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The Diet of Thick-Billed Murre Chicks in the Eastern Canadian Arctic

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The Diet of Thick-Billed Murre Chicks in the Eastern Canadian Arctic THE DIET OF THICK-BILLED MURRE CHICKS IN THE EASTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC A. J. GASTON CanadianWildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OE7,Canada ABSTRACT.--Idescribe the diet of Thick-billed Murre (Uria lornvia) chicks at three colonies in the low Arctic of easternCanada. These are comparedwith diets describedpreviously for Akpatok Island in the same area and Prince Leopold Island in the high Arctic. Diets varied more amongcolonies than amongyears at the samecolony. Indices of similarityshowed the diet of chicks at Hantzsch Island to be the most distinct. The diets of all low-arctic colonies were more diverse than those reported at Prince Leopold Island. Some factors governing differencesamong coloniesare discussed.Received 26 November1984, accepted 9 April 1985. THICK-BILLEDMurres (Uria lomvia) breed over another than to the diet at Prince Leopold Is- a great range of latitude in easternCanada, from land in the high Arctic? (3) Is the diet more 47øNat Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland to 76øN diverse at low-arctic colonies than at Prince at Coburg Island, Northwest Territories, all LeopoldIsland? within waters classified as either low arctic or STUDY AREA AND METHODS high arctic (Salomonsen 1972, Brown et al. 1975). The speciesis the most numerous sea- Thick-billed Murres feed their chicksfor 15-30 days bird in Lancaster Sound, Barrow Strait, and as- at the nest site before the young birds depart to sea sociated channels in the high Arctic and in at about 20% of adult weight (Birkhead and Nettle- Hudson Strait and adjacentwaters in the low ship 1981, Gaston and Nettleship 1981). Food is car- Arctic (Brown et al. 1975, Gaston 1982). ried to the site in the adult'sbill; normally, only one North of 60 ø latitude Thick-billed Murres item is brought at a time. The meal is delivered to breed at only 10 coloniesin the eastern Cana- the chick immediately after the incoming adult has landed, and it is therefore difficult to observe the dian Arctic, all of more than 10,000pairs (Fig. type of food brought. Somemeals are dropped, how- 1). Five of these are situated between 60ø and ever, and such discarded items can be collected on 64øN, all in low-arctic waters, and 4 between the breeding ledgesduring the chick-rearingperiod 72ø and 76øN in high-arctic waters. The remain- to determine the diet of the chicks. ing colony is closeto the high-arctic/low-arctic At Prince Leopold Island, Gaston and Nettleship boundary.The samplesdescribed here include (1981)showed that the proportionof different types the mostwesterly and the most easterlyof the and sizes of food identified in the diet of Thick-billed low-arcticgroup. Hence, they should provide Murre chicksvaried with the collectingmethod. Fish a good indication of the range of variation in found on ledges may be those brought to eggs not the diet of Thick-billed Murre chicksthrough- yet hatched, or to chicks that have left the colony. out their range in Canadian low-arctic waters. Consequently,the type of food fed either to very The diet of Thick-billed Murre chicks at young or to very old chicksmay be overrepresented. Where comparisonsare made amongcollections made Prince Leopold Island, in Barrow Strait, was by the same method, however, such biases should describedby Gastonand Nettleship (1981). In not greatly affect the considerationof diversity or this paper I describetheir diets at three colo- overlap. nies in or near Hudson Strait [Coats Island Collections and observations of food delivered to (25,000 pairs), Digges Island (with adjacent Thick-billed Murre chicks were made at Digges Is- mainland cliffs, 300,000 pairs), and Hantzsch land in 1980, 1981, and 1982; at Coats Island in 1981 Island (50,000 pairs)] and comparethese with and 1984;and at HantzschIsland in 1982.Specimens previouslypublished data from the south col- were collected during visits made to the breeding ledgesto weigh and measurechicks or to band them. ony at Akpatok Island (Tuck and Squires1955) At Coats Island and Hantzsch Island these collections and with data from Prince Leopold Island. I were augmentedby observationsmade at closerange addressthree principal questions:(1) Is vari- (<10 m), when food items were identified visually. ability amongcolonies greater than year-to-year All fresh and complete specimenswere weighed variation at individual colonies? (2) Are diets to the nearest 1 g and their overall length measured at the low-arctic colonies more similar to one (+1 mm). They then were preservedin 70%ethanol, 727 The Auk 102: 727-734. October 1985 728 A.J.GASTON [Auk,Vol. 102 For present purposes,where I have combined data from sightrecords and collections,I have