (e.g. $700 and 5 age while producing premiums and an Coverage options will be established years would provide $109,200 in benefits, overall program design that is likely your after OPM selects a carrier or carriers based which could be drawn on for more than best buy.” on proposals being presented to the five years if paid out at less than $700 a Expected advantages of the LTC pro¬ insurance industry. To see how the LTC week). (4) includes optional inflation pro¬ gram include quality, monitoring by plan is shaping up, potential enrollees tection: benefits would increase by a pre¬ OPM, and a discount which OPM esti¬ should familiarize themselves with these determined percentage each year but pre¬ mates could be up to 20 percent. While proposals, on the OPM Web site at miums would be unchanged for life. (5) this anticipated discount may not be worth www.opm.gov/insure/ltc. offers a future purchase option: benefits the wait for some applicants, OPM antic¬ OPM’s intention is to offer flexible cov¬ would increase by an inflation index and ipates a savings that will more than offset erage that: (1) is comprehensive: for care premium increases would accompany ben¬ the added cost (from aging) of waiting until in nursing homes and assisted living facil¬ efit increases. Covered individuals would October 2002. □ AFSACLASSIHEDS S LEGAL SERVICES GRIEVANCE ATTORNEY (specializing ATTORNEY PRACTICING IN areas of FS since 1983) Attorney assists FS Officers cor¬ Grievances at State, Commerce, USAID; ATTORNEY WITH 22 years successful rect defective performance appraisals, reverse MSPB; Employment Discrimination actions experience SPECIALIZING FULLTIME IN FS improper tenuring and promotion board deci¬ under Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act; and GRIEVANCES will more than double your sions, secure financial benefits, defend Privacy Act/FOIA litigation. Will write and file chance of winning. 30% of grievants win before against disciplinary actions and obtain relief your claims, complaints, and appeals, repre¬ the Grievance Board; 85% of my clients win. from all forms of discrimination. Free Initial sent you at hearings, and counsel you in chal¬ Only a private attorney can adequately devel¬ Consultation. Call William T. Irelan, Esq. Tel: lenging adverse employment decisions. Offices op and present your case, including necessary (202) 625-1800 Fax: (202) 625-1616. in VA and D.C. Call George Elfter at (202) regs, arcane legal doctrines, precedents and E-Mail: [email protected] 237-2047, Fax (703) 354-8734. rules. Call Bridget R. Mugane at Tel. (202) E-mail: [email protected] 387-4383, Tel. (301) 596-0175. E-mail: fsat- [email protected] Free initial consultation. WILL/ESTATE PLANNING by attorney who is a former FSO. Have your will reviewed TAX & FINANCIAL SERVICES and updated, or new one prepared: ATTORNEY No charge for initial consultation. ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA M. Bruce Hirshorn, Boring & Pilger, 307 1091 Chaddwyck Dr., FORMER FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER Maple Ave. W, Suite D, Vienna, VA 22180 Athens, GA 30606 NOW PRACTICING LAW IN DC/MD. General (703) 281-2161, Fax (703)-281-9464 Tel/Fax (706) 769-8976 practice; estate planning: wills, trusts, living wills, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] powers of attorney; probate administration; • U.S. income tax services domestic relations; FS grievances. Gregory V. PLACE A CLASSIFIED AD: $1.25/word • Many FS & contractor clients Powell; Furey, Doolan & Abell, LLP; 8401 Conn. (10 word min.) First 3 words Bolded free, add! • Practiced before the IRS Ave„ #1100, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, (301) bold text $2/word, header, box, shading $10. • Financial planning Fax (202) 338-6820e-mail: miltenberg- 652-6880 fax (301) 652-8972. • American Institute of CPAs, Member [email protected] FIRST CONSULTATION FREE

10 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2001 TAX & FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL PLANNING: Offering invest¬ MANOR SERVICES: Former federal law ment analysis, portfolio management, com¬ enforcement officer, offers best tenant screen¬ BRUNO AMERICAN TAX SERVICES prehensive financial plans. Fee-only. No prod¬ ing. Frequent inspections. Mortgages paid. TAX RETURN PREPARATION AND uct sales. Carried out by former FSO, MBA, Repairs. Close personal attention. We're PLANNING for Foreign Service personnel by Registered Investment Adviser. Michael small, but very effective. FS refs. Our rates are experienced tax professional. Federal and all Hirsh, Financial Consulting Int'l, 10455 lower than anyone on this page. And our ser¬ state returns. Year-round assistance. Southern Pine PI., San Diego, CA 92131. vice is better. Compare. We do “hands-on” Reasonable rates and superior service. JANE www.finplan.ee. management only. TERSH NORTON Box A. BRUNO, J.D. (561) 470-7631. Fax (561) E-mail: [email protected]. 42429, Washington, D.C. 20015 Tel. (202) 363- 470-4790. 2990, Fax (202) 363-4736 AFSA TAX COUNSEL: Problems of tax E-mail:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] and finance. Never a charge to AFSA mem¬ bers for telephone guidance. Bob Dussell at TAX PREPARATION: CPA SPECIALIST in tax work both within and without the IRS since PEAKE MANAGEMENT - Looking for a offshore U.S. taxpayer issues. 40+ years as a tax ‘37. Now solely in practice to assist FS employ¬ great property manager experienced with FS professional. Income tax and estate planning and ees and their families. Tel. (804) 550-2269. TAX RETURN PREPARATION, all federal and clients? Call me to set up an appointment, or 9058 Edgewater Circle, Mechanicsville, VA all states. Initial consultation is FREE. Absolutely to receive our free Landlord Manual. The 23116. confidential. Special care for delinquent filers, and Manual clearly explains the rental management IRS and state controversies. Member AICPA tax PROPERTY MANAGEMENT process no matter which company you section. choose. We’re professional, experienced, J.P. PROPERTIES, LTD.: Complete pro¬ John D. Nebeker, CPA and friendly. In business since 1982. Lindsey fessional dedication to the management of res¬ Peake: 6842 Elm St. McLean, VA 22101. 179 N. Nightfall Awe., Tucson, AZ 85748 Tel. idential property in Northern Virginia. Our pro¬ Tel.(703) 448-0212. (520) 721-7718, Fax (520) 721-1758. fessionals will provide personal attention to your E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] home, careful tenant screening, and video inspections of your property. We are equipped TEMPORARY HOUSING ATTORNEY, FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ to handle all of your property management VICE OFFICER: Extensive experience w/ tax needs. We work 7 days a week! Over 20 years problems peculiar to the Foreign Service. real estate experience and Foreign Service WASHINGTON DC or NFATC TOUR? 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JUNE 2001 - AFSA NEWS 11 AFSACLASSIHEDS b SANIBEL-CAPTTVA. A Tropical Paradise SHIPPING HE2ECL233IIEGSEHB1 with a lifestyle unlike any other! If you are ROOMMATES PREFERRED, LTD. PLANNING TO MOVE OVERSEAS? thinking of buying or selling Real Estate on Looking for a place to live for 1 to 6 months, or Need a rate to ship your car, household goods, Sanibel-Captiva (or anywhere in Florida) longer? Have a home you would like to share? or other cargo going abroad? Contact SEFCO Call Betsy Newal Egan at (202) 234-5789 email: please contact Peggy SLOANE Henward (for¬ -Export Management Company for rates and [email protected] mer FSSO) and let a Top Producer go to work for you. Email: [email protected], advice. Visit our website at www.sefco- or visit www.Sanibel-Captiva-Homes.net. My export.com E-mail: [email protected] CLOSE-IN BETHESDA: Fully furnished toll free number at Coldwell Banker McFadden Tel: (718) 268-6233, Fax: (718) 268-0505 house. 3 BR, 3BA. Available June-October. Minimum one month. & Sprawls is 800-741-4752. Contact Joseph T. Quinn. E-mail: [email protected] AUTO PARTS PIED-A-TERRE PROPERTIES, LTD: The Fast, Reliable, Inexpensive! Find low Foreign Service professionals' first choice in VACATION RENTAL cost, name brand Auto Parts in interim housing. Select from our unique inven¬ RockAuto.com’s easy to use, on-line catalog. tory of fully furnished & tastefully decorated LONGBOAT KEY, FLORIDA Townhouse, We ship almost anywhere, including all gov¬ large, lovely TK furnished, sleeps 4; 2 baths, apartments & townhouses all exclusively ernment POs. Our VP is a former FSO and located in DC's best in-town neighborhoods: screened porch; open deck with spa; (har-tru) we are ready to help with your next routine or Dupont, Georgetown, Foggy Bottom & The tennis cts; large pool; 2 minutes from the beach; unexpected parts needs. On-line Store: West End. Two month minimum term. All inclu¬ 20 minutes from the airport (Sarasota) call for http://www.rockauto.com E-mail: sive rates. Mother-Daughter Owned & rates. Leigh 941-921-4336 or [email protected] Phone: (866) 762-5288 Operated.lnquiries: (202) 338-3190. Fax: (202) E-mail: [email protected] or (608) 836-6577. 332-1406. e-mail: [email protected] 110-220 VOLT STORE MISCELLANEOUS MULTI-SYSTEM ELECTRONICS REAL ESTATE PAL-SECAM-NTSC TVs, RETIRE TO TAX FREE NEW UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE VCRs, AUDIO, CAMCORDER, HAMPSHIRE! Century old charming stone invites applications for the 2002-2003 Senior ADAPTOR, TRANSFORMERS, carriage house on five acres, fully modernized; Fellowship competition in the Jennings KITCHEN APPLIANCES two car garage. Access to Squam Lake Randolph Program for International Peace. EXPORTS ELECTRONICS, INC. (Golden Pond); easy drive to best of White The competition is open to citizens of all 1719 Connecticut Ave. N.W. Mountain skiing & hiking; near local college, nations. Women and members of minorities Washington, D.C. 20009, near Dupont summer theater and more. Lease available are especially encouraged to apply. All appli¬ Circle. Between R & S Streets. Fall - Spring $1275/mo or year 'round cation materials must be received in our offices Tel. (202) 232-2244, Fax (202)265-2435, $1775/mo. For details contact: [email protected] by September 17,2001. Contact the Jennings (800) 513-3907. Randolph Program, U.S.I.P., 1200 17th Street, or call 603-429-3262. Mail: 22 Boulder Way, E-mail: [email protected] NW, Suite 200,Washington, DC 20036-3011, Merrimack, NH 03054 Price quotations for PVOs, NGOs, USG, FS USA, Phone: 202.429.3886, Fax: Discounts for Diplomats. 202.429.6063, E-mail: [email protected]. SOUTH ALEXANDRIA HOUSE: 12- EMBASSY month rental, 3 bedrooms, 2 1/2 bath, great 220 & 110 Volt Products neighborhood off GW Parkway, $2,100/month, available July 1st. E-mail: [email protected] TRANSFORMERS, STABILIZERS, AAFSW IS COLLECTING donations for OFFICE supply/ furniture, water distillers, BOOKFAIR 2001 in October. TV/VCR (multisystem 110/220-volt), power FLORIDA Proceeds are used to support FS student tools, small/ major appliances, food juice & LONGBOAT KEY / SARASOTA. scholarships (both merit and financial), con¬ beverages, etc. P.O. & credit card orders hon¬ Beautiful homes, villas, condos for now and fining education loans for adults, the FS Youth ored. Showroom: 5810 Seminary Road, the future. Area will exceed expectations. Foundation and the FS National Emergency Falls Church, VA 22041-3010 Tel. (703) 845- SHARON OPER, Wedebrock Real Estate Co. Relief Fund. 0800 Fax (703) 820-9385, E-mail: Tel/Fax (941) 387-7199; Donations for the ART CORNER, for the [email protected] Web site: (800) 950-3450. E-mail: [email protected] COLLECTORS' CORNER (rare books), and www.embassy-usa.com VACATION regular stamps, books and coins. "Ethnic" FLORIDA items from post are always very popular. BOOKS VACATION RENTAL: South Florida IN THE WASHINGTON AREA: For Pick¬ MUST READS Gulf Coast - Marco Island. Anglers Cove resort ups: VirginiaJones, Book Room Manager, on FOR OVERSEAS AMERICANS: on Marco Bay, 16 mi. so of Naples, 50 min. 202 223 5796. from Ft. Myers. Waterfront 2 BR condo over¬ IN THE DEPARTMENT: Book Room, The Accidental Diplomat: Dilemmas looking Marco Bay, 2 pools, tennis, 5 min. to Monday-Friday (12 noon to 2PM) or by appt. of the Trailing Spouse beaches, 3 TVs, HBO, VCR, screened bal¬ (TEL: 202 223 5796). cony. Weekly rentals. Call for brochures (410) FROM OVERSEAS: Pouched to the Welcome Home: Who Are You? 604-1254. AAFSW Book Room (Room #1524-Main E-mail: [email protected] State). Careful packing is essential as items For more information, contact CAPTIVA ISLAND, FL: 1 to 6 bedroom are often handled roughly. Aletheia Publications beach and bayside vacation rentals. If you are moving or simply sorting things, 845-526-2873 Swimming, shelling, fishing, etc. Walk to shops here is one way to lighten the load and sup¬ [email protected] & restaurants. Call Pat at 1 (800) 547-0127. port the AAFSW at the same time. http://members.aol.com/AlelthPub www.captiva-island.com

12 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2001 STILL GRAPPLING WITH CHALLENGES: LEE H. HAMILTON

AFTER AN OUTSTANDING CAREER IN CONGRESS, FORMER REPRESENTATIVE LEE H. HAMILTON IS HONORED BY AFSA FOR A LIFETIME OF ACHIEVEMENT.

