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Conservation Assessment of Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia, a Review of the Biology, Populations, Habitat Associations and Conservation

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Conservation Assessment of Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia, a Review of the Biology, Populations, Habitat Associations and Conservation Conservation Assessment of Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia, A Review of the Biology, Populations, Habitat Associations and Conservation Alan E. Burger Pacific and Yukon Region 2002 Canadian Wildlife Service Environmental Conservation Branch Technical Report Series Number 387 Environment Environnement Canada Canada Canadian Wildlife Service Canadien qwewrt Service de la faune TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERVICE This series of reports, established in 1986, contains technical and scientific information from projects of the Canadian Wildlife Service. The reports are intended to make available material that either is of interest to a limited audience or is too extensive to be accommodated in scientific journals or in existing CWS series. Demand for these Technical Reports is usually confined to specialists in the fields concerned. Consequently, they are produced regionally and in small quantities; they can be obtained only from the address given on the back of the title page. However, they are numbered nationally. The recommended citation appears on the title page. Technical Reports are available in CWS libraries and are listed in the catalogue of the National Library of Canada in scientific libraries across Canada. They are printed in the official language chosen by the author to meet the language preference of the likely audience, with a résumé in the second official language. To determine whether there is significant demand for making the reports available in the second official language, CWS invites users to specify their official language preference. Requests for Technical Reports in the second official language should be sent to the address on the back of the title page. SÉRIE DE RAPPORTS TECHNIQUES DU SERVICE CANADIEN DE LA FAUNE Cette série de rapports donnant des informations scientifiques et techniques sur les projets du Service canadien de la faune (SCF) a démarré en 1986. L’objet de ces rapports est de promouvoir la diffusion d’études s’adressant à un public resteint ou trop volumineuses pour paraître dans une revue scientifique ou l’une des séries du SCF. Ordinairement, seuls les spécialistes des sujets traités demandent ces rapports techniques. Ces documents ne sont donc produits qu’à l’échelon régional et en quantités limitées; ils ne peuvent être obtenus qu’à l’adresse figurant au dos de la page titre. Cependant, leur numérotage est effectué à l’échelle nationale. La citation recommandée apparaît à la page titre. Ces rapports se trouvent dans les bibliothèques du SCF et figurent aussi dans la liste de la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada utilisée dans les principales biliothèques scientifiques du Canada. Ils sont publiés dans la langue officielle choisie par l’auteur en fonction du public visé, avec un résumé dans la deuxièm langue officielle. En vue de déterminer si la demande est suffisamment importante pour produire ces rapports dans la deuxième langue officielle, le SCF invite les usagers à lui indiquer leur langue officielle préferée. Il faut envoyer les demandes de rapports techniques dans la deuxième langue officielle à l’adresse indiquée au verso de la page titre. CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT OF MARBLED MURRELETS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: A REVIEW OF THE BIOLOGY, POPULATIONS, HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS, AND CONSERVATION ALAN E. BURGER1 Technical Report Series No. 387 Pacific and Yukon Region 2002 Canadian Wildlife Service This series may be cited as: Burger, A. E. 2002 Conservation assessment of Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia: a review of the biology, populations, habitat associations, and conservation Technical Report Series No. 387. Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific and Yukon Region, British Columbia. Issued under the Authority of the Minister of Environment Canadian Wildlife Service 1Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada e-mail: [email protected] Issued under the Authority of the Minister of Environment Canadian Wildlife Service Ministry of Supply and Services Canada 1993 Catalogue No. CW69-5/387E ISBN 0-662-32642-3 ISSN 0831-6481 Copies may be obtained from: Canadian Wildlife Service Pacific and Yukon Region 5421 Robertson Road, RR #1 Delta, British Columbia Canada V4K 3N2 Printed on recycled paper MARBLED MURRELET CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT – BIOLOGICAL REVIEW I Abstract The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus; family Alcidae) is a Threatened species in British Columbia. This review, part of a Conservation Assessment undertaken by the Canadian Marbled Murrelet Recovery Team, focuses on the biology of the bird relevant to conservation and management. Within the species’ range (Alaska through central California) there is no evidence of significant genetic differentiation. Demographic parameters are reviewed including: age of first breeding (likely 2-5 years); fecundity (0.17 to 0.22 female fledglings raised per female); adult survival (0.83-0.92 per annum); generation time (approx. 