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Biological Peculiarities and Forage Value of the Some Perennial Species of the Genus Lathyrus L

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Biological Peculiarities and Forage Value of the Some Perennial Species of the Genus Lathyrus L JOURNAL OF BOTANY VOL. VII, NR. 2 (11), 2015 119 BIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES AND FORAGE VALUE OF THE SOME PERENNIAL SPECIES OF THE GENUS LATHYRUS L. IN MOLDOVA Teleuţă Alexandru Botanical Garden (Institute) of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, 18 Pădurii str., MD 2002 Chişinău e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: We investigated the biological peculiarities, biochemical composition and nutritional value of the natural fodder of 3 perennial species of the genus Lathyrus L.: Lathyrus latifolius L., Lathyrus pisiformis L, Lathyrus sylvestris L. from Botanical Garden (Institute) of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. was used as control. It was found out that the species Lathyrus latifolius, Lathyrus sylvestris have a productivity of 4.58-4.71 kg/m2 natural fodder exceeding by 16-19 % the control, with a nutritional value of the natural fodder – 0.21-0.23 n.u./kg and a content of digestible protein – 190.0-197.0 g/n.u.Key words: amino acids, biochemical composition, biological peculiarities, forage value, Lathyrus latifolius, Lathyrus pisiformis, Lathyrus sylvestris, yield INTRODUCTION Animal husbandry plays an important role in a modern and sustainable agriculture since it provides much of the food that is necessary for people as well as raw material for various industrial sectors. The development of this branch of agriculture depends on the production of fodder which is necessary for animal nutrition. The acute lack of fodder, its mediocre quality and the losses in quantity and quality that occur because of improper harvesting technologies, conservation and storage is the primary cause of the low breeding indices, the productive performance that is well below the breed’s genetic potential and the high specific consumption of fodder per unit of product. A higher fodder production can be achieved by increasing the diversity of cultivated species, by expanding the areas where fodder crops are grown and by creating new varieties with increased genetic potential for productivity, quality and increased resistance to harmful biotic and abiotic factors. During 65 years of scientific research on mobilization and acclimatization of plant resources, in the Botanical Garden (Institute) of the ASM, it was founded the fodder plant collection, which currently includes more than 300 taxa native to different floristic regions (Europe, Asia and America). Particular attention is paid to mobilization and study of species of the family Fabaceae Lindl., which can contribute to the production of nutritionally balanced forage, while providing a part of the protein, carbohydrate and mineral requirements [8, 13, 14, 15, 21, 26, 27]. An important advantage of legume crop production is the ability of these species to form symbiotic associations with nitrogen (N)-fixing Rhizobium bacteria, reducing their dependence on inorganic N fertilizers [4, 18]. The genus Lathyrus L. is the largest genus in the economically important tribe Fabeae (Adans.) DC., family Fabaceae Lindl. Most researchers divide Lathyrus into 12 or 13 sections which include about 160 species, it is distributed throughout temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and extends into tropical East Africa and South America. Its main centre of diversity is in the Mediterranean and Irano- Turanian regions, with smaller centres in North and South America. Most Lathyrus species are diploid (2n = 14), with a few natural autopolyploids or allopolyploids, or contain both diploid and autopolyploid forms. Members of the Lathyrus genus include food and fodder crops, ornamental plants, are used in medicine, as soil nitrifiers, dune stabilizers, important agricultural weeds and model organisms for genetic and ecological research [2,3,4,7,18,24]. Larin et. al. [22] listed about 22 species grown as fodder. Lathyrus sylvestris has a number of characteristics that potentially make it valuable as a forage plant, such as superior plant vigor, high seed production, and its ability to spread rapidly. It is a high yielding, acceptable legume that is high in protein [4, 5, 6, 18, 21, 22]. Some authors have highlighted more promising perennial species [1, 4, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25], which need to be studied in detail in order to be implemented in the conditions of Moldova. 