BY STEVEN ALAN HONLEY

his month, former U.S. Representative erally supported institution that brings academics and poli¬ T Lee H. Hamilton will receive the cy-makers from around the world together to discuss the American Foreign Service same array of challenges that Hamilton says first interested Associations award for Lifetime him in foreign policy. Contributions to American Diplomacy Associate Editor Steven Alan Honley recently spoke with — and it’s not hard to understand why. Hamilton in his office at 1300 Pennsylvania Ave. During 17 terms in the House, Hamilton, D-Ind., acquired a well-deserved reputation as one of his party’s most FSJ: The main thing people probably know about you is thoughtful leaders in the that you were in Congress a realm of foreign policy, among long time. You’re still so close other issues. in many ways and yet you’re Hamilton, 70, was raised in Rep. Hamilton has the distinction not actually there anymore. Evansville, Ind., was a star How does it feel to be out of basketball player in college, of being the only person to serve the whirlwind? and earned a law degree. HAMILTON: Well, its First swept into office in on both the commissions that been a good transition for President Lyndon Johnsons me. Here at the Woodrow Democratic landslide in 1964, recently issued reports on Wilson Center I have the Hamilton represented opportunity to keep my hand Indiana’s largely rural ninth reforming the State Department. in on a lot of policy questions district. Once in office, he that we examine. And I still hewed to a moderate line on have a lot of contact with my social and economic issues, friends on the Hill and in the but was a consistent and ardent advocate of U.S. interna¬ executive branch of government. tional engagement. Obviously, this is not the center of activity the way During his 34-year legislative career, he was chairman of Congress was, but for me, it’s been a very good adjustment. the Intelligence Committee, the House chairman of the I served 34 years in the House and it was time for me to joint Iran-Contra Committee in 1987-1988, and chairman of move on. the House Foreign Affairs Committee from 1993 to 1995. When tire Republicans became the majority, Hamilton FSJ: When FSJ editor Bob Giddin talked to you back in became the ranking minority member on the committee. 1998, on Election Day, you described the center as an insti¬ Though Hamilton retired from Congress two years ago, tution that “mixes the world of ideas with the world of poli¬ he didn’t go far away. He is now director of the prestigious cy. ” Tell us what that means in practice. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the fed- HAMILTON: Wilson was the only president of the United States who had a Ph.D. When asked to identify him¬ Steven Alan Honley is associate editor of the Journal. self, he would say that he was a scholar and a politician. But

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 43 he always believed that each could academic side of things, learn from the other — that the schol¬ and one reason the board ar and the politician were engaged in asked me to come here was “a common enterprise,” as he put it. my political experience, So that's really what we do here. We and to make the interaction have over 400 meetings a year, and that I mentioned a moment during the course of a year we will ago more prominent in the host about 150 scholars, who are pre¬ activities of file center. I eminent in their fields. Almost all of think we’ve been able to do them look at public policy issues. We that. This is a very lively try to ensure that we mix the scholar s place, a very interesting and the policy-makers, in the hope place. In many ways, die and the belief that from that dialogue, dialogue that takes place better policy will emerge. here is exactly the land you want to see in a representa¬ FSJ: You took this position in 1999, tive democracy. Serious, correct? Are there any specific goals informed, civil, and some¬ you set for yourself when you came times heated, sometimes here? with strong differences of HAMILTON: Yes, I became opinion, but always, it director in January 1999. I think my seems to me, searching for Lee H. Hamilton, director of the Woodrow Wilson predecessors had emphasized the reasonable solutions. International Center for Scholars. FSJ: Is the directorship a fixed- term appointment? HAMILTON: No, I serve at the pleasure of the board of directors. I operate on a year-to-year basis and I’m not sure how long I will stay. I’m enjoying myself here and have no plans to retire, but we’ll see how filings go.

FSJ: You mentioned that you still have close contacts on the Hill. Any thoughts on the current Congress (the 107th), how they’re doing so far? HAMILTON: Well, it’s early. Congress never looks very good early in the session and this Congress has showed some energy with regard to handling the budget and the tax cut. But it really has not yet begun to produce legislation.

FSJ: And the 106th Congress? HAMILTON: I think they did pretty well without me, I guess.

FSJ: Was it strange not to be there? Newly elected Representative Lee Hamilton with President Lyndon B. HAMILTON: Sure. You do get a Johnson, 1964. sense of being at the center of filings

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 It’s fairly easy to lob bombshells; it’s much tougher to build a building. FARA Foreign Affairs Recreation Association FARA Housing Division, when you’re in the Congress; there's Managed by ECMC an excitement there. Whenever I 610 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, YA 22314 hear bells ring, I still have a bit of Ph: (703) 684-1825 Fax: (703) 739-9318 instinct, like Pavlovs dogs, to run to the floor of the House to vote. We are proud to provide the best hotel values in the Washington, DC I certainly miss the people, both metropolitan area! You can choose from properties offering studios, the members and the staff, and there one bedroom, 2-bedroom apartments, suites & hotel rooms. are policy issues that come along Our locations have unique proximity to FSI, State Department, the every so often that I’d like to jump Pentagon, NFATC, National Airport, Old Town , Alexandria, into. On the other hand, I don’t real¬ White House and Georgetown ly miss die institution. After 34 years, For more information call for features and rates of participating FARA hotels. I think die decision I made to retire was the correct one.

FSJ: Let’s talk about the two com¬ missions which recently issued reports on reforming the State Department. Help for Seniors If I’m not mistaken, you were the only person with the distinction of being on May Be Just both commissions — one chaired by a Phone Call Away- former Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci and the other by former The Senior Living Foundation Resource Center Senators Hart and Rudman. may be able to help you or someone you know find HAMILTON: Yes, I served on information and resources for: bodi. I Home Health Care FSJ: Obviously, the reports have SlF I Adult Day Care and Respite Care come out and have generated a lot of I Transportation to Medical Appointments discussion. In fact, the May 2001 issue A time of service, I Medicare/Medicaid Eligibility of the Foreign Service Journal is a time of need. Friendly Visitor Calls devoted to a discussion of the reports by various participants and commen¬ For more information, please call the tators. What was it like to be on the SENIOR LIVING FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE inside of each commission? Could you 1716 N ST., NW - WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036-2902 give us some sense of how your experi¬ (202) 887-8170 E MAIL: afspa @ afspa.org - WEB SITE: www.afspa.org ences compared? HAMILTON: Both panels were ❖Financial Assistance may he available. serious but they had different man¬ SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION dates. The Carlucci commission cen-

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 45 tered just on the State Department, FSJ: What would you say were the while the Hart-Rudman commission most important points in the Carlueci was much broader; it looked at the I do expect a report? whole national security apparatus. It HAMILTON: A lot of that study was well-funded, with a veiy large, serious attempt to focused on the infrastructure of the professional staff. It did an enormous department: improving its communi¬ amount of work, conducted extensive oppose normal trade cations, improving embassy security, research, and had a lot of meetings. strengthening the personnel system, The Carlueci effort was much more relations with and elevating the secretary of State as focused, being targeted just on the tire chief foreign policy adviser to the State Department. It was thinly China, but I don’t president. All of that I fully support. staffed, but had excellent people; all the members of the commission pulled think it will FSJ: A nd as for Hart-Rudman ? their share of the load. But it really was HAMILTON: That was a much quite different from the Hart-Rudman succeed. broader report, and in many ways not Commission. as extensive with regard to the State Department itself. I think among the FSJ: How were the two groups of both reports, we felt — and I felt — more important things it said is that similar? that they were still a little hard on the we’ve got to do a better job with HAMILTON: The common fea¬ department, and I think tire language regard to strategic planning in the for¬ ture ol tire two commissions was that was toned down from what it original¬ eign policy apparatus. Like Carlueci, they were both rather critical of the ly was. We tried to make tire reports it wanted to strengthen State, and State Department, but also genuine¬ constructive, to not only identify weak¬ lower the visibility7 of the national ly wanted to strengthen it. Members nesses in the State Department but security adviser. Like Carlueci, it of both commissions were saying, also make specific suggestions as to wanted to make the secretary of State “OK, we have a problem here in how those weaknesses could be cor¬ the president’s chief foreign policy some area of the work of the depart¬ rected. Generally, that was done. In adviser. Then what it did do, which ment. Let’s see what we can do to other words, its fairly easy to lob created quite a stir, I guess, was it put strengthen it.” bombshells; it’s much tougher to build forward a specific organizational chart I remember that in tire final drafts a building. for the department.

FSJ: Yes, I wanted to ask you about that. HAMILTON: We did that because we felt an obligation to be specific. We felt too many of the other criticisms were too general. But we did not do it with the idea that our organizational chart was the opti¬ mum, but because we thought it was better than the present arrangement and would strengthen the depart¬ ment.

FSJ: Well, I would say that based on what I’ve heard and read, that par-

ticular proposal — to abolish some of the functional bureaus and to create

five regional under secretaries — has drawn the most fire. HAMILTON: We all know that Rep. Hamilton with Russian President Boris Yeltsin. when you’re dealing with reorganiza-

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 tion in the government, it is almost bv definition controversial. When you change the boxes around, you change the power structure and you step on a lot of toes. You also create uncertain¬ ty, and bureaucracy doesn’t like uncertainty.

FSJ: Now that the reports are out, Volvo S80 Sedan are you optimistic that some of their recommendations may actually he implemented? U 111 D i T1 HAMILTON: Well, I’d be amazed Uipomatic rrivmege. if any of them were accepted in toto, Diplomatic Corps • Embassy Personnel ■ Foreign Service Professionals but I think pieces of them will be, and certainly some of the emphases in the Military • World Bank ■ Inter-American Development Bank reports will be adopted. I’ve been >-VMk Organization of American States Tl; ^ doing a good deal of testifying about or lllmfrori domestic Foreign - Active or Retired both reports, and they seem to be get¬ TijaiaP Contact Dana Martens ting serious consideration. Maybe Diplomatic Sales Director that’s the best we can hope for. e-mail' A ■ ^ 4800 Wisconsin Ave NW [email protected] MARTENS /ono^o^onnn FSJ: I realize Secretary Powell has website: (202) 537-3000 only been in office a short time, but www.martensvolvo.com VOLVO FAX (202)537-1826 what’s your overall assessment of him so far? HAMILTON: Oh, I don’t want to make any assessment of the secretary of State or die administration’s for¬ eign policy after just three months. I’ve been pleased that he’s shown an interest in refonn of tire department. He seems to have raised morale at State, from what I hear, which was very badly needed, and I think that’s a very positive tiling.

FSJ: Any thoughts on the spy plane incident with China? HAMILTON: I think die admin¬ he Virginian Suites has just undergone ♦ Spacious suites a major room renovation. Everything’s with full kitchens istration handled it very well. new, from floor to ceiling. We’ve heard $68Based on a 30 day ♦ Pool and exercise minimum stay the suggestions of our loyal guests and facilities FSJ: Based on what you’ve heard we’ve responded. ♦ Free local phone calls, on-site parking, on the Hill, would you expect any Now you’re not only staying just minutes and cable TV with HBO repercussions for Sino-American rela¬ from National Airport, the National Foreign ♦ Complimentary Continental tions? Affairs Training Center, most government Breakfast on weekdays HAMILTON: Yes, you can’t go buildings, and Metro—you’re getting a great ♦ Free shuttle to NFATC weekdays price for a brand new suite! at 7:30am, returning at 4:30pm through an incident like this witiiout repercussions. The question really 1500 Arlington Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209 becomes what kind. I would expect The J\J 703-522-9600 • 800-275-2866 • Fax: 703-525-4462 fewer repercussions in the area of E-mail: [email protected] www.virginiansuites.com trade, for example. Virginian Suites

