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NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC of MOLDOVA Human Development Inequalities NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Human development inequalities 1 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Human development inequalities The 2016 National Human Development Report “Inequalities and sustainable human development in Moldova“ is an independent publication commissioned by UNDP Mol- dova and developed by IDIS “Viitorul”. Copyright ©2017 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the Republic of Moldova 131, 31 August 1989 Street, Chisinau, MD-2012, Republic of Moldova All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or 2 transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior writ- ten permission. The analysis and policy recommendations of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme, its Executive Board or UN Member States. The report is an independent publication commissioned by UNDP Moldova. It is the result of a collaborative eff ort by a team of eminent consultants, advisors and authors coordinated by the Advisory Group. NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Human development inequalities NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Human development inequalities Development team of the National Human Development Report 2015/2016 Institute for Development and Social Initiatives (IDIS) ‘Viitorul’ Viorica Antonov, Team Leader, Labor Market Expert Igor Munteanu, Policy and Rule of Law Expert Dorin Vaculovschi, Economic Expert Dumitru Alaiba, Economic Expert Valeriu Sainsus, Demographic Process Expert Victor Parlicov, Energy and Utilities Expert Erica Zucec, Gender Expert Mariana Iatco, Migration Expert Rodica Gramma, Public Health Expert Viorica Goras-Postica, Education Expert Natalia Albu, Security Expert Maria Vremis, Statistician Vasile Cantarji, Sociologist Peer reviewers: Veaceslav Negruta, Independent Expert, Economy and Finance Victor Lutenco, Independent Expert, Social and Gender Policies Elena Danilova-Cross, Ben Sley (Regional Istanbul Hub – UNDP) UNDP Moldova Coordinators 3 Alexandru Oprunenco, Policy Specialist, UNDP Policy Unit Dumitru Vasilescu, UNDP Project Manager Editors Edition fully coordinated by Viorica Antonov Editor of English Sydney Bright Infographics: Ana-Maria Veverita, Tatiana Parvan Translation: Inesa Coman, Diana Loznean Layout and design: Dragos Popa NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Human development inequalities Acknowledgements The development of this Report was possible thanks to substantial on-going advisory support on behalf of government decision-makers, development partners and different social, community actors, and representatives of civil society. We would like to convey a special thanks to Mrs. Narine Sahakyan, Deputy Resident Representative at UNDP Moldova, Mr. Alexandru Oprunen- co, Policy Specialist at UNDP Moldova, Mr. Dumitru Vasilescu, UNDP Program Manager and Mrs. Lucreția Ciurea, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer at UN Women Moldova, for their advice, suggestions, and guidance regarding the syntheses and interaction procedures. We would especially like to thank the National Bureau of Statistics and CBS-AXA Center of Sociological Investigati- ons and Marketing Research for providing support in quantitative analytical performance. Advisory Council The report was discussed during two Advisory Council meetings, attended and consultations by many people. Their consultative and written opinions were expressed and their views were considered by authors of this report. We would like to emphasize that since the inequality matter is so complex, five workshops were conducted with the Advisory Council representatives and different social actors, for which we would like to thank them. We deeply apprecia- te their cooperation, engagement, and interest in the development of this report: Mrs. Tatiana Besliu (Ministry of Economy), Mrs. Galina Gavrilita (Mi- nistry of Education), Mrs. Ala Nemerenco (Ministry of Health), Mr. Ghenadie Slobodeniuc (Bureau for Diaspora Relations within the State Chancellery), Mrs. Valentina Ungureanu (Bureau of Migration and Asylum of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), Mr. Oleg Lozan (School of Public Health Management), Mr. Viorel Soltan (Center for Health Policies and Studies), Mr. Anatol Gremalschi (Institute for Public Policy), Mrs. Irina Corobcenco (Promo-LEX Association), Mrs. Nadejda Darie (Congress of Local Authorities from Moldova), Mr. Roman Banari (Keystone Moldova), Mrs. Liliana Nicolaescu-Onofrei (Independent Education Consultant), Mrs. Irina Revin (Association of Entrepreneurs with Disabilities of the Republic of Moldova), Mrs. Cristina Radukan (Roma Women Network), Mrs. Olga Nicolenco (Independent Gender Expert). 