had to lump certain taxonomicgroups that can be distinguished only in the hand. For comparisonof overlap in- volving this type of data, I have lumped data from all samplesinto the samecategories, namely, capelin (Mallotusvillosus), lanternfish (Myctophidae),arctic cod (Boreogadussaida), blennies (Blennioidei), sand lance (Ammodytesspp.), redfish (Sebastesspp.), scul- pins (Cottidae),lumpfish (Cyclopteropsisspp.), lump- suckers(Eumicrotremus spp.), snailfish (Liparisspp.), Greenlandhalibut (Reinhardtiushippoglossoides), squid (Gonatusfabricci), and Crustacea.Comparisons made with Prince Leopold Island are basedon Table 66 of Gastonand Nettleship (1981) and thosewith Akpa- tok Island are basedon Table 1 of Tuck and Squires (1955).Comparisons of diet diversity are basedonly on specimencollections, all of which were identified to species level. Names used follow Hunter et al. Fig. 1. The easternCanadian Arctic, showing the (1984). position of Thick-billed Murre colonies mentioned in the text. RESULTS Food items fed to Thick-billed Murre chicks and representativespecimens of all taxa were iden- tified by staff of the National Museums of Canada. ranged from lessthan 1 g to 41.5 g in weight. For difficult groups, such as blennies (Blennioidei) The mean weight of items collected ranged and sculpins(Cottidae), all identificationswere con- from 5.6 g at DiggesIsland in 1982 to 11.6 g at firmed by museumpersonnel. Dried specimenswere Coats Island in 1981 (Table 1). All collections measured,and their weights were determined from showed a strongly skewed distribution, with the regressionof weight on length3 determined for the commonestsize classbeing below 5 g. The freshspecimens (Appendix 1). In estimatingthe con- range and variation among weights was similar tribution of different taxato chick diets by weight, I among all samples.The size of individual items used only specimens collected, including those gives a good indication of the size of mealsfed weighedfresh and thoseestimated from length mea- surements. to chicksbecause practically all meals seen de- To describethe similarity between diets at differ- livered consistedof only a single item, except ent colonies,or at the samecolony in different years, at Coats Island in 1984, where 6% (n = 125) of I usedMorisita's Index (CA),as recommended by Wol- deliveries were of two items. Mean weights of da (1981): individual taxa basedon fresh specimensonly are given in Appendix 2. 2 X n•n2• Cx Fish comprisedmore than 90% of items in all (X• + X2)N•N2' samples(Fig. 2). The commonestin all samples where)•i = IX n,(nj,- 1)]/[Nj(Ni - 1)],N i = the num- except those from Hantzsch Island was arctic ber of specimensin samplej, and nj•= the number cod. Other common constituentswere capelin of specimensof speciesi in samplej. To describethe (29% of items at Coats Island in 1984), blennies diversity of the diets, I used the Shannon-Weaver (14-18% of items at Digges Island), sand lance diversity index (H'; Tramer 1969): (up to 20% of items at Digges Island), and scul- pins (48% of items at Hantzsch Island). Full de- H'= - i p,(lnp•), tails of speciesidentified and numbers record- ed in this study are given in Appendix 2. The where p• = the proportion of all specimensin the picture was broadly similar when diets were samplethat belongto speciesi and s = total species considered by weight. The predominant fish in the sample. The magnitude of both these indices is consider- remained the same in all samples(Fig. 3), but ably affectedby the level of identificationemployed. capelin and sand lance were lessimportant and The more categoriesinto which the sampleis split, blennies more important. the greater the potential diversity and the smaller Although arctic cod was the commonestfish the likely overlapbetween samples (Diamond 1983). recorded in all but one sample, ranging from October1985] Foodof Thick-billedMurre Chicks 729 TABLE1. Mean weights (g) and size range of food items fed to Thick-billed Murre chicksat three colonies. Weight Colony Year Mean SD n Median Range Coats Island 1981 11.6 8.74 23 11.0 < 1-35.0 1984 10.1 9.01 42 6.0 0.7-41.5 Digges Island 1980 8.9 8.25 59 5.7 0.7-31.8 1981 8.6 6.66 36 7.2 1.5-30.0 1982 5.6 4.17 17 4.1 1.4-16.4 Hantzsch Island 1982 10.1 7.23 35 9.0 1.0-29.0 14% (Hantzsch Island) to 62% (Digges Island, 178 specimenscollected at Prince Leopold Is- 1982) of the diet by number, it never formed land, comparedwith 11 speciesat CoatsIsland as great a proportion as at Prince Leopold Is- (n = 231), 14 at Digges Island (n = 194), and 9 land, where it constituted78% of itemsbrought at Hantzsch Island (n = 73). At Akpatok Island over three years. Capelin and sand lance, both Tuck and Squires'svery muchlarger sample of frequent at the low-arctic sites, were not re- 2,530 fish included 20 taxa of species-levelor cordedat all at Prince Leopold Island. Sculpin higher. were the predominantgroup of
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