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 47 FSJ: So you wouldn’t foresee a they think they are, and that we are serious effort to revoke China’s most going to have to pay a lot more atten¬ favored nation trade status? I felt both commissions tion to terrorism within this country. HAMILTON: Oh, I do expect a It’s a very formidable problem. serious attempt to oppose normal were rather critical of trade relations with China but I don’t FSJ: Have you noticed any recep¬ diink it will succeed. Where you’re the State Department, tiveness to that specific proposal on more apt to see repercussions are in the Hill and other places when other areas. There’s a long list of pos¬ but we also you’ve testified and participated in sibilities: joint meetings with the briefings? Chinese military, visas for Taiwanese genuinely wanted to HAMILTON: I think there’s a coming here, the arms sales package great deal of receptiveness to this to Taiwan, Beijing’s bid to host the strengthen it. specific idea. We recommended in 2008 Olympics, and various efforts to Hart-Rudman changes in the way downgrade contacts and exchanges the government is organized to deal we have with China. I hope that the with terrorism, and one of the more incident does not drive our policy striking conclusions of the report towards China, but it does clearly embassy, very large investments in was the fact that all the commission¬ point out the great difficulties and communications networks, and ers — conservative, liberals, and complexity of the relationship. probably most important of all is the moderates alike — agreed that this is personnel. I also think the State an area which needs a lot more FSJ: Secretary Powell managed Department personnel system, both attention by our government. to get a substantial fun ding increase attracting and retaining top-flight for State past OMB to the Hill in the people, is going to need an awful lot FSJ: Do you think the time has FY 2002 budget. But at the same of work — and it will not be inex¬ really come for something funda¬ time, the overall budget cuts back or pensive. mental to get done on State at least caps some domestic cate¬ Department reform? gories like agriculture and trans¬ FSJ: Is there any advice you’d HAMILTON: I don’t know the portation, Given that you’re from a give the Foreign Service about how answer to that; it really depends on Midwestern state that is certainly it can lobby for itself on the Hill, to the president and Secretary Powell. known, among other things, for agri¬ get the resources it needs? They face not an easy choice here. culture, do you thi nk State’s fu nding HAMILTON: 1 think there is an Most secretaries of State have not is going to hold up on the Hill? increased awareness on the Hill of paid very much attention to organi¬ HAMILTON: Well, the Bush the problems in the Foreign Service, zation, simply because they get budget cuts two ways. For this and that’s always the first step in get¬ engulfed in the policy questions that year’s budget (FY 2002), there is an ting corrective action. And I hope come to them. Even the top-level increase for State. But for the out the corrective action wall follow. I do officers in the department have not years, if you factor in inflation, there think the congressional relations paid much attention to it. I think the is actually a decrease. In addition, aspect of the State Department Powell Department of State clearly the administration is not putting needs a lot of work. wants to pay more attention to man¬ enough money into the budget for agement. the out years to deal with the prob¬ FSJ: One idea which has not got¬ But it will take pushing, and lems we identified in the commis¬ ten as much attention as some others pushing hard, by the president and sion reports. is the Hart-Rudman commission’s the secretary of State, to gain any But yes, in the immediate budget, call for the creation of a new meaningful reform in the depart¬ State got an increase even as many Cabinet-level agency for the defense ment. Organizational changes and of the other departments were cut of the American homeland — basi¬ reform in this city, and in any depart¬ back, so that’s a positive. You have cally to address terrorism. How ment, come very hard, and only some very heavy expenses called for imminent a threat do you believe ter¬ occur if the White House pushes in terms of the infrastructure: new rorism is to Americans at home? them. embassies, security procedures need HAMILTON: I think the to be upgraded at almost every American people are not as safe as FSJ: But if they do push reform,

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 you think prospects are reasonably good? HAMILTON: Yes, I do. I A FSJ: When we interviewed you over two years ago, we noted that NATIONAL TEMPORARY there has been “a conflict in recent years, between those who want the APARTMENTS, U.S. to conduct foreign affairs uni¬ Short-Term Furnished Apartment Specialists laterally, and those who see America working more closely with allies and Comfortable with international institutions.” At Fully furnished one, two or three bedroom apartments to your specifications. that time, you said those unilateral¬ All linens, towels, kitchenware and other amenities provided. ist tendencies, while powerful, Cost Effective would probably not dominate. Is Far less expensive than most hotels or suites. that your assessment, or have you changed your views on that? Convenient HAMILTON: No, I’d still say Locations all around Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia and Maryland. the same thing. If you look at the One phone call and we do all the work. problems that we confront in the world — we were talking about ter¬ (877) 234-5005 (301) 495-8927 rorism a minute ago, for example, (30 day minimum stay) but also weapons proliferation, envi¬ ronmental conditions, the future of 8737 Colesville Road, Suite 302, Silver Spring, MD 20910 democracy and market economies, disease, national security — none of these problems can be addressed by ourselves. We have to cooperate SEVEN MINUTES TO STATE DEPARTMENT with others. So the question in my mind is not whether we will cooper¬ ate with others, but to what extent, and how successfully.

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 49 BUILDING A BETTER RUSSIAN BUREAUCRAT

AMERICAN PROFESSORS HELP TRAIN A GENERATION OF

RUSSIAN TECHNOCRATS TO REPLACE COMMUNIST-ERA APPARATCHIKS.

BY MILES POMPER

latygin was talking trash about democra¬ The course is part of a State Department-funded P cy in Russia. “Democracy in Russia is exchange between Syracuse and Moscow State, one of scores the ability to throw garbage everywhere of State Department democratization programs in Russia, that you want to put it,” Platygin said. which includes faculty and student exchanges and technical He joked about how students at the uni¬ assistance from Syracuse in updating Moscow States public versity routinely tossed garbage out of administration curriculum. The purpose of the Moscow State the dormitory windows, splattering passers-by. His comments program is to “create a Kennedy School for Russia,” said a provoked a sharp reaction from fellow student Samira former State Department official who conceived of die plan, Askerova, an Azerbaijani referring to the John F. studying in Moscow. Kennedy School of “Democracy has a lot to do Democracy in Russia is the Government at Harvard. By with responsibility. You should creating a new model for think of your responsibility not ability to throw garbage anywhere public administration in to throw trash around,” she Russia, Moscow State and said. At this point, Mitchell you want to. U.S. officials hope to change Orenstein, an exchange pro¬ the way Russian government fessor from Syracuse administrators are educated University’s Maxwell School of and ultimately to replace Citizenship and Public Affairs, intervened, using the stu¬ poorly trained, inefficient and often corrupt Communist-era dents’ arguments to demonstrate that with democratic gov¬ apparatchiks with Western-style technocrats. ernment, “there is a always a tension between liberty — indi¬ vidual freedom — and democracy, what some call ‘the tyran¬ How Democracy Really Works ny of the majority,”’ Orenstein noted. Since the Soviet Union failed, and die Communist party- This lesson is one of many that Orenstein would provide run and trade union schools which had trained Soviet bureau¬ in his semester-long course on “Public Administration and crats collapsed, there has been a clear need to teach civil ser¬ Democracy” at Moscow State. In subsequent weeks, vants the lands of skills they need to serve in a market democ¬ Orenstein and his two dozen students would study challenges racy—such as how to create an open and efficient bureau¬ that both new and established democracies face, such as cop¬ cracy and a clear and transparent budgeting system. To teach ing with minority populations, social welfare protection, and tiiese skills, a successful public administration school must the influence of powerful economic interests. To illustrate his move away from the overly theoretical teaching model tiiat arguments, Orenstein would draw on examples not only from the old Soviet-style government training programs relied on the United States but also from the Czech Republic, Peru and demonstrate to students how democracy really works. and even Russia itself. Moscow State Dean Alexey Surin notes tiiat Moscow State professors are working witii tiieir Syracuse counterparts on Miles Pomper is a reporter for Congressional Quarterly who integrating into the curriculum a case study method pio¬ visited Moscow State University last fall. neered by Harvard Business School. This method forces stu-

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JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 51 dents to grapple with real life situa¬ administration schools diroughout tions rather than theoretical issues. Russia, bodi independent and govem- Moscow State professors hope to “Businesses have less ment-run. They also want to form an develop courses based on issues that independent association of public Russian public officials have already sexual harassment administration schools so they can been forced to confront. lobby as a group for funds and push Orenstein has begun to use this than government,” national curriculum standards. The real world teaching method. He Syracuse-Moscow State project is cre¬ recently took his students to examine one female student ating a distance learning program so first-hand the realities of Russian that three satellite campuses — garbage. They investigated trash con¬ declares. Togliatti, Jaroslavl, and Joshkar-Ola — tainers, looked at publicity posters for in Russia’s distant regions can take a pilot recycling program, and inter¬ advantage of die new curriculum, “We viewed a garbage manager who lived hope to start a new kind of revolu¬ next to a garbage chute. This was the tion,” Barabashev said. first time many of the students had If this revolution is to get off the stepped out of the classroom during attention of U.S. and Russian officials. ground, the Syracuse-Moscow State five years in the undergraduate pro¬ Bill Clinton and Russian President project will have to succeed where gram. Jeff Straussman, director of the Vladimir V. Putin have both recog¬ other highly touted attempts to Syracuse public administration pro¬ nized the merits of the program. reform public administration educa¬ gram, said that one of Syracuse’s In trying to help transform the tion in Russia have failed. In the early biggest challenges is convincing their organizational culture of a Russian 1990s, Boris Yeltsins government cre¬ Russian counterparts that “creating a government bureaucracy beleaguered ated a special agency to train new professional program is more than just by political patronage and favoritism, bureaucrats and retrain old officials. a series of courses,” but also includes low salaries, diminishing social status But the agency lacked clear standards, activities such as internships, career and rampant corruption, the school’s allowing almost everyone to finish die placement, and group projects. administrators face a daunting chal¬ program, and produced such unsatis¬ lenge. Looking just at the numbers, factory results that the Kremlin even¬ Physicists Teaching Poli Sci tire odds drat diey can change the tually closed it down. In 1997, a high- The Moscow State public adminis¬ behavior of two million Russian public level commission examined the prob¬ tration program started slowly, over¬ servants seem tiny. Only about 150 lems the school had, laid out a coming obstacles such as a lack of undergraduates and 50 Ph.D. candi¬ timetable for reform, and then social science experts to teach the stu¬ dates enter dre program each year. prompdy did nothing. Despite die dents; Communist limits on political But Alexei G. Barabashev, a former best intentions of university adminis¬ discussion had stunted the growth of mathematics professor who serves as trators and government officials in the social sciences and many of those tire school’s deputy dean, is convinced both countries, there is no guarantee behind the launch of the program that the program can make a signifi¬ that the current effort will succeed. were mathematicians and physical sci¬ cant difference. “This is the elite of Corruption is so much a part of entists, who had enjoyed relative intel¬ die future,” Barabashev said proudly. Russia, for example, that some stu¬ lectual freedom in Soviet days. Yet tire “We know that our graduates are like dents say that their classmates bought program grew rapidly during the a drop in the sea, so we are trying to their way into die school rather dian 1990s and, today, despite relatively work like multipliers.” Barabashev passing qualifying exams. expensive tuition, there is so much pins his greatest hopes on the Ph.D. demand that Moscow State has start¬ students who could take up positions Private Sector Preferable ed a preparatory school for high in other schools in Russia to promote But, as Moscow State administra¬ school students who want to take the the school’s teaching methods and tors acknowledge, the biggest danger programs entrance exams. Moscow curriculum after graduation from the to the future of the program is that State also recently added a three-year program. only a small portion of the school’s graduate program to its established Moscow State administrators hope undergraduates actually choose to five-year undergraduate program. diat die curriculum they create with work in government bureaucracies These developments and the school’s the input of the Syracuse professors (although a fair number work in state- high standards have attracted the will serve as a basis for other public owned corporations like energy giant

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 Gazprom or other parastatal organiza¬ in pubic relations. “Politics is rather Even if Moscow State’s students do tions) which is in part due to the fact dirty. I would rather end up in busi¬ choose to go into government, they that Russian government bureaucrats ness,” she said. Anotiier woman, will find that in Russia’s current politi¬ remain suspicious of the schools grad¬ Elena Ivanova, said that Russia’s gov¬ cal culture, skills in political manipula¬ uates and their modernizing ways. ernment is a bastion of sexism and lags tion may be more prized than the Those forward-thinking habits of far behind the private sector in its abil¬ skills that Moscow State teaches, as a mind, however, are veiy attractive to ity to handle gender issues such as sex¬ recent article on the School of the private sector. The school’s strong ual harassment. “Businesses have a lot Professional Politics, a competitor to reputation, and the computer and for¬ less sexual harassment than the gov¬ the Moscow State program, in die eign language (especially English) ernment,” Ivanova said. “t)nly men Moscow Times made clear. Unlike skills it teaches are in high demand in work in the government.” For that Moscow State, that school’s curricu¬ major Russian companies and multi¬ reason, despite her desire to “reform lum does not focus on creating a trans¬ national corporations based in Russia’s social policies” — an area in parent bureaucracy but instead on Moscow and St. Petersburg. These urgent need of refonn given the coun¬ using the levers of powers to “manage firms are able to offer salaries which try’s lack of an effective safety net — human choice.” Sample courses easily trump those that governments she said that she would look for work include: “The Nature of Power,” and can offer, and they are located in cities with a non-governmental organization “Information and Psychological which are more attractive to recent rather than with the government Wars.” Cynical perhaps, but the graduates than the regional govern¬ bureaucracy. The Russian govern¬ School of Professional Politics is ment seats which might hire public ment’s lack of hospitality to the gradu¬ endorsed by Putin. Its graduates administrators. ates of the Moscow State program is include many who recently won elec¬ Even those students who entered one of many crucial gaps between the tion to the Russian Duma as members public administration school with a ideals of public administration as they of Putin’s new Unity party. It seems sense of noblesse oblige are often are taught at Moscow State and the then, that Moscow State has its work lured to the private sector. “It is very realities of policymaking in Russia. cut out for it. ■ difficult to make a choice for public administration,” Surin said. Dmitri Marjasin is a case in point. A quintes¬ Village, Lake Tahoe July 9 to July 27, 2001 sential Russian yuppie, already equipped with a cellular phone, Sierra Nevada College Marjasin speaks the business vernacu¬ Summer Seminars lar of American English with the ease Fascinated by foreign affairs? Love to learn? of a Wharton graduate. Indeed, he Come to Lake Tahoe this July for a Siena Nevada Summer Seminar led by a top professional, for enrichment or credit. aspires to attend a Western graduate school and return to Russia to work The Lynn M. & William G. Bennett 2001 National Security Seminars for an international consulting linn. Ambassador Everett Ellis Briggs How To Be An Ambassador The public administration program, Former President, Council of the Americas and America’s Society he says, is a means of getting a broad Ambassador to Portugal, Panama, and Honduras education and international expertise. Ambassador Cresencio Arcos Information and Foreign Policy President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, Vice President AT&T, Someday he hopes to use his future Former Ambassador to Honduras, United States Information Agency business experience and wealth to put Ambassador Myles Frechette, Columbia, Cuba, Commerce, himself in a position where he can and other Policy Conundrums reform the public sector. Starting at Former Deputy Special Trade Representative, The White House, Ambassador to Colombia and Cameroon, Coordinator for Cuban Affairs die bottom of a corrupt bureaucracy, he says, would be too frustrating. General Jan Douglas International Peacemaking UN "Blue Beret" in Kosovo, Africa, Central America, Pearson Peace Center of Canada Furthermore, he believes that he must first be trained in business by a Dr. William Ratliff Modern China and the Future Senior Research Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University consulting firm to be able to make a Col. John A. Cope The National Security Process difference in the bureaucracy. Senior Fellow, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University Another student, Marina To register or for details: e-mail: [email protected] Samokhvalova, expresses similar feel¬ www.nationalsecurityseminars.com ings, saying she is looking for a career