120 JOURNAL OF BOTANY VOL. VII, NR. 2 (11), 2015 Negru [10] considered 14 species of Lathyrus in Flora of the Republic of Moldova, including Lathyrus sylvestris and Lathyrus latifolius. Lathyrus latifolius L., synonyms Lathyrus megalanthus Steud., common names: Everlasting peavine, Everlasting-pea, Perennial pea, Perennial sweet pea. Romanian: Mănerei de pădure. It is a perennial plant, 1-2 m tall with prostrate or climbing stem, clutching by means of leaf tendrils. Its stem is biangular, with two broad wings. Stipules – broadly lanceolate, semisagittate, 2-4 cm long, about 1 cm wide, with well distinct longitudinal veins. Petioles – broadly winged. Leaf rachis ends in a branched tendril. Leaves consist of 1 pair of oblong-oval leaflets 5.5-9 cm long, 1-3(5) cm wide, with 3-5 very distinct veins. Leaf blade ends in a cusp. Peduncles are thick, angular, longer than leaves. Inflorescence is a rather lax raceme of 3-10 flowers. Pedicel is as long as calyx. Flowers are large, 2-2.5 cm long, bright red. Calyx is broadly campanulate, its upper teeth triangular-lanceolate, as long as tube, lower tooth lanceolate- subulate, longer than tube and the other calyx teeth. Standard gradually narrowed toward its base into short unguis, wings distinctly shorter than standard, on narrow short unguis, keel half-round, on short unguis. Pods are oblong-linear, horizontally patent, narrower toward base, 5-6 cm long, about 1 cm wide, Photo 3. Lathyrus latifolius L. compressed, with acuminate end, with 3 longitudinal scabrous ribs at upper suture. Pod valves with longitudinal-reticular venation. Seeds are globose or oblong, weakly tuberculate [25]. Lathyrus sylvestris L. common names: Flat Pea-vine, Narrow-leaved, Everlasting-pea. Romanian: Bob de ţarină, Linte silvicolă. It is a perennial plant up to 2 m tall. Stems are winged, costate, ascending or climbing by means of branched tendrils. Stipules are semi-sagittate, up to 2 cm long. Petioles and leaf rachis winged. Rachis ends with branched tendril. Leaf consists of one pair of lanceolate acuminate leaflets, 5-15 cm long, 6-25 (40) mm wide, with distinct longitudinal veins. Peduncles are slightly angular, long. Inflorescence is a raceme of 3-10 flowers. Pedicels are thick, longer than calyx. Flowers are 1-2 cm long, pink. Calyx is broadly campanulate. Calyx teeth are acuminate, triangular-lanceolate, lowest one is the longest and as long as the calyx tube; uppermost are the shortest. Standard gradually narrowed into a short claw. Wings are pink, shorter than standard, on narrow short claws. Keel is as long as wings, broadening on narrow claw. Pods are oblong-linear, laterally compressed, narrowed toward both ends, 6-7 cm long and about 1 cm wide, yellowish. Pod valves with longitudinal-reticulate venation, with three convex scabrous longitudinal ribs along upper suture. Seeds are globose or oblong, slightly tuberculate. Hilum makes about a half of the seed circuit. Flowers in June-August, fruits in August-September. Photo. 4. Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Entomophilous. Zoochore. 2n=14[25]. Lathyrus pisiformis L. common names: Pisiform grass pea. Perennial plant, 50-100 cm in height, with a long, branchy root. Stems slightly cling with the help of short cirri; stems are almost upright. Stipules are large, 20-50 mm in length, 8-18 mm in width, ovate, with lengthened top and denticles at the base. Leaves are bluish green below, usually consisting of 4-6 pairs of ovate or oval leaflets, 25-50 mm in length, 10-30 mm in width. The leaf axis culminates in a short cirrus. Racemes are shorter than leaves, with 8-15 flowers. Flowers are medium-sized, 10-15 mm in length, red-lilac. Pedicels are shorter than the calyx. Calyx is short and tubular, thickening slightly at the base; its denticles are triangular. Flag is round-elliptical with dark mesh veins and dredging on top, on wide stem. Wings are oblong-lanceolate. Keel is bent almost at a right angle to the bottom edge. Pods are linear, slightly compressed from the sides, 40-50 mm in length, 4-5 mm in width. Valves of pods are dark brown. Seeds are almost spherical, brown; there are 10-12 seeds in a pod. Hilum length is equal to 1/6 the circumference of the seed. Chromosome number: 2n=14. Distribution: Central Europe, Russia [25]. This species is registered in the Red list of vascular plants of the Carpathians [16]. This research was aimed to evaluate the biological peculiarities, biochemical composition and nutritional value of the natural fodder of the perennial species of the genus Lathyrus L. (L. latifolius, L. pisiformis, L. sylvestris) in conditions of Moldova. � MATERIALS AND METHODS The perennial species of the genus Lathyrus: L. latifolius, L. pisiformis, L. sylvestris maintained JOURNAL OF BOTANY VOL. VII, NR. 2 (11), 2015 121 Negru [10] considered 14 species of Lathyrus in Flora of the Republic of Moldova, including Lathyrus sylvestris and Lathyrus latifolius. Lathyrus latifolius L., synonyms Lathyrus megalanthus Steud., common names: Everlasting peavine, Everlasting-pea, Perennial pea, Perennial sweet pea. Romanian: Mănerei de pădure. It is a perennial plant, 1-2 m tall with prostrate or climbing stem, clutching by means of leaf tendrils. Its stem is biangular, with two broad wings. Stipules – broadly lanceolate, semisagittate, 2-4 cm long, about 1 cm wide, with well distinct longitudinal veins. Petioles – broadly winged. Leaf rachis ends in a branched tendril. Leaves consist of 1 pair of oblong-oval leaflets 5.5-9 cm long, 1-3(5) cm wide, with 3-5 very distinct veins. Leaf blade ends in a cusp. Peduncles are thick, angular, longer than leaves.
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