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Annual Report of the Eastern Artic Marine Investigations for 1949

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Annual Report of the Eastern Artic Marine Investigations for 1949 C ONF IDENT IA L FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA ANNUAL REPORT OF EASTERN ARCTIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATION FOR 1949 OTTAWA DECEMBER , 1949. Eastern Arctic Fisheries Inv'estigation, 1949, The Cruise of the "CALANUS", 1949. M. J.Dunbar I. Introduction and Summary. The terms of reference of these investetions are (1) to study the physical and biological oceanography of the eastern arctic and (2) to discover, if possible, marine resources which may be developed by and for the native population, Results obtained in Ungava bay during the 1949 season are listed in Dr. Dunbar's report, under these headings: (1) a. Sections were made from Burwell to Akpatok, from Akpatok to Payne bay, and from Akpatok to the mouth of the Koksoak river. Salinities, temperatures and oxygen concentrations were measured (the salinities not yet determined at time of writing). The sections were made in mid-July and one section, that from Payne bay to Akpatok, was repeated late in August in order to show the changes during the summer months* b, Echo-sounder tracks were recorded and kept from regions in Ungava bay where soundings are very incomplete, c. The study of the biology and distribution of the plankton, benthos and littoral fauna was continued, by the addition to the already large collections (from 1947 and 1948) of material from deeper water and from other areas than were possible to reach in the first two seasons. An effort was also made to collect micro-organisms by centrifuging methods. d. Experimental fishing for codfish, shark and flatfish, by hand line and by long lino trawl was continued. Codfish were studied and tagged; four shark were seen, and two were landed; longlining for cod and flatfish was, as before, unsuccessful* e. Beam trawling and otter trawling, carried out in the vicinity of Port Burwell and Payne bay, did not show the presence of flatfish or any other ground fish) nor of any great numbers Of' shrimp. This was due in the first place to the unsuitable trawling bottoms found everywhere, both by the echo-sounder and by preliminary exploration with the dredge. f. Record was made of all seals seen, and stomach contents collected whenever posible. Material for the study of possible trichinid infection was obtained from a few seals. With the exception of a few white whales at Payne bay and one unidentified whale farther south, no Cetacea were seen. (2) a, It was established, at least to my satisfaction, that both the Atlantic cod at Burwell, and the Greenland shark, provide possibilities of exploitation by the native population of Ungava bay. The study of the Eskimo ecology in Ungava bay was continued, and conclusions reached in the. matter of present dislocations and possible future remedies. The following is a brief outline of the course of the expedi- tion: Wilson, the first engineer, arrived at Fort Chimo in the third week in May and prepared the "Calanus" for launching. Grainger (scientific assistant), Reid (second engineer), Creery (navigator) and myself arrived on June 6. The "Calanus" was first afloat on June 16, after some delay due to shore-ice, and on June 20 sailed up river to the air base to load supplies. On June 27, after favourable ice reports from natives and from the pilot of an aircraft, the party sailed for Port Burwell, calling at George River on the way. The eastern edge of Ungava bay was almost free of ice, and the "Calanus" sailed into Mission Cove anchorage at Burwell on June 29. Burwell was used as base until July 15 for operations in and outside Forbes sound. On July 16 we started across the mouth of Ungava bay, touching at Akpatok island for a few hours, and running hydrographie stations en route. Stormy weather forced us into anchorage at Imilik„ bUUween Cape Hope's Advance and Payne bay, instead of sailing up to Cape Hope's Advance as originally planned. From Imilik the expedition continued to Payne bay, back to Akpatok island and southward to the Koksoak, arriving back at Fort Chimo on July 22. The second cruise started on July 30, again to Burwell, where the cod had arrived since July 16, and to the Button islands. It was intended to cross to Resolution island, from there to Lake harbour in Baffin island, and back across to Wakeham, making two sections across Hudson strait. Continued stormy weather, however, centered off the Labrador, delayed the ship seriously, and the Hudson strait sections had to be postponed until 1950. Instead, course was set for Cape Hope's Advance, arriving at the Koaktuk anchorage on August 13. On August 16 we were back at base, at Chimo. The "Calanus" left Chimo on her final cruise of the season on August 19, for Payne bay. The purpose of the cruise was to ex- periment with the flounder