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 53 BOOKS

THE GERMAN tions during the months preceding the destruction of the Wall, are par¬ QUESTION Smyser points out that ticularly moving. Only in the final chapter does From Yalta to Berlin: The Cold the division of Germany Smysers skillful analysis weaken, as War Struggle Over Germany he poses a new “German question” W.R. Smyser, St. Martin’s Griffin, also brought some for the world: how to relate to a 2000, paperback, 465 pages, $19.95 nation that is united, powerful and unexpected benefits. at times assertive but that is also a REVIEWED BY CHRISTOPHER fully committed democracy with no M. POTHOVEN interest in aggression. While provocative in asserting that Berlin Former FSO W. R. Smyser could serve as the locus for a new frames From Yalta to Berlin: The phase in pan-European relations, Cold War Struggle Over Germany remained severely constrained by thanks to its links with both Eastern as the post-1945 version of the age- Cold War politics. Yet both and Western Europe (as well as the old “German question”: how to pre¬ Germanys enjoyed surprising suc¬ United States and Russia), much of vent Germany from ever again pos¬ cess at influencing their “benefac¬ his discussion of 21st century ing the massive threat to European tors.” (Smysers ability to bring out Germany rests on broad assertions: stability and world peace that it did the intricacies of these tricky diplo¬ e.g., the Federal Republic of under the rule first of Kaiser matic maneuvers should particularly Germany is a different creature Wilhelm and then of Hitler. Towards appeal to FSOs.) from West Germany. Especially that end, his account presents a In fact, Smyser points out, the given how cogent the rest of the comprehensive examination of tire division of the country also brought book is, one wishes for a more tren¬ forces that first kept East and West some unexpected benefits. It served chant conclusion. Germany apart and then led to their as the “essential incubator” for the For those familiar with only the reunification in 1990. modern German state, eased basics of German history since Smyser first takes us through the wartime emotions on all sides, and World War II (such as this review¬ creation of the two Germanys, born gave Germans time to “rediscover er), From Yalta to Berlin offers an of the victorious Allies’ haggling over and to nourish the democratic roots especially fascinating account. the postwar shape of the vanquished in their own history, to accept their Smyser supplements his extensive country. To put it bluntly, West and losses, to recognize and to respect first-hand knowledge of the subject East Germany became tools of, the legitimate fears of their neigh¬ — his Army and State Department respectively, the United States (and, bors.” service in Germany stretched from to a lesser extent, France and the Yet Smyser does not downplay the 1950s through the late 1970s — United Kingdom) and the Soviet the pain that their enforced division with copious research, though some Union, with virtually no scope for caused Germans. His descriptions of readers may fault him for focusing independent action. the East Germans’ enthusiastic reac¬ almost entirely on political elites Beginning in the 1950s, the two tion to Chancellor Willy Brandts (e.g., Brandt, Honecker and Kohl). countries did gradually gain a larger 1970 visit, and of conductor Kurt But even specialists will admire the role in controlling their respective Masur’s role in supporting the skill with which Smyser unravels the destinies, but even West Germany peaceful East German demonstra¬ interlocking histories of the two

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 BOOKS

Germanys and the great powers that participants, by 1973, Sadat had used them to advance greater Cold concluded that only dramatic mili¬ War strategic interests. The book asks, but does tary action would give him the clout to break with the Arab world and Christopher Pothoven, the Journals not resolve, whether make peace with Israel. Although fall 2000 intern, is a master’s candi¬ the book leaves that question open, date in international affairs at Sadat saw the 1973 war it does conclude that the 1973 war George Washington University. (also called the Yom Kippur War) as a necessary prelude to was largely the result of Arab frus¬ tration with the diplomatic stale¬ peace. mate of the late 1960s and early SADAT THE 1970s that left Israel squarely in STRATEGIST control of the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. The October War: a “political consultant”) who shaped Some readers may be dismayed A Retrospective both the war and its aftermath, the at the lack of attention paid to Richard B. Parker, editor, conference delved into many of the Syria’s role in the war. But the book Gainesville, University Press of controversial issues that still linger does highlight the puzzling lack of Florida, 2001, $55.00, hardcover, about the fourth Arab-Israeli war. coordination between Cairo and 396 pages These included the failure of diplo¬ Damascus regarding the war’s mili¬ macy to avert hostilities; the notori¬ tary aims, a snafu that led Syria to REVIEWED BY LINDA SHARABY ously delayed U.S. airlift to Israel press futilely for an early cease-fire and the U.S. Def-Con III alert; and even as Egypt maintained its south¬ An oft-repeated and much- the possibility of missed opportuni¬ ern offensive. lamented truism — one that must ties for peace following the war, par¬ Strong as the book is, the particularly irk diplomats — is that ticularly on the Israel-Jordan front. absence of Henry Kissinger, who sometimes, it takes war to make The charismatic Sadat and his apparently declined an invitation to peace. inscrutable calculations dominate the event, cast a shadow over the Whether that thought passed the narrative. A number of confer¬ entire conference. As the main through the mind of Egyptian ence participants portray him as a architect of U.S. diplomacy before, President Anwar Sadat on Oct. 6, brilliant statesman and shrewd during and after the war, Kissinger’s 1973, at precisely two o’clock in the political operator who outfoxed recollections and insights could afternoon, when Egypt and Syria Israel (and perhaps Syria) and both have clarified some outstanding launched simultaneous surprise superpowers on his way to achieving issues, though some material, attacks on Israel’s northern and his political goals: restoring Egypt’s gleaned from his many books, did southern borders, is one of several honor, shattered by its 1967 defeat; find its way into the discussion. important questions debated in The eliciting intensive American efforts Even so, The October War is October War: A Retrospective, one to broker an Arab-Israeli settle¬ strong both in substance and pre¬ in a series of works on diplomacy ment; and piercing the veil of Israeli sentation, with a useful chronology published by the University Press of invincibility so that the two coun¬ — dating back to the previous Arab- Florida. tries could approach the negotiating Israeli conflict of June 1967 — of Edited by ambassador turned table on a more equal footing. events leading up to the war. Middle East researcher Richard B. What remains unclear, however, Students of the Middle East, and of Parker, The October War docu¬ is whether, for Sadat, war was a nec¬ diplomacy, will find it a valuable ments the proceedings of an essary prelude to peace. Some of addition to their libraries. ■ October 1998 conference held in the participants credit him with Washington, D.C.’s Cosmos Club. making unrequited, if subtle, peace Linda Sharaby is a student at Bringing together an impressive overtures to both Israel and the Columbia Law School in New York. group of Egyptians, Israelis, United States in the years preceding She is the former assistant editor of Americans and Russians (and one the war. On the other hand, accord¬ the Middle East Review of Syrian participant, described only as ing to the conference’s Egyptian International Affairs.

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 55 IN MEMORY

Arthur W. Hummel Jr., 81, gather material to support the testi¬ Ambassador Hummel was the retired career ambassador, died at mony of Foreign Sendee employees departments most senior career home in Chevy Chase, Md. on under fire during the Army- diplomat. After retirement, Feb. 6. McCarthy hearings chaired by Sen. Hummel was active in the Council Mr. Hummel was born in 1920 Joseph R. McCarthy, R-Wis. on Foreign Relations, the National in Shanxi Province of China, where Hummel married the former Committee on U.S.-China his father, China scholar Arthur Betty Lou Firstenberger in 1951. Relations, and other Asia-related Hummel Sr., was a missionary. The He served with USIS in Hong organizations. He often returned family returned to the U.S. when Kong, Tokyo and Rangoon. He to China as an adviser to the Arthur Jr. was eight years old. He later became deputy director of the Hopkins University Nanjing graduated from Westtown Friends Voice of America. In 1963, he Center. School. He dropped out of Antioch became deputy assistant secretaiy Mr. Hummel is survived by his College after several years there, in the Bureau of Educational and wife and two sons: Timothy and and hitchhiked across the Midwest Cultural Affairs at State. He went William; three grandchildren; and a working odd jobs. He returned to to Taipei as DCM in 1965, and brother, Sharman Bookwalter China in 1939 to study at the received a Superior Honor award Hummel. College of Chinese Studies in for the extended period he served Beijing, supporting himself by there as charge awaiting the teaching English at a Chinese mid¬ appointment of an ambassador. dle school. Hummel served as ambassador James Estes Baker, 66, former After Pearl Harbor and the to Burma from 1968 to 1971. After FSO, died of lung disease on April Japanese occupation of Beijing, that, he served as deputy assistant 15 at Roosevelt Hospital in New Hummel was interned with others secretary for the East Asia and York City. at the Weihsien internment camp Pacific Bureau. He served as Mr. Baker was born in Suffolk, in Shandong Province. In 1944, he ambassador to Ethiopia from 1975 Va. He received his B.A. from and a fellow internee escaped and to 1976, returning to Washington to Haverford College in 1956, and an joined the Chinese Nationalist serve as assistant secretary for East M.A. from the Fletcher School of guerrillas in the province. He Asia and the Pacific. In 1977, he Law and Diplomacy at Tufts stayed with them until the end of was appointed ambassador to University in 1957. He joined the the war, when he went back to the Pakistan, and in 1981, returned to Foreign Service in 1960. He was camp to help arrange the evacua¬ China as the ambassador. While in the first African-American diplo¬ tion of the internees. He remained Beijing, he was promoted to the mat posted to South Africa during for another year in China as a liai¬ rank of career ambassador, the apartheid. He served as an eco¬ son for the United Nations Relief highest Foreign Service rank. He nomics specialist at the embassy in and Rehabilitation Administration. was among the group of American Pretoria from 1973 to 1975. He joined the Foreign Service in diplomats who pushed for a more Mr. Baker left the Foreign 1950 after receiving an M.A. in pragmatic approach to China, Service in 1980 to direct economic Chinese Studies from the believing that engagement with the and emergency relief programs at University of Chicago. One of his communist nation could hasten the United Nations. He stayed with first assignments, according to his change there. the U.N. until 1995. He then taught New York Times obituary, was to When he retired in 1985, courses on diplomacy and disaster