4 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Human development inequalities Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 DIRECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICY ACTIONS 11 CHAPTER 1. INEQUALITIES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTUAL APPROACH 21 Concept-based approaches to inequality and its derivatives 21 Overview of human development indicators and inequalities 24 Macroeconomic situation: recent developments 27 CHAPTER 2. STRINGENT REALITIES OF THE ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES 32 What are the economic inequalities and what are the drivers of their reduction? 32 What are the causes and effects of economic inequalities? 33 Income inequalities and poverty rates 37 Gender inequalities in salary payment 44 Entrepreneurship among women 46 Business climate reform 47 CHAPTER 3. SOCIAL INEQUALITIES 50 Essence and drivers of social inequalities 50 Disparities caused by migration flows 52 Inequalities due to demographic changes 55 Disparities on the labor force market 59 Unequal access to services 63 Access to quality education 64 Access to health services 73 Access to public utility services 82 Access to digital services 89 CHAPTER 4. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN POLITICAL INEQUALITIES AND GOOD GOVERNANCE 91 Causes and pattern of political inequalities in the Republic of Moldova 92 Political representation of women 94 Political inequalities generated by intolerance 99 5 Political polarization – a generator of inequalities 106 Inequalities of the electoral system 106 Inequalities regarding access to justice and impunity 112 Regional inequalities 116 Inequalities in human security matters 118 BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCES 125 ANNEXES 141 MATRIX OF INEQUALITIES 153 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Human development inequalities Acronyms and Abbreviations HDI – Human Development Index AWC – Association of water consumers IHDI – Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index PMA – primary medical assistance GII – Gender Inequality Index ANOFM – National Agency for Employment IMD World – World Competitiveness Yearbook HA – Heating allowance MPI – Multidimensional Poverty Index ASM – Academy of Sciences of Moldova IPP – Institute for Public Policies EIB – European Investment Bank LGBT – Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender EBRD – European Bank for Reconstruction and Development MEAEI – Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration NBS – National Bureau of Statistics MoEd – Ministry of Education POB – Public Opinion Barometer MLSPF – Ministry of Labor, Social Protection and Family BDR – Bureau for Diaspora Relations NEET – young people not in employment, education or training ADC – Anti-discrimination Council NIF – Neighbourhood Investment Facility CLAM – Congress of Local Authorities from Moldova OECD – Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development HBS – Household Budget Survey SDGs – Sustainable Development Goals CESCR – UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ODIHR/OSCE – OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights CHR – UN Council for Human Rights ODIMM – Organization for Small and Medium Enterprises Sector CRPD – UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Development CEC – Central Electoral Commission MDGs – Millennium Development Goals ECHR – European Court of Human Rights IOM – International Organization for Migration SEN – Special educational needs PAS – Centre for Health Policies and Studies HN – House of Nationalities PISA – Programme for International Student Assessment NAC – National Anticorruption Centre PNAET – National Youth Economic Empowerment Programme NIC – National Integrity Commission UNDP – United Nations Development Program CPEDEE – Council on the Prevention and Elimination of Discrimi- nation and Ensuring Equality PPP – Purchasing Power Parity RCIE – Resources Centre for Inclusive Education DR – Development Regions NSC – National Security Concept HDR – Human Development Report DCFTA – Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Agreement SPHM – School of Public Health Management HRDQE – Human Resources Development for Quality Education SYSLAB – Innovative Career Development Centre (National Program of the Ministry of Education) 6 TBC – Pulmonary Tuberculosis NEF – National Ecological Fund TI – Transparency International CGF – Credit Guarantee Fund ICT – Information and communication technologies MSIF – Moldova Social Investment Fund EAU – Eurasian Union IMF – International Monetary Fund UN WOMEN - United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the NRDF – National Regional Development Fund Empowerment of Women GRECO – Group of States against Corruption UNICEF – United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund ICT Development Index – Information and
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