drag (otter trawl) in the region between Payne bay and Akpatok, and to repeat the Payne bay-Akpatok section; also to obtain plankton and benthos samples from the later part of August, which had not been possible in previous years. As is recounted below, trawling and dredging operations ended prei- maturely due to difficult terrain and damage to the gear. Leaf bay was visited on the return trip. The "Calanus" arrived back at Chimo on August 26. Taking advantage of the spring tides, and with the groundwork already done by the Tower Company, we were able to haul the ship up in short order, On August 30 she was out of reach of the tide, and on September 1 she had been hauled high enough for the winter. There remained the not inconsiderable work of winterization, storage and stock-taking. In spite of bad weather in July and August, which delayed the work somewhat, the full program had been completed, II. Physical oceanography. Sixteen hydrographic stations were occupied for purposes of physical oceanography, some of them more than once during the season. The sections Burwell-Akpatok, Payne-Akpatok and Akpatok- Koksoak consisted of five, three and four stations respectively, so that the water of Ungava bay was"boxed in". It may be, however, that the strong tidal movements in this region will considerably reduce the accuracy of the dynamic computations to be made from this material, Water semples, eighty-three in all, were obtained at all depths from each station, and brought back to Montreal for titration, probably at St. Andrews. Oxygen determinations were made in the field. The full material is not included here, since temperatures have still to be corrected and the salinities deter- mined. The bathythermograph was used at each hydrographic station, and the continuous curves which this instrument gives will be a considerable help in interpreting the Nansen bottle results. This is probably the extent of the value of the bathythermograph results, except possibly for defense research purposes. The bathythermograph is not accurate, and moreover the adjustment of the viewer grid appears to be inaccurate to the extent of about one half of a degree Cent grade; this can be put right in the field. It is also difficult to understand why the Navy insists on using feet and Fahrenheit instead of metres and Centigrade, as though the length of Queen Elizabeth's umbrella was of more significance than the established method of oceano- graphic science. The lowest temperature recorded in 1949 was -1.50 0 0., at a depth of 140 metres. No temperature, even at 200 metres, ap- proached the value of -UO, recorded in 1947, and discussed in my 1947 report. This matter will be fully treated in the publish- ed results. The highest temperature recorded was 5.80 °C, at the surface on August 24, midway between Payne bay and Akpatok island. Oxygen concentrations ranged from 6.67 to 9.49 cc/1. The greatest depth reached with the Nansen bottle was 300 metres, and the greatest depth sounded was approximately 360 metres, midway be- tween Burwell and Akpatok. 4 Records of observed ice, and of tidal effects, were kept throughout the work. III. Plankton, benthos, littoral fauna. Thirty-one plankton hauls were made, from 20 to 60 minutes duration. Particular attention was paid to the deeper water lay- ers, which had been out of reach of equipment used in previous years. There is now material on hand for a full account of the plankton of Ungava bay, both animal and plant, in the summer season, a study which will add greatly to our understanding of the waters of the area. Benthonic forms were collected from depths down to about 250 metres, with the dredge and the beam trawl. No bottom sampler or grab was used, so that the collections do not include much of the burrowing life. The significance of the littoral fauna in estimating the nature of the marine environment has been mentioned in previous reports, both published and manuscript. The presence or absence of Littorina saxatilis, Mytilus edulis and Balanus balanoides seems to be indicative of the productivity of the water, although the nature of the relation is not yet known. 'e.e distribution of these intertidal forms in the Ungava bay region proved most in- teresting. All three were found at Burwell, but neither Littorina nor Mytilus were seen at the Button islands, a few miles away. Balanus was exceedingly rare at the Buttons. All three become increasingly scarce along the shore from northeast to northwest of the bay, so that at Cape Hope's Advance they are very rare, and the rocks in consequence are ungrazed, being without Littorina. Using these animals as indicators of the edge of the subarctic zone, this distribution would place Ungava bay waters on the northern limits of the subarctic, that is to say, with decreasing Atlantic influence from northeast to northwest extremities; a pattern which seems to be in agreement with the plankton and fish distribution.
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