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 IN MEMORY

relief as an adjunct professor at secretary to the ambassadors to the Department’s Office of the Long Island University. During Philippines (during the “people’s Inspector General, Bureau of Inter- those years, he lived in Sag Harbor, revolution” that ousted Ferdinand American Affairs, and in the Office N.Y., and Greenwich Village. Marcos), Panama, and the Sudan of the Coordinator of Cuban Survivors include his compan¬ (during the Gulf War, which Affairs. He retired in 1987. ion, John R. Hawkins, and his prompted a last-minute air evacua¬ Mr. Adams is survived by his brother, Percy, of Santa Rosa, Calif. tion and closure of Embassy wife of 46 years, Mary Carol Collier Khartoum for two months). Adams, daughter Debra Adams, In addition to her devotion to son James Adams, daughter duty, courage and toughness in Melanie Ackerman, daughter Maria “Connie” Hargrove, crises, and superb secretarial and Karen Hemme, and seven grand¬ 75, retired Foreign Service secre¬ managerial skills, Mrs. Hargroves sons. tary, died on Jan. 11 of cancer in warmth, hospitality, and wonderful Arlington, Va. sense of humor will be long Mrs. Hargrove was born in remembered by her Foreign Mexico and married FSO James P. Service colleagues and friends. M. Gordon Knox, 88, retired Hargrove in 1955. She accompa¬ Survivors include three sons: FSO, died March 29 at Collington nied her husband to posts in James, Richard, and Robert; five retirement community in Curasao, Stuttgart, Dilsseldorf, and grandchildren; one brother; and Mitchelleville, Md. Managua. When an earthquake three sisters. Donations in her Mr. Knox was born in devastated Nicaragua in December memory may be made to Hospice Catonsville, Md., attended Gilman 1972, it destroyed the chancery and of Northern Virginia, PO Box 1576, School and graduated from Yale much of the housing, killed the Merrifield, VA 22116-1576. University in 1934. After a year as a ambassadors secretary and injured reporter for Newsweek magazine, the mission’s other three secre¬ he won a Rhodes Scholarship to taries. Although scheduled for University College at Oxford. evacuation with her three young Madison (Mac) M. Adams, Jr., While there, he worked for The sons, Mrs. Hargrove voluntarily 68, retired FSO, died March 24 at London News Chronicle reporting remained in Managua and worked his home in Spencer, N.C. on the League of Nations. On his under great pressure around the Mr. Adams was born in return to the U.S., he wrote for The clock, shouldering all the secretari¬ Texasville, Ala. He attended college Baltimore Sun. al work of the U.S. mission. at the University of Alabama and at In 1939 he joined the Foreign After her husband’s death in Auburn University. He graduated Service. His first post was Berlin. 1973, Mrs. Hargrove joined the from Florida Southern College When the U.S. entered World War Department of State and served as with a B.S. in industrial arts and II, the embassy staff was interned a bilingual secretary for senior offi¬ history. He did graduate work in at Baden Nauheim until an cials in the U.S. Mission to the OAS Latin American history at the exchange took place through and in the Bureau of Latin University of Alabama and in devel¬ Portugal. He spent the rest of the American Affairs. In 1977-1978 she opment economics and Latin war years at the embassy in Sweden undertook another volunteer tour America at the University of Texas. and later was sent to the United of hazardous duty in Managua. He joined the State Department in Nations. After a year of Russian With a revolution in progress, she 1957. language study at Columbia worked from a cramped hotel room Mr. Adams’ postings included University, he was sent to Moscow office for several months on special Costa Rica, Liberia, Mexico, in 1949. Other posts included the assignment supporting an OAS Ecuador, Chile and Australia. From Voice of America in New York, Mission, which negotiated the 1975 to 1976, he attended the Vienna, London, and Paldstan. departure of dictator Anastasio National War College of the After retirement, he taught at Somoza. From 1984 to her retire¬ National Defense University. He Howard University and the ment in 1993, Mrs. Hargrove was also served in the State University of Puerto Rico. He lived

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 57 / N MEMORY

in the Dominican Republic until he Jeannette Christian, 75, retired 1958 he returned to dre U.S. to serve moved to Collington in 1999. office management specialist, died as deputy director of the Office of His marriage to Ann Brewer in peacefully Jan. 28 at her home in European Regional Affairs. In 1962, 1947 ended in divorce. Survivors Dallas. he went to Brussels, and over the next include three sons: Ronald Knox of Ms. Christian was bom in 1925 in five years worked on issues related to Berwyn, Penn.; Gordon and Kemp, Texas. She studied at North the development of the European Andrew Knox of New York City; Texas State University, Texas Economic Community. He received two daughters: Ann Knox Velletri of University and Southern Methodist the departments Distinguished Bethesda, Md.; and Marion Knox of University. In 1967, she joined the Service Award for this work. Portland, Maine; five grandchil¬ State Department. From 1969 to He later served as DCM at dre dren; a brother and a sister. His 1972, she served as secretary to three embassy in the Federal Republic of daughter Joanna died earlier. directors of the Strategic Arms Germany. In 1971 he became deputy Limitation Talks. She served in assistant secretary for European Moscow from 1980 to 1981. Affairs, and retired in 1973. When she returned to the U.S., Following retirement, Mr. Robert Smallwood Black, 92, she was the assistant to the director of Fessenden and Iris family moved to retired FSO, died on March 27 in tire National Endowment for tire Aits Ashfield, Mass., where he had spent Exeter, N.H. from 1981 to 1986. She returned to childhood summers visiting his grand¬ Mr. Black was born in Dallas in 1987. Ms. Christian sang parents. He was appointed chairman Zanesville, Ohio in 1909. He was with church choirs and enjoyed the of the Conservation Commission, the son of Robert and Dollie (Van fine arts and growing roses. served as president of the Ashfield Voorhis) Black. He received a B.A. Ms. Christian is survived by her Water Co. and held positions on the from Dartmouth College and an sisters: her caregiver sister Mary Anna Sewer Board and the Board of M.A. from Columbia University. Christian; and her sister Evelyn and Health. He worked for the National Pie taught for two years at the Evelyns husband John Cram. Weather Service as a weather observ¬ American University of Beirut in er, and in 1993 was presented with a Lebanon, and for five years at the 20-year Length of Service Award by Friends School of Wilmington, Del. the National Oceanic and In 1941, he married Barbara Bell Russell Fessenden, 84, retired Atmospheric Administration of the Black, who also taught at Friends FSO, died on March 4 at Iris home in National Weather Service. He wrote a School. Ashfield, Mass, of complications from monthly weather column for The During World War II, Mr. Black Parkinsons disease. Ashfield News, and compiled a history served in the Naval Reserve over¬ Born in Rochester, N.Y., in 1916, of the first 25 years of the Ashfield seas at the American embassy in he received his B.A. from Oberlin Historical Society. He was an avid gar¬ Quito, and in the Civil Affairs College in 1938 and married dener and woodworker, and was Training Schools at the University Catherine Jane Andrus dre following instrumental in establishing many of of Chicago and then at Harvard year. After obtaining a Ph.D. from the hiking trails around Ashfield. ■ University. Following the war, Mr. Cornell University, he taught briefly Black joined the Foreign Service. before entering military service. He NOTE: He served one tour in Washington, served in the Army from 1943 to Submissions for the In and served abroad in Egypt, Japan, 1946, spending 15 months in the Memory section are welcomed. Mexico, Indonesia, Canada and European Theater of Operations. Please send by e- mail if possible Thailand. In 1946, Mr. Fessenden entered to [email protected]. Mr. and Mrs. Black retired to tire State Department as an interna¬ Submissions can also be sent Cape Neddick, Me. in 1970. When tional affairs officer with the by mail to the Foreign Service Mrs. Black died in 1993, Mr. Black European Bureau. When he received Journal, 2101 E St. N.W., moved to RiverWoods at Exeter. his first diplomatic assignment Washington, DC 20037; or by He is survived by cousins around abroad, to Paris, he and Iris family fax to (202) 338-8244. the country. sailed to France in February 1955. In

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

IN SEARCH OF THAT SPECIAL SCHOOL

FOR KIDS WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIES, FINDING THE RIGHT SCHOOL CAN MAKE A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE.

BY MELANIE KERBER

wo weeks ago, a Foreign Service couple die provision of transitional services to follow a student from sat in my office to discuss their son’s edu¬ high school graduation to a successful move to college, T cational needs. The family has lived in employment or community living. The passage of these two three countries over the past 10 years. crucial pieces of legislation has resulted in record numbers Upon returning to the U.S., their son of students pursuing avenues previously unavailable to tiiem. was enrolled in a Catholic middle school A higher percentage of these students finish high school and offering high academic and behavioral complete college or professional schools. Parents are well standards. Previous testing indicated the presence of audito¬ aware of their rights under the law and refuse to allow a ry processing and written language difficulties. While over¬ bright child to fail in school. seas, he was able to compensate with homework supervision Parents coming to Washington and planning to enroll a from his mother and accommodations horn a caring, well- child in tire public schools are likely to arrive in summer trained staff. He was in good academic standing when he when the only personnel available to incoming students are returned to the states. office staff and a harried administrator. Students arriving late But now, he is one of 32 students assigned to a very over¬ in the summer must contend with die flurry of back-to- worked teacher. He receives no accommodations for his school preparations and teacher training sessions. Many stu¬ learning differences, is failing three classes and feeling very dents tell me that nothing prepared them for arrival at a defeated. huge, impersonal school. It is well worth die time, money, This is an all-too-familiar scenario with school-age chil¬ energy and effort to plan a trip home months before the dren and adolescents. An estimated 5 percent of students move. Ideally, a student would spend a day at the school attending public school have been diagnosed with a specific selecting courses, meeting the teachers and becoming re¬ learning disability. Improved assessment tools have helped acquainted witii die student body. This advance work helps with die process of identifying significantly more students a re-entering student to face those first few weeks of a new with weaknesses not severe enough to qualify for academic semester with increased confidence. Advance planning is support under the current federal guidelines. Frequently, even more critical when working with a student with learn¬ parents of these students are frustrated by die lack of place¬ ing issues. Many parents have become masterful advocates ment options, limiting them to selecting an academic pro¬ for tiieir children by using all of their skills in diplomacy and gram witii few accommodations or a special class full of stu¬ negotiation, producing test results, records and a list of dents with behavioral difficulties and low standards. accommodations that have helped students to succeed else¬ where. The Law on Your Side Parents pursuing private education are urged to begin the In 1975 a law was passed mandating tiiat all students with process six to 12 months prior to the move. One of die unfor¬ disabilities receive a free, appropriate education in die least tunate consequences of enormous growth in metropolitan restrictive setting. In 1997, tiiis law was recertified to include Washington is overcrowded schools. Parents are willing to pay the equivalent of college tuition to buy smaller classes, Melanie Kerber is the director of Commonwealth Academy, closer access to school officials and high academic standards. a secondary school for students with learning differences in The admissions process includes submitting an application, Falls Church, Va. She also is a Foreign Service spouse and sitting through admissions testing, and participating in an an adjunct professor in the graduate school of education at interview and day visit. Researching these schools in advance George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. She can be helps a parent become familiar with classes, activities, and reached at [email protected]. attitude towards students witii learning difficulties.

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 59 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

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60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

(continued from page 59) Small School. Where to Get Help Todays parents often decide to seek help when navigating the intricate net¬ Big Outdoors. work of service providers. Most Foreign Service families I speak with have made good use of tire Family Liaison Office at Traditional College Preparatory State, which offers information, sup¬ Coeducational, Grades 9-12 8c Post-Graduate port, networking, and referrals to a vari¬ Excellent College Placement ety of agencies including schools, hospi¬ Faculty/Student Ratio 1:4 tals, outpatient services and testing facil¬ ities. Backpacking, Mountain Biking Other families use area educational Paddling 8c Kayaking, Rock 8c Ice Climbing consultants. These specialists possess Skiing, Snowboarding, Soccer, Lacrosse masters or doctoral degrees in educa¬ tion or a related field. They travel the country learning about private day and THE boarding schools for college-bound stu¬ dents as well as residential treatment WHITE MOUNTAI N facilities for chemically dependent, s c H o o L emotionally disturbed or behavior-dis¬ ordered youth. Parents pursuing this Bethlehem, New Hampshire avenue can expect to pay between $3,000 and $5,000 to cover the cost of www. white mountain, org educational testing, interviews, consul¬ 1.800.545.7813 tations and school visits. Among the Washington-area resources I have found useful to parents are: School Counseling Group, 202-333- 3530, www.schoolcormseling.com,e-mail [email protected]; Georgia K. Irvin & Associates, 301-951- 0131, www.girvin.com, e-mail: [email protected]: Peterson Academic Group, 703-391-1280, e-mail: [email protected]; and WISER (Washington Independent Services for Educational Resources), 301-816- 0432, www.wiser-dc.com. Accommodations or bypass strate¬ gies are vital to the success of the stu¬ dent with learning disabilities. These accommodations may include the use of technology, homework online, organizational support, smaller class size, modified assignments, interac¬ tive hands-on learning, and extended time on tests. Finding the right school for a child is an ambitious but satisfying journey. Photo by Cate Doucette Often, those who have been most suc¬ cessful have learned to make use of the considerable resources available to them. ■

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 61 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT ance See our web page WWW.afsa.org, click on the marketplace tab and click on the little red schoolhouse.