10 years); and proportion of population breeding (55-95%). Population models suggest that the rate of population growth (λ) ranges between 0.93 (declining population) to 1.02 (increasing population). Predation is the main cause of nest failure, and likely predators at nest sites include accipiters, owls, corvids (crows, ravens and jays), squirrels and other arboreal mammals. The current BC population was estimated to be 55,000-78,000 birds and the sparse long-term data suggest declines in parts of BC. Most nests were on large limbs (15-75 cm diameter) in large, old-growth conifer trees. Important features of suitable nest stands included: old-growth trees (typically >250 years old); large tree diameter; variation in tree size; variable canopy structure and/or gaps in the forest; epiphyte mats on branches; availability of potential platforms limbs; and low elevation. Most nests (84%) were below 1000 m, there was reduced stand occupancy with increasing elevation, and habitat quality (tree size, platform availability, epiphyte cover) tend to decrease with elevation. Slope and aspect showed variable effects: many nests were on steep slopes, and nest success in Desolation Sound increased with slope, but slope was not necessarily a good predictor of suitable habitat. Evidence on edge effects is contradictory: many nests were near forest edges; some nest predators were more common along edges, especially near human activities; one review showed reduced nest success near edges but a study in Desolation Sound showed no negative effects near edges and higher success near natural edges. Six studies using radar showed that watershed populations of murrelets were directly proportional to the areas of old-growth forest available, and some studies showed evidence of population declines with loss of habitat. Densities were higher on the west of Vancouver Island (0.082 ± 0.034 SD birds per ha of suitable habitat) than on the BC mainland coast (0.028 ± 0.019 birds per ha). Marine habitats used by MARBLED MURRELET CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT – BIOLOGICAL REVIEW II murrelets varied considerably, but are usually shallow (<30 m) and in sheltered waters or within 0.5 km of exposed shores. Schooling fish and macro-zooplankton are the main prey eaten. Oil spills, gill-nets, purse-seining, sports angling, and aquaculture are threats at sea but their impacts in BC are poorly known. The effects on murrelets of chemical contaminants (e.g., organochlorines, dioxins, furans, PCBs, heavy metals) have not been studied. There is no evidence of negative effects from disease, parasitism, introduced species, or over-fishing of prey in BC. MARBLED MURRELET CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT – BIOLOGICAL REVIEW III Résumé En Colombie-Britannique, le Guillemot marbré (Brachyramphus marmoratus, de la famille des Alcidae) est une espèce menacée. Cette étude, qui fait partie de l’évaluation de la conservation entreprise par l'Équipe canadienne de rétablissement du Guillemot marbré, porte principalement sur des aspects de la biologie de cet oiseau qui sont liés à la conservation et à la gestion de l’espèce. On n'observe aucune différentiation génétique à l’intérieur de l’aire de répartition (de l’Alaska jusqu’au centre de la Californie). Les paramètres démographiques suivants sont étudiés : l’âge au premier accouplement (probablement de 2 à 5 ans), la fécondité (0,17 à 0,22 oisillon femelle élevé par femelle), la survie des adultes (0,83-0,92 par année), la durée d’une génération (environ 10 ans) et la proportion de la population qui se reproduit (55-95 %). Selon des modèles de population, le taux de croissance de la population (λ) varie de 0,93 (population en déclin) à 1,02 (population en croissance). La prédation est la cause principale de l’échec de la nidification, et les prédateurs aux sites de nidification sont probablement les suivants : éperviers, chouettes et hiboux, corvidés (corneilles, corbeaux et geais), écureuils et autres mammifères arboricoles. En Colombie-Britannique, l’effectif actuel est évalué à 55 000-78 000 oiseaux, et les données éparses à long terme indiquent des déclins de population dans certains secteurs de la Colombie-Britannique. La plupart des nids étaient situés sur de grosses branches (diamètre de 15-75 cm) de grands conifères de vieux peuplements. Les principales caractéristiques des peuplements propices à la nidification sont les suivantes : arbres de vieux peuplements (souvent de plus de 250 ans), grand diamètre des arbres, variation de la taille des arbres, variation de la structure du couvert et/ou des ouvertures dans le couvert, tapis d’épiphytes sur les branches, présence de branches pouvant servir de plates-formes et faible altitude. La plupart des nids (84 %) se trouvent à moins de 1000 m d’altitude, les peuplements sont moins utilisés lorsque l’altitude augmente, et la qualité de l’habitat (taille des arbres, disponibilité des plates-formes, tapis d’épiphytes) a tendance à diminuer avec l’altitude. La pente et l’aspect ont des effets variables : de nombreux nids se trouvent sur de fortes pentes, et le taux de réussite de la nidification dans la baie Desolation Sound augmente en fonction de la pente, mais celle-ci n’est pas nécessairement un bon indicateur d’habitat propice.
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