JUNIOR-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS Andrews School, The 70 205 All girls 28 13 6-12 Y N 30 Y Y N $21,750 Cardigan Mountain 66 203 All boys 92 8 6-9 N N 130 Y Y N 27.700 Dana Hall 65 435 All girls 50 14 6-12 N N 12 Y Y N 28,940 Delphian School 73 230 50/50 60 9 3-12 N N 50 Y Y Y 24,748 Grier School, The 74 174 All girls 100 50 7-12, PG Y Y 120 Y Y Y 24,250 Linden Hall 76 120 All girls 75 25 6-12, PG Y Y 30 NA Y Y 24,100 Oakland School 76 86 56/30 70 6 1-9 Y Y/Y 65 Y N/Y N 29,000 Oakwood Friends 70 140 55/45 55 5 6-12 Y Y 35 N N N 25,900 School Oldfields 60 188 All girls 80 14 8-12 Y Limited 35 N N Y1 26,900 Randolph Macon 69 475 70/30 84 17 6-12, PG Y N 60 Y Y N 20,400 Academy St. John’s 67 292 55/45 38 18 7-12, PG Y N 75 Y Y Y 18,800 Preparatory Vanguard School, The 76 148 63/37 95 30 5-12, PG N All ADD/LD 50 Y Y N 27.800 Washington Int’l 70 802 49/51 0 37 PK-12 N Limited 8 Y NA NA 16,400 West Nottingham 68 125 67/33 75 20 6-12 N Y 50 Y Y Y 29,460 Academy

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS Christchurch 65 225 85/15 66 10 8-12, PG Y Y 120 Y Y N 21,750 Episcopal High School Fountain Valley School 69 230 48/52 64 14 9-12 Y N 70 Y Y Y 25,300 Foxcroft School 69 160 All girls 75 13 9-12, PG Y N 30 Y N Y 26,940 Garrison Forest School 71 213 All girls 46 9 9-12 N 35 Y Y N 26,950 Hockaday School, The 68 432 All girls 16 3 9-12 Y N 25 Y Y Y 26,990 Idyllwild Arts Academy 60 250 40/60 90 27 8-12. PG N N 120 Y Y 28,700 Kimball Union Academy 76 306 59/41 69 15 9-12, PG N N 120 Y Y N 28,200 Lawrence Academy 72 377 55/45 50 48 9-12 Y N 50 Y Y Y 27,800 Mercersburg Academy 72 425 55/45 80 9-12, PG Y N 50 Y 27,400 » * v Milton Academy 73 660 53/47 40 14 9-12 N N 10 Y Y Y 26.950 Oregon Episcopal 60 230 50/50 25 25 9-12 Y Limited 20 Y Y/Y Y 27, 065 School Pomfret School 66 335 55/45 75 12 9-12, PG N N 60 Y Y Y 28,350

CONTINUED ON PAGE 64

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Preserving a half-century of academic excellence by teaching children to learn how to learn. Challenging curricula including the Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs. Dedicated to teaching respect and understanding in an edu¬ cational community with 600 students from 49 countries - of whom 40% are native English speakers - ensuring a smooth transition for Americans and a rich English language envi¬ ronment for ESL students Committed to developing all the talents and abilities of stu¬ dents through rigorous academics, art, music, drama, athlet¬ ics and support for students with special learning needs. Preparing students for the future through cutting edge tech¬ nology - featuring three computer labs and over 70 new Pentium computers. Boarding program for 30 selected high school students. Computer labs powered by: miCronpC.COIIl

Special support provided by: American Overseas School of Rome Via Cassia, 811 - Rome, Italy 00189 Providing Outstanding Education For The Rome Tel: 06.3326.4841 Fax: 06.3326.2608 website: www.aosr.org International Community For Over 50 Years email: [email protected] SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT Seli0#|« at a glance See our web page WWW.afsa.org, click on the marketplace tab and click on the little red schoolhouse.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS Continued from naae 62 Sandy Spring 72 207 50/50 18 12 9-12 Y N 20 Y Y Y> 19,500 Friends School 24,050 Saint Johnsbury 74 956 50/50 18 9 9-12, PG Y Y 75 Y Y Y $21,875 Academy Subiaco Academy 74 205 All boys 75 32 9-12 N N 50 Limited 12,300 * Westover School 73 195 All girls 70 20 9-12 Y Limited 55 Y Y N 25,800 Westtown School 72 38 46/54 74 10 9-12 N Limited 20 Y Y Y 24,250 White Mountain 61 100 55/45 80 5 9-12, PG Y Y 100 Y m Y 28,500 School Wyoming Seminary 65 425 54/46 33 15 9-PG Y N 15 Y Y Y 25,000

MILITARY SCHOOLS Admiral Farragut 66 345 75/25 50 10 6-12 N N 20 Y N Y 18,000 Lyman Ward 200 All boys 100 5 N Y 100 N Y N 13,350 Academy 71 Oak Ridge Military 220 80/20 69 15 7-12, PG N Y 6 Y Y Y 16,985

SPECIAL NEEDS SCHOOLS Brehm Schools 68,75 95 70/30 98 3 6-12, PG N All ADD/LD 110 N Y N 36,950 Gow School, The 68 143 All boys 100 12 7-12, PG N All LD 20 Y Y N 28,450

HOMESCHOOLING Calvert School 75 Homeschooling program. K - 8. For more information, go to www.calvertschool.org Rock Creek 74 160 51/48 NA 33 Pre-K-5 N Limited 25 Y NA Y 15, 500 International School

OVERSEAS SCHOOLS

American Overseas 63 600 50/50 7 70 Pre-K-PG N Y 30 Y Y N 21,000 School of Rome 25,000 N 16,500 Brentwood College 67 425 58/42 78 22 8-12 N N 42 Y Y School Leysin American 67 315 55/45 100 60 9-12, PG Y N 75 Y Y N 25,000 School in Switzerland

1 w/ host family

64 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Conveniently located in Northeast Pennsylvania ... “Four years ago we sent Jonathan to Christchurch Episcopal School. This year we sent him to the University of Virginia."

It’s the very reason we sent Jonathan to Christchurch in the first place, to get a leg up - in college and in life. We got just what we bargained for and more: a tailored program, small classes, honors courses, prep league football, basketball, tennis, sailing, a safe haven, and people who care. And Jon even had a good time. If you’re thinking along the same lines, give Christchurch Episcopal a call. Who knows? Maybe you’ll be yelling “Hooray” too.

a school ~ “Wa Hoo Wa Hooray!" that will prepare you for a CHRISTCHURCH EPISCOPAL SCHOOL great college experience 1-800-296-2306 • www.christchurchva.com a home ~ This cid sponsored by the where students from 22 Christchurch Episcopcd School Alumni Association countries and 12 states build Christchurch is non-discriminatory in admission and financial aid practices. a community that's caring, challenging and fun

a lifetime ~ where teachers who live in the dorms are mentors who prepare you for life WYOMING SEMINARY

Regular School Year: August 28, 2001 - May 24, 2002

Performing Arts Summer Sessions: June 24 to August 4, 2001

Academic Summer Sessions: June 25 to July 20, 2001

Office of Admission Wyoming Seminary 201 North Sprague Avenue Kingston, PA 18704 (570)270-2166 [email protected] www.wyomingseminary.org

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 65 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

STROKES of GENIUS ART of COMMUNICATION

College Prep In An Atmosphere of Discipline and Respect

For over a century, we have prepared our students for college in an environment which has enriched them through the arts and sciences, strengthened them through athletic pursuits, and matured them in thought and action. Today, Pomfret still effectively prepares its students for their futures. College Credit

European Travel

Pomfret, CT 06258 • (860) 963-6120 Sailing

Flight

CARDIGAN Scuba

MOUNTAIN Competitive Sports Teams

SCHOOL Naval JROTC

AN INDEPENDENT BOARDING Boarding 6-12 SCHOOL FOR BOYS IN GRADES 6 - 9, LOCATED IN CANAAN, (great weather) NEW HAMPSHIRE, 30 MINUTES

FROM DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. Admiral Farragut Academy St. Petersburg, FL

Cardigan Mountain School seeks to educate www.farraaut.org adolescent boys in mind, body, and spirit, in a small OUNf 727-384-5500 residential community that values each student in its care.

Canaan, New Hampshire 03741 '* 603.523.3548 * www.cardigan.org

66 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

BRENTWOOD COLLEGE SCHOOL Vancouver Island, British Columbia Founded 1923 420 Students Boys and Girls Grades 8-12

A BOARDING SCHOOL NURTURING SCHOLARS, ARTISTS, ATHLETES, AND INDIVIDUALS OF INTEGRITY. For years Brentwood College graduates have continued their studies at all major Canadian universities, American universities including: Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Stanford, MIT, Brown, the University of California, The A World-Class University of Washington, and at many prestigious institutes of higher learning in Europe. American For further detail contact: Brentwood Founded in 1923, Brentwood College is a co-educational univer¬ College (250) 743-5521, fax: (250) sity preparatory school for grades 8 Education with 743-2911, www.brentwood.bc.ca or through 12. Located on Vancouver Island, our oceanfront campus, is email: [email protected] home to 420 students from diverse European Style Canadian and international back¬ grounds, and affords opportunities for a variety of aquatic sports and outdoor activities. Proximity to Victoria provides access music, Leysin American School theatre, and other cultural in Switzerland resources. Our school offers a challenging symphony of academics, visual and performing arts, and athletics • Building a including crew. Harmonious Community We encourage you to fully explore our web site and arrange a visit to • Providing our campus. an Academic Challenge • Offering a Balanced Educational Program • International Saint Johns Understanding Preparatory School Coeducational, boarding, Founded in 1857 by the Benedictine grades 9-12 and PG year. monks of Saint John’s Abbey, Saint Located in a beautiful John’s Prep is well known for its & safe Alpine Resort, challenging college, preparatory SCHOOl curriculum in a quality, structured above Lake Geneva, environment. close to Montreux, Academic Rigor Lausanne, & Geneva * Excellent US and * Spiritual Growth International Honors classes; 8 advanced university/college placement * placement classes Courses for college credit at Saint Johns University and the College @ * of Saint Benedict

Leysin American School in Enrolling boarding students in Switzerland - US Admissions * grades 9-12 PO Box 7154 (F) Campus is located on 2,400 acres Portsmouth, NH 03802 of woods and lakes, just 10 603-431-7654 minutes west of St. Cloud, Fax 603-431-1280 Minnesota and IV2 hrs west of the Mpls/St. Paul Airport e-mail [email protected] Saint John’s Preparatory School PO Box 4000 Collegcville, MN 56321 Visit Our Website (320)363-3321 at www.las.ch Email:[email protected] • Web Site: http://www.sjprep.net

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 67 S C HOOLS SUPPLEMEN T

The Gow School is a college preparatory school for young men, grades 7 - postgrad with HALLOCK SCHOLARSHIP Dyslexia FOR AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE & MILITARY STUDENTS FULL SCHOLARSHIP FOR JUNIOR & SENIOR YEARS Coed Boarding & Day Programs For Upper School • Day Program For Middle School Similar Language Based E-enabled • 8:1 StudentrTeacher Ratio • Close-knit Faculty & Student Relationships 100% College Acceptance • AP Courses • 120 Acre Campus Students From 14 Countries & 16 States Learning Differences. Call Heidi K. L. Sprinkle, Director of Admission, 410-658-5556, Ext. 210 90 MINUTES NORTH OF WASHINGTON, D.C. IN COLORA, MARYLAND Phone: (716) 652-3450 www.gow.org

College/Career Assessment & Exploration A FUTURE OF Monitored, Community-Based Strategies GREAT POSSIBILITIES Acquisition of Learning Skills Post-Secondary Money & Time Management Program Social Skills Development Academic Enhancement Remediation

FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CALL 214 360-6522

GIRLS: PRE-K - 12 GRADE BOARDING 8TH - 12TH GRADE \|/ THE Brehm is ”Empowering students with learning HOCKADAY PROGRAM at Brehm disabilities to recognize SCHOOL and optimize their full potential. ” 11600 WELCH ROAD, DALLAS, TEXAS, 75229 214-363-6311 E-MAIL: [email protected] 1245 E. Grand Ave. ^S-Carbondale, IL 62901 WWW. HOCKADAY. ORG Ph: 618-457-037PITS' Fax: 618-529-1248

68 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

(Rjindotpf.- Macon Academy

A Trep ScfiooC zvitfi A MUitary ‘Tradition

Sparf your son's or daughter’s mindwith strong academics, an award-winning hand, 22 sports, optional flight training, Office of Admissions Air force Junior RCFTC, and the chance to lead and succeed. 200Academy Drive ‘Randolph-Macon Academy is a college prep school for day front Royal, VA 22630 and hoarding students in grades 5-12. founded in 1892, we’re affiliated ivith the iPlease call or e-mail us United Methodist Church. Located 45 minutes from Dulles International Airport, the campus is surrounded or visit our weh site: hy Virginia’s flue "Ridge Mountains (800) 272-1172 (540) 636-5200 in the beautifulShenandoah Valley. [email protected] wzvw.rma.edu

Fountain Valley School of Colorado 70-year Tradition of Excellence Academics, Arts and Athletics

Coeducational, College-preparatory, Boarding and Day, Grades 9-12

m Rigorous academics—AP and honors classes in every discipline—prepare students for highly selective colleges and universities (100% college matriculation). ■ Outstanding programs in art, athletics, horseback riding and outdoor education ■ Average class size 12, and 5:1 student to faculty ratio Fountain Valley School ■ Magnificent campus with excellent science, technology, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80911 arts, athletics and residence hall facilities Phone: 719-390-7035 Fax: 719-390-7762 ■ Strong advising system with student leadership E-mail: [email protected] opportunities Website: unvw.fvs.edu ■ 225 students from 13 countries and 23 states

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 69 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

A Tradftion It's About of Excellence Them.

Join our close-knit community of 150 students. Campus located in the Hudson Valley just 75 miles from NYC.

• Grades 6-12 • 5- & 7-Day Boarding Options • 8-to-1 Student/Faculty Ratio

Oakwood FRIENDS^SCHOOL

www.oakwoodfriends.org Isabelle Hillebrandt,

Poughkeepsie, New York Iserlohn, Germany Andrews School Student 2000-2001 1-800-843-3341

THE ANDREWS \Al

A School forgirls ages 12-18 WASHINGTON INTERNNATIONAL SCHOOL Excellent academic curriculum

Outstanding ! C ^ ATIOH^ equestrian Pre-K through Grade 12 day school programs for the Bilingual and second language programs in English/French and English/Spanish serious rider Advanced math and science preparation International Baccalaureate Diploma program Extended day and summer options Selective, competitive admissions For more information contact:

The Andrews School Office of Admission 38588 Mentor Avenue Willoughby, Ohio 44094 USA lh Primary School: Reservoir Road at 36 Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007 1-440-942-3600 \ Middle and Upper Schools: 3100 Macomb Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008 [email protected] Admissions: (202)243-1815 Fax: (202)243-1807 [email protected] www.andrews-schooi.org

70 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

GARRISON FOREST Vytnan Ward Military Acadeniy A Boarding and Day School for Girls

MILITARY Since 1898, the Academy continues to provide a structured, small school environment for 6th-12th grade boys stressing academics and self-discipline. Visit our website to see how your son can be all he can be.

• excellent college placement • advanced placement courses in frurff-,rr PlfrrrcPrrn every discipline • superb offerings in arts, athletics • full riding program with polo • 100 acre country campus Please call (410) 363-1500 In Owings Mills, Md. two miles north of Baltimore Beltway exit 20. www.gfs.org www.lwma.org Intellect. Integrity. Spirit! P.O. Box 550 • Camp Hill, AL 36850 • Tel: 256-896-4127

A FOXCROFT EDUCATION PREPARES YOU FOR A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITY

At Foxcroft, young women prepare for college and for life. They discover and enhance their best academic and personal strengths in this community of learners where 95% of the faculty live on campus. Annual events such as the Goodyear Fellow Program, a two-week Interim Program, and the Poetry Festival enrich the rig¬ orous curriculum. In small classes, the faculty focuses on the collaborative way girls learn best; a Learning Center is available. Outstanding extracurricular opportunities include the Leadership Program, Senior Projects, and eight sports teams—one of which is a Champion Riding Team. Foxcroft’s 500-acre campus provides a beautiful and safe setting located just 50 miles from the cultural and educational resources of Washington, D.C. FOXCROFT S C H O O L Foreign Service Scholarships Available Foxcroft is a college-preparatory boarding and day school for girls in grades 9-12. For more information, please contact: The Admission Office Foxcroft School, Post Office Box 5555, Middleburg, VA 20118 1-800-858-2364 • 540-687-4340 • [email protected] www.foxcroft.org

Foxcroft School admits qualified students regardless of race, religion, and national and ethnic origin.

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 71 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

MERCERSBURG ACADEMY LAWRENCE ACADEMY Mercersburg Academy is a highly competitive, coeducational boarding school of 425 students in grades 9—12, from 25 states and 25 nations. Students choose Mer¬ cersburg for many reasons: • Average class size of 13 students; Faculty to student ratio of 6:1 • 20 Ap test subjects —i • 28 varsity sports, 14 for co-ed student girls and 14 for boys • Outstanding visual and performance arts programs udent-centered curriculum • Recent graduates attend University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, Amherst, and UNC Chapel Hill among other highly competitive colleges and universities. honors, advanced placement • Endowment: $135 million • Convenient access to the international airports of independent study options Dulles, Baltimore-Washington, and Reagan • Financial Aid state-of-the-art athletic center • Easy access to hiking, climbing, mountain biking, and skiing . Office of Admission new arts center Christopher Tompkins, Director (717)328-6173 • Fax (717)328-6319 http://www.mercersburg.edu For more information, please contact the Admissions Office at 300 East Seminary Street MERCERSBURG 978-448-6535, e-mail [email protected], or fax 978-448-9208. Mercersburg, PA 17236-1551 A Tradition of Excellence Since 1893 [email protected] Powderhouse Road, P.O. Box 992, Groton, Massachusetts 01450-0992

Washington, D.C. Area WESTTOWN For Two Hundred Years SANDY SPRING FRIENDS SCHOOL

FIVE OR SEVEN DAY BOARDING OPTIONS GRADES 9 THROUGH 12

PRE-K THROUGH 12 DAY SCHOOL A

Quaker, 0 AP COURSES 0 QUALITY FACULTY co=ed, day 0 SMALL CLASSES 0 QUAKER VALUES 0 STRONG ARTS, ATHLETICS &: boarding 9 SUMMER FRIENDS CAMPS Rigorous academics strong arts and athletics programs. 16923 NORWOOD ROAD, SANDY SPRING, MD 20860 Phone! (301) 774-7455 Fax: (301) 924-1115 Call lor information. <5lO«399“79O0- vvww.westtown.edu WWW.SSFS.ORG Westiown School, \X4>tcown Roa d, A/esttown, PA 19395

72 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

A leader in firh education. \V I-: S T () V F R S C H o O L Milton Academy M i d d I e b u l v , C 1 Wcltovef ii an iia jeinicadiy riguroui school dedicated to 170 Centre Street, Milton, MA 02186 ctullcttging and cncout aging young women an all isptco uf www.milton.edu academic, community, ami athletic tile. [email protected] i Girt> 617-898-2227 | tKiarJui* Sc ixf. | h** grides : Ma£ii/Sciefu:£ | ! Q - 12 pr?;g^m with A boarding and day school eight miles south of Rcruwue! i Outbuilding FV«lytn3in»t Boston, Milton develops confident, independent ‘ petfor filing Ac institute thinkers in a setting where students and faculty alike ! Students understand that the life of the mind is the pulse of wJm tlx i trp resenting the school. | 14 oKimrie-i And j School fif Music

C4>mprrirtw joint pto^ram *pocn with the Sd*^«l I including damv. t>f DaiKC d« Muidiwf QcH'ttwakm pvnpif* md H ! Viwr; Apocii j A*lv» rued j VUcnttem in 17 | I Sumner «ftf. I For mars? information a*nta*:t: Sub^CtS* j Camp fW pit* \ i cmciing 7th.Bdi. • ’two iw j ; ; Miltons white fences are not our boundaries. The West over School ' hdl ftn New dthJcii*. *jiti KO, Box 847 p«s$epetive Milton community connects purposefully with the pcrtWmmg am Middlebtsrv, (. I 067(>2 •tudrnt* & world s events, issues and developments. Students centers uruief tel: (203) 758-2423 parents fax: (203) 5774588 graduate with a clear sense of themselves, their world, and how to contribute. c-mail .ffimiMion^’wcsiovcnchootorg

Education that makes a difference

Our 700-acre private school is dedicated to high academic standards, a rigorous sports program, and a strong work ethic, allowing children to be well-prepared for college, careers, and life. Students use the innovative study methods of author and educator L. Ron Hubbard.

9-Month Fall & ESL Programs The Delphian School 4- to 6-Week Summer Session 20950 SW Rock Creek Sheridan, Oregon 97378 Personalized Approach to Students www.delphian.org Coastal Oregon Call now: (503) 843-3521 Boarding Ages 8-17 Fax: (503) 843-4158 2001 Delphi Schools, Inc. ©All rights reserved. Delphi schools, Inc. admits students of any race. Color, national or ethnic origin. The Delphian school is licensed to use applied scholastics educational services

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 73 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

A World of Opportunities

Just a few of the many or by regular mail to: opportunities you’ll Patrick Weaver find at Subiaco. Director of At Subiaco, our Admissions students reflect that For more information Subiaco Academy diversity, coming from and an application, 405 N. Subiaco Ave. nine different coun¬ contact our Director Subiaco, Arkansas tries around the of Admissions, 72865. globe. Imagine. Patrick Weaver, at 1-800-364-7824, Cultural exchange. by E-mail at Learning a new [email protected]. language. Keeping on top of world politics. All before first period. The Grier School A Boarding School for Cirls

E-mail: [email protected]

URL:http://www.grier.org “A Benedictine Education phone: 814 684 3000 for the Leaders of Tomorrow. ” fax: 814 684 2177

college-prep academics, athletics, arts, dance, horseback riding

ST. JOHNSBURY, VERMONT EST. 1842

St. Johnsbury Academy is a coedu¬ cational boarding and day school for students in grades 9-12 and PG. Our unusually broad curriculum includes nearly 200 offerings and 12 Advanced Placement courses. St. Johnsbury is a traditional small town set in one of the most beautiful and unspoiled corners of New England. call us at 802.751.2130 or visit us on the web at www.stj.k12.vt.us

1000 Main Street, St Johnsbury, VT 05819

74 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT WE BELIEVE... rBREHM in young people, in academics, in leadership, in character, in challenges, in tradition. . . limp o/oeriny student® urit/e learniny disad ilities to reeoysiize and optimize t/ieinfidlpotential.

1245 E. Grand Ave. Carbondale, IL 62901 Ph. 618.457.0371 Fax 618.529.1248 [email protected] Grades 6-12 co-ed • college prep • structure • Maximum class size is 8-10 • boarding/day • 100% college acceptance • • 11:1 student/teacher ratio • College Prep Curriculum • faculty supervised study halls • Assistive Technology • full athletic program • Social Skills Enhancement Oak Ridge Military Academy Speech & Language Therapy Recreation Opportunities S I-800-321-7904 Accredited by the: | Oak Ridge, NC North Central Assoc, of Colleges & Schools MMW www.oakridgemililary.com Independent Scohol Association of the Central States

The more the world changes, the more your child needs the classical curriculum only Calvert home schooling offers.

Some learning tools may change, but the strongest foundation for your child’s education remains a curriculum that’s solidly designed and academically complete. For nearly a century, Calvert School has helped parents teach and children excel through a classical curriculum that ensures not only the basics, but a fully rounded, values-based education for life. Each curriculum package, available for grades K-8, includes easy-to-follow lesson manuals, textbooks, workbooks and school supplies — everything you and your children need to explore the joys of learning. So prepare your family for the home-schooling experience of a lifetime. For more information or a complimentary course catalog, call 888-487-4652, or visit our Web site at www.calvertschool.org. Calvert % School r® Easier for you to teach. Easier for them to team.

105 Tuscany Road • Baltimore, MD 21210 • Fax: 410-366-0674

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 75 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED Cr^*¥x\ COED BOARDING SCHOOL for Students with Dyslexia, LD, and ADD

OAKLAND SCHOOL Where students with learning problems become young adults of promise! For students with learning disabilities and for those who are below grade level. Facilitating Student Success Since 1966 Skill Remediation and Acceleration Ages 8-14 at admission. May remain until age 17. One-on-One Reading Tutorials Oakland is a co-ed boarding school with Individualized Instruction a success oriented program featuring a full Grades 5 to 12, Post-Grad curriculum and specializing in teaching reading. It is located on 450 acres with an extensive Post-Secondary Counseling recreation program and horseback riding. SACS and FCIS Accredited Interscholastic and Intramural Sports sSfe Oakland School Student Council, Clubs, Weekend Activities Boyd Tavern Keswick, VA 22947 THE ¥ Located near Charlottesville, VA VANGUARD (804) 293-9059 (804) 296-8930 Fax www.oaklandschools.net SCHOOL Oakland also has a summer school and camp. Lake Wales, Florida Not appropriate for children with emotional problems. PHONE: 863-676-6091 FAX: 863-676-8297 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.vanguardschool.org Students admitted without regard to race, creed, sex, or ethnic origin.

ROCK CREEK INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Ecole Internationale Rock Creek ^Colegio Internacional Rock Creek Educating Children in Two Languages

QFull bilingual curriculum, Pre-K to Grade 5, Spanish/English or French/English. Implementing the International Baccalaureate's Primary Years Programme Inquiry-based, integrated and transdisciplinary learning Academic Excellence Small classes, caring environment in an international community Girls’ Day & Boarding School ~k Grades 6 thru 12, PG College Preparatory, ESL A Financial Aid Available Extended Day, Transportation & Summer Language Immersion Program Available

1550 Foxhall Road, Washington, DC, 2.0007

For more information LINDEN HALL call our Admission Office at (202)965-8700 Or see our web page at www.rcis.org Uric, PA* USA 800*258*5778 TF 1vum1.lindenhall.com

76 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 REAL ESTATE

WW.HOMESDATABASE.COM/SIMUNEK

• CLICK on Homes Prospector • SPECIFY your criteria • RECEIVE daily email updates of all new homes listed for sale with realtors directly from their computerized Multiple Listing Service

The Simunek Team Zorita & Richard Simunek and Tachiea Roland [email protected]

4600 Lee Highway 5101 Wisconsin Ave., NW. Arlington VA 22207 Washington, D.C. 20016

703-284-9365 202-296-4304

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 77 REAL ESTATE

78 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 REAL ESTATE

MANAGEMENT, INC. Just property management and leasing. Property Specialists, Inc. That’s why A professional and personal service tailored to meet your needs in: we’re the best • Property Management * Sales and Rentals in N. Virginia. • Tax-deferred Exchange • Real Estate Investment Counseling PROPERTY MANAGER Our staff includes:

Call for my free Landlord Reference Manual! Terry Barker Donna Courtney Seraphin Lease Cinny Basak Sally Duerbeck John Logtens Joan Bready Les Clad Patt Seely - 703 448-0212 Kendra Brown Robert Howd Paul Timpane www.peakeinc.com REALTORm ' 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 [email protected] (703) 525-7010 (703) 525-0006 e-mail: [email protected] 6842 Elm St, Ste 303 McLean VA 22101 Web address: propertyspeeialistsinc.com Serving Virginia. Maryland and D.C. WJD MANAGEMENT 703.385.3600

Fishing for the Right Check Us Out... Property Manager? We’re On Line.

Residential Property Management and Leasing Specialists Serving all of Northern Virginia. www.wjdpm.com

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 79 REAL ESTATE

Visit Our Home 24hrs a Day 7 Days a Week Returning To The A If you are Homepage Washington, D.C. Area? considering moving ww.RIGHTEAM.com to the Washington Going to Post! Metro Area Log-on E-Mail to our new home- YRRLTRS@ page on the World RIGHTEAM.com For a free welcome kit, write, fax or e-mail. Home sales Wide Web\ or property management don’t have to be a hassle!

With more than 30+ Lucille's Phone years as REALTORS 703-821-7908 ext.326 Work with JoAnn Piekney: & a lifetime of foreign or ❖ 22 Years of Experience service relocating, Joan's Phone we understand your 703-821-7908 ext.327 ❖ Knowledge of Real Estate Market needs, can educate ❖ Property Management Professionals you on the home Toll Free ❖ Staff with Foreign Service Background buying or selling 1-800-659-0729 process, and will address all your 703-821-9150 concerns before Carruthers the big move. (£}J Prudential REALTORS® Give us a call or E-mail us! 3900 N. Fairfax Dr. #204 703 528-4790 We look forward to 8100 Boone Blvd.. Suite 120 Vienna. VA 22182 Arlington, Virginia 22203 703 522-5900 hearing from you! @Tysons Comer (Near Virginia Square Metro) Fax 703 528-8999 Our Home-Page That Is! E-mail: [email protected]

RHR PROPERTIES Moving? SALES, LEASING & PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Please send us your address correction From Nairobi to Tokyo to Recife, Foreign Service agents trust their homes to RHR Properties. Your Name: - Experienced at meeting the needs of Your New Address: foreign service agents and their families - Monthly account statements Your Old Address: - Regular inspections - Handyman services Your Phone/FAX No.: Your E-mail Address: Call today to safeguard your most valued asset with a firm dedicated to providing you with the best service available Send your address correction to: AFSA Attention: Membership Office (301) 654-1400 Fax (301) 654-1426 2101 E St. N.W. 4405 East-West Highway #306 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Washington, D.C. 20037 e-mail: [email protected] OR E-mail it to: [email protected] Montgomery County, Northwest D.C..andNorthern VA

80 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 REAL ESTATE McGrath EXPERT PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Real Estate Services Houses and Apartments The Foreign Service Specialists

Over 20 years of experience representing Foreign Service Officers in the Northern Virginia area.

♦ Property management « Real estate sales ♦ Consulting services Call now to discuss with our professional staff how we can assist you with any of your Real Estate needs.

425-B Carlisle Drive Herndon, VA 201 70 Phone (703) 709-2264 ♦ Fax (703) 709-5230 E-mail: [email protected]

Visit our website at: www.mcgrathrealestate.com Or if you are searching for MGMB Inc. Realtors a home in Virginia visit: www.homesdatabase.com/jimmcgrath Fox ha 11 Square 202-362-4480 3301 New Mexico Ave.. N.VV. Fax: 202-363-8954 Washington, D.C. 20016 E-mail: [email protected] (gf IB www.mgmb.baweb.com

When Experience Counts ...

Since 1950, thousands of Foreign Service families in Virginia, Maryland, and the Nation’s Capital have put their trust in us to manage their real estate assets.

■ More than $100 million managed and leased annually William “Kip’ ■ Comprehensive client references and Steve Leskowitz Laughlin CRP, CRB, GRI a menu of services available Laughlin Management Corporation P.O. Drawer 550, 1319 Vincent Place, McLean, VA 22101-0550 Tel: 703-356-6598 Fax: 703-448-0657 E-mail: [email protected]

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 81 REAL ESTATE

Coming Home or Going Overseas?

JoAnn Piekney Supervising Broker

And team Donna Brewer Alana Clark Ron Daly, PC Vanessa Hardee, esq. Sue Malick Louis Mendes Barbara Schoonover Hello! As a Foreign Service Spouse of 32 years and a licensed Realtor of 22 years, I know what moving is all about! JP Properties lists and sells houses for Foreign Service families AND provides outstanding PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SERVICES for "worry-free" overseas assignments. In addition, we provide you with legal and tax services. Vanessa Hardee, Esq. and Ron Daly, CPA are members of the JP Properties' team and have been working with the Foreign Service community for years. Let JP Properties assist you with all your housing needs. WE CARE!!! Prudential CALL, FAX OR E-MAIL US TODAY!!! Carruthers Realtors 301 Maple Avenue West 4C, Vienna, VA 22180 (Formerly (703) 938-0909; FAX: (703) 281-9782 J.P. E-mail: [email protected] Properties)

ADVERTISING INDEX When contacting one of our advertisers, kindly mention you saiv their advertisement in the Foreign Service Journal. Automobiles The Virginian Suites / 47 Peake Management, Inc. / 79 Idyllwild / 60 American Service Center / 9 Insurance Property Specialists / 79 Kimball Union / 74 Prudential Carruthers / 80 Lawrence Academy / 72 Bukkehave / C2, C4 AFSPA/45 Reguard/83 Leysin American School D&M Auto/22 Clements & Co. / 1 RHR/80 in Switz. / 67 Diplomatic Automobile / 7 Hairy Jannette International / 4 Stevens Property Linden Hall / 76 Don Beyer Volvo / 22 The Hirshom Company / C3 Management / 78 Lyman Ward / 71 Martens Volvo / 47 UNIRISC /11 State-Side Auto Supply / 11 Stuart & Maury / 83 Mercersburg / 72 Miscellaneous WJD Property Milton Academy / 73 Financial and Carnegie Council on Ethics & Management / 79 Oak Ridge / 75 Tax Services Ind Affairs / 29 Washington Management Oakland School / 76 MCG Financial Planning / 20 Fearrington /18 Services / 78 Oakwood Friends School / 70 State Department Federal Oldfields / 60 Morgan Pharmacy / 51 School Section Credit Union /19 Profound Simplicity / 20 Oregon Episcopal/ 60 Admiral Farragut/ 66 Money Concepts / 51 Sierra Nevada College / 53 Pomfret / 66 American Overseas School of Randolph Macon Academy / 69 Housing Real Estate and Rome / 63 Rock Creek International Avalon Bay / 2 Property Management Andrews School / 70 School /76 Columbia Plaza / 49 Avery Hess / 80 Brehm School / 68, 75 Sandy Spring Friends School / 72 Executive Club Suites / 21 Charles Hoof / 83 Brentwood College School / 67 St Johns Preparatory / 67 Executive IxxJging Executive Housing Calvert School / 75 St Johnsbury Academy / 74 Alternatives /II Consultants / 78 Cardigan Mountain / 66 Subiaco academy / 74 Gates & Hudson / 10 House for Sale / 83 Christ Church Episcopal / 65 Vanguard School / 76 Georgetown Suites / 4 J.P. Properties / 82 Dana Hall School / 6o Washington International FARA/45 Laughlin Management / 81 Delphian School / 73 Schod / 70 National Temporary Long & Foster - Simunek / 77 Fountain Valley / 69 West Nottingham Academy/68 Apartments / 49 McGrath/ 81 Foxcroft / 71 Westover School / 73 Oakwood / 14 Meyerson Group / 78 Garrison Forest / 71 Westtown School / 72 Pennsylvania House /18 MCMB/81 Gow School / 68 White Mountain School / 61 Pied A Terre / 8 N. VA Homes & Property Grier School / 74 Wyoming Seminary / 65 Remington / 23 Management / 82 Hockaday / 68 State Plaza / 51

82 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2001 REAL ESTATE

Charles R. Hooff, Inc. REGUARD

FULL SERVICE PROPERTT MANAGEMENT Professional Property Management Northern Virginia An Effective and Professional Property Service with experience. Who is matching your home while you are watching the United States' interest? We Management Service with Reasonable have over seventy years of property management Set Fees: service. Management Fee $100/Mo. We provide: Leasing Fee $250/Lease • Tenant procurement, • Monthly financial statements, A Customized Program Tailored • Periodic inspections, to Tour Personal Needs and Goals • On staff maintenance • Coordination of minor and major repairs An Emphasis on Protecting and Preserving Tour Home

A Shrewd Choice For Select Homes In Arlington, McLean, Falls Church, 1707 Duke Street Alexandria Virginia 22314 Tysons Comer & Vienna 703-549-6103 703 549-6110 fax e-mail: USA Tel. (703) 841-9446 [email protected] or [email protected] USA Fax. (703) 558-9766 E-Mail [email protected]

Sales, Leasing and Property Management Stuart and Maury Inc Realtors TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 1031 Tax deferred exchange specialists Brick home on golfcourse ■ Hands on management for over 45 years 3 bedrooms, 2 1/2 baths ■ We re not huge, we're selective, we care 3/4 acre landscaped lot ■ Personalized guidance for all your real estate needs ■ Monthly computerized statements • Kitchen w/breakfast area ■ Proven, Reliable Contractors • Living room, Dining room • Family room w/ fireplace Call Susan Bader, Real Estate Investment Specialist, • Library, Computer room for more information • Office-study • Triple garage Office: (301) 654-3200 • Screened porch & patio Fax: (301) 656-6182 Value priced $379,500 E-mail: [email protected] 4833 Bethesda Ave. Robert W. Day, FSO Ret. Suite 200 Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel. (850) 893-6393 www.susanbader.com Email:[email protected] Visit our web site for references

JUNE 2001/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 83 POSTCARD FROM ABROAD

A Willy Wonka Chocolate Factory

BY KELLY ADAMS-SMITH

The group of Americans was broken corner here or a hairline bursting with excitement as we set She ordered us to crack there, our guide urged us to out for a tour of Moscow’s famed sample as much as we wanted. Red October chocolate factory one choose as many For the children touring the fac¬ wintry morning. The rush hour traf¬ chocolates as we tory, like those in the children’s book fic zoomed by through the sleet, Willy Wonka and the Chocolate splashing us with dirty brown slush. wanted, and stuff Factory, this was almost too much. We didn’t care. Only one thing was Believing at any moment the tour on our minds as we made our way them into our guide would withdraw her offer of to the factory perched on the banks mouths. all-you-can-eat chocolate, the kids of the Moscow River, a stone’s began stuffing their pockets, socks, throw from the Kremlin. and their moms’ handbags with A welcome blast of warm air pieces of colorfully wrapped candy. fogged our glasses as we entered Even the adults, most of whom said the factory. The smell of rich dark they were watching their weight or chocolate was thick and heavy. their cholesterol, threw caution to Leading us through the factory’s the wind and ate with abandon. one-room museum, our tour guide with state-of-the-art German After the free-for-all on the factory explained that the company was equipment. floor, we were invited to take off our founded by two Germans in 1850. Had this tour taken place in the surgical scrubs and join the guide for After the revolution, the Soviets United States, we would have some strong Russian tea. A beauti¬ nationalized the company. Today, it viewed the chocolate making from fully decorated banquet table with full is a joint stock company, and, while a window far from the potentially tea service and massive bowls of some investors might not be too dangerous pieces of moving equip¬ candy and boxed chocolates greeted pleased with the value of its stock, ment, hot ovens and raw ingredi¬ us. At each place setting was an the factory continues to operate and ents. But we were in Russia, a land assortment of the factory’s candy bars, produce the chocolates Russians where corporate leaders are not each bearing an artfully decorated love. overly burdened with concerns of wrapper and a sophisticated name like Our guide led us into a tiny room legal liability and, consequently, “Inspiration,” “Evening Melody” or where she told us to put on what where almost anything goes. “Fairy Tales of Pushkin.” appeared to be surgical scrubs — a Our guide encouraged us to test After the tea party we lugged white coat, hat, and shoe coverings. the raw materials: the coatings for plastic shopping bags filled with We made our way to the pristine different candies, the cream and leftover candy through the wind factory floor where massive pieces fruit fillings. When we hesitated, and sleet. As we passed a group of of Soviet-era machinery coexisted she ordered us to march up to the Russian pensioners giddily conveyer belts, choose as many approaching the factory, we real¬ chocolates as we wanted, and stuff ized there was something universal Kelly Adams-Smith is an FSO. them into our mouths. As we about chocolate that brings out The stamp is courtesy of the AAFSW walked by bathtub-sized containers the child in even the most serious Bookfair “Stamp Comer. ” of imperfect chocolate bars, with a